Unassociated Document
 


FORM 6-K

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
 
Report of Foreign Issuer

Pursuant to Rule 13a-16 or 15d-16 of
the Securities Exchange Act of 1934


For the month of January 2012

Commission File Number: 001-33356

Gafisa S.A.
(Translation of registrant’s name into English)

Av. Nações Unidas No. 4777, 9th floor
São Paulo, SP, 05477-000
Federative Republic of Brazil
(Address of principal executive office)


Indicate by check mark whether the registrant files or will file annual reports under cover of Form 20-F or Form 40-F:
Form 20-F
X
 
Form 40-F
 

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is submitting the Form 6-K in paper as permitted by Regulation S-T Rule 101(b)(1):
Yes
   
No
X

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is submitting the Form 6-K in paper as permitted by Regulation S-T Rule 101(b)(7):
Yes
   
No
X

Indicate by check mark whether by furnishing the information contained in this Form, the Registrant is also thereby furnishing the information to the Commission pursuant to Rule 12g3-2(b) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934:
Yes
   
No
X

If “Yes” is marked, indicate below the file number assigned to the registrant in connection with Rule 12g3-2(b): N/A



 
 
 
 

January 13, 2012

On April 1, 2011, the Company issued a Current Report on Form 6-K announcing its decision to restate its previously issued 2009 Form 20-F as a result of errors identified therein.  As stated in the Company’s Current Report on Form 6-K furnished June 27, 2011, Ernst & Young Terco Auditores Independentes S.S. resigned as the Company’s independent registered accounting firm with respect to 2009 for purposes of its filings with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) and, as stated in the Company’s Current Report on Form 6-K furnished July 7, 2011, the Company engaged PricewaterhouseCoopers Auditores Independentes (“PwC”) as its independent registered accounting firm with respect to 2009 for purposes of its filings with the SEC.
 
Since the engagement of PwC, the Company has been working with PwC to complete the reaudit with respect to 2009.  The work and procedures related to the reaudit have been complicated significantly because the reaudit is being conducted for a period that ended over two years ago, and a substantial portion of the work involves the operations and results of the Company’s subsidiary, Construtora Tenda S.A. (“Tenda”), an entity that was in the process of being merged with the Company.  The challenges in completing the audit relate primarily to locating documentation requested by PwC relating to Tenda’s operations.
 
The Company is working diligently to assist PwC in completing its audit procedures, however, given the difficulties in locating the additional documentation requested by PwC, the Company believes it may take three to four months to complete the reaudit.  The Company is committed to filing its amended annual report on Form 20-F for 2009, and consequently, its annual report on Form 20-F for 2010, as soon as reasonably practicable following the completion of PwC’s audit procedures.
 
In connection with the ongoing delay in filing our annual report on Form 20-F, we have requested discretion from the New York Stock Exchange (the "NYSE") pursuant to Rule 802.01E  to allow the continued listing of the Company's ADRs on the NYSE through July 15, 2012.  On January 12, 2012, the NYSE granted such extension.
 
In the meantime, the company is furnishing on this Form 6-K, the information it will expect to file in its amended annual report on Form 20-F for 2009 and its annual report on Form 20-F for 2010.  The information that follows does not include audited financial statements, audit reports or relevant Form 20-F exhibits for each respective year.  The amended annual report on Form 20-F for 2009 and the annual report on Form 20-F for 2010 will be filed on the proper forms with the audit reports and relevant certifications once audited financial statements are available.
 
The Company believes the information presented below conforms in material respects to the information as it will be presented on Form 20-F when the relevant audit reports, certifications and audited financial statements are available.  References in this Form 6-K to “this annual report on Form 20-F” and correlative references are indicative only and are intended to reflect the meaning that the Company’s amended annual report on Form 20-F for 2009 and its annual report on Form 20-F for 2010 will convey when this information is filed on the proper form.
 
The information that follows is presented in two parts. Part A includes the information the Company expects to file in its amended annual report on Form 20-F for 2009 and Part B includes the information the Company expects to file in its annual report on Form 20-F for 2010.
 
 
 

 
 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS

 
   
Page
     
Part A.
Draft 2009 20-F/A
A-i
Part B.
Draft 2010 20-F
B-i
 
 
 

 
 
PART A
DRAFT 2009 20-F/A
EXPLANATORY NOTE
 
THE PURPOSE OF THE AMENDMENT THAT WE WILL FILE (THE “FORM 20-F/A”) TO THE ANNUAL REPORT ON THE FORM 20-F FOR THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER, 31, 2009 FILED BY GAFISA S.A (“GAFISA”) ON MARCH, 10, 2010 (THE “2009 FORM 20-F”) WILL BE TO : (1) RESTATE THE US GAAP CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL INFORMATION INCLUDING THE RECONCILIATION FOUND IN THE NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FILED HEREWITH, (2) INCLUDE MANAGEMENT’S ANNUAL REPORT ON INTERNAL CONTROLS OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING, (3) INCLUDE REVISED ITEM 15 – CONTROLS AND DISCLOSURES, (4)  REVISIONS TO CERTAIN PARTS OF ITEM 16 IN RESPECT TO CHANGES IN OUR INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM, (5) UPDATED CERTIFICATIONS PURSUANT TO SECTIONS 302 AND 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002, AND (6) INCORPORATE REVISIONS IN RESPONSE TO CERTAIN COMMENTS RECEIVED FROM THE STAFF OF THE U.S. SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION. THE BRAZILIAN GAAP FINANCIAL STATEMENTS WERE ALSO RESTATED, AS PER NOTE 26 OF THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS.
 
WHILE THE PRESENTATION THAT FOLLOWS INTENDS TO SHOW THE INFORMATION THAT WILL BE FILED ON THE FORM 20-F/A, THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS INCLUDED IN THIS FORM 6-K HAVE ARE UNAUDITED AS THE FINALIZATION OF PWC’S REAUDIT IS PENDING COMPLETION AS DESCRIBED IN THE FOREGOING SECTION OF THIS FORM 6-K.
 
OTHER THAN AS EXPRESSLY SET FORTH ABOVE, THE FORM 20-F/A WILL NOT, AND WILL NOT PURPORT TO, AMEND, UPDATE, OR RESTATE THE INFORMATION IN ANY ITEM OF THE 2009 FORM 20-F OR REFLECT ANY EVENTS THAT HAVE OCCURRED AFTER THE 2009 FORM 20-F WAS FILED.
 

 
A-i

 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS

 
   
Page
     
Explanatory note
i
Introduction
1
Presentation of Financial and Other Information
1
Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements
2
Part I
 
4
Item 1.
Identity of Directors, Senior Management and Advisers
4
Item 2.
Offer Statistics and Expected Timetable
4
Item 3.
Key Information
4
Item 4.
Information on the Company
22
Item 4A.
Unresolved Staff Comments
58
Item 5.
Operating and Financial Review and Prospects
59
Item 6.
Directors, Senior Management and Employees
94
Item 7.
Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions
107
Item 8.
Financial Information
108
Item 9.
The Offer and Listing
114
Item 10.
Additional Information
118
Item 11.
Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk
137
Item 12.
Description of Securities Other Than Equity Securities
138
Part II
 
138
Item 13.
Defaults, Dividend Arrearages and Delinquencies
138
Item 14.
Material Modifications to the Rights of Security Holders and Use of Proceeds
138
Item 15.
Controls and Procedures
138
Item 16.
[Reserved]
139
Item 16A.
Audit Committee Financial Expert
139
Item 16B.
Code of Business Conduct and Ethics
139
Item 16C.
Principal Accountant Fees and Services
140
Item 16D.
Exemptions from the Listing Standards for Audit Committees
140
Item 16E.
Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers
140
Item 16F.
Change in Registrant's Certifying Accountant
140
Item 16G.
Corporate Governance
142
Part III
 
143
Item 17.
Financial Statements
143
Item 18.
Financial Statements
143
Item 19.
Exhibits
143

Financial Statements
F-1

 
 
A-ii

 

 
INTRODUCTION
 
In this annual report, references to “Gafisa,” “we,” “our,” “us,” “our company” and “the company” are to Gafisa S.A. and its consolidated subsidiaries (unless the context otherwise requires). In addition, the term “Brazil” refers to the Federative Republic of Brazil, and the phrase “Brazilian government” refers to the federal government of Brazil. All references to “real,” “reais” or “R$” are to the Brazilian real, the official currency of Brazil, and all references to “U.S. dollar,” “U.S. dollars” or “US$” are to U.S. dollars, the official currency of the United States. References to “Brazilian GAAP” are to generally accepted accounting principles in Brazil and references to “US GAAP” are to generally accepted accounting principles in the United States. All references to “American Depositary Shares” or “ADSs” are to Gafisa’s American Depositary Shares, each representing two common shares.
 
 
PRESENTATION OF FINANCIAL AND OTHER INFORMATION
 
Financial Information
 
We maintain our books and records in reais. We prepare our financial statements in accordance with Brazilian GAAP, which are based on:
 
·  
Brazilian Law No. 6,404/76, as amended by Brazilian Law No. 9,457/97, Brazilian Law No. 10,303/01 and Brazilian Law No. 11,638/07, which we refer to hereinafter as “Brazilian corporate law;”
 
·  
the rules and regulations of the Brazilian Securities Commission (Comissão de Valores Mobiliários), or the “CVM;” and
 
·  
the accounting standards issued by the Brazilian Institute of Independent Accountants (Instituto dos Auditores Independentes do Brasil), or the “IBRACON,” the Brazilian Federal Accounting Council (Conselho Federal de Contabilidade), or the “CFC” and the Accounting Standards Committee (Comitê de Pronunciamentos Contábeis), or the “CPC.”
 
The Brazilian Central Bank and the CVM set 2010 as the deadline for adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards, or “IFRS,” for the consolidated financial statements of financial institutions and publicly-held companies. On December 28, 2007, Law No. 11,638/07 was enacted, amending the Brazilian corporate law regarding the accounting practices adopted in Brazil. As of December 31, 2010, our consolidated financial statements will be prepared in accordance with the accounting practices adopted in Brazil, which correspond to the CVM Rules, and the pronouncements, interpretation and guidelines of the CPC (collectively “Brazilian GAAP”).   Brazilian GAAP in effect in 2010 is generally referred to as International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRS”) applicable to real estate development entities in Brazil, as approved by the CPC, the CVM and the CFC, including OCPC Guideline 04 – Application of the Technical Interpretation ICPC 02 to the Brazilian Real Estate Development Entities – regarding revenue recognition, and the respective costs and expenses arising from real estate development operations by reference to the stage of completion (percentage of completion method).  Brazilian GAAP in effect in 2010 is not consistent with IFRS as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (“IASB”) as a result of the application of the aforementioned revenue recognition policies.
 
Our Brazilian GAAP financial statements as of and for the years ended December 31, 2007 and 2006 reflect the changes introduced by Law 11,638/07 and the accounting standards issued by the CPC in 2008, which we retroactively applied beginning on January 1, 2006. Selected financial information presented as of and for the year ended December 31, 2005 has not been re-presented on the basis of the new accounting policies introduced in 2008, as the cost and time required to prepare such information would be prohibitive. As a result, such information is not comparable to the financial information reported herein as of and for the years ended December 31, 2009, 2008, 2007 and 2006.
 
When we present our Brazilian GAAP financial statements as of and for the years ended December 31, 2010 and 2009, we expect to restate the financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2009 to conform  with new Brazilian GAAP accounting standards which will be applied retroactively from January 1, 2009.
 
Brazilian GAAP differs in significant respects from US GAAP. The notes to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report contain a reconciliation of shareholders’ equity and net income
 
 
A-1

 
 
 
from Brazilian GAAP to US GAAP. Unless otherwise indicated, all financial information of our company included in this annual report is derived from our Brazilian GAAP consolidated financial statements.
 
Our consolidated financial statements reflect income statement and balance sheet information for all of our subsidiaries, and also separately disclose the interest of noncontrolling shareholders. With respect to our jointly-controlled entities, in accordance with the shareholders agreements, we consolidate income statement and balance sheet information relating to those entities in proportion to the equity interest we hold in the capital of such investees for Brazilian GAAP purposes.
 
Market Information
 
Certain industry, demographic, market and competitive data, including market forecasts, used in this annual report were obtained from internal surveys, market research, publicly available information and industry publications. We have made these statements on the basis of information from third-party sources that we believe are reliable, such as the Brazilian Property Studies Company (Empresa Brasileira de Estudos de Patrimônio), or the “EMBRAESP,” the Association of Managers of Real Estate Companies (Associação de Dirigentes de Empresas do Mercado Imobiliário), or the “ADEMI,” the Brazilian Association of Real Estate Credit and Savings Entities (Associação Brasileira das Entidades de Crédito Imobiliário e Poupança), or the “ABECIP,” the Real Estate Companies’ Union (Sindicato das Empresas de Compra, Venda, Locação e Adminsitração de Imóveis Residenciais e Comerciais), or the “SECOVI,” the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística), or the “IBGE” and the Brazilian Central Bank (Banco Central do Brasil), or the “Central Bank,” among others. Industry and government publications, including those referenced here, generally state that the information presented therein has been obtained from sources believed to be reliable, but that the accuracy and completeness of such information is not guaranteed. Although we have no reason to believe that any of this information or these reports are inaccurate in any material respect, such information has not been independently verified by us. Accordingly, we do not make any representation as to the accuracy of such information.
 
Rounding and Other Information
 
Some percentages and certain figures included in this annual report have been subject to rounding adjustments. Accordingly, figures shown as totals in certain tables in this annual report may not be an arithmetic aggregation of the figures that precede them.
 
In this annual report, all references to “contracted sales” are to the aggregate amount of sales resulting from all agreements for the sale of units (including residential communities and land subdivisions) entered into during a certain period, including new units and units in inventory. Further, in this annual report we use the term “value of launches” as a measure of our performance. Value of launches is not a Brazilian GAAP measurement. Value of launches, as used in this annual report, is calculated by multiplying the total numbers of units in a real estate development by the unit sales price.
 
In addition, we present information in square meters in this annual report. One square meter is equal to approximately 10.76 square feet.
 
CAUTIONARY STATEMENT REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
 
The statements contained in this annual report in relation to our plans, forecasts, expectations regarding future events, strategies, and projections, are forward-looking statements which involve risks and uncertainties and which are therefore not guarantees of future results. Our estimates and forward-looking statements are mainly based on our current expectations and estimates on projections of future events and trends, which affect or may affect our businesses and results of operations. Although we believe that these estimates and forward-looking statements are based upon reasonable assumptions, they are subject to several uncertainties and are made in light of information currently available to us. Our estimates and forward-looking statements may be influenced by the following factors, among others:
 
·  
government interventions, resulting in changes in the economy, taxes, rates or regulatory environment;
 
·  
changes in the overall economic conditions, including employment levels, population growth and consumer confidence;
 
 
A-2

 
 
·  
changes in real estate market prices and demand, estimated budgeted costs and the preferences and financial condition of our customers;
 
·  
demographic factors and available income;
 
·  
our ability to repay our indebtedness and comply with our financial obligations;
 
·  
our ability to arrange financing and implement our expansion plan;
 
·  
our ability to compete and conduct our businesses in the future;
 
·  
changes in our business;
 
·  
inflation and interest rate fluctuations;
 
·  
changes in the laws and regulations applicable to the real estate market;
 
·  
government interventions, resulting in changes in the economy, taxes, rates or regulatory environment;
 
·  
other factors that may affect our financial condition, liquidity and results of our operations; and
 
·  
other risk factors discussed under “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors.”
 
The words “believe,” “may,” “will,” “estimate,” “continue,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “expect” and similar words are intended to identify estimates and forward-looking statements. Estimates and forward-looking statements speak only as of the date they were made, and we undertake no obligation to update or to review any estimate and/or forward-looking statement because of new information, future events or other factors. Estimates and forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties and are not guarantees of future performance. Our future results may differ materially from those expressed in these estimates and forward-looking statements. In light of the risks and uncertainties described above, the estimates and forward-looking statements discussed in this annual report might not occur and our future results and our performance may differ materially from those expressed in these forward-looking statements due to, inclusive of, but not limited to, the factors mentioned above.
 
 
 
A-3

 

 
PART I
 
ITEM 1.                      IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISERS
 
Not applicable.
 
ITEM 2.                      OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE
 
Not applicable.
 
ITEM 3.                      KEY INFORMATION
 
A.      Selected Financial Data
 
The following selected financial data have been derived from our consolidated financial statements. The selected financial data as of and for the years ended December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007 have been derived from our unaudited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report. The selected financial data as of and for the years ended December 31, 2006 and 2005 have been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements that are not included in this annual report.
 
Our financial statements are prepared in accordance with Brazilian GAAP, which differs in significant respects from US GAAP. For a discussion of the significant differences relating to these consolidated financial statements and a reconciliation of net income and shareholders’ equity from Brazilian GAAP to US GAAP, see the notes to our unaudited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report.
 
This financial information should be read in conjunction with our unaudited consolidated financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this annual report.
 
   
As of and for the year ended December 31,
 
   
2009
As Restated (1)
   
2008
As Restated (1)
   
2007 As Restated (1) (2)
   
2006 As Restated (1) (2)
   
2005 As Restated (1) (2)
 
   
(in thousands of Reais except per share, per ADS and operating data)(3)
 
Income statement data:
                             
Brazilian GAAP:
                             
Gross operating revenue                                                    
  R$ 3,144,880     R$ 1,805,468     R$ 1,251,894     R$ 681,791     R$ 480,774  
Net operating revenue                                                    
    3,022,346       1,740,404       1,204,287       648,158       457,024  
Operating costs                                                    
    (2,143,762 )     (1,214,401 )     (867,996 )     (464,766 )     (318,211 )
Gross profit                                                    
    878,584       526,003       336,291       183,392       138,813  
Operating expenses, net                                                    
    (417,410 )     (357,798 )     (236,861 )     (118,914 )     (79,355 )
Financial income (expenses), net
    (111,006 )     7,815       28,628       (11,943 )     (31,162 )
Non-operating income (expenses), net
                            (1,024 )
Income before taxes on income and noncontrolling interest
    350,168       176,020       128,058       52,535       27,272  
Taxes on income                                                    
    (95,406 )     (43,397 )     (30,372 )     (8,525 )     3,405  
Noncontrolling interest                                                    
    (41,222 )     (22,702 )     (6,046 )            
Net income                                                    
    213,540       109,921       91,640       44,010       30,677  
Share and ADS data(3):
                                       
Earnings per share—R$ per share
    1.2804       0.8458       0.7079       0.4258       1.2457  
Number of preferred shares outstanding as at end of year
                            16,222,209  
Number of common shares outstanding as at end of year
    166,777,934       129,962,546       129,452,121       103,369,950       8,404,185  
Earnings per ADS—R$ per ADS (4)
    2.5608       1.6916       1.4158       0.8516       2.4914  
US GAAP:
                                       
Net operating revenue                                                    
    1,208,997       1,325,441       997,975       659,514       435,886  
Operating costs                                                    
    (1,013,745 )     (992,122 )     (817,770 )     (487,881 )     (328,451 )
Gross profit                                                    
    195,252       333,319       180,205       171,633       107,435  
Operating expenses, net                                                    
    (585,552 )     (107,256 )     (190,430 )     (139,188 )     (77,305 )
Financial income (expenses), net
    (104,644 )     76,653       31,629       4,022       (17,684 )
Income (loss) before income taxes, equity in results and noncontrolling interest
    (484,398 )     302,716       21,404       36,467       12,446  
 
 
A-4

 
 
 
     
As of and for the year ended December 31,
 
     
 
2009
As Restated(1)
     
 
2008
As Restated(1)
     
2007 As Restated (1) (2)
     
2006 As Restated (1) (2)
     
2005 As Restated (1) (2)
 
     
(in thousands of Reais except per share, per ADS and operating data)(3)
 
                                         
Taxes on income                                                    
   
(29,962
)     (42,295 )     5,405       (11,776 )     (1,274 )
Equity in results                                                    
    82,132       29,873       18,997       894       22,593  
Cumulative effect of a change in an accounting principle:
                      (157 )      
Net income (loss)
    (372,304 )     290,294       45,806       25,428       33,765  
Less: Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests
    (30,368 )     (17,485 )     (15,236 )     (1,125 )     (571 )
Net income (loss) attributable to Gafisa
    (402,672 )     272,809       30,570       24,303       33,194  
                                         
Per share and ADS data(3):
                                       
Per preferred share data—R$ per share:
                                       
Earnings (loss) per share—Basic
                      0.0759       0.3028  
Earnings (loss) per share—Diluted
                      0.0749       0.3011  
Weighted average number of shares outstanding – in thousands
                      3,402       85,606  
Per common share data—R$ per share:
                                       
Earnings (loss) per share—Basic
    (1.5072 )     1.0519       0.1213       0.1244       0.1735  
Earnings (loss) per share—Diluted
    (1.5072 )     1.0485       0.1207       0.1229       0.1727  
Weighted average number of shares outstanding – in thousands
    267,174       259,341       252,063       197,592       48,788  
Dividends declared and interest on shareholders’ equity
    50,716       26,104       26,981       10,938        
Per ADS data—R$ per ADS(4):
                                       
Earnings (loss) per ADS—Basic (4)
    (3.0144 )     2.1039       0.2426       0.2487       0.3469  
Earnings (loss) per ADS—Diluted (4)
    (3.0144 )     2.0969       0.2414       0.2458       0.3453  
Weighted average number of ADSs outstanding – in thousands
    133,587       129,671       126,032       98,796       24,394  
Dividends declared and interest on shareholders’ equity
    50,716       26,104       26,981       10,938        
                                         
Balance sheet data:
                                       
Brazilian GAAP:
                                       
Cash, cash equivalents and financial investments
  R$ 1,424,053     R$ 605,502     R$ 517,420     R$ 266,159     R$ 133,891  
Current and non-current properties for sale
    1,748,457       2,028,976       1,022,279       486,397       304,329  
Working capital(6)                                                    
    2,871,846       2,448,305       1,315,406       926,866       464,589  
Total assets                                                    
    7,688,323       5,538,858       3,004,785       1,558,590       944,619  
Total debt(7)                                                    
    3,122,132       1,552,121       695,380       295,445       316,933  
Total shareholders’ equity                                                    
    2,325,634       1,612,419       1,498,728       807,433       270,188  
                                         
US GAAP:
                                       
Cash and cash equivalents                                                    
    292,940       183,524       213,069       220,556       26,053  
Marketable securities
    1,005,882       326,980       299,116       40,363       110,100  
Restricted cash
    96,846       76,928       9,851              
Current and non-current properties for sale
    3,294,283       2,651,219       1,204,881       500,026       377,937  
Working capital(6)                                                    
    2,518,157       2,710,088       1,956,074       786,616       471,993  
Total assets                                                    
    6,911,304       5,267,978       2,864,935       1,632,151       900,198  
Total debt(7)                                                    
    3,057,092       1,525,138       686,524       289,416       294,149  
Total Gafisa shareholders’ equity
    1,740,604       1,665,489       1,407,266       793,539       289,415  
Noncontrolling interests                                                    
    16,087       431,425       50,074       1,050       197  
Total shareholders’ equity                                                    
    1,756,691       2,096,914       1,457,340       794,589       289,612  
                                         
Consolidated cash flow provided by (used in):
                                       
Brazilian GAAP
                                       
Operating activities                                                    
    (676,693 )     (812,512 )     (451,929 )     (271,188 )     (112,947 )
Investing activities                                                    
    (15,446 )     (78,300 )     (149,290 )     (25,609 )     (5,576 )
Financing activities                                                    
    1,540,353       911,817       842,629       429,065       206,526  
                                         
Operating data:
                                       
Number of new developments                                                    
    69       64       53       30       21  
Potential sales value(11)                                                    
    2,301,224       2,763,043       2,235,928       1,005,069       651,815  
Number of units launched(8)                                                    
    10,795       10,963       10,315       3,052       2,363  
Launched usable area (m2)(9) (10)
    1,415,110       1,838,000       1,927,821       407,483       502,520  
Sold usable area (m2)(9) (10)                                                    
    1,378,177       1,339,729       2,364,173       357,723       372,450  
Units sold                    
    22,012       11,803       6,120       3,049       1,795  
 
 

 
 
 
A-5

 
 

(1)
The Brazilian GAAP financial information was restated to correct the accounting treatment for net income attributable to non-controlling interest related to an unincorporated venture to financial expenses. Our US GAAP financial information was restated to correct the accounting for revenue recognition, retrospective adjustment to Tenda’s purchase price allocation adjustment arising from the restatements of Tenda’s assets acquired and liabilities assumed following the correction of the revenue recognition error, revision of the classification of non-controlling interest to financial expenses, and deferred tax effects on the adjustments.  See the Explanatory Note preceding Part I of this annual report on Form 20-F, Item 5B. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects – Liquidity and Capital Resources – US GAAP Reconciliation and US GAAP Operating Trends and Note 26 in our consolidated financial statements.
 
(2)
Our Brazilian GAAP financial statements as of and for the years ended December 31, 2007 and 2006 reflect the changes introduced by Law 11,638/07 and the new accounting standards issued by the CPC in 2008, which we retroactively applied beginning on January 1, 2006.  Selected financial information presented as of and for the year ended December 31, 2005 has not been represented on the basis of the new accounting policies introduced in 2008, as the cost and time required to prepare such information would be prohibitive. As a result, such information is not comparable to the financial information reported herein as of and for the years ended December 31, 2009, 2008, 2007 and 2006.
 
(3)
On January 26, 2006, all our preferred shares were converted into common shares. On January 27, 2006, a stock split of our common shares was approved, giving effect to the split of one existing share into three newly issued shares, increasing the number of shares from 27,774,775 to 83,324,316. On February 22, 2010, a stock split of our common shares was approved, giving effect to the split of one existing share into two new issued shares, increasing the number of shares from 167,077,137 to 334,154,274. All US GAAP information relating to the numbers of shares and ADSs have been adjusted retroactively to reflect the share split on January 27, 2006 and on February 22, 2010. All US GAAP earnings per share and ADS amounts have been adjusted retroactively to reflect the share split on January 27, 2006 and on February 22, 2010. Brazilian GAAP earnings per share and ADS amounts have not been adjusted retrospectively to reflect the share split on January 27, 2006 and on February 22, 2010.
 
(4)
Earnings per ADS is calculated based on each ADS representing two common shares.
 
(5)
The following table sets forth reconciliation from US GAAP net income (loss) attributable to Gafisa to US GAAP net income (loss) available to common shareholders:
 
   
As of and for the year ended December 31,
 
   
2009
As Restated (1)
   
2008
As Restated (1)
   
2007
As Restated (1)
   
2006 As Restated (1)
   
2005 As Restated (1)
 
   
(in thousands of Reais)
 
Reconciliation from US GAAP net income (loss) attributable to Gafisa to US GAAP net income available to common shareholders (Basic):
                             
US GAAP net income (loss) (Basic)
    (402,672 )     263,701       30,570       24,303       33,194  
Preferred Class G exchange*
                            (9,586 )
Undistributed earnings for Preferred Shareholders (Basic earnings)
                      (258 )     (16,334 )
US GAAP net income (loss) available to common shareholders (Basic earnings)
    (402,672 )     263,701       30,570       24,045       7,274  
Reconciliation from US GAAP net income (loss) attributable to Gafisa to US GAAP net income available to common shareholders (Diluted):
                                       
US GAAP net income (loss)
    (402,672 )     263,701       30,570       24,303       33,194  
Preferred Class G exchange*
                                (9,586 )
Undistributed earnings for Preferred Shareholders (Diluted earnings)
                          (258 )     (16,373 )
US GAAP net income (loss) available to common shareholders (Diluted earnings)
    (402,672 )     263,701       30,570       24,045       7,235  


*
Pursuant to EITF Topic D-42 “The Effect on the Calculation of Earnings per Share for the Redemption or Induced Conversion of Preferred Stock,” following the exchange of Class A for Class G Preferred shares, the excess of the fair value of the consideration transferred to the holders of the preferred stock over the carrying amount of the preferred stock in the balance sheet was subtracted from net income to arrive at net earnings available to common shareholders in the calculation of earnings per share. For purposes of displaying earnings per share, the amount is treated in a manner similar to the treatment of dividends paid to the holders of the preferred shares. The conceptual return or dividends on preferred shares are deducted from net earnings to arrive at net earnings available to common shareholders.
 
(6)
Working capital equals current assets less current liabilities.
 
 
A-6

 
 
(7)
Total debt comprises loans, financings and short term and long term debentures. Amounts exclude loans from real estate development partners.
 
(8)
The units delivered in exchange for land pursuant to swap agreements are not included.
 
(9)
One square meter is equal to approximately 10.76 square feet.
 
(10)
Does not include data for FIT, Tenda and Bairro Novo.
 
(11)
Potential sales value is calculated by multiplying the number of units sold in a development by the unit sales price.
 
Exchange Rates
 
There were previously two foreign exchange markets in Brazil.  With the enactment of the National Monetary Council Resolution No. 3,265 of March 14, 2005, the foreign exchange markets were consolidated to form one exchange market. On July 1, 2008, Resolution No. 3,568, as amended, revoked Resolution No. 3,265, but maintained its main changes concerning the consolidation of the foreign exchange markets. Therefore, all transactions involving foreign currency in the Brazilian market, whether carried out by investors resident or domiciled in Brazil or investors resident or domiciled abroad, must now be conducted on the consolidated exchange market through institutions authorized by the Central Bank and subject to the rules of the Central Bank.
 
From March 1995 through January 1999, the Central Bank allowed the gradual devaluation of the real against the U.S. dollar under an exchange rate policy that established a band within which the real/U.S. dollar exchange rate could fluctuate. Responding to pressure on the real, on January 13, 1999, the Central Bank widened the foreign exchange rate band. Because the pressure did not ease, on January 15, 1999, the Central Bank abolished the band system and allowed the real to float freely.
 
Since the beginning of 2001, the Brazilian exchange market has been increasingly volatile, and, until early 2003, the value of the real declined relative to the U.S. dollar, primarily due to financial and political instability in Brazil and Argentina. According to the Central Bank, in 2005, 2006 and 2007, however, the period-end value of the real appreciated in relation to the U.S. dollar 13.4%, 9.5% and 20.7%, respectively. In 2008, the period-end value of the real depreciated in relation to the U.S. dollar by 24.2%. In 2009, the period-end value of the real appreciated in relation to the U.S. dollar by 34.2%. Although the Central Bank has intervened occasionally to control unstable movements in the foreign exchange rates, the exchange market may continue to be volatile as a result of this instability or other factors, and, therefore, the real may substantially decline or appreciate in value in relation to the U.S. dollar in the future.
 
The following table shows the selling rate, expressed in reais per U.S. dollar (R$/US$), for the periods and dates indicated.
 
   
Period-end
   
Average for period(1)
   
Low
   
High
 
   
(per U.S. dollar)
 
Year Ended:
                       
December 31, 2005
  R$ 2.341     R$ 2.463     R$ 2.163     R$ 2.762  
December 31, 2006
    2.138       2.215       2.059       2.371  
December 31, 2007
    1.771       1.793       1.762       1.823  
December 31, 2008
    2.337       2.030       1.559       2.500  
December 31, 2009
    1.741       2.062       1.702       2.422  
Month Ended:
                               
September 2009
    1.778       1.841       1.778       1.904  
October 2009
    1.744       1.738       1.704       1.784  
November 2009
    1.751       1.726       1.702       1.759  
December 2009
    1.741       1.749       1.710       1.788  
January 2010
    1.875       1.799       1.723       1.875  
February 2010
    1.811       1.841       1.805       1.877  
 

(1)
Average of the lowest and highest rates in the periods presented.
 
Source: Central Bank.
 
 
A-7

 

On March 8, 2010, the selling rate was R$1.78180 to US$1.00. The real/dollar exchange rate fluctuates and, therefore, the selling rate at March 8, 2010 may not be indicative of future exchange rates.
 
B.           Capitalization and Indebtedness
 
Not applicable.
 
C.           Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds
 
Not applicable.
 
D.           Risk Factors
 
This section is intended to be a summary of the more detailed discussion included elsewhere in this annual report. Our business, results of operations, financial condition or prospects could be adversely affected if any of these risks occurs, and as a result, the trading price of our common shares and ADSs could decline. The risks described below are those known to us and those that we currently believe may materially affect us.
 
Risks Relating to Our Business and to the Brazilian Real Estate Industry
 
Our business, results of operations and the market price of our common shares or the ADSs may be adversely affected by weaknesses in general economic, real estate and other conditions.
 
The residential homebuilding and land development industry is cyclical and is significantly affected by changes in general and local economic conditions, such as:
 
·  
employment levels;
 
·  
population growth;
 
·  
consumer demand, confidence, stability of income levels and interest rates;
 
·  
availability of financing for land home site acquisitions and the availability of construction and permanent mortgages;
 
·  
inventory levels of both new and existing homes;
 
·  
supply of rental properties; and
 
·  
conditions in the housing resale market.
 
Furthermore, the market value of undeveloped land, buildable lots and housing inventories held by us can fluctuate significantly as a result of changing economic and real estate market conditions. If there are significant adverse changes in economic or real estate market conditions, we will have to sell homes at a loss or hold land in inventory longer than planned.
 
For example, in 2008, the global financial crisis adversely impacted Brazil’s gross domestic product resulting in a decrease in both the number of developments launched and the rate of sales of our units. Worldwide financial market volatility may adversely impact government plans for the Brazilian real estate industry, which may have a material adverse effect on our business, our financial condition and the results of operations.
 
The Brazilian real estate industry is highly competitive and fragmented. We compete with several developers on availability and location of land, price, funding, design, quality, and reputation as well as for partnerships with other developers. Because our industry does not have high barriers to entry, new competitors, including international companies working in partnerships with Brazilian developers, may enter into the industry, further intensifying this competition. Some of our current potential competitors may have greater financial and other resources than we do. Furthermore, a significant portion of our real estate development and construction activity is conducted in the states
 
 
A-8

 
 
 
of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, areas where the real estate market is highly competitive due to a scarcity of properties in desirable locations and the relatively large number of local competitors. If we are not able to compete effectively, our business, our financial condition and the results of our operations could be adversely affected.
 
Problems with the construction and timely completion of our real estate projects, as well as third party projects for which we have been hired as a contractor, may damage our reputation, expose us to civil liability and decrease our profitability.
 
The quality of work in the construction of our real estate projects and the timely completion of these projects are major factors that determine our reputation, and therefore our sales and growth. Delays in the construction of our projects or defects in materials and/or workmanship may occur. Any defects could delay the completion of our real estate projects, or, if such defects are discovered after completion, expose us to civil lawsuits by purchasers or tenants. These factors may also adversely affect our reputation as a contractor for third party projects, since we are responsible for our construction services and the building itself for five years. Construction projects often involve delays in obtaining, or the inability to obtain, permits or approvals from the relevant authorities. In addition, construction projects may also encounter delays due to adverse weather conditions, natural disasters, fires, delays in the provision of materials or labor, accidents, labor disputes, unforeseen engineering, environmental or geological problems, disputes with contractors and subcontractors, unforeseen conditions at construction sites, disputes with surrounding landowners or other events. In addition, we may encounter previously unknown conditions at or near our construction sites that may delay or prevent construction of a particular project. If we encounter a previously unknown condition at or near a site, we may be required to correct the condition prior to continuing construction and there may be a delay in the construction of a particular project. The occurrence of any one or more of these problems in our real estate projects could adversely affect our reputation and our future sales.
 
We may incur construction and other development costs for a project that exceeds our original estimates due to increases over time in interest rates, real estate taxes, material costs, labor costs or other costs. We may not be able to pass these increased costs on to purchasers. Construction delays, scarcity of skilled workers, cost overruns and adverse conditions may also increase project development costs. In addition, delays in the completion of a project may result in a delay in the commencement of cash flow, which would increase our capital needs.
 
Our inability to acquire adequate capital to finance our projects could delay the launch of new projects and adversely affect our business.
 
We expect that the continuing expansion and development of our business will require significant capital, including working capital, which we may be unable to obtain on acceptable terms, or at all, to fund our capital expenditures and operating expenses, including working capital needs. We may fail to generate sufficient cash flow from our operations to meet our cash requirements. Furthermore, our capital requirements may vary materially from those currently planned if, for example, our revenues do not reach expected levels or we have to incur unforeseen capital expenditures and make investments to maintain our competitive position. If this is the case, we may require additional financing sooner than anticipated, or we may have to delay some of our new development and expansion plans or otherwise forgo market opportunities. Future borrowing instruments such as credit facilities are likely to contain restrictive covenants, particularly in light of the recent economic downturn and unavailability of credit, and/or may require us to pledge assets as security for borrowings under those facilities. Our inability to obtain additional capital on satisfactory terms may delay or prevent the expansion of our business, which would have an adverse effect on our business. As of the date of this annual report, our net debt level and obligations to venture partners was in excess of R$2.0 billion, our cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities was in excess of R$1.4 billion and our total debt was R$3.1 billion and obligations to venture partners was R$0.3 billion.
 
Changing market conditions may adversely affect our ability to sell our home inventories at expected prices, which could reduce our margins and adversely affect the market price of our common shares or the ADSs.
 
As a homebuilder, we must constantly locate and acquire new tracts of land for development and development home sites to support our homebuilding operations. There is a lag between the time we acquire land for development or developed home sites and the time that we can bring the properties to market and sell homes. As a result, we face the risk that demand for housing may decline, costs of labor or materials may increase, interest rates may increase, currencies may fluctuate and political uncertainties may occur during this period and that we will not be able to dispose of developed properties at expected prices or profit margins or within anticipated time frames or at all.
 
 
A-9

 
 
Significant expenditures associated with investments in real estate, such as maintenance costs, construction costs and debt payments, cannot generally be reduced if changes in the economy cause a decrease in revenues from our properties. The market value of home inventories, undeveloped tracts of land and desirable locations can fluctuate significantly because of changing market conditions. In addition, inventory carrying costs (including interest on funds unused to acquire land or build homes) can be significant and can adversely affect our performance. Because of these factors, we may be forced to sell homes and other real properties at a loss or for prices that generate lower profit margins than we anticipate. We may also be required to make material write-downs of the book value of our real estate assets in accordance with Brazilian and US GAAP if values decline. The occurrence of these factors may adversely affect our business and results of operations.
 
We are subject to risks normally associated with permitting our purchasers to make payments in installments; if there are higher than anticipated defaults or if our costs of providing that financing increase, then our profitability could be adversely affected.
 
As is common in our industry, we and the special purpose entities, or “SPEs,” in which we participate permit some purchasers of the units in our projects to make payments in installments. As a result, we are subject to the risks associated with this financing, including the risk of default in the payment of principal or interest on the loans we make as well as the risk of increased costs for the funds raised by us. In addition, our term sales agreements usually bear interest and provide for an inflation adjustment. If the rate of inflation increases, the loan payments under these term sales agreements may increase, which may lead to a higher rate of payment default. If the default rate among our purchasers increases, our cash generation and, therefore, our profitability could be adversely affected.
 
In the case of a payment default after the delivery of financed units, Brazilian law provides for the filing of a collection claim to recover the amount owed or to repossess the unit following specified procedures. The collection of overdue amounts or the repossession of the property is a lengthy process and involves additional costs. It is uncertain that we can recover the full amount owed to us or that if we repossess the unit, we can re-sell the unit at favorable terms or at all.
 
In March 2009, the Brazilian government announced the creation of a public housing program called “Minha Casa, Minha Vida” that aims to reduce the housing deficit in Brazil, which as of 2007 is estimated to be 6.3 million houses. The program calls for government investment of more than R$30 billion to be made through financing made available from Caixa Econômica Federal, or the CEF, and is focused on building one million houses for families with monthly incomes of up to ten times the minimum wage. Under this program, 600 thousand houses will be built for families with monthly incomes of three to ten times the minimum wage, which are our target clients through our Tenda brand. This program offers, among other things, long-term financing, lower interest rates, greater share of the property financed to the client, subsidies based on income level, lower insurance costs and the creation of a guarantor fund to refinance debt in case of unemployment.
 
The affordable entry-level segment is strongly dependent on the availability of financing. The scarcity of financing, the increase in interest rates, the reduction in financing terms, share of financing per unit and subsidies or any other modification in other financing terms and conditions may adversely affect the performance of the affordable entry-level segment.
 
If we or the SPEs in which we participate fail to comply with or become subject to more onerous government regulations, our business could be adversely affected.
 
We and the SPEs we participate in are subject to various federal, state and municipal laws and regulations, including those relating to construction, zoning, use of soil, environmental protection, historical patrimony and consumer protection and antitrust. We are required to obtain, maintain and renew on a regular basis permits, licenses and authorizations from various governmental authorities in order to carry out our projects. We strive to maintain compliance with these laws and regulations. If we are unable to maintain or achieve compliance with these laws and regulations, we could be subject to fines, project shutdowns, cancellation of licenses and revocation of authorizations or other restrictions on our ability to develop our projects, which could have an adverse impact on our financial condition. In addition, our contractors and subcontractors are required to comply with various labor and environmental regulations and tax and regulatory obligations. Because we are secondary obligors to these contractors and subcontractors, if they fail to comply with these regulations or obligations, we may be subject to penalties by the relevant regulatory bodies.
 
 
A-10

 
 
Regulations governing the Brazilian real estate industry as well as environmental laws have tended to become more restrictive over time. We cannot assure you that new and stricter standards will not be adopted or become applicable to us, or that stricter interpretations of existing laws and regulations will not occur. Furthermore, we cannot assure you that these more onerous regulations would not cause delays in our projects or that we would be able to get the relevant permits and licenses. Any such event may require us to spend additional funds to achieve compliance with such new rules and therefore make the development of our projects more costly, which can adversely affect our business and the market price of our common shares or the ADSs.
 
If there is a scarcity of financing and/or increased interest rates, this may decrease the demand for real estate properties, which could negatively affect our results of operations and the market price of our common shares or the ADSs.
 
The scarcity of financing and/or an increase in interest rates or in other indirect financing costs may adversely affect the ability or willingness of prospective buyers to purchase our products and services, especially prospective low income buyers. A majority of the bank financing obtained by prospective buyers comes from the Housing Financial System (Sistema Financeiro de Habitação), or “SFH,” which is financed by funds raised from savings account deposits. The Brazilian Monetary Council (Conselho Monetário Nacional), or the “CMN,” often changes the amount of such funds that banks are required to make available for real estate financing. If the CMN restricts the amount of available funds that can be used to finance the purchase of real estate properties, or if there is an increase in interest rates, there may be a decrease in the demand for our residential and commercial properties and for the development of lots of land, which may adversely affect our financial position and results of operations.
 
We and other companies in the real estate industry frequently extend credit to our clients. As a result, we are subject to risks associated with providing financing, including the risk of default on amounts owed to us (principal and interest), as well as the risk of increased costs of funding our operations. An increase in inflation would raise the nominal amounts due from our clients, pursuant to their sales agreements, which may increase their rates of default. If this were to occur, our cash generation and, therefore, our operating results may be adversely affected. In addition, we obtain financings from financial institutions at different rates and subject to different indexes and may be unable to match our debt service requirements with the terms of the financings we grant to our clients. The mismatch of rates and terms between the funds we obtain and the financings we grant may adversely affect us.
 
Some of our subsidiaries use significant funding from the home financing programs of the CEF and, as a result, are subject to institutional and operating changes in the CEF.
 
The CEF has several home financing programs for the low-income segment, which are used by Construtora Tenda S.A., or Tenda, to fund its activities. The CEF is a state-owned financial institution and is subject to political influence that may change the availability or the terms of the home financing programs. The cancelation, suspension, interruption or a significant change in such programs may affect our growth estimates and our business. Furthermore, the suspension, interruption or slowdown in the CEF’s activities to approve projects, grant financing to our clients and evaluate construction process, among other activities, may adversely impact our business, financial capacity, results of operations and the market price of our common shares and ADSs. Financing to the affordable entry-level segment is primarily made available through the CEF. Any changes in such financing would force us to seek new sources of financing and the availability of funds under similar conditions is limited, which would have an adverse effect on our results of operations.
 
The real estate industry is dependent on the availability of credit, especially in the affordable entry-level segment.
 
One of our main strategies is to expand our operations to the affordable entry-level segment in which clients are strongly dependent on bank financing to purchase homes. This financing may not be available on favorable terms to our clients, or at all. Changes in the Real Estate Financing System (Sistema de Financiamento Imobiliário), or SFI, and in the SFH rules, the scarcity of available resources or an increase in interest rates may affect the ability or desire of such clients to purchase homes, consequently affecting the demand for homes. These factors would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 
 
A-11

 
 
Because we recognize sales income from our real estate properties under the percentage of completion method of accounting, an adjustment in the cost of a development project may reduce or eliminate previously reported revenue and income.
 
We recognize income from the sale of units in our properties based on the percentage of completion method of accounting, which requires us to recognize income as we incur the cost of construction. Total cost estimates are revised on a regular basis as the work progresses, and adjustments based upon such revisions are reflected in our results in accordance with the method of accounting used. To the extent that these adjustments result in an increase, a reduction or an elimination of previously reported income, we will recognize a credit to or a charge against income, which could have an adverse effect on our previously reported revenue and income.
 
Our participation in SPEs creates additional risks, including potential problems in our financial and business relationships with our partners.
 
We invest in SPEs with other real estate developers and construction companies in Brazil. The risks involved with SPEs include the potential bankruptcy of our SPE partners and the possibility of diverging or inconsistent economic or business interests between us and our partners. If an SPE partner fails to perform or is financially unable to bear its portion of the required capital contributions, we could be required to make additional investments and provide additional services in order to make up for our partner’s shortfall. In addition, under Brazilian law, the partners of an SPE may be liable for obligations of an SPE in particular areas, including tax, labor, environmental and consumer protection. These risks could have an adverse effect on us.
 
We may experience difficulties in finding desirable land tracts and increases in the price of land may increase our cost of sales and decrease our earnings.
 
Our continued growth depends in large part on our ability to continue to acquire land and to do so at a reasonable cost. As more developers enter or expand their operations in the Brazilian home building industry, land prices could rise significantly and suitable land could become scarce due to increased demand or decreased supply. A resulting rise in land prices may increase our cost of sales and decrease our earnings. We may not be able to continue to acquire suitable land at reasonable prices in the future, which could adversely affect our business.
 
The market value of our inventory of undeveloped land may decrease, thus adversely affecting our results of operations.
 
We own tracts of undeveloped land that are part of our inventory for future developments. We also intend to increase our inventory and acquire larger tracts of land. The market value of these properties may significantly decrease from the acquisition date to the development of the project as a result of economic downturns or market conditions, which would have an adverse effect on our results of operations.
 
Increases in the price of raw materials may increase our cost of sales and reduce our earnings.
 
The basic raw materials used in the construction of our homes include concrete, concrete block, steel, aluminum, bricks, windows, doors, roof tiles and plumbing fixtures. Increases in the price of these and other raw materials, including increases that may occur as a result of shortages, duties, restrictions, or fluctuations in exchange rates, could increase our cost of sales. Any such cost increases could reduce our earnings and adversely affect our business.
 
If we are not able to implement our growth strategy as planned, or at all, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.
 
We plan to grow our business by selectively expanding to meet the growth potential of the Brazilian residential market. We believe that there is increasing competition for suitable real estate development sites. We may not find suitable additional sites for development of new projects or other suitable expansion opportunities.
 
We anticipate that we will need additional financing to implement our expansion strategy and we may not have access to the funding required for the expansion of our business or such funding may not be available to us on acceptable terms. We may finance the expansion of our business with additional indebtedness or by issuing
 
 
A-12

 
 
additional equity securities. We could face financial risks and covenant restrictions associated with incurring additional indebtedness, such as reducing our liquidity and access to financial markets and increasing the amount of cash flow required to service such indebtedness, or associated with issuing additional stock, such as dilution of ownership and earnings.
 
Our insurance policies may not be sufficient to cover damages that we may suffer.
 
We maintain insurance policies against certain risks, such as damages, engineering risks, fire, land slides, storms, gas explosions and civil liabilities stemming from construction errors. There can be no assurance that such policies will always be available or provide sufficient coverage for certain damages. In addition, there are certain risks that may not be covered by such policies, such as damages resulting from wars, force majeure or the interruption of certain activities. Furthermore, we are required to pay penalties and other fines whenever there is delay in the delivery of our units, and such penalties and fines are not covered by our insurance policies.
 
Moreover, we cannot guarantee that we will be able to renew our current insurance policies under favorable terms, or at all. As a result, insufficient coverage of our insurance or our inability to renew the existing insurance policies could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
 
Our level of indebtedness could have an adverse effect on our financial health, diminish our ability to raise additional capital to fund our operations and limit our ability to react to changes in the economy or the real estate industry.
 
As of December 31, 2009, our total debt was R$3.1 billion and our short-term debt was R$801.0 million. In addition, as of December 31, 2009, our cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities available was R$1.4 billion and our net debt represented 83.8% of our shareholders’ equity including the noncontrolling interest. Our indebtedness has variable interest rates. A hypothetical 1% adverse change in interest rates would have had an annualized unfavorable impact of R$31.2 million on our earnings and cash flows, based on the net debt level as of December 31, 2009.
 
Our level of indebtedness could have important negative consequences for us. For example, it could:
 
·  
require us to dedicate a large portion of our cash flow from operations to fund payments on our debt, thereby reducing the availability of our cash flow to fund working capital, capital expenditures and other general corporate purposes;
 
·  
increase our vulnerability to adverse general economic or industry conditions;
 
·  
limit our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in our business or the industry in which we operate;
 
·  
limit our ability to raise additional debt or equity capital in the future or increase the cost of such funding;
 
·  
restrict us from making strategic acquisitions or exploring business opportunities; and
 
·  
place us at a competitive disadvantage compared to our competitors that have less debt.
 
We may not be successful in managing and integrating the businesses and activities of Alphaville, Cipesa and Tenda.
 
We have recently acquired controlling stakes in three Brazilian real estate companies: (1) Alphaville Urbanismo S.A., one of the largest residential community development companies in Brazil; (2) Cipesa Empreendimentos Imobiliários S.A., one the leading homebuilder in the State of Alagoas; and (3) Construtora Tenda S.A., a residential homebuilder with a focus on the affordable entry-level segment. However, we may not be successful in managing and integrating these companies, which could adversely affect our business.
 
 
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Failures or delays by our third party contractors may adversely affect our reputation and business and expose us to civil liability.
 
We engage third party contractors to provide services for our projects. Therefore, the quality of work in the construction of our real estate projects and the timely completion of these projects may depend on factors that are beyond our control, including the quality and timely delivery of building materials and the technical skills of the outsourced professionals. Such outsourcing may delay the identification of construction problems and, consequently, the correction of such problems. Any failures, delays or defects in the services provided by our third party contractors may adversely affect our reputation and relationship with our clients, which would adversely affect our business and results of operations.
 
Unfavorable judicial or administrative decisions may adversely affect us.
 
We currently are, and may be in the future, defendants in several judicial and administrative proceedings related to civil, labor and tax matters. We cannot assure you that we will obtain favorable decisions in such proceedings, that such proceedings will be dismissed, or that our provisions for such proceedings are sufficient. Unfavorable decisions that impede our operations, as had been initially planned, or that result in a claim amount that is not adequately covered by provisions in our balance sheet may adversely affect our business and financial condition.
 
We may be held responsible for labor liabilities of our third party contractors.
 
We may be held responsible for the labor liabilities of our third party contractors and obligated to pay for fines imposed by the relevant authorities in the event that our third party contractors do not comply with applicable legislation. As of December 31, 2009, we had a total of R$71.0 million of labor liabilities and provisions for such liabilities in the amount of R$8.9 million. 85% of the labor claims were commenced by employees of our third party contractors. An adverse result in such claims would cause an adverse effect on our business.
 
Failure to keep members of our senior management and/or our ability to recruit and retain qualified professionals may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 
Our future success depends on the continued service and performance of our senior management and our ability to recruit and retain qualified professionals. None of the members of our senior management are bound to long-term labor contracts or non-compete agreements and there can be no assurance that we will successfully recruit and retain qualified professionals to our management as our business grow. The loss of any key professionals or our inability to recruit or retain qualified professionals may have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 
Changes in Brazilian GAAP may adversely affect timing of revenue recognition.
 
Law No. 11,638 /07, effective as of January 1, 2008 and as amended by Law No. 11,941/09, amended the Brazilian corporate law regarding corporate accounting practices in Brazil. The changes primarily sought to update the law to facilitate the process of changing Brazilian GAAP, and permitted the CVM to issue new accounting standards and procedures substantially consistent with international accounting standards. Portions of these regulations are currently in effect. Although the changes became effective on January 1, 2010, the CVM still permits public companies to present their quarterly reports under the prior rules.
 
With respect to the real estate sector, CVM Resolution No. 612 dated December 22, 2009, which approved Technical Interpretation ICPC02, addresses the recognition of costs and revenues by real estate companies prior to the completion of a property and applies to financial statements from the fiscal year beginning on January 1, 2010. Beginning on January 1, 2010, costs and revenues will be recognized only when the property is transferred to the buyer, which normally occurs upon the completion of the construction. Since we recognize our revenues during construction and before the completion of projects, these laws and regulations may adversely affect our results of operations. In addition, the process of converging Brazilian GAAP to IFRS, specifically the accounting procedures applicable to real estate companies, may have a significant impact on our financial statements and adversely impact our results of operations and dividend distributions.
 
 
 
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We are currently evaluating the potential effects of the new regulation. In addition, new accounting regulations and pronouncements were issued in 2009 by the CPC and CVM and became effective on January 1, 2010. There can be no assurance that these modifications will not materially and adversely affect our financial statements, in particular our revenues and our results of operations and impact the comparability of our financial statement for the year ended December 31, 2009 with our financial statements for year ending December 31, 2010.
 
Material weaknesses identified in our internal control over financial reporting could result in a material misstatement in our financial statements as well as result in our inability to file periodic reports within the timeframes required by federal securities laws, which could have a material adverse effect on our business and stock price.
 
We are required to design, implement and maintain effective controls over financial reporting. A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of a company’s annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.
 
In connection with the preparation of our consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2009, we identified material weakness regarding classification in cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities and contractual provision in revenue recognition in our internal control over financial reporting.
 
Failure to remediate any identified deficiencies in internal control could cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations.  Thes rules of the SEC require that we file periodic reports containing our financial statements within a specified time following the completion of annual fiscal periods. Any failure by us to timely file our periodic reports with the SEC may result ina a number of adverse consequences that could materially and adversely affect our business, including, without limitation, potencial action by the SEC against us, shareholder lawsuits, delisting of our stock and general damage to our reputation.
 
Furthermore, our independent registered public accounting firm was unable to issue an opinion on our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2009, and accordingly this Form 20-F/A is deficient.  Such deficiency until eventually remediate will preclude us from issuing registered securities in the United States capital markets.
 
Risks Relating to Brazil
 
Brazilian economic, political and other conditions, and Brazilian government policies or actions in response to these conditions, may negatively affect our business and results of operations and the market price of our common shares or the ADSs.
 
The Brazilian economy has been characterized by frequent and occasionally extensive intervention by the Brazilian government and unstable economic cycles. The Brazilian government has often changed monetary, taxation, credit, tariff and other policies to influence the course of Brazil’s economy. For example, the government’s actions to control inflation have at times involved setting wage and price controls, blocking access to bank accounts, imposing exchange controls and limiting imports into Brazil. We have no control over, and cannot predict, what policies or actions the Brazilian government may take in the future.
 
Our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects, as well as the market prices of our common shares or the ADSs, may be adversely affected by, among others, the following factors:
 
·  
exchange rate movements;
 
·  
exchange control policies;
 
·  
expansion or contraction of the Brazilian economy, as measured by rates of growth in gross domestic product, or “GDP;”
 
·  
inflation;
 
 
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·  
tax policies;
 
·  
other economic, political, diplomatic and social developments in or affecting Brazil;
 
·  
interest rates;
 
·  
lack of credit funding provided by the government’s financial institution, Caixa Economica Federal – CEF for real estate programs, such as Minha Casa, Minha Vida;
 
·  
energy shortages;
 
·  
liquidity of domestic capital and lending markets; and
 
·  
social and political instability.
 
Uncertainty over whether the Brazilian government may implement changes in policy or regulations may contribute to economic uncertainty in Brazil and to heightened volatility in the Brazilian securities markets as well as securities issued abroad by Brazilian issuers. As a result, these uncertainties and other future developments in the Brazilian economy may adversely affect us and our business and results of operations and the market price of our common shares.
 
Inflation, and government measures to curb inflation, may adversely affect the Brazilian economy, the Brazilian securities market, our business and operations and the market prices of our common shares or the ADSs.
 
At times in the past, Brazil has experienced high rates of inflation. According to the General Market Price Index (Índice Geral de Preços—Mercado), or IGP-M, inflation rates in Brazil were 1.2% in 2005, 3.8% in 2006, 7.8% in 2007, 9.8% in 2008 and (1.7)% in 2009. In addition, according to the Amplified Consumer Price Index (Índice de Preços ao Consumidor Ampliado), or “IPCA,” Brazilian consumer price inflation rates were 5.05% in 2005, 3.1% in 2006, 4.5% in 2007, 5.9% in 2008 and 4.3% in 2009. Our term sales agreements usually provide for an inflation adjustment linked to the INCC. The INCC increased by 5.0% in 2006, 6.2% in 2007, 11.9% in 2008 and 3.14% in 2009. The Brazilian government’s measures to control inflation have often included maintaining a tight monetary policy with high interest rates, thereby restricting availability of credit and reducing economic growth. Inflation, actions to combat inflation and public speculation about possible additional actions have also contributed materially to economic uncertainty in Brazil and to heightened volatility in the Brazilian securities markets.
 
Brazil may experience high levels of inflation in future periods. Periods of higher inflation may slow the rate of growth of the Brazilian economy, which could lead to reduced demand for our products in Brazil and decreased net sales. Inflation is also likely to increase some of our costs and expenses, which we may not be able to pass on to our customers and, as a result, may reduce our profit margins and net income. In addition, high inflation generally leads to higher domestic interest rates, and, as a result, the costs of servicing our reais-denominated debt may increase, resulting in lower net income. Inflation and its effect on domestic interest rates can, in addition, lead to reduced liquidity in the domestic capital and lending markets, which could affect our ability to refinance our indebtedness in those markets. In addition, increases in inflation rates would increase the outstanding debt of our customers, which could increase default levels and affect our cash flows. Any decline in our net operating revenue or net income and any deterioration in our financial condition would also likely lead to a decline in the market price of our common shares and the ADSs.
 
Social, political and economic events and the perception of risks, especially in other emerging economies, may adversely affect the Brazilian economy, our business and the market price of our securities.
 
The Brazilian capital markets are influenced by the Brazilian market and economic conditions and, to a certain extent, by the conditions in other Latin American countries and other emerging market countries. Investors’ reactions to developments in certain countries may have an adverse effect on the market value of the securities of Brazilian issuers. Crises in other Latin American and emerging market countries normally trigger a significant outflow of funds and the reduction of foreign investment in Brazil. For example, in 2001 Argentina announced a moratorium on its public debt after a recession and a period of political instability, which affected investor
 
 
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perceptions towards the Brazilian capital markets for many years. Crises in other Latin American and emerging market countries may diminish investor interest in the securities of Brazilian issuers, including ours, which could negatively affect the market price of our common shares.
 
The market for securities issued by Brazilian companies is influenced, to a varying degree, by international economic and market conditions generally, especially in the United States. The prices of shares traded on the BM&FBOVESPA have been historically affected by the fluctuation of interest rates and stock exchange indexes in the United States. Events in other countries or capital markets could have an adverse effect on the price of our shares, which could make it more difficult for us to access the capital markets and obtain financing on acceptable terms in the future, or at all.
 
Fluctuations in interest rates may have an adverse effect on our business and the market prices of our common shares and the ADSs.
 
The Central Bank establishes the basic interest rate target for the Brazilian financial system by reference to the level of economic growth of the Brazilian economy, the level of inflation and other economic indicators. Debts of companies in the real estate industries, including ours, are subject to the fluctuation of market interest rates, as established by the Central Bank. Should such interest rates increase, the costs relating to the service of our debt obligations would also increase.
 
As of December 31, 2009, our indebtedness was denominated in reais and subject to Brazilian floating interest rates, such as the Reference Interest Rate (Taxa Referencial), or “TR,” and the Interbank Deposit Certificate Rate (Certificado de Depósito Interbancário), or “CDI rate.” Any increase in the TR rate or the CDI rate may have an adverse impact on our financial expenses, our results of operations and on the market price of our common shares or the ADSs. We are not a party to any hedging instruments with respect to our indebtedness.
 
Restrictions on the movement of capital out of Brazil may adversely affect your ability to receive dividends and distributions on the ADSs and on our common shares, or the proceeds of any sale of our common shares.
 
Brazilian law permits the Brazilian government to impose temporary restrictions on conversions of Brazilian currency into foreign currencies and on remittances to foreign investors of proceeds from their investments in Brazil, whenever there is a serious imbalance in Brazil’s balance of payments or there are reasons to expect a pending serious imbalance. The Brazilian government last imposed remittance restrictions for approximately six months in 1989 and early 1990. The Brazilian government may take similar measures in the future. Any imposition of restrictions on conversions and remittances could hinder or prevent holders of our common shares or the ADSs from converting into U.S. dollars or other foreign currencies and remitting abroad dividends, distributions or the proceeds from any sale in Brazil of our common shares. Exchange controls could also prevent us from making payments on our U.S. dollar-denominated debt obligations and hinder our ability to access the international capital markets. As a result, exchange controls restrictions could reduce the market prices of our common shares and the ADSs.
 
Changes in tax laws may increase our tax burden and, as a result, adversely affect our profitability.
 
The Brazilian government regularly implements changes to tax regimes that may increase our and our customers’ tax burdens. These changes include modifications in the rate of assessments and, on occasion, enactment of temporary taxes, the proceeds of which are earmarked for designated governmental purposes. In April 2003, the Brazilian government presented a tax reform proposal, which was mainly designed to simplify tax assessments, to avoid internal disputes within and between the Brazilian states and municipalities, and to redistribute tax revenues. The tax reform proposal provided for changes in the rules governing the federal Social Integration Program (Programa de Integração Social), or “PIS,” the federal Contribution for Social Security Financing (Contribuição para Financiamento da Seguridade Social), or “COFINS,” the state Tax on the Circulation of Merchandise and Services (Imposto Sobre a Circulação de Mercadorias e Serviços), or “ICMS,” and other taxes. The effects of these proposed tax reform measures and any other changes that result from enactment of additional tax reforms have not been, and cannot be, quantified. However, some of these measures, if enacted, may result in increases in our overall tax burden, which could negatively affect our overall financial performance.
 
 
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Risks Relating to Our Common Shares and the ADSs
 
International economic and market conditions, especially in the United States, may adversely affect the market price of the ADSs.
 
The market for securities issued by Brazilian companies is influenced, to a varying degree, by international economic and market conditions generally. Because our ADSs are listed on the New York Stock Exchange, or the “NYSE,” adverse market conditions and economic and/or political crises, especially in the United States, such as the subprime mortgage lending crisis in 2007 and 2008 and the financial and credit crises in 2008, have at times resulted in significant negative impacts on the market price of our ADSs. Despite the fact that our clients, whether financed by us or by Brazilian banks through resources obtained in the local market, are not directly exposed to the mortgage lending crisis in the United States, there are still uncertainties as to whether such crisis may indirectly affect homebuilders worldwide. The uncertainties generated by the subprime crisis may affect the market prices of our ADSs and could also make it more difficult for us to access the capital markets and finance our operations in the future on acceptable terms or at all.
 
Developments and the perception of risks in other countries, especially emerging market countries, may adversely affect the market prices of our common shares and the ADSs.
 
The market for securities issued by Brazilian companies is influenced, to varying degrees, by economic and market conditions in other emerging market countries, especially other Latin American countries. Although economic conditions are different in each country, the reaction of investors to developments in one country may cause the capital markets in other countries to fluctuate. Developments or adverse economic conditions in other emerging market countries have at times resulted in significant outflows of funds from, and declines in the amount of foreign currency invested in, Brazil. For example, in 2001, after a prolonged recession, followed by political instability, Argentina announced that it would no longer continue to service its public debt. The economic crisis in Argentina negatively affected investors’ perceptions of Brazilian securities for several years. Economic or political crises in Latin America or other emerging markets may significantly affect perceptions of the risk inherent in investing in the region, including Brazil.
 
The Brazilian economy is also affected by international economic and general market conditions, especially economic and market conditions in the United States. Share prices on the São Paulo Stock Exchange (BM&F Bovespa S.A. — Bolsa de Valores Mercadorias e Futuros), or the “BM&FBOVESPA,” for example, have historically been sensitive to fluctuations in U.S. interest rates as well as movements of the major U.S. stock indexes, particularly in the current worldwide economic downturn. Developments in other countries and securities markets could adversely affect the market prices of our common shares and the ADSs and could also make it more difficult for us to access the capital markets and finance our operations in the future on acceptable terms or at all.
 
The relative volatility and the lack of liquidity of the Brazilian securities market may adversely affect you.
 
The Brazilian securities market is substantially smaller, less liquid, more concentrated and more volatile than major securities markets in the United States. This may limit your ability to sell our common shares and the common shares underlying your ADSs at the price and time at which you wish to do so. The BM&FBOVESPA, the only Brazilian stock exchange, had a market capitalization of approximately US$1.3 trillion as of December 31, 2009 and an average daily trading volume of US$2.7 billion for 2009. In comparison, the NYSE had a market capitalization of US$18.9 trillion as of December 31, 2009 and an average daily trading volume of approximately US$4.9 billion for 2009.
 
There is also a large concentration in the Brazilian securities market. The ten largest companies in terms of market capitalization represented 50.4% of the aggregate market capitalization of the BM&FBOVESPA as of December 31, 2009. The top ten stocks in terms of trading volume accounted for 45% of all shares traded on the BM&FBOVESPA in 2009. Gafisa’s average daily trading volume on the BM&FBOVESPA and in the NYSE in 2009 were US$21.5 million and US$19.4 million, respectively.
 
 
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Shares eligible for future sale may adversely affect the market value of our common shares and the ADSs.
 
Certain of our shareholders have the ability, subject to applicable Brazilian laws and regulations and applicable securities laws in the relevant jurisdictions, to sell our shares and the ADSs. We cannot predict what effect future sales of our shares or ADSs may have on the market price of our shares or the ADSs. Future sales of substantial amounts of such shares or the ADSs, or the perception that such sales could occur, could adversely affect the market prices of our shares or the ADSs.
 
The economic value of your investment in our company may be diluted.
 
We may need additional funds in the future, and as a result, we may issue additional common shares and/or convertible securities. Any additional funds obtained by such a capital increase may dilute your interest in our company. We are currently negotiating the structure for the acquisition of 20% of Alphaville’s shares. This participation was valued at R$126.5 million and we intend to pay for it through the issuance of 9,797,792 shares. This transaction is subject to relevant corporate authorizations. In addition, we may acquire the remaining 20% of Alphaville’s shares that we currently do not own through the issuance of new shares, which we intend to complete by 2012. As a result of these new issuances of shares, you may experience additional dilution of your investment in our company. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—A. History and Development of the Company.”
 
Holders of our common shares or the ADSs may not receive any dividends or interest on shareholders’ equity.
 
According to our by-laws, we must generally pay our shareholders at least 25% of our annual net profit as dividends or interest on shareholders’ equity, as calculated and adjusted under the Brazilian corporate law method. This adjusted net profit may used to absorb losses or for the payment of statutory participation on profits to debenture holders, employees or members of our management, which would ultimately reduce the amount available to be paid as dividends or interest on shareholders’ equity. Additionally, the Brazilian corporate law allows a publicly traded company like ours to suspend the mandatory distribution of dividends in any particular year if our board of directors informs our shareholders that such distributions would be inadvisable in view of our financial condition or cash availability. For 2003, 2004 and 2005, we did not distribute dividends. In 2007, we distributed dividends in the total amount of R$11.0 million, or R$0.10 per share (without giving effect to the stock split of one existing share into two newly issued shares approved at our shareholders’ meeting held on February 22, 2010 and excluding shares held in treasury), for fiscal year 2006. In April 2008, our shareholders approved the distribution of dividends for the fiscal year 2007 in the amount of R$27.0 million, or R$0.21 per share (without giving effect to the stock split of one existing share into two newly issued shares approved at our shareholders’ meeting held on February 22, 2010 and excluding shares held in treasury), which were fully paid to our shareholders on April 29, 2008. On April 30, 2009, our shareholders approved the distribution of dividends for the fiscal year 2008 in the amount of R$26.1 million, or R$0.20 per share (without giving effect to the stock split of one existing share into two newly issued shares approved at our shareholders’ meeting held on February 22, 2010 and excluding shares held in treasury), which was fully paid to our shareholders on December 18, 2009. Based on the results of the fiscal year 2009, our management has recommended the distribution of a dividend in the amount of R$50.7 million, or R$0.15 per share (giving effect to the stock split of one existing share into two newly issued shares approved at our shareholders’ meeting held on February 22, 2010 and excluding shares held in treasury), which will be fully paid to our shareholders during the fiscal year 2010 upon board approval. See “Item 8. Financial Information—A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information—Dividend Policy.”
 
Holders of ADSs may find it difficult to exercise voting rights at our shareholders’ meetings.
 
Holders of ADSs may exercise voting rights with respect to our common shares represented by ADSs only in accordance with the terms of the deposit agreement governing the ADSs. Holders of ADSs will face practical limitations in exercising their voting rights because of the additional steps involved in our communications with ADS holders. For example, we are required to publish a notice of our shareholders’ meetings in specified newspapers in Brazil. Holders of our common shares will be able to exercise their voting rights by attending a shareholders’ meeting in person or voting by proxy. By contrast, holders of ADSs will receive notice of a shareholders’ meeting from the ADR depositary following our notice to the depositary requesting the depositary to do so. To exercise their voting rights, holders of ADSs must instruct the ADR depositary on a timely basis. This voting process necessarily will take longer for holders of ADSs than for holders of our common shares. Common
 
 
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shares represented by ADSs for which no timely voting instructions are received by the ADR depositary from the holders of ADSs shall not be voted.
 
Holders of ADSs also may not receive the voting materials in time to instruct the depositary to vote the common shares underlying their ADSs. In addition, the depositary and its agents are not responsible for failing to carry out voting instructions of the holders of ADSs or for the manner of carrying out those voting instructions. Accordingly, holders of ADSs may not be able to exercise voting rights, and they will have little, if any, recourse if the common shares underlying their ADSs are not voted as requested.
 
No single shareholder or group of shareholders holds more than 50% of our capital stock, which may increase the opportunity for alliances between shareholders as well as conflicts between them.
 
No single shareholder or group of shareholders holds more than 50% of our capital stock. There is no guidance in Brazilian corporate law for publicly-held companies without an identified controlling shareholder. Due to the absence of a controlling shareholder, we may be subject to future alliances or agreements between our shareholders, which may result in the exercise of a controlling power over our company by them. In the event a controlling group is formed and decides to exercise its controlling power over our company, we may be subject to unexpected changes in our corporate governance and strategies, including the replacement of key executive officers. Additionally, we may be more vulnerable to a hostile takeover bid. The absence of a controlling group may also jeopardize our decision-making process as the minimum quorum required by law for certain decisions by shareholders may not be reached and, as a result, we cannot guarantee that our business plan will be effected. Any unexpected change in our management team, business policy or strategy, any dispute between our shareholders, or any attempt to acquire control of our company may have an adverse impact on our business and result of operations.
 
Holders of ADSs will not be able to enforce the rights of shareholders under our by-laws and Brazilian corporate law and may face difficulties in protecting their interests because we are subject to different corporate rules and regulations as a Brazilian company.
 
Holders of ADSs will not be direct shareholders of our company and will be unable to enforce the rights of shareholders under our by-laws and Brazilian corporate law.
 
Our corporate affairs are governed by our by-laws and Brazilian corporate law, which differ from the legal principles that would apply if we were incorporated in a jurisdiction in the United States, such as the State of Delaware or New York, or elsewhere outside Brazil. Although insider trading and price manipulation are crimes under Brazilian law, the Brazilian securities markets are not as highly regulated and supervised as the U.S. securities markets or the markets in some other jurisdictions. In addition, rules and policies against self-dealing or for preserving shareholder interests may be less well-defined and enforced in Brazil than in the United States and certain other countries, which may put holders of the ADSs at a potential disadvantage. Corporate disclosures also may be less complete or informative than for a public company in the United States or in certain other countries.
 
Holders of ADSs may face difficulties in serving process on or enforcing judgments against us and other persons.
 
We are a corporation organized under the laws of Brazil, and all of our directors and executive officers and our independent public accountants reside or are based in Brazil. Most of the assets of our company and of these other persons are located in Brazil. As a result, it may not be possible for holders of ADSs to effect service of process upon us or these other persons within the United States or other jurisdictions outside Brazil or to enforce against us or these other persons judgments obtained in the United States or other jurisdictions outside Brazil. Because judgments of U.S. courts for civil liabilities based upon the U.S. federal securities laws may be enforced in Brazil only if certain conditions are met, holders may face greater difficulties in protecting their interests in the case of actions by us or our directors or executive officers than would shareholders of a U.S. corporation.
 
Changes in Brazilian tax laws may have an adverse impact on the taxes applicable to a disposition of the ADSs.
 
According to Law No. 10,833 of December 29, 2003, the disposition of assets located in Brazil by a non-resident to either a Brazilian resident or a non-resident is subject to taxation in Brazil, regardless of whether the
 
 
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disposition occurs outside or within Brazil. In these terms, gains arising from a disposition of our common shares by a non-resident of Brazil to another non-resident of Brazil are subject to income tax.
 
Our interpretation of Law No. 10,833 is that ADSs should not be regarded as assets located in Brazil. Accordingly, the disposition of our ADSs by a non-resident to either a Brazilian resident or a non-resident should not be subject to taxation in Brazil. However, in the event that a disposition of our ADSs is considered a disposition of assets located in Brazil, this tax law could result in the imposition of withholding taxes on the disposition of our ADSs by a non-resident of Brazil. We are not aware of precedents on the application of Law No. 10,833 to ADSs and, accordingly, we are unable to predict whether Brazilian courts would apply it to a disposition of our ADSs by a non-resident of Brazil. See “Item 10. Additional Information—E. Taxation—Brazilian Tax Considerations—Gains.”
 
Any gain or loss recognized by a U.S. Holder (as defined in “Item 10. Additional Information—E. Taxation—Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations”) would be treated as U.S. source gain or loss for all foreign tax credit purposes. U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisers as to whether the Brazilian tax on gain would be creditable against the holder’s U.S. federal income tax on foreign-source income from other sources.
 
Judgments of Brazilian courts with respect to our common shares will be payable only in reais.
 
If proceedings are brought in the courts of Brazil seeking to enforce our obligations in respect of the common shares, we will not be required to discharge our obligations in a currency other than reais. Under Brazilian exchange control limitations, an obligation in Brazil to pay amounts denominated in a currency other than reais may be satisfied in Brazilian currency only at the exchange rate, as determined by the Central Bank, in effect on the date the judgment is obtained, and such amounts are then adjusted to reflect exchange rate variations through the effective payment date. The then, prevailing exchange rate may not afford non-Brazilian investors with full compensation for any claim arising out of or related to our obligations under our common shares or the ADSs.
 
Holders of ADSs may be unable to exercise preemptive rights with respect to our common shares underlying the ADSs.
 
Holders of ADSs will be unable to exercise the preemptive rights relating to our common shares underlying ADSs unless a registration statement under the U.S. Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the “Securities Act,” is effective with respect to those rights or an exemption from the registration requirements of the Securities Act is available. We are not obligated to file a registration statement with respect to the shares relating to these preemptive rights or to take any other action to make preemptive rights available to holders of ADSs. We may decide, in our discretion, not to file any such registration statement. If we do not file a registration statement or if we, after consultation with the ADR depositary, decide not to make preemptive rights available to holders of ADSs, those holders may receive only the net proceeds from the sale of their preemptive rights by the depositary, or if they are not sold, their preemptive rights will be allowed to lapse.
 
An exchange of ADSs for common shares risks loss of certain foreign currency remittance and Brazilian tax advantages.
 
The ADSs benefit from the certificate of foreign capital registration, which permits Citibank N.A., as depositary, to convert dividends and other distributions with respect to our common shares into foreign currency, and to remit the proceeds abroad. Holders of ADSs who exchange their ADSs for common shares will then be entitled to rely on the depositary’s certificate of foreign capital registration for five business days from the date of exchange. Thereafter, they will not be able to remit non-Brazilian currency abroad unless they obtain their own certificate of foreign capital registration, or unless they qualify under Resolution CMN 2,689, which entitles certain investors to buy and sell shares on Brazilian stock exchanges without obtaining separate certificates of registration.
 
If holders of ADSs do not qualify under Resolution CMN 2,689, they will generally be subject to less favorable tax treatment on distributions with respect to our common shares. There can be no assurance that the depositary’s certificate of registration or any certificate of foreign capital registration obtained by holders of ADSs will not be affected by future legislative or regulatory changes, or that additional Brazilian law restrictions applicable to their investment in the ADSs may not be imposed in the future.
 
 
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Our bylaws do not contain any provisions that discourage hostile takeovers.
 
No single shareholder or group of shareholders holds more than 50% of our capital stock. In addition, our bylaws do not contain any provisions that discourage or prohibit our acquisition or the acquisition of a significant share of our capital stock. The absence of such provisions makes us vulnerable to future acquisitions by our existing shareholders or new investors, which could result in significant changes in our management and strategy, adversely affecting us. We may default on certain of our material contracts in the event we cease to have a dispersed ownership control structure.
 
A portion of the compensation of our officers and members of the senior management is paid in form of stock options, which could tie their interest to the market price of our shares and ADSs.
 
We have established stock option plans for our officers and members of our senior management. Potential benefits under the stock option plans are tied to the appreciation of the market price of our shares and ADSs.
 
As a result, our compensation policy may influence our officers and members of the senior management and their interest to the market price of our shares and ADSs, which may conflict with the interests of our shareholders. Our officers and members of the senior management may be influenced to focus on short-term rather than long-term results because a significant portion of their compensation is tied to our results and the market price of our shares and ADSs. See “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—E. Share Ownership—Stock Option Plans” in this annual report.
 
ITEM 4.                      INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY
 
A.           History and Development of the Company
 
General
 
Gafisa S.A. is a corporation organized under the laws of Brazil. We were incorporated on November 12, 1996 for an indefinite term. Our registered and principal executive offices are located at Av. Nações Unidas No. 8,501, 19th floor, 05425-070, São Paulo, SP, Brazil, and our general telephone and fax numbers are + 55 (11) 3025-9000 and + 55 (11) 3025-9348, respectively.
 
We are a leading diversified national homebuilder serving all demographic segments of the Brazilian market. Established over 55 years ago, we have completed and sold more than 980 developments and constructed over 11 million square meters of housing, which we believe is more than any other homebuilder in Brazil. Recognized as one of the foremost professionally-managed homebuilders, we are also one of the best-known brands in the real estate development market, enjoying a reputation among potential homebuyers, brokers, lenders, landowners, and competitors for quality, consistency and professionalism. Our brands include Tenda, which serves the affordable entry-level housing segments, Gafisa, which offers a variety of residential options to the mid to higher income segments and Alphaville, which focuses on the identification, development and sale of high quality residential communities. In addition, we provide construction services to third parties.
 
Our core business is the development of high-quality residential units in attractive locations. For the year ended December 31, 2009, approximately 55% of the value of our launches was derived from high and mid high-level residential developments under the Gafisa brand. We are also engaged in the development of land subdivisions, also known as residential communities, representing approximately 18% of the value of our launches under the Alphaville brand, and affordable entry-level housing, which represents approximately 27% of the value of our launches under the Tenda brand. In addition, we provide construction services to third parties.
 
We are one of Brazil’s most geographically-diversified homebuilders and currently operate in more than 120 cities, including São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Salvador, Fortaleza, Natal, Curitiba, Belo Horizonte, Manaus, Porto Alegre and Belém, across 21 states and the Federal District. Many of these developments are located in markets where few large competitors currently operate. For the year ended December 31, 2009, approximately 37% of the value of our launches were derived from our operations outside the states of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro.
 
 
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Our common shares are listed on the BM&FBOVESPA under the symbol “GFSA3” and the ADSs are listed on the NYSE under the symbol “GFA.”
 
Our agent for services of process in the United States is National Corporate Research, Ltd. located at 10 East 40th Street, 10th floor, New York, NY 10016.
 
Historical Background and Recent Developments
 
Gomes de Almeida Fernandes Ltda., or “GAF,” was established in 1954 in the city of Rio de Janeiro with operations in the real estate markets in the cities of Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo. In December 1997, GP Investimentos S.A. and its affiliates, or “GP,” entered into a partnership with the shareholders of GAF to create Gafisa S.A. In 2004, as a result of a corporate restructuring, GP assumed a controlling position in our company. In 2005, an affiliate of Equity International Management, LLC, or “Equity International,” acquired approximately 32% of our company through a capital contribution. In February 2006, we concluded our initial public offering in Brazil, resulting in a public float of approximately 47% of our total share capital at the conclusion of the offering.
 
In September 2006, we created a new subsidiary, Gafisa Vendas Intermediação Imobiliária Ltda., or “Gafisa Vendas,” to function as our internal sales division in the state of São Paulo. Gafisa Vendas has strengthened our market position and reduced our need for external brokerage companies. This wholly-owned subsidiary promotes sales of our projects in the state of São Paulo. Gafisa Vendas focuses its efforts on: (1) launches – our internal sales force focuses on promoting launches of our developments; however, we also use outside brokers, thus creating what we believe is a healthy competition between our sales force and outside brokers; (2) inventory – Gafisa Vendas has a team focused on selling units launched in prior years; and (3) web sales – Gafisa Vendas has a sales team dedicated to internet sales as an alternative source of revenues with lower costs.
 
In October 2006, we entered into an agreement to acquire 100% of Alphaville Urbanismo S.A., or “Alphaville,” one of the largest residential community development companies in Brazil focused on the identification, development and sale of high quality residential communities in the metropolitan regions throughout Brazil targeted at upper and upper-middle income families. On January 8, 2007, we successfully completed the acquisition of 60% of Alphaville’s shares for R$198.4 million, of which R$20 million was paid in cash and the remaining R$178.4 million was paid in exchange for 6.4 million common shares of Gafisa. The acquisition agreement provides that we will purchase the remaining 40% in two phases, with 20% in 2010 and the remaining 20% by 2012 in cash or shares issued by us, at our sole discretion. Alphaville is operating as one of our subsidiaries based in the city of Barueri, within the metropolitan region of São Paulo.
 
On February 1, 2007, we created a branch of Gafisa Vendas in Rio de Janeiro, or “Gafisa Vendas Rio,” to function as our internal sales division in the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro. Gafisa Vendas Rio has strengthened our market position and reduced our need for external brokerage companies in the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro. Gafisa Vendas Rio focuses its efforts in the same activities of Gafisa Vendas.
 
On March 15, 2007, we created a new wholly-owned subsidiary, Fit Residencial Empreendimentos Imobiliários Ltda., or “FIT,” (which, on October 21, 2008, was merged into Tenda, as described below) for the development, construction and management of low and mid low income residential projects.
 
On March 17, 2007, we concluded our initial public offering of common shares in the United States, resulting in a public float of 78.6% of our total share capital at the conclusion of the offering. Upon completion of the offering, entities related to Equity International and GP beneficially owned 14.2% and 7.3% of our total capital stock, respectively.
 
In June 2007, Brazil Development Equity Investments, LLC, a company affiliated to GP, sold its remaining stake in our company (7.1% of our capital stock at the time).
 
In October 2007, we entered into an agreement with Cipesa Engenharia S.A., or “Cipesa,” one of the leading homebuilder in the state of Alagoas. Under the agreement, Gafisa and Cipesa established a new company named Cipesa Empreendimentos Imobiliários S.A., or “Nova Cipesa,” in which 70% of the interest ownership is held by Gafisa and the remaining 30% is held by Cipesa. Gafisa capitalized Nova Cipesa with R$50 million in cash and acquired shares of Nova Cipesa held by Cipesa in the amount of R$15 million (which was payable over a period of
 
 
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one year). Cipesa is entitled to an earn-out of 2% of the potential sales value launched by Nova Cipesa until 2014. This earn-out is capped at R$25 million.
 
In January 2008, we formed an unincorporated venture. As of December 31, 2009, the fully subscribed and paid capital of the venture was of R$313.1 million, represented by 13,084,000 Class A quotas fully paid by us and 300,000,000 Class B quotas from our venture partners. The venture will use these funds to acquire equity investments in real estate developments and to make capital contributions in our subsidiaries. Since investment decisions are made by all venture partners, we recorded R$300 million as venture partners obligations, which is due on January 31, 2014. The venture partners receive an annual dividend substantially equivalent to the variation in the Interbank Certificate of Deposit (CDI) rate and as of December 31, 2009, we recorded a provision in the amount of R$11.0 million for such purpose. The venture’s charter provides that we must comply with certain covenants in our capacity as lead partner, which include the maintenance of minimum net debt and receivables. We are currently in compliance with these covenants.
 
On October 21, 2008, Gafisa and Tenda concluded a business combination in which Gafisa’s wholly-owned subsidiary FIT was merged into Tenda. The purpose of the merger was to consolidate the activities of FIT and Tenda in the low income sector in Brazil and to develop real estate units with an average value of less than R$200,000. As a result of the business combination, Gafisa became the owner of 60.0% of the total and voting capital stock of Tenda and FIT was merged into Tenda.
 
On February 27, 2009, Gafisa and Odebrecht Empreendimentos S.A., or “Odebrecht,” entered into an agreement to terminate the partnership created in February 2007 for the development, construction and management of large scale, low income residential projects with more than 1,000 units each. Gafisa withdrew from Bairro Novo Empreendimentos Imobiliários S.A., or “Bairro Novo,” and, as a consequence, terminated the shareholders’ agreement it had entered into with Odebrecht. The ongoing real estate developments which were being jointly developed by Gafisa and Odebrecht were separated as follows: Gafisa continued developing the Empreendimento Imobiliário Bairro Novo Cotia, or “Bairro Novo Cotia” and Odebrecht continued developing the other real estate developments of the partnership as well as the operations of Bairro Novo. On June 29, 2009, Gafisa sold its equity participation in the company developing the Bairro Novo Cotia real estate venture to Tenda.
 
On December 30, 2009, the shareholders of Gafisa and Tenda approved a corporate restructuring to consolidate Gafisa’s noncontrolling share ownership in Tenda. The restructuring was accomplished by exchanging all of the remaining Tenda shares not held by Gafisa into Gafisa shares (merger of shares). As a result of the restructuring, Tenda became a wholly-owned subsidiary of Gafisa.
 
We are currently negotiating the structure for the acquisition of 20% of Alphaville’s shares. This participation was valued at R$126.5 million and we intend to pay for it through the issuance of 9,797,792 shares. This transaction is subject to relevant corporate authorizations. In addition, we may acquire the remaining 20% of Alphaville’s shares that we currently do not own by 2012.
 
Capital Expenditures
 
In 2007, we invested R$61.3 million in property and equipment, primarily information technology equipment, software, expenses for the construction of sales stands, facilities, model apartments and related furnishings and new office facilities in Rio de Janeiro and in São Paulo. Our main investments during the period were construction of sales stands of R$37.0 million and the implementation of SAP that totaled R$7.5 million. In addition, investments in information technology equipment and software totaled R$1.5 million, and office facilities totaled R$2.3 million.
 
In 2008, we invested R$63.1 million in property and equipment, primarily information technology equipment, software, expenses for the construction of sales stands, facilities, model apartments and related furnishings and new office facilities in Rio de Janeiro and in São Paulo. Our main investments during the period were the construction of sales stands, which totaled R$35.5 million, investments in information technology equipment and software, which totaled R$3.7 million, in office facilities, which totaled R$4.2 million and the SAP implementation, which totaled R$2.0 million.
 
In 2009, we invested R$45.1 million in property and equipment, primarily information technology equipment, software, expenses for the construction of sales stands, facilities, model apartments and related furnishings and new
 
 
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office facilities in São Paulo. Our main investments during the period were the construction of sales stands, which totaled R$23.2 million, investments in information technology equipment and software, which totaled R$4.9 million, in office facilities, which totaled R$7.6 million and the SAP implementation, which totaled R$5.0 million. We also had a reduction in restricted cash due to guaranteed financing of R$29.7 million.
 
Our capital expenditures are all made in Brazil and are usually funded by local debt capital markets. We currently do not have any significant capital expenditures in progress.
 
B.           Business Overview
 
General Overview
 
We believe we are one of Brazil’s leading homebuilders. Over the last 50 years, Gafisa has been recognized as one of the foremost professionally-managed homebuilders, having completed and sold more than 980 developments and constructed over 11 million square meters of housing, which we believe is more than any other residential development company in Brazil. We believe our brands “Gafisa,” “Alphaville,” and “Tenda” are well-known brands in the Brazilian real estate development market, enjoying a reputation among potential homebuyers, brokers, lenders, landowners and competitors for quality, consistency and professionalism.
 
Our core business is the development of high-quality residential units in attractive locations. For the year ended December 31, 2009, approximately 55% of the value of our launches was derived from high and mid high-level residential developments under the Gafisa brand. We are also engaged in the development of land subdivisions, also known as residential communities, representing approximately 18% of the value of our launches under the Alphaville brand, and affordable entry-level housing, which represents approximately 27% of the value of our launches under the Tenda brand. In addition, we provide construction services to third parties.
 
We are one of Brazil’s most geographically-diversified homebuilders currently operating in more than 120 municipalities, including São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Salvador, Fortaleza, Natal, Curitiba, Belo Horizonte, Manaus, Porto Alegre and Belém, across 21 states and the Federal District, which represents approximately 90% of the national population and approximately 89% of the gross domestic product as of December 31, 2009. Many of these developments are located in markets where few large competitors currently operate. For the year ended December 31, 2009 approximately 37% of the value of our launches was derived from our operations outside the states of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro.
 
Our Markets
 
We are present in more than 120 municipalities, including Ananindeua, Aracajú, Barueri, Bauru, Belém, Belford Roxo, Belo Horizonte, Betim, Brasília, Camaçari, Campina Grande, Campinas, Campo Grande, Caruaru, Caxias do Sul, Contagem, Cotia, Cuiabá, Curitiba, Diadema, Duque de Caxias, Fortaleza, Foz do Iguaçú, Goiânia, Governador Valadares, Gramado, Gravataí, Jandira, João Pessoa, Juiz de Fora, Lauro de Freitas, Londrina, Macaé, Maceió, Manaus, Mossoró, Natal, Niterói, Nova Iguaçu, Nova Lima, Petrópolis, Piracicaba, Porto Alegre, Porto Velho, Recife, Resende, Ribeirão Preto, Rio das Ostras, Rio de Janeiro, Sabará, Salvador, Santos, São Bernardo do Campo, São Gonçalo, São José dos Campos, São Luis, São Paulo, São Vicente, Sobradinho, Sorocaba, Suzano, Teresina, Uberlândia, Vila Velha and Vitória, across 21 states and the Federal District throughout Brazil.
 
Our Real Estate Activities
 
Our real estate business includes the following activities:
 
·  
developments for sale of:
 
·  
residential units,
 
·  
land subdivisions (also known as residential communities), and
 
·  
commercial buildings;
 
 
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·  
construction services to third parties; and
 
·  
sale of units through our brokerage subsidiaries, Gafisa Vendas and Gafisa Vendas Rio, jointly referred to as “Gafisa Vendas.”
 
The table below sets forth our sales from new developments generated for each of our real estate activities and as a percentage of total real estate amount generated during the periods presented:
 
   
For year ended December 31,
 
   
2009 (1)
   
2009
   
2008 (2)
   
2008
   
2007
   
2007
 
   
(in thousands of R$)
   
(% of total)
   
(in thousands of R$)
   
(% of total)
   
(in thousands of R$)
   
(% of total)
 
Residential buildings
    1,726,399       73.9       1,829,780       80.4       1,348,811       81.2  
Land subdivisions
    419,512       17.6       405,678       17.8       249,916       15.0  
Commercial
    155,313       6.5       3,100       0.1       27,877       1.7  
Pre-sales
    2,301,224       98.0       2,238,558       98.4       1,626,604       97.9  
Construction services
    47,999       2.0       37,268       1.6       35,121       2.1  
Total real estate sales
    2,386,831       100.0       2,275,826       100.0       1,661,725       100.0  
 

(1)
Consolidates all sales of Tenda since January 1, 2009.
 
(2)
Includes sales of Tenda since October 22, 2008.
 
Developments for Sale
 
The table below provides information on our developments for sale activities during the periods presented:
 
   
As of and for year ended December 31,
 
   
2009
   
2008
   
2007
 
   
(in thousands of R$, unless otherwise stated)
 
São Paulo
                 
Potential sales value of units launched(1)
    804,937       918,156       742,712  
Developments launched
    11       13       11  
Usable area (m2)(2) 
    157,755       288,028       250,185  
Units launched(3)
    1,490       2,301       2,040  
Average sales price (R$/m2)(2) 
    5,102       3,188       2,969  
Rio de Janeiro
                       
Potential sales value of units launched(1)
    95,955       443,516       510,639  
Developments launched
    3       8       11  
Usable area (m2)(2) 
    19,015       196,189       177,428  
Units launched(3)
    436       837       2,020  
Average sales price (R$/m2)(2)(4) 
    5,046       2,261       2,878  
Other States
                       
Potential sales value of units launched(1)
    363,628       551,728       444,852  
Developments launched
    13       15       14  
Usable area (m2)(2) 
    138,503       163,610       166,321  
Units launched(3)
    1,487       1,811       1,804  
Average sales price (R$/m2)(2)(4) 
    2,625       3,372       2,675  
Total Gafisa
                       
Potential sales value of units launched(1)
    1,264,520       1,913,400       1,698,203  
Developments launched
    27       36       36  
Usable area (m2)(2) 
    314,898       647,827       593,934  
Units launched(3)
    3,413       4,949       5,864  
Average sales price (R$/m2)(2)(4) 
    4,016       2,954       2,859  
Alphaville
                       
Potential sales value of units launched(1)
    419,512       312,515       237,367  
 
 
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As of and for year ended December 31,
 
     
2009
     
2008
     
2007
 
     
(in thousands of R$, unless otherwise stated)
 
Developments launched
    10       11       6  
Usable area (m2)(2) 
    1,039,434       956,665       1,160,427  
Units launched(3)
    2,096       1,818       1,489  
Average sales price (R$/m2)(2)(4) 
    403       327       686  
Tenda(5)(6)
                       
Potential sales value of units launched(1)
    617,191       1,448,325        
Developments launched
    31       85        
Usable area (m2)(2) 
                 
Units launched(3)
    5,286       18,515        
Average sales price (R$/m2)(2)(4) 
                 
FIT(7)
                       
Potential sales value of units launched(1)
          496,147       263,359  
Developments launched
          16       10  
Usable area (m2)(2) 
                149,842  
Units launched(3)
          3,759       2,459  
Average sales price (R$/m2)(2)(4) 
                1,896  
Bairro Novo(8)
                       
Potential sales value of units launched(1)
          25,311       37,000  
Developments launched
          1       1  
Usable area (m2)(2) 
          16,487       23,618  
Units launched(3)
          325       503  
Average sales price (R$/m2)(2)(4) 
          1,535       1,567  
 

(1)
Potential sales value is calculated by multiplying the number of units sold in a development by the unit sales price.
 
(2)
One square meter is equal to approximately 10.76 square feet.
 
(3)
The units delivered in exchange for land pursuant to swap agreements are not included.
 
(4)
Average sales price per square meter excludes the land subdivisions. Average sales price per square meter (including land subdivisions and excluding Tenda’s ventures) was R$1,369, R$1,225 and R$1,137 in 2009, 2008 and 2007, respectively.
 
(5)
Because Tenda launched very few units in 2008, we believe the full impact of the merger was not reflected until 2009.
 
(6)
On December 30, 2009, the shareholders of Gafisa and Tenda approved a corporate restructuring to consolidate Gafisa’s noncontrolling share ownership in Tenda. The restructuring was accomplished by exchanging all of the remaining Tenda shares not held by Gafisa into Gafisa shares (merger of shares). As a result of the restructuring, Tenda became a wholly-owned subsidiary of Gafisa.
 
(7)
FIT was merged into Tenda on October 21, 2008.
 
(8)
On February 27, 2009, Gafisa and Odebrecht entered into an agreement to terminate the partnership created in February 2007 for the development, construction and management of large scale, low income residential projects with more than 1,000 units each. Gafisa withdrew from Bairro Novo, terminating the Shareholders’ Agreement then effective between Gafisa and Odebrecht. Therefore Gafisa is no longer a partner in Bairro Novo. The ongoing real estate ventures that were being jointly developed by the parties were separated as follows: Gafisa continued developing the Bairro Novo Cotia real estate venture and Odebrecht continued developing the other real estate ventures of the dissolved partnership, in addition to the operations of Bairro Novo. Further, on June 29, 2009, Gafisa sold its equity participation in the company developing the Bairro Novo Cotia real estate venture to Tenda.
 
 
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Our developments for sale are divided into three broad categories: (1) residential buildings, (2) land subdivisions, and (3) commercial buildings.
 
Overview of Residential Buildings
 
In the residential buildings product category, we develop three main types of products: (1) luxury buildings targeted at upper-income customers; (2) buildings targeted at middle-income customers; and (3) affordable entry-level housing targeted at lower-income customers. Quality residential buildings for middle- and upper-income customers are our core products and we have developed them since our inception. A significant portion of our residential developments is located in São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro where we have held a leading position over the past five years based upon area of total construction. However, we began our national expansion to pursue highly profitable opportunities in residential buildings outside these cities. For the year ended December 31, 2009, approximately 37% of the value of our launches was derived from our operations outside the states of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro.
 
Luxury Buildings
 
Luxury buildings are a high margin niche. Units usually have over 180 square meters of private area, at least four bedrooms and three parking spaces. Typically, this product is fitted with modern, top-quality materials designed by brand-name manufacturers. The development usually includes swimming pools, gyms, visitor parking, and other amenities. Average price per square meter generally is higher than approximately R$3,600 (US$1,540). Luxury building developments are targeted to families with monthly household incomes in excess of approximately R$20,000 (US$8,558).
 
The table below sets forth our luxury building developments launched between January 1, 2007 and December 31, 2009:
 
Project Description
 
Year Launched
 
Gafisa Participation (%)
   
Usable Area (m2) (1) (2)
   
Completion
Year
   
Number of
Units (2)
   
Units Sold (%)
(As of
December 31, 2009)
 
Horto – Phase 1
 
2007
    50       44,563      
2010
      180       97  
Vision
 
2007
    100       19,712      
2010
      284       94  
Supremo
 
2007
    100       34,864      
2011
      192       96  
Horto – Phase 2
 
2008
    50       22,298      
2011
      92       97  
Costa Maggiore
 
2008
    50       9,386      
2010
      60       87  
Alphaville Barra da Tijuca
 
2008
    65       170,01      
2011
      259       73  
Chácara Sant’Anna
 
2008
    50       30,517      
2011
      158       94  
Details
 
2008
    100       7,802      
2011
      38       63  
Quintas do Pontal
 
2008
    100       21,915      
2010
      91       35  
Laguna di Mare
 
2008
    80       17,454      
2011
      146       62  
Nouvelle
 
2008
    100       5,367      
2012
      12       45  
MontBlanc
 
2008
    80       30,479      
2011
      112       32  
Manhattan Square – Phase 1 Com
 
2008
    50       25,804      
2011
      716       40  
Reserva Laranjeiras
 
2008
    100       11,74      
2010
      108       100  
Verdemar – Phase 2
 
2009
    100       12,593      
2011
      77       42  
Centro Empresarial Madureira
 
2009
    100       5,836      
2011
      195       77  
Supremo Ipiranga
 
2009
    100       13,904      
2012
      108       63  
Sorocaba
 
2009
    100       7,046      
2012
      81       84  
Vistta Santana
 
2009
    100       27,897      
2012
      179       79  
The Place
 
2009
    80       5,984      
2012
      176       50  
Magno
 
2009
    100       8,686      
2012
      34       93  
Paulista Corporate
 
2009
    100       5,615      
2011
      97       71  
London Ville
 
2009
    100       18,768      
2012
      195       25  
Vision Brooklin
 
2009
    100       20,536      
2012
      266       71  
IT Style
 
2009
    100       16,208      
2013
      204       37  

(1)
One square meter is equal to approximately 10.76 square feet.
 
(2)
Values for 100% of the building development.
 
 
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Middle Income Buildings
 
Buildings targeted at middle-income customers have accounted for the majority of our sales since our inception. Units usually have between 90 and 180 square meters of private area, three or four bedrooms and two to three underground parking spaces. Buildings are usually developed in large tracts of land as part of multi-building developments and, to a lesser extent, in smaller lots in attractive neighborhoods. Average price per square meter ranges from approximately R$2,000 to R$3,600 (US$856 to US$1,540). Developments in Rio de Janeiro tend to be larger due to the large tracts of land available in Barra da Tijuca. Middle-income building developments are tailored to customers with monthly household incomes between approximately R$5,000 and R$20,000 (approximately US$2,139 and US$8,558).
 
The restated table below sets forth our middle-income building developments launched between January 1, 2007 and December 31, 2009:
 
Project Description
 
Year Launched
 
Gafisa Participation (%)
   
Usable Area (m2) (1) (2)
   
Completion
Year
   
Number of
Units (2)
   
(%) Sold
(As of
December 31. 2009)
 
Collori
 
2006
    100       39,462       2010       167       100  
Península FIT
 
2006
    100       24,080       2010       93       97  
Blue Land
 
2006
    100       18,252       2010       120       99  
Vivance Res. Service
 
2006
    100       14,717       2010       187       98  
CSF Acácia
 
2007
    100       23,461       2010       192       100  
Olimpic Bosque da Saúde
 
2007
    100       19,150       2010       148       92  
Magic
 
2007
    100       31,487       2010       268       76  
London Green
 
2007
    100       28,998       2010       300       83  
GrandValley Niterói
 
2007
    100       17,905       2010       161       92  
SunValley
 
2007
    100       7,031       2011       58       44  
Reserva Santa Cecília
 
2007
    80       15,854       2010       122       21  
Solares da Vila Maria
 
2007
    100       13,376       2010       100       100  
Acqua Residence – Phase 2
 
2007
    100       7,136       2010       72       62  
Bella Vista
 
2007
    100       15,406       2010       116       39  
Parc Paradiso – Phase 2
 
2007
    90       10,427       2010       108       100  
Parc Paradiso – Phase 1
 
2007
    90       35,987       2010       324       100  
Privilege Residencial
 
2007
    80       16,173       2010       194       85  
Orbit
 
2007
    100       11,332       2010       185       56  
JTR – Phase 3
 
2007
    50       8,520       2010       140       74  
Enseada das Orquídeas
 
2007
    80       52,589       2011       475       97  
Horizonte
 
2007
    60       7,505       2010       29       100  
Secret Garden
 
2007
    100       15,344       2010       252       72  
Evidence
 
2007
    50       23,487       2010       144       76  
Acquarelle
 
2007
    85       17,742       2010       259       88  
Art Ville
 
2007
    50       16,157       2010       263       91  
Isla
 
2007
    100       31,423       2010       240       94  
Grand Valley
 
2007
    100       16,908       2010       240       78  
Acqua Residence – Phase 1
 
2007
    100       28,400       2010       380       62  
Celebrare
 
2007
    100       14,679       2010       188       85  
Reserva do Lago
 
2007
    50       16,800       2010       96       93  
Parque Barueri
 
2008
    50       58,437       2012       677       65  
Brink - Campo Limpo – Phase 1
 
2008
    100       17,280       2010       191       87  
Patio Condominio Clube – Phase 1A
 
2008
    100       20,741       2011       192       72  
Mansão Imperial – Phase 1
 
2008
    100       18,778       2011       87       78  
Reserva do Bosque - Lauro Sodré – Phase 2
 
2009
    100       4,200       2011       35       70  
Alegria - Mãe dos Homens – Phase 1
 
2008
    100       29,199       2011       278       62  
Dubai
 
2008
    50       19,316       2011       240       43  
Reserva do Bosque – Phase 1
 
2009
    100       4,151       2011       34       97  
Ecolive
 
2008
    100       12,255       2011       122       84  
Manhattan Square - Res 2
 
2008
    50       28,926       2011       270       49  
Manhattan Square - Res 3
 
2008
    50       37,879       2011       621       49  
Reserva Santa Cecília
 
2008
    100       8,350       2010       92       21  
Mistral
 
2009
    80       1,856       2011       25       80  
Terraças Tatuapé
 
2008
    100       14,386       2011       105       74  
Barueri II – Phase 1
 
2008
    100       58,437       2011       677       65  
Carpe Diem - Belém – Pará
 
2008
    70       13,951       2011       90       61  
 
 
A-29

 
 
Project Description
 
Year Launched
 
Gafisa Participation (%)
   
Usable Area (m2) (1) (2)
   
Completion
Year
   
Number of
Units (2)
   
(%) Sold
(As of
December 31. 2009)
 
Grand Park - Parque das Águas – Phase 2
 
2008
    50       12,960       2011       150       55  
Nova Petropolis
 
2008
    100       41,182       2011       300       53  
Terraças Alto da Lapa
 
2008
    100       24,525       2010       192       93  
Raízes Granja Viana
 
2008
    50       18,022       2010       73       50  
Magnific
 
2008
    100       10,969       2010       31       56  
Carpe Diem – Itacoatiara
 
2008
    80       12,667       2010       116       55  
London Green – Phase 2
 
2008
    100       15,009       2010       140       83  
Brink – Phase 2 – Campo Limpo
 
2009
    100       8,576       2010       95       71  
Alegria – Phase 2
 
2009
    100       14,599       2011       139       59  
Canto dos Pássaros
 
2009
    80       5,942       2011       90       30  
Grand Park - Parque Árvores - Seringueira(1)
 
2009
    50       2,788       2011       39       98  
Vila Nova São José – Phase 1 – Metropolitan
 
2009
    100       10,370       2011       96       41  
Grand Park - Parque Árvores - Salgueiro(1)
 
2009
    50       2,788       2011       39       100  
Brotas
 
2009
    50       9,404       2012       185       99  
Grand Park Árvores – Bambu
 
2009
    50       2,788       2011       39       98  
PA 11 - Reserva Ibiapaba – Phase 1
 
2009
    80       11,932       2012       211       69  
Acupe – BA
 
2009
    50       6,053       2012       99       91  
Reserva Ibiapaba – Phase 2 (2)
 
2009
    80       5,966       2012       106       69  
Parque Maceió – Phase 2
 
2009
    50       7,239       2011       126       18  
Vista Patamares
 
2009
    50       12,442       2012       168       27  
City Park Exclusive
 
2009
    50       4,390       2011       75       14  
Stake Aquisition Horizonte
 
2009
    80       1,501       2010       6       100  
Stake Aquisition Parc Paradiso
 
2009
    95       2,321       2010       22       100  
Stake Aquisition Carpe Diem – Belem
 
2009
    80       1,395       2011       9       61  
Stake Aquisition Mistral
 
2009
    80       1,485       2011       20       80  
Stake Aquisition Reserva Bosque Resort – Phase 1
 
2009
    80       3,321       2011       27       97  
Stake Aquisition Reserva Bosque Resort – Phase 2
 
2009
    80       3,360       2011       28       70  

(1)
One square meter is equal to approximately 10.76 square feet.
 
(2)
Values for 100% of the building development.
 
Affordable Entry-Level Developments
 
Affordable entry-level housing consists of building and house units. Units usually have between 42 to 60 square meters of indoor private area and two to three bedrooms. Average price per square meter ranges from approximately R$1,500 to R$2,000 (approximately US$861 to US$1,149). Affordable entry-level housing developments are tailored to families with monthly household incomes between approximately R$1,600 and R$5,000 (approximately US$919 and US$2,872).
 
As part of our strategy of expanding our foothold in the affordable entry-level residential market, we incorporated on March 15, 2007 a wholly-owned subsidiary, FIT, to focus exclusively on this market. The principal emphasis of FIT was on five standardized residential developments in the outer parts of large metropolitan regions. Financing for FIT’s developments primarily came from one of the Brazilian largest government-owned banks called Caixa Econômica Federal, or the “CEF,” and such financing was structured so that customers paid low monthly installments without increasing our credit risk.
 
On October 21, 2008, Gafisa and Tenda concluded a business combination in which Gafisa’s wholly-owned subsidiary FIT was merged into Tenda. The purpose of the merger was to consolidate the activities of FIT and Tenda in the low income sector in Brazil and to develop real estate units with an average value of less than R$200,000. As a result of the business combination, Gafisa received 60.0% of the total and voting capital stock of Tenda and FIT was merged into Tenda. Because Tenda launched very few units in 2008, we believe the full impact of the merger was not reflected in Gafisa’s results of operations until 2009.
 
On December 30, 2009, the shareholders of Gafisa and Tenda approved a corporate restructuring to consolidate Gafisa’s noncontrolling share ownership in Tenda. The restructuring was accomplished by exchanging all of the
 
 
A-30

 
 
remaining Tenda shares not held by Gafisa into Gafisa shares (merger of shares). As a result of the restructuring, Tenda became a wholly-owned subsidiary of Gafisa.
 
The restated table below sets forth our affordable entry-level housing developments launched by us between January 1, 2007 and December 31, 2009:
 
Project Description
 
Year Launched
 
Gafisa Participation (%)
   
Usable Area (m2) (1) (2)
   
Completion
Year
   
Number of
Units (2)
   
Units Sold (%)
(as of
December 31, 2009)
 
Vila Real Life - Sitio Cia
 
2009
    100       10,603.00       2011       178       99  
FIT Giardino – Phase 1
 
2009
    80       10,864.24       2011       259       10  
FIT Icoaraci
 
2009
    80       6,540.65       2011       294       47  
Le Grand Vila Real Tower
 
2009
    100       1,588.18       2011       92       100  
Green Park Life Residence
 
2009
    100       1,282.24       2012       220       59  
Vermont Life
 
2009
    100       932.54       2011       192       27  
FIT Dom Jaime - Bosque dos Passaros
 
2009
    100       6,466.06       2011       364       54  
Bairro Novo – Phase 3
 
2009
    100       26,111.00       2010       448       100  
Bariloche
 
2009
    100       1,457.09       2011       80       100  
Mirante do Lago – Phase 2A
 
2009
    70       8,664.48       2011       188       59  
Diamond
 
2009
   
Cancelled
     
Cancelled
   
Cancelled
     
Cancelled
     
Cancelled
 
Parma
 
2009
    100       5,717.44       2010       36       100  
Marumbi – Phase 1
 
2009
    100       29,989.47       2011       335       46  
Bosque das Palmeiras
 
2009
    100       2,098.21       2011       144       100  
Residencial Club Gaudi Life
 
2009
    100       1,165.67       2011       300       81  
Tony - Passos – Phase 1 - Recanto das Rosas
 
2009
    100       932.54       2012       240       80  
Residencial Jardim Alvorada
 
2009
    100       1,165.67       2011       180       93  
FIT Bosque Itaquera
 
2009
    100       15,558.91       2012       256       94  
FIT Lago dos Patos
 
2009
    100       14,888.85       2011       140       99  
Cotia – Phase 4 - Stage I
 
2009
    100       4,256.00       2010       96       92  
Clube Garden – Mônaco
 
2009
    100       11,441.00       2011       186       100  
Vivenda do Sol I
 
2009
    100       1,165.67       2010       200       26  
Parque Green Village
 
2009
    100       221.74       2011       176       31  
Fit Marodin – Jardins
 
2009
    70       15,432.47       2011       171       64  
Mirante do Lago – Phase 2B
 
2009
    70       7,368.50       2011       310       50  
Residencial Monet Life - Le Grand Villa das Artes
 
2009
    100       1,165.67       2011       200       79  
Cotia – Phase 4 - Estapa II
 
2009
    100       9,930.00       2010       224       75  
Portal do Sol Life I
 
2009
    100       2,354.00       2012       64       66  
Portal do Sol Life II
 
2009
    100       2,354.00       2012       64       67  
Portal do Sol Life III
 
2009
    100       2,354.00       2012       64       41  
Residencial Monet II (Grand Ville das Artes – Phase 3)
 
2009
    100       4,937.00       2011       120       76  
Residencial Mogi Das Cruzes Life
 
2008
   
Cancelled
     
Cancelled
   
Cancelled
     
Cancelled
     
Cancelled
 
Residencial Itaim Paulista Life I
 
2008
    100       1,165.67       2011       160       100  
Residencial Santo Andre Life II
 
2008
    100       932.54       2011       49       96  
Residencial Curuca
 
2008
    100       1,215.54       2009       160       99  
Residencial Bunkyo
 
2008
   
Cancelled
     
Cancelled
   
Cancelled
     
Cancelled
     
Cancelled
 
Residencial Ferraz Life I
 
2008
    100       1,165.67       2012       792       11  
Residencial Portal Do Sol
 
2008
    100       16,889.00       2012       282       30  
Residencial Das Flores
 
2008
    100       1,165.67       2010       156       100  
Residencial Colina Verde
 
2008
    100       1,165.67       2011       200       100  
Residencial Spazio Felicitta
 
2008
    100       1,905.81       2011       180       99  
Residencial Parque Ipe
 
2008
    100       1,049.10       2010       77       100  
Residencial Recanto Dos Passaros I
 
2008
   
Cancelled
     
Cancelled
   
Cancelled
     
Cancelled
     
Cancelled
 
Residencial Clube Vivaldi
 
2008
    100       1,165.67       2011       174       90  
Residencial Monaco
 
2008
    100       1,384.23       2012       233       100  
Residencial Vila Nova Life
 
2008
    100       1,165.67       2011       108       96  
Residencial Monte Cristo I
 
2008
    100       4,597.00       2010       96       6  
Residencial Brisa Do Parque
 
2008
    100       2,752.84       2010       53       100  
Residencial Renata
 
2008
    100       9,031       2011       200       5  
Residencial Villaggio Do Jockey II
 
2008
    100       2,488.14       2011       188       100  
Residencial Jardim Girassol II
 
2008
    100       3,089.17       2010       520       73  
Residencial Parque Romano
 
2008
    100       1,107.39       2011       362       100  
Residencial Santana Tower I
 
2008
    100       1,694.06       2011       448       88  
Residencial Santana Tower II
 
2008
    100       1,694.06       2012       448       68  
Residencial Salvador Life I
 
2008
    100       1,165.67       2010       280       100  
Residencial Salvador Life II
 
2008
    100       1,165.67       2010       180       99  
Residencial Salvador Life III
 
2008
    100       1,165.67       2011       480       99  
 
 
A-31

 
 
Project Description
 
Year Launched
 
Gafisa Participation (%)
   
Usable Area (m2) (1) (2)
   
Completion
Year
   
Number of
Units (2)
   
Units Sold (%)
(as of
December 31, 2009)
 
Residencial Vila Mariana Life
 
2008
    100       291.42       2010       92       100  
Residencial Villa Rica Life
 
2008
    100       641.12       2010       220       99  
Residencial Ciro Faraj
 
2008
    100       4,235.14       2009       71       100  
Residencial Gama J.A.
 
2008
    100       4,196.41       2010       72       0  
Residencial Parque Lousa
 
2008
    100       17,718.18       2011       302       75  
Le Grand Orleans Tower
 
2008
    100       5,929.20       2011       112       15  
Residencial Bela Vista
 
2008
    100       4,242.00       2008       101       97  
Residencial Marata
 
2008
    100       19,583.26       2011       400       42  
Residencial Estrela Nova 1
 
2008
   
Cancelled
     
Cancelled
   
Cancelled
     
Cancelled
     
Cancelled
 
Parque Toulouse Life
 
2008
    100       932.00       2010       192       100  
Residencial Ilha De Capri
 
2008
    100       932.00       2012       224       4  
Parque Montebello Life I
 
2008
   
Cancelled
     
Cancelled
   
Cancelled
     
Cancelled
     
Cancelled
 
Residencial Parque Das Aroeiras Life
 
2008
    100       932.54       2010       240       80  
Residencial Monte Carlo I
 
2008
    100       2,964.60       2010       92       100  
Residencial Chacaras Bom Jesus Life
 
2008
    100       932.54       2011       143       38  
Residencial Arvoredo Life
 
2008
    100       932.54       2009       14       100  
Residencial Sao Francisco Life
 
2008
    100       1,165.67       2010       80       98  
Residencial Betim Life
 
2008
    100       932.00       2011       108       100  
Residencial Portinari Tower
 
2008
    100       7,199.74       2011       136       100  
Residencial Madri Life I
 
2008
    100       932.54       2011       160       100  
Residencial Madri Life II
 
2008
    100       932.54       2011       160       100  
Residencial Bahamas Life
 
2008
    100       1,165.67       2010       40       100  
Residencial Napole Life
 
2008
    100       1,165.67       2011       140       100  
Residencial San Pietro Life
 
2008
    100       2,797.61       2010       172       74  
Residencial Boa Vista
 
2008
    100       2,214.77       2010       38       92  
Residencial Villa Bella
 
2008
    100       801.00       2009       16       100  
Residencial Bologna Life
 
2008
    100       1,049.10       2010       306       100  
Residencial Chacara Das Flores
 
2008
    100       1,165.67       2011       120       100  
Residencial Las Palmas Life
 
2008
    100       8,160.00       2011       131       97  
Residencial Arezzo Life
 
2008
    100       6,994.00       2011       120       99  
Residencial Di Stefano Life
 
2008
    100       6,994.00       2011       120       100  
Residencial Vermont Life
 
2008
    100       11,190.00       2011       192       27  
Residencial Piedade Life
 
2008
    100       23,080.00       2010       1008       71  
Residencial Jangadeiro Life
 
2008
    100       10,491.00       2010       180       100  
Residencial Atelie Life
 
2008
    100       6,563.92       2010       108       100  
Residencial Cidades Do Mundo Life
 
2008
    100       8,392.82       2009       144       100  
Nova Marica Life
 
2008
    100       21,603.00       2012       468       50  
Casa Blanca Life
 
2008
    100       9,325.00       2011       154       40  
Residencial Malaga Garden
 
2008
    100       15,246.00       2009       300       99  
Residencial Gibraltar Garden
 
2008
    100       15,246.00       2009       300       100  
Espaco Engenho Life I
 
2008
    100       4,663.00       2010       80       100  
Espaco Engenho Life II
 
2008
    100       4,604.00       2010       79       100  
Comendador Life I
 
2008
    100       13,614.95       2011       210       1  
Comendador Life II
 
2008
    100       10,696.75       2013       165       0  
Moinho Life
 
2008
    100       12,065.00       2011       207       4  
America Life
 
2008
    100       8,101.00       2011       139       82  
Madureira Tower
 
2008
   
Cancelled
     
Cancelled
   
Cancelled
     
Cancelled
     
Cancelled
 
Porto Life
 
2008
    100       4,663.00       2011       76       78  
Residencial Mondrian Life
 
2008
    100       36,369.00       2011       624       89  
Residencial Parque Arboris Life
 
2008
    100       13,056.00       2011       214       81  
Residencial Daltro Filho
 
2008
    100       9,325.00       2009       160       100  
Residencial Bartolomeu De Gusmao
 
2008
    100       15,154.00       2008       260       79  
Residencial Papa Joao XXIII
 
2008
    100       13,056.00       2011       224       64  
Residencial Vivendas Do Sol II
 
2008
    100       11,657.00       2010       200       99  
Residencial Juscelino Kubitschek I
 
2008
    100       9,325.00       2011       160       76  
Residencial Juscelino Kubitschek II
 
2008
    100       15,154.00       2011       260       95  
Residencial Figueiredo II
 
2008
    100       12,822.00       2010       220       100  
Residencial Figueiredo I
 
2008
    100       12,822.00       2011       220       76  
Parque Baviera Life
 
2008
    100       29,142.00       2011       500       50  
FIT Vila Allegro
 
2008
    50       35,804.00       2011       298       100  
FIT Terra Bonita
 
2008
    51       5,736.00       2011       304       35  
Città Lauro de Freitas
 
2008
    50       17,778.00       2010       304       100  
FIT Coqueiro - Stake Acquisition
 
2008
    20       35,614.00       2010       570       98  
FIT Mirante do Lago – Phase 1
 
2008
    70       33,947.00       2011       461       92  
 
 
A-32

 
 
Project Description
 
Year Launched
 
Gafisa Participation (%)
   
Usable Area (m2) (1) (2)
   
Completion
Year
   
Number of
Units (2)
   
Units Sold (%)
(as of
December 31, 2009)
 
FIT Mirante do Parque
 
2008
    60       42,259.00       2011       420       85  
FIT Palladium
 
2008
    70       19,498.00       2010       229       93  
FIT Parque Lagoinha I
 
2008
    75       12,712.00       2010       212       46  
FIT Planalto
 
2008
    100       34,682.00       2010       472       83  
FIT Jardim Botânico Paraiba
 
2008
    50       23,689.00       2011       310       43  
FIT Parque Maceió
 
2008
    50       29,474.00       2010       470       49  
FIT Cristal
 
2008
    70       11,278.00       2011       154       88  
FIT Vivai
 
2008
    90       37,427.00       2011       640       74  
Città Itapoan
 
2008
    50       27,775.00       2010       374       100  
FIT Filadélfia
 
2008
   
Cancelled
     
Cancelled
   
Cancelled
     
Cancelled
     
Cancelled
 
FIT Novo Osasco
 
2008
    100       17,331.00       2011       296       94  
Itaúna Life
 
2007
    100       7,779.46       2009       128       99  
Madureira Life
 
2007
    100       3,889.73       2008       64       94  
Cittá Alcântara
 
2007
    100       19,999.00       2010       370       99  
Sant’anna Life
 
2007
    100       4,430.00       2009       76       100  
Morada das Violetas
 
2007
    100       3,548.00       2009       64       98  
Pompéia Life
 
2007
    100       11,657.00       2010       200       97  
West Life
 
2007
    100       4,663.00       2009       80       95  
Arsenal Life
 
2007
    100       6,819.00       2008       481       98  
Pendotiba Life
 
2007
    100       9,325.00       2010       160       99  
Bandeirantes Life
 
2007
    100       15,154.00       2010       260       75  
Telles Life
 
2007
    100       3,730.00       2009       64       91  
Nova Guanabara
 
2007
    100       11,405.00       2009       211       100  
Vila Riviera / Vila Positano – Phase 1
 
2007
    100       4,092.00       2009       84       95  
Piacenza Life
 
2007
    100       16,727.00       2011       287       95  
Parma Life
 
2007
    100       15,329.00       2010       263       97  
Firenze Life
 
2007
    100       13,988.00       2011       139       99  
Duo Valverde
 
2007
    100       6,652.00       2010       120       82  
Duo Palhada
 
2007
   
Cancelled
     
Cancelled
   
Cancelled
     
Cancelled
     
Cancelled
 
Humaitá Garden
 
2007
    100       13,128.00       2008       200       99  
Aroeira Garden
 
2007
   
Cancelled
     
Cancelled
   
Cancelled
      120       81  
Belford Roxo Garden
 
2007
   
Cancelled
     
Cancelled
   
Cancelled
      608       98  
Primavera Ville
 
2007
    100       13,009.92       2011       256       96  
São Matheus Life
 
2007
    100       8,392.82       2010       144       94  
Laranjal  Life
 
2007
   
Cancelled
     
Cancelled
   
Cancelled
     
Cancelled
     
Cancelled
 
Hamburgo Garden
 
2007
   
Cancelled
     
Cancelled
   
Cancelled
     
Cancelled
     
Cancelled
 
Munique Garden
 
2007
   
Cancelled
     
Cancelled
   
Cancelled
     
Cancelled
     
Cancelled
 
Neves Tower
 
2007
   
Cancelled
     
Cancelled
   
Cancelled
     
Cancelled
     
Cancelled
 
Santa Rita Life
 
2007
   
Cancelled
     
Cancelled
   
Cancelled
     
Cancelled
     
Cancelled
 
Novo Jockey Life I
 
2007
    100       25,390.00       2009       500       100  
Novo Jockey Life II
 
2007
    100       8,951.00       2009       180       100  
Residencial Jardim dos Girassóis
 
2007
    100       2,746.00       2009       60       95  
Residencial Lisboa
 
2007
    100       12,123.00       2009       280       100  
Residencial San Marino II
 
2007
    100       2,927.00       2009       60       100  
Residencial Villa Park
 
2007
    100       17,485.00       2009       300       94  
Residencial Vila Coimbra
 
2007
    100       8,648.00       2009       156       100  
Residencial Vale Nevado
 
2007
   
Cancelled
     
Cancelled
   
Cancelled
     
Cancelled
     
Cancelled
 
Residencial Vitória Régia
 
2007
    100       21,835.00       2009       64       41  
Residencial Vale do Sol
 
2007
    100       4,324.00       2009       80       16  
Residencial Pacifico
 
2007
    100       2,798.00       2009       48       100  
Residencial Ferrara
 
2007
    100       6,209.00       2010       112       98  
Residencial Villa Esplendore
 
2007
    100       9,325.00       2011       160       79  
Residencial Montana
 
2007
    100       5,524.00       2009       104       100  
Residencial Morada de Ferraz
 
2007
    100       7,317.00       2009       132       98  
Residencial Santo André Life
 
2007
    100       10,491.00       2011       180       69  
Residencial Santo André Life I
 
2007
    100       7,460.00       2011       128       75  
Residencial Itaquera Life
 
2007
    100       6,994.00       2010       120       96  
Residencial Jardim São Luiz Life
 
2007
    100       13,871.00       2010       238       98  
Residencial Duo Jardim São Luiz
 
2007
    100       2,217.00       2011       40       65  
Residencial Aricanduva Life
 
2007
    100       10,491.00       2009       180       92  
Residencial Guarulhos Life
 
2007
    100       9,325.00       2011       160       87  
Residencial Lajeado Life
 
2007
    100       6,994.00       2012       120       24  
Residencial Azaléias
 
2007
    100       2,917.00       2010       100       98  
Residencial Tulipas
 
2007
   
Cancelled
     
Cancelled
   
Cancelled
     
Cancelled
     
Cancelled
 
 
 
A-33

 
 
Project Description
 
Year Launched
 
Gafisa Participation (%)
   
Usable Area (m2) (1) (2)
   
Completion
Year
   
Number of
Units (2)
   
Units Sold (%)
(as of
December 31, 2009)
 
Residencial Luiz Inácio
 
2007
    100       5,083.00    
Cancelled
      124       33  
Residencial Doze de Outubro
 
2007
    100       5,739.00    
Cancelled
      140       12  
Residencial São Miguel Life
 
2007
    100       3,497.00       2010       60       93  
Residencial Vila Verde
 
2007
    100       4,663.00       2009       80       99  
Residencial Santa Julia
 
2007
    100       10,041.00       2011       260       100  
Residencial Guaianazes Life
 
2007
    100       9,792.00       2011       168       34  
Residencial Filadélphia
 
2007
    100       3,497.00       2011       160       12  
Residencial Osasco Life
 
2007
    100       17,951.00       2010       308       97  
Villágio do Jockey
 
2007
    100       9,529.00       2009       180       100  
Nova Cintra
 
2007
    100       21,440.00       2011       405       99  
Santo André Tower
 
2007
   
Cancelled
     
Cancelled
   
Cancelled
     
Cancelled
     
Cancelled
 
Viver Melhor
 
2007
    100       4,200.00       2011       100       100  
Jaraguá Life
 
2007
    100       15,104.00       2010       260       95  
Residencial Parque Valença 1
 
2007
    100       5,828.35       2010       112       100  
Residencial Parque Valença 2
 
2007
    100       8,043.12       2010       138       98  
Residencial Parque Valença 3
 
2007
    100       6,527.75       2009       100       98  
Vista Bella
 
2007
    100       5,405.00       2011       100       42  
Residencial Tapajos
 
2007
    100       3,980.00       2008       64       98  
Residencial Parque Das Amoras
 
2007
    100       13,080.00       2008       195       99  
Residencial Jardim Das Jabuticabas
 
2007
    100       4,862.00       2010       80       100  
Residencial Jardim Das Azaleias
 
2007
    100       2,917.00       2010       48       98  
Residencial Venda Nova Life
 
2007
    100       1,507.00       2008       34       100  
Residencial Contagem Life
 
2007
   
Cancelled
     
Cancelled
   
Cancelled
     
Cancelled
     
Cancelled
 
Residencial Governador Valadares Life
 
2007
   
Cancelled
     
Cancelled
   
Cancelled
     
Cancelled
     
Cancelled
 
Residencial Santa Luzia Life
 
2007
    100       13,056.00       2009       480       100  
Residencial Amanda
 
2007
    100       1,166.00       2009       20       100  
Residencial Millenium
 
2007
   
Cancelled
     
Cancelled
   
Cancelled
     
Cancelled
     
Cancelled
 
Portal De Santa Luzia
 
2007
    100       9,646.00       2009       174       100  
Parque Do Jatobá
 
2007
    100       7,459.00       2010       138       98  
Res. Amsterdam
 
2007
    100       2,272.00       2008       48       100  
Juliana Life
 
2007
    100       16,319.00       2010       280       100  
Residencial Verdes Mares
 
2007
    100       933.00       2010       16       100  
Athenas
 
2007
    100       16,786.00       2009       288       100  
Egeu
 
2007
    100       14,921.00       2009       256       98  
Esparta
 
2007
   
Cancelled
     
Cancelled
   
Cancelled
     
Cancelled
     
Cancelled
 
Betim Life I
 
2007
    100       8,393.00       2009       144       100  
Betim Life II
 
2007
    100       7,460.00       2010       128       100  
Duo Xangri Lá
 
2007
    100       5,433.00       2011       98       100  
Santa Luzia Life I
 
2007
    100       13,056.00       2009       224       100  
Fernão Dias Tower
 
2007
    100       4,870.00       2010       92       98  
Nicolau Kun - Sapucaia do Sul
 
2007
    100       26,810.00       2010       460       41  
Araguaia
 
2007
    100       11,190.00       2009       192       94  
Atibaia
 
2007
    100       18,917.00       2009       350       97  
Santo Antonio life
 
2007
    100       1,865.00       2009       32       3  
Terra Nova I
 
2007
    100       13,929.76       2009       240       98  
Terra Nova II
 
2007
    100       14,046.32       2011       240       100  
Res do Trabalhador
 
2007
    100       108.10       2008       100       87  
Res do Trabalhador – Phase 2
 
2007
    100       1,297.20       2008       515       87  
Lisboa
 
2007
    100       12,123.00       2009       208       100  
Garden VP 1
 
2007
    100       16,785.65       2011       288       100  
Garden VP 2
 
2007
    100       13,988.04       2012       240       100  
Feira de Santana Life
 
2007
    100       28,909.00       2009       496       100  
Parque Nova Esperança Life
 
2007
    100       5,165.00       2008       124       100  
Jardim Ipitanga
 
2007
    100       15,154.00       2009       260       98  
Parque Florestal
 
2007
    100       11,657.00       2009       200       100  
Portal de Valença
 
2007
    100       8,055.00       2009       194       22  
Quintas do Sol I
 
2007
    100       16,377.15       2009       340       99  
Quintas do Sol II
 
2007
    100       17,890.55       2010       300       54  
Quintas do Sol III
 
2007
   
Cancelled
     
Cancelled
   
Cancelled
     
Cancelled
     
Cancelled
 
Hildete Teixiera
 
2007
    100       22,148.00       2009       380       98  
Residencial 2 de Julho
 
2007
    100       46,627.00       2009       800       99  
Camaçari Ville I
 
2007
    100       28,576.00       2011       608       19  
Camaçari Ville II
 
2007
    100       27,025.00       2011       575       34  
 
 
A-34

 
 
Project Description
 
Year Launched
 
Gafisa Participation (%)
   
Usable Area (m2) (1) (2)
   
Completion
Year
   
Number of
Units (2)
   
Units Sold (%)
(as of
December 31, 2009)
 
Camaçari Ville III
 
2007
    100       21,808.00       2011       464       97  
Vila Olimpia Life
 
2007
    100       25,178.00       2011       432       63  

(1)
One square meter is equal to approximately 10.76 square feet.
 
(2)
Values for 100% of the building development.
 

Land Subdivisions under our Gafisa Brand
 
In 2001, we started developing residential land subdivisions for sale upon which residential buildings can be developed. Land subdivisions under our Gafisa brand are usually smaller than our Alphaville residential communities and do not include some of the facilities available in our Alphaville residential communities, such as various amenities, shopping centers and schools. We usually provide the infrastructure for a given land subdivision planning such as the electric, water and sewage systems, paved streets, and common recreational areas. Our land subdivisions are typically located in affluent suburban areas close to major highways leading to the states of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. A typical lot has between 250 and 1,500 square meters. Average price per square meter ranges from approximately R$150 to R$800 (approximately US$86 to US$459). We target clients with monthly household incomes in excess of approximately R$5,000 (approximately US$2,872) for these land subdivisions.
 
The table below sets forth our land subdivision developments launched between January 1, 2007 and December 31, 2009:
 
 
Project Description
 
 
Year Launched
 
Gafisa Participation (%)
   
Usable Area (m2) (1) (2)
   
Completion Year
   
Number of Units (2)
   
Units Sold (%) (as of December 31, 2009)
 
Alphaville Barra da Tijuca
 
2008
    65       133,251       2011       251       100  


(1)
One square meter is equal to approximately 10.76 square feet.
 
(2)
Values for 100% of the building development.
 
Land Subdivisions under our Alphaville Brand
 
On January 8, 2007, we successfully completed the acquisition of 60.0% of our subsidiary Alphaville, a development company focused on the identification, development and sale of high quality residential communities in the metropolitan regions throughout Brazil targeted at upper and upper-middle income families. Following this acquisition, our new residential communities are sold exclusively under the Alphaville brand.
 
The Alphaville brand was created in the 1970s when the first Alphaville community was developed in the cities of Barueri and Santana do Paranaíba in the metropolitan region of São Paulo. Beginning in the 1990s, Alphaville developed residential communities in several other cities in Brazil, such as Campinas, Goiânia, Curitiba, Londrina, Maringá, Salvador, Fortaleza, Belo Horizonte, Natal, Gramado, Manaus, Cuiabá, Campo Grande, São Luis and Rio de Janeiro.
 
Whenever we develop a new Alphaville community, we provide all the basic civil works for supporting the construction on the lots, such as electrical, telephone and data communications cabling, hydraulic (water and sewer) mains and treatment facilities, landscaping and gardening, lighting and paving of the streets and driveways and security fencing. In most Alphaville communities, we also build a social and sports club for the residents, with soccer, golf and tennis fields, jogging and bicycle tracks, saunas, swimming pools, ballrooms, restaurants and bars, and other facilities. In addition, most Alphaville projects have a shopping center where residents can shop for clothes and groceries. Additionally, whenever we develop a new Alphaville community far from large urban centers, we seek to assist in establishing schools near the community by forming partnerships with renowned educational institutions. Throughout our Alphaville communities, we also seek to stimulate the local economy by drawing new businesses to that area.
 
 
A-35

 
 
We believe that the maintenance of a development’s quality is essential. For this reason, we impose on every Alphaville community a series of building and occupancy standards that are more rigorous than those required by applicable local legislation. Every Alphaville community has an Alphaville association formed by us before delivery of the community starts, and is funded by maintenance fees paid by the residents. The purpose of the association is to allow community involvement in the management and maintenance of the premises and to ensure orderly and harmonious relationships among the residents.
 
Upon completion of a sale, a purchaser of an Alphaville property will receive, along with the purchase and sale contract, documentation that sets out the regulations on land use and occupancy, and these will serve as private zoning regulations that are binding on the resident. These regulations set forth, among other things, the maximum number of floors allowed in an Alphaville building, the minimum number of meters between buildings and land coverage limits, thereby maintaining the uniformity and quality of the Alphaville properties.
 
The table below sets forth our residential communities launched between January 1, 2007 and December 31, 2009:
 
Project Description
 
 
Year Launched
 
 
Gafisa
Participation
(%)
 
 
Usable Area
(m2)(1) (2)
 
 
Completion Year
 
 
Number of Units (2)
 
 
% Sold (As of December 31, 2009
Alphaville - Campo Grande
 
2007
 
67
 
225,342
 
2009
 
489
 
99
Alphaville - Rio Costa do Sol
 
2007
 
58
 
313,400
 
2009
 
616
 
97
Alphaville – Cajamar
 
2007
 
55
 
674,997
 
n.a.
 
2
 
100
Alphaville – Araçagy
 
2007
 
38
 
236,118
 
2009
 
332
 
90
Alphaville Jacuhy
 
2007
 
65
 
374,290
 
2010
 
775
 
97
Alphaville Londrina II
 
2007
 
62.5
 
134,120
 
2010
 
554
 
64
Alphaville Jacuhy II
 
2008
 
65
 
177,981
 
2010
 
330
 
48
Alphaville Cuiabá II
 
2008
 
60
 
150,896
 
2010
 
424
 
42
Alphaville João Pessoa
 
2008
 
100
 
61,782
 
2010
 
124
 
100
Alphaville Rio Costa do Sol II
 
2008
 
58
 
349,186
 
2010
 
366
 
18
Alphaville Manaus II
 
2008
 
62.5
 
166,938
 
2010
 
335
 
80
Alphaville Litoral Norte II
 
2008
 
66
 
150,813
 
2010
 
391
 
33
Alphaville Manaus Comercial
 
2008
 
60
 
48,252
 
2010
 
42
 
27
Alphaville Barra da Tijuca
 
2008
 
65
 
173,251
 
2011
 
251
 
100
Alphaville Votorantim
 
2008
 
30
 
246,315
 
2010
 
472
 
71
Alphaville Mossoró
 
2008
 
70
 
65,912
 
2010
 
170
 
99
Alphaville Caruaru
 
2009
 
70
 
79,253
 
2011
 
172
 
100
Alphaville Granja
 
2009
 
33
 
65,360
 
2011
 
110
 
100
Alphaville Votorantim 2
 
2009
 
30
 
59,166
 
2011
 
51
 
83
Conceito A Rio das Ostras
 
2009
 
100
 
12,354
 
2011
 
106
 
27
Alphaville Capina Grande
 
2009
 
53
 
91,504
 
2011
 
205
 
49
Alphaville Porto Alegre
 
2009
 
64
 
258,991
 
2011
 
429
 
86
Alphaville Piracicaba
 
2009
 
63
 
112,351
 
2011
 
216
 
100
Alphaville Gravataí 2
 
2009
 
64
 
91,040
 
2011
 
225
 
86
Alphaville Costa do Sol 3
 
2009
 
58
 
234,966
 
2011
 
293
 
86
Terras Alpha Foz do Iguaçu
 
2009
 
27
 
34,269
 
2011
 
104
 
86


(1)
One square meter is equal to approximately 10.76 square feet.
 
(2)
Values for 100% of the building development.
 
The table below discloses the projects that were completed in 2009 or in prior years and where the number of units sold as of December 31, 2009 was less than 90%.
 
 
Project Description
 
 
Percentage of Units Sold
Residencial Monte Cristo I (a)
 
6.0%
Fit Mirante do Lago(b)
 
32.2%
Camaçari Ville I –Residencial Jardim Atlantico Life (c)
 
18.6%
Camaçari Ville II – Residencial Camaçari Life (d)
 
34.4%
Santo Antonio Life (e)
 
3.1%
Belford Roxo Garden (f)
 
12.3%
Residencial Trabalhador (g)
 
87.0%
Residencial Trabalhador – Phase 2 (g)
 
87.0%
Belle Vue (h)
 
88.9%

 
A-36

 
 
 
Project Description
 
 
Percentage of Units Sold
Espacio Laguna (i)
 
88.8%
Quinta Imperial (j)
 
88.3%
Alphaville Gravatai (k)
 
83.0%
Residencial Valencia (l)
 
80.0%
Residencial Portal de Valença Garden (m)
 
22.1%
Residencial Bartolomeu de Gusmão (n)
 
79.2%
Residencial Vale do Sol (o)
 
16.3%
Residencial Vitória Régia (p)
 
40.6%

(a)
Residencial Monte Cristo I.  This development was 5.5% completed at December 31, 2009 and the only cost is related to the land; the development was cancelled in 2010. The Company is performing studies to launch another development in the near future (on or about 2013) at the same location. The Company has no reason to believe that the carrying value of this land is below its market value.
 
(b)
Fit Mirante do Lago.  This development was 12.1% completed at December 31, 2009 and only 32.2% of the units had been sold. In order to accelerate the sales of units of this development, the Company opened a sales office in the city of Belem. As a result, currently, 91.1% of the units have been sold, all of them above cost.
 
(c)
Camaçari Ville I – Residencial Jardim Atlântico Life.  This development was 8.9% completed at December 31, 2009 and only 18.6% of the units have been sold.  According to the Company’s then-existing business plan, this development’s selling forecast indicated sales of the unsold units within a short time period with sales value higher than the accounted cost.  As of December 31, 2010, 60.8% of the development was completed and 83.3% of the units were sold.
 
(d)
Camaçari Ville II – Residencial Camaçari Life.  This development was 37.1% completed at December 31, 2009 and only 34.4% of the units have been sold.  According to the Company’s then-existing business plan, this development’s selling forecast indicated sales of the unsold units within a short time period with sales value higher than the accounted cost. As of December 31, 2010, 95.5% of the development was completed and 94.3% of the units were sold.
 
(e)
Santo Antonio Life. This development was 95% completed at December 31, 2009 and yet only 3.1% of the units were sold. The larger percentage of unsold units is primarily due to pending legal documentation (i.e., occupancy certificates) from the development’s partner. Once this issue is resolved, the remaining units will be sold, based on the Company’s internal assessment. As of December 31, 2010, the percentage of units sold was 3.1%.  The Company has concluded that impairment does not exist because this is a resolvable documentation matter and the units are anticipated to be sold at a profit.
 
(f)
Belford Roxo Garden.  This development was 4.6% completed at December 31, 2009 and related only to the cost of land.  The development was cancelled in 2010 due to changes in Tenda’s product portfolio. The Company expects to sell this landbank without incurring a loss based on third party studies of the land and its location. The Company currently has no reason to believe that the carrying value of this property is greater than its market value.
 
(g)
Residencial Trabalhador (Phases 1 and 2).  This development was 100.0% completed at December 31, 2009 and only 87.0% of the units were sold. According to the Company’s then-existing business plan, this development’s selling forecast indicated sales of the unsold units within a short time period with sales value higher than the accounted cost. As of December 31, 2010, 100.0% of the units were sold.
 
(h)
Belle Vue.  According to the Company’s then-existing business plan, this development’s selling forecast indicated sales of the unsold units within a short time period with sales value higher than the accounted cost. As of December 31, 2010, 94.4% of the units were sold. The Company currently has no reason to believe that the carrying value of this property is greater than its market value.
 
(i)
Espacio Laguna.  According to the Company’s then-existing business plan, this development’s selling forecast indicated sales of the unsold units within a short time period with sales value higher than the accounted cost. As
 
 
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of December 31, 2010, 97.5% of the units were sold. The Company currently has no reason to believe that the carrying value of this property is greater than its market value.
 
(j)
Quinta Imperial.  According to the Company’s then-existing business plan, this development’s selling forecast indicated sales of the unsold units within a short time period with sales value higher than the accounted cost. As of December 31, 2010, 100% of the units were sold.
 
(k)
Alphaville Gravataí.  Most of unsold inventory units are commercial and multi-family units. These units are easier to sell after completion of the residential area because it creates a demand for services. As of December 31, 2010, 91.6% of the units were sold. The Company currently has no reason to believe that the carrying value of this property is greater than its market value.
 
(l)
Residencial Valencia.  According to the Company’s then-existing business plan, this development’s selling forecast indicated sales of the unsold units within a short time period with sales value higher than the accounted cost. As of December 31, 2010, 97.5% of the units were sold. The Company currently has no reason to believe that the carrying value of this property is greater than its market value.
 
(m)
Residencial Portal de Valença Garden.  The development was 54.8% completed at December 31, 2009 and yet only 22.1% of the units were sold and delivered. This project originally had 194 units and during 2010 the Company decided to build 70 units, of which 45 (or 64.3%) had been sold as of December 31, 2010. For the remaining area of the landbank, the Company has decided to subdivide this landbank and launch a new development at the same location. The Company currently has no reason to believe that the carrying value of this property is greater than its market value.
 
(n)
Residencial Bartolomeu de Gusmão.  According to the Company’s then-existing business plan, this development’s selling forecast indicated sales of the unsold units within a short time period with sales value higher than the accounted cost. As of December 31, 2010, 99.2% of the units were sold. The Company currently has no reason to believe that the carrying value of this property is greater than its market value.
 
(o)
Residencial Vale do Sol.  This development was 90.7% completed at December 31, 2009 and yet only 16.3% of the units were sold. The larger percentage of unsold units is primarily attributable to the use of dry-wall in the construction for which it is not possible for a customer to obtain third party financing from a Brazilian financial institution. As a result, the Company began offering financing to select customers for up to 220 months in an effort to increase sales of such units.  As of December 31, 2010, 92.7% of the units were sold. The Company currently has no reason to believe that the carrying value of this property is greater than its market value.
 
(p)
Residencial Vitória Regia.  This development was 100% completed at December 31, 2009 and yet only 40.6% of the units were sold. The larger percentage of unsold units is primarily attributable to the use of dry-wall in the construction for which it is not possible for a customer to obtain third party financing from a Brazilian financial institution. As a result, the Company began offering financing to select customers of up to 220 months in an effort to increase sales of such units.  As of December 31, 2010, 83.3% of the units were sold. The Company currently has no reason to believe that the carrying value of this property is greater than its market value.
 
Commercial Buildings
 
In 2009, we launched four commercial buildings:  Centro Empresarial Madureira, Paulista Corporate, Reserva Eco Office Life and Global Offices. As of December 31, 2008 we had four commercial buildings under development for sale: Sunplaza Personal Office and Icaraí Corporate, both in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Manhattan Wall Street in Salvador and JTR in Maceió.
 
In December 2007, we completed the Eldorado Business Tower in São Paulo, a triple A standard office building developed in partnership with São Carlos Empreendimentos e Participações S.A. and Banco Modal S.A. The Eldorado Business Tower brings together advanced technology and environmental innovation. The building is the fourth building in the world and the only building in Latin America to be pre-certified by U.S. Green Building Council as a Leed CS 2.0 Platinum building for leadership in energy and environmental design.
 
 
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Construction Service
 
We provide construction services to third parties, building residential and commercial projects for some of the most well-known developers in Brazil. This practice allows us to benchmark our construction costs, exposes us to new constructions materials, techniques and service providers such as architects and sub-contractors, and provides larger economies of scale. Third-party construction services are a significant, less volatile source of revenues, which does not require us to allocate capital. Our principal construction services clients are large companies, many of them developers that do not build their own projects. As of December 31, 2009, our principal construction services clients were Fibra Empreendimentos Imobiliários S.A., Sisan-Grupo Silvio Santos, Camargo Correa Desenvolvimento Imobiliário S.A., Helbor Empreendimentos Imobiliários Ltda., InCons S.A., SDI Desenvolvimento Imobiliário Ltda. and Abyara Empreendimentos Imobiliários Ltda. We also provide construction services on certain developments where we retain an equity interest.
 
The table below sets forth the real estate building developments we have constructed exclusively for third parties between January 1, 2007 and December 31, 2009:
 
Project
 
 
First Year of Construction
 
 
Client
 
 
Type of Project
Porto Pinheiros
 
2007
 
Camargo Corrêa Desenvolvimento Imobiliário S.A.
 
Residential
Holiday Inn
 
2007
 
Ypuã Empreendimentos Imobiliários SPE Ltda.
 
Hotel
Wave
 
2007
 
Camargo Corrêa Desenvolvimento Imobiliário S.A.
 
Residential
Corcovado
 
2007
 
Camargo Corrêa Desenvolvimento Imobiliário S.A.
 
Residential
Open View (Oscar Freire)
 
2008
 
Grupo Sisan
 
Residential
Open View (Oscar Freire)
 
2008
 
Grupo Sisan
 
Residential
New Age
 
2009
 
Incols Curitiba Empreedimentos Imobiliários SPE
 
Residential
Duetto Volare
 
2009
 
Fibra Empreendimentos Imobiliários
 
Residential
Duetto Fioratta
 
2009
 
Fibra Empreendimentos Imobiliários
 
Residential
Carlyle
 
2009
 
Fibra Empreendimentos Imobiliários
 
Commercial

The table below sets forth the real estate developments we have constructed for third parties, in which we also have an equity interest, between January 1, 2007 and December 31, 2009:
 
Project
 
 
First Year of Construction
 
 
Gafisa Participation (%)
 
 
Partner
 
 
Type of Project
Tiner Campo Belo
 
2007
 
45
 
Tiner Empreendimentos e Participações Ltda.
 
Residential
Forest Ville – Salvador
 
2007
 
50
 
OAS Empreendimentos Imobiliários Ltda.
 
Residential
Garden Ville – Salvador
 
2007
 
50
 
OAS Empreendimentos Imobiliários Ltda.
 
Residential
Reserva do Lago – Phase 1
 
2007
 
50
 
Invest Empreendimentos & Participações Ltda.
 
Residential
Alta Vista – Phase 1
 
2007
 
50
 
Cipesa Engenharia S.A.
 
Residential
Collori
 
2007
 
50
 
Park Empreendimentos Ltda.
 
Residential
Jatiuca Trade Residence
 
2007
 
50
 
Cipesa Engenharia S.A.
 
Residential
Espacio Laguna
 
2007
 
80
 
Tembok Desenvolvimento Imobiliário Ltda.
 
Residential
Del Lago Res. Casas
 
2007
 
80
 
Plarcon Engenharia S.A.
 
Residential
Belle Vue POA
 
2007
 
80
 
Ivo Rizzo
 
Residential
Mirante do Rio
 
2007
 
60
 
Premiun
 
Residential
Acquerelle
 
2007
 
85
 
Civilcorp
 
Residential
Enseada das Orquideas
 
2008
 
80
 
Yuny
 
Residential
Evidence
 
2008
 
50
 
Park Empreendimentos Ltda.
 
Residential
Art Ville
 
2008
 
50
 
OAS Empreendimentos Imobiliários Ltda.
 
Residential
Palm Ville
 
2008
 
50
 
OAS Empreendimentos Imobiliários Ltda.
 
Residential
Grand Park - Park das Águas – Phase 1
 
2008
 
50
 
Franere
 
Residential
Grand Park - Park Árvores – Phase 1
 
2008
 
50
 
Franere
 
Residential
Privilege
 
2008
 
80
 
Mattos & Mattos
 
Residential
Horizonte
 
2008
 
80
 
Premiun
 
Residential
Horto Panamby
 
2008
 
50
 
OAS Empreendimentos Imobiliários Ltda.
 
Residential
Manhattan Square – Phase 1
(Wall Street)
 
2009
 
50
 
OAS Empreendimentos Imobiliários Ltda.
 
Commercial
Chácara Santanna
 
2009
 
50
 
Monza Incoporadora
 
Residential
Montblanc
 
2009
 
80
 
Yuny
 
Residential
Carpe Diem RJ
 
2009
 
80
 
Mattos & Mattos
 
Residential
Mistral
 
2009
 
80
 
Premiun
 
Residential
Reserva do Bosque
 
2009
 
80
 
GM
 
Residential
Ecoville
 
2009
 
50
 
Abyara Empreendimentos Imobiliários Ltda
 
Residential
 
 
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Sale of Units Through Our Brokerage Subsidiaries
 
In September 2006, we created a new subsidiary, Gafisa Vendas, to function as our internal sales division in the state of São Paulo. In February 2007, we created another new subsidiary, Gafisa Vendas Rio, to function as our internal sales division in the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro. These wholly-owned subsidiaries promote sales of our projects in the states of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro and focus their efforts on: (1) launches – our internal sales force focuses on promoting launches of our developments; however, we also use outside brokers, thus creating what we believe is a healthy competition between our sales force and outside brokers; (2) inventory – Gafisa Vendas and Gafisa Vendas Rio have each a team focused on selling units launched in prior years; and (3) web sales – Gafisa Vendas and Gafisa Vendas Rio have each a sales team dedicated to internet sales as an alternative source of revenues with lower costs.
 
Our Clients
 
Our clients consist of development and construction service clients. Development clients are those who purchase units in our developments. As of December 31, 2009, our development-client database was comprised of more than 71,000 individuals. We currently have approximately 28,000 active clients. Our construction-services clients are large companies, many of them developers that do not build their own projects. As of December 31, 2009, we had, among our main construction services clients, the following companies: Fibra Empreendimentos Imobiliários S.A., Sisan-Grupo Silvio Santos, Camargo Correa Desenvolvimento Imobiliário S.A., Helbor Empreendimentos Imobiliários Ltda., InCons SA, SDI Desenvolvimento Imobiliário Ltda. and Abyara Empreendimentos Imobiliários Ltda. No individual client represents more than 5% of our revenues from residential developments or construction services.
 
Our Operations
 
The stages of our development process are summarized in the diagrams below:
 
 
Land Acquisition
 
We use results from our extensive market research to guide our land reserves strategy and process. Our marketing and development teams monitor market fundamentals and trends. We have developed a sophisticated database to support our search for and analysis of new investment opportunities. Key decision factors used by our management for land acquisition and new developments include location, type of product to be developed, expected demand for the new developments, current inventory of units in the region and acquisition cost of the land.
 
 
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Whenever we identify an attractive tract of land, we first conduct a study of the project to define the most appropriate use of the space. Afterwards, the basic design of the project enters the economic feasibility study stage, where we consider preliminary revenues and expenses associated with the project. This study will determine project profitability. We collect and analyze information on demand, competition, construction budget, sales policy and funding structure to ensure economic viability of the new development. We then initiate a legal due diligence of the property to identify liens, encumbrances and restrictions, potential solutions to such issues and the relevant costs. Before acquiring the land, we conduct a thorough due diligence process including an environmental review. Each decision to acquire land is analyzed and approved by our investment committee. See “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—C. Board Practices” elsewhere in this annual report for further information on the activities of our committees and boards.
 
We seek to finance land acquisition through swaps, in which we grant the seller a certain number of units to be built on the land or a percentage of the proceeds from the sale of units in such development. As a result, we reduce our cash requirements and increase our returns. In the event we cannot do so or in order to obtain better terms or prices, we acquire land for cash, alone or in partnership with other developers. We purchase land both for immediate development and for inventory.
 
As of December 31, 2009, we had an inventory of 383 land parcels in which we estimate we could develop a total of 90,522 residential units with a sales value of R$15.8 billion (US$9.1 billion), of which 50.7% represents land acquired through swaps. The table below sets forth the breakdown of our land reserves by location and by the type of development.
 
   
Gafisa
   
Alphaville
   
Tenda
 
   
Future Sales
(% Gafisa)
   
% Swap
   
Future Sales
(% Gafisa)
   
% Swap
   
Future Sales
(% Gafisa)
   
% Swap
 
Land bank - Per geographic location:
                                   
São Paulo
    3,440,753       35       1,037,146       96       1,242,754       21  
Rio de Janeiro
    1,456,652       35       210,601       99       1,804,694       20  
Other states
    2,678,652       59       2,714,614       100       1,237,486       18  
Total
    7,576,057       42       3,962,360       99       4,284,935       19  

Project Design
 
In order to meet evolving preferences of our customers, we invest considerable resources in creating an appropriate design and marketing strategy for each new development, which includes determining the size, style and price range of units. Our staff, including engineers and marketing and sales professionals, works with recognized independent architects on the planning and designing of our developments. Their activities include designing the interior and exterior, drafting plans for the execution of the project, and choosing the finishing construction materials. A team responsible for preparing the business plan and budget and assessing the financial viability for each of our projects is also involved. Simultaneously with the planning and designing of our developments, we seek to obtain all the necessary licenses and regulatory approvals from local authorities, which usually take three to twelve months in the case of our residential buildings and three years in the case of our residential communities.
 
Marketing and Sales
 
Our marketing efforts are coordinated by our internal dedicated staff of approximately 30 professionals. Our specialized team generally leads several independent brokerage companies with a combined sales force of more than 5,000 representatives, monitoring them in order to gain their loyalty and ensure performance. Our marketing team is also responsible for gathering information on the needs and preferences of potential customers to provide guidance on our land acquisition and project design activities. Gafisa Vendas was created as our internal sales division and it currently consists of 160 sales consultants and 11 sales managers.
 
The creation of Gafisa Vendas was intended to establish a strategic channel for us to access our clients and to reduce our dependence on outside brokers for marketing. Because the sales force at Gafisa Vendas are trained to sell our products exclusively, we believe that they are able to focus on the sale of our developments, articulate the unique features of our development better, manage our current customer and capture new customers more
 
 
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effectively. Gafisa Vendas was initially established in São Paulo and in 2007 rolled-out in Rio de Janeiro. In 2007 and 2008, Gafisa Vendas was our number one sales team, responsible for approximately 39% and 34% of our sales in the states of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, respectively. In 2009, Gafisa Vendas was responsible for approximately 41% and 55% of our sales in the states of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, respectively.
 
We will continue to utilize independent real estate brokerage firms as we believe the creation of Gafisa Vendas has created a healthy competition between our internal sales force and outside brokers. Independent brokers provide us with a broad reach, access to a specialized and rich database of prospective customers, and flexibility to accommodate the needs of our diverse offering and clientele. In line with our results-oriented culture, we compensate brokers based on their profit contribution rather than on sales. Brokers are required to attend periodic specialized training sessions where they are updated on customer service and marketing techniques, competing developments, construction schedules, and marketing and advertising plans. We emphasize a highly transparent sales approach, as opposed to the traditional high-pressure techniques, in order to build customer loyalty and to develop a sense of trust between customers and us. At our showrooms, brokers explain the project and financing plans, answer questions and encourage customers to purchase or sign on to receive a visit or additional information.
 
We initiate our marketing efforts usually 30 days before the launch of a development. We normally have a showroom on or near the construction site, which includes a model unit furnished with appliances and furniture. We leverage on our reputation for quality, consistency, on-time delivery and professionalism to increase sales velocity. We have been successful with this strategy, usually selling approximately 60% of the units before construction starts.
 
Our subsidiary Alphaville has also been successful in its sales and marketing efforts. For example, in Vitória, Alphaville Jacuhy was 85% sold in its month of launch; in João Pessoa, Paraiba, the sales force needed only two days to market and sell all of its residential lots; in Barra da Tijuca, Rio de Janeiro, 90% of the Alphaville lots available were sold in their month of launch; and Alphaville Caruaru in Caruaru, Pernambuco, Alphaville Granja in Carapicuiba, São Paulo and Alphaville Piracicaba in Piracicaba, São Paulo were 100% sold within one month of launch.
 
We market our developments through newspapers, direct mail advertising and by distributing leaflets in neighboring areas, as well as through telemarketing and websites. In addition, on a quarterly basis, we publish the magazine “Gafisa Way” which is distributed to our customers and offers news on our most recent developments and progress updates on buildings under construction.
 
Tenda’s sales and marketing efforts are coordinated through 32 store fronts located across the principal metropolitan areas of the country. A direct sales force is trained to offer advice to first-time home buyers and to assist these buyers in finding the best financing solution. In addition, this sales force provides information on the benefits under the public housing program “Minha Casa, Minha Vida,” including the process of obtaining a mortgage through the CEF. Because the Tenda sales force is specially trained to provide information on the affordable entry-level segment, we believe that they are uniquely positioned to provide us with an advantage in this segment.
 
In addition to direct sales, Tenda markets its developments through telemarketing, which generates more than 80,000 calls per month and results in over 25,000 visits per month to its store fronts. Tenda also gathers information on its customers’ preferences to better tailor its marketing efforts and has implemented a customer relationship management department in order to improve its client satisfaction. Finally, Tenda focuses on improving its sales during the launch of a development using a specific strategy for each type of development. For example, with large developments, Tenda successfully combined its direct sales force with independent real estate brokerage firms, and the increase in such cost was offset by the significant increase in sales during the initial months after launch.
 
Under Brazilian law, we may establish a term within and the conditions under which we are entitled to cancel the development. According to our regular purchase contracts, if we are not able to sell at least 60% of the units within 180 days of launching, we can cancel the development. Under those circumstances, we usually consider changing the project or selling the land, but, in any of those cases, we have to return the cash payment made by our customers adjusted for inflation but with no interest. Customers, however, are not entitled to other remedies. Over the last five years, we have only cancelled nine developments.
 
 
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Construction
 
Gafisa has been engaged in the construction business for over 50 years. Our experience spans across the entire construction chain. Before engaging in each new project, we develop sketches and research and develop projects and plans to create the most appropriate product possible. Our standardized construction techniques and unique control system are designed to optimize productivity and minimize raw material losses. Our monitoring tools are available on our intranet where all employees regularly review costs and key performance indicators of each development such as actual versus budget comparisons, volume consumption for each raw material, and construction schedule.
 
We use strict quality control methods. Procedure manuals describe in significant detail each task of each stage of the construction project. These manuals are also used for the training sessions we require all of our workers to attend. In addition, we make quarterly reviews of projects delivered. The reviews focus on identifying problems in order to take corrective and preventive actions in projects underway and thus avoid costly repetition. We have adopted a quality management system that was certified for ISO 9002 by Fundação Bureau Veritas, from Universidade de São Paulo. We received in 2007 a certification from Programa Brasileiro de Qualidade e Produtividade do Habitat (PBQP-H), which is part of the Ministry of Cities. In addition, the Eldorado Business Tower building was certified as a Green Building, category Platinum, by U.S. Green Building Council, which attests that it is environmentally sustainable, through the rational use of energy, natural lighting, pollution control and recycling. There are only three other buildings in the world that have achieved this category.
 
We invest in technology. Our research and development costs amounted to R$1.4 million, R$1.5 million and R$1.5 million in each of 2009, 2008 and 2007, respectively. We believe that we have pioneered the adoption of advanced construction techniques in Brazil such as dry wall and plane pre-stressed slabs, which present numerous advantages over traditional techniques. We also optimize costs by synchronizing our projects’ progress so as to coordinate the purchase of raw material and benefit from economies of scale. We have long-term arrangements with a number of suppliers which allow us to build our developments with quality, brand name construction materials and equipments, and advanced technology. Moreover, our centralized procurement center enables us to achieve significant economies of scale in the purchase of materials and retention of services.
 
We do not own heavy construction equipment and we employ directly only a small fraction of the labor working on our sites. We generally act as a contractor, supervising construction while subcontracting more labor-intensive activities. Substantially all on-site construction is performed for a fixed price by independent subcontractors. We hire reputable, cost-oriented and reliable service providers that are in compliance with labor laws and have performed their work diligently and on time in the past. Hiring subcontractors instead of employing them directly has some financial and logistical advantages. For instance, we do not need to incur fixed costs to maintain a specialized labor force even when they are not actively working at a construction site and we do not need to pay for frequent transfers of labor to different construction locations.
 
Our construction engineering group coordinates the activities of service providers and suppliers, guarantees compliance with safety and zoning codes, and ensures completion of the project on a timely basis. We provide a five-year limited warranty covering structural defects in all our developments.
 
Risk Control
 
Our risk control procedures require that all of our projects be approved by our investment committee, which meets on a monthly basis, or more frequently on an as-needed basis, and consists of our chief executive officer and two members of our board of directors (including one representative from Equity International). Our investment committee carefully reviews the various studies conducted by us and described above. In addition, we have a board of officers, which meets monthly, and is in charge of overseeing and approving major decisions. See “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—E. Share Ownership” in this annual report.
 
Customer Financing
 
The table below sets forth the terms of customer financing we provide for each type of our developments:
 
 
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Sales Term
 
Luxury
   
Middle Income
   
Affordable Entry-Level(1)
   
Land Subdivisions (2)
 
Mortgage lending (delivery)
    40 %     75 %     60 %      
Caixa Econômica Federal
                40 %      
Gafisa 36 months
    35 %     10 %           40 %
Gafisa 60 months
    20 %     5 %           60 %
Gafisa 120 months
    5 %     10 %            

(1)
Includes Tenda developments.
 
(2)
Includes both Gafisa and Alphaville land subdivisions.
 

Mortgages. In 2009, 70% of our sales value was financed by bank mortgages, where the customer paid us approximately 20% to 30% of the sales price of the property during the period of construction, and upon delivery of the property paid the balance of the sales price through a bank mortgage. We analyze the credit history of each customer at the time of sale to see if the customer would qualify for a bank mortgage based on banks’ standard credit rating policies. Although there is no assurance that the customer will qualify for a mortgage at the time of delivery, our analyses have been fairly successful in predicting whether the customer would qualify for a mortgage. The following table sets forth the credit limits established by mortgage sources available in Brazil:
 
Credit Lines
 
 
Typical Interest rate
 
 
Maximum Home Value
 
 
Maximum Loan Value
Mortgage portfolio (Carteira Hipotecária) or CH
 
≤ 13% annually + TR(1)
 
No limit
 
No limit
Housing Finance System (Sistema Financeiro da Habitação) or SFH
 
≤ 12% annually + TR
 
R$500,000
 
R$450,000
Government Severance Indemnity Fund for Employees (Fundo de Garantia sobre Tempo de Serviços) or FGTS.
 
≤ 8.16% annually + TR
 
R$130,000
 
R$130,000

(1)
TR refers to the daily reference rate.
 
 
Mortgage financing for Tenda’s developments primarily comes from Caixa Econômica Federal, or the “CEF”, one of Brazil’s largest government-owned financial institutions. The financing is structured so that customers with monthly income of up to ten times the Brazilian minimum wage pay low monthly installments without increasing our credit risk. Additionally, as of December 31, 2009, Tenda was working with three private banks in addition to the CEF to provide financing for homebuyers with monthly income between five and 20 times the Brazilian minimum wage (the monthly minimum wage was approximately R$465 as of December 31, 2009) with similar terms as the financing provided by the CEF.
 
Financing by Gafisa during construction. We finance some of our own sales during the construction period, with a down payment of 20-30% and financing of the balance through monthly installments up to the delivery of the unit.
 
Financing by Gafisa after delivery. In addition, we offer financing plans to prospective customers using our own capital, where we finance purchases for up to 120 months after the completion of the construction. For completed units we require a down payment of 30% and financing of the remaining balance with up to 120 monthly installments. For units under construction we require a down payment of 10% and provide financing of 20-30% with up to 30 monthly installments until the delivery of the unit and financing of the remaining 60-70% with up to 120 additional monthly installments. All of our financing plans are guaranteed by a conditional sale of the unit, with the transfer of the full property rights of the unit to the customer upon the full payment of the outstanding installments.
 
We have developed a strict credit policy in order to minimize risks. We take the following steps whenever we conduct a credit review process:
 
·  
trained independent brokers interview each potential customer to collect personal and financial information and fill out a registration form;
 
 
A-44

 
 
·  
registration forms are delivered, along with a copy of the property deed, to us and, if the bank providing the financing requests, to an independent company specialized in real estate credit scoring;
 
·  
credit is automatically extended by us to the customer if his or her credit analysis is favorable. However, if the credit analysis report raises concerns, we will carefully review the issues and accept or reject the customer’s application depending on the degree of risk. To the extent financing is provided by a bank, such financial institution will follow their own credit review procedures; and
 
·  
after approving the application, our staff accepts the upfront down payment which is given as a deposit on the purchase of the unit.
 
Sales contracts. Our sales contracts generally provide for adjustment of the sales price according to the INCC during construction and at an annual interest rate of 12% plus IGP-M over the receivables balance after a stated date in our sales contracts. We have historically experienced a low rate of customer default on our sales. As of December 31, 2009, our consolidated clients’ default level on a consolidated basis was 4.51% of our accounts receivable. We attribute our low default rate to the fact that:  (1) we conduct database research on the socio-economic background of our prospective customers; (2) our agreements discourage default and cancellation of the purchase by imposing immediate penalty fees, interest and liquidated damages which are adjusted for inflation, and we retain approximately 60% (Gafisa), 20% (Tenda) and 20% (Alphaville) of the total purchase price plus expenses incurred by us, which in general represents all or a substantial portion of the amount that the defaulted clients have already paid us; and (3) we offer several options to our customers if they experience financial difficulties, such as offering them a greater number of installment payments or exchanging the unit bought for a less expensive one. When a default occurs, we endeavor to renegotiate the outstanding loan with our customers before taking any legal action. We will only transfer title of the unit to a buyer after the release of the certificate of acceptance of occupancy by local authority and/or the full payment of all outstanding installments. We have decreased the percentage of mortgages that our customers obtain from us from approximately 33% in 2006 to 30% in 2009. This decrease reflects the growing interest of commercial banks in financing the Brazilian housing industry.
 
The table below sets forth the client’s default level breakdown segment.
 
   
Gafisa
   
Alphaville
   
Tenda
 
Default level by segment
    4.15 %     4.86 %     4.87 %

Cancelation of sales contracts. Gafisa and Tenda sales contracts are irrevocable under Brazilian law. That means that a customer does not have the unilateral ability to terminate a contract once it is executed, nor does the customer have an ability to require a refund of amounts previously paid unless we agree. To the extent that a customer is not in compliance with its obligations under a contract, we may at our option either force compliance through the Brazilian courts, or agree to a “default” by the customer. Should we agree at our sole discretion to refund part of amounts paid to the defaulting party, we will normally apply the penalty set forth in the contract.
 
In the event either we or the customer do not agree to enter into a commercial negotiation following a customer default there are two courses of action available:
 
 
1.
The first option is that we may seek to enforce the agreement in Court to collect the amount outstanding and effectively transfer ownership of the unit to the buyer.
 
 
2.
As provided in the contract and contemplated in Brazilian law we have the right to force the unit to be auctioned. When the unit is purchased in auction by a third party the proceeds from the auction are used in part to settle in full (including interest and penalties for late payments) the amount owed by the customer to Gafisa and the remaining balance is paid to the customer. When no third party is willing to acquire the unit in the auction, the title to the unit returns to Gafisa or Tenda without any disbursement, except for the auctioneers fees. Provisions in the Gafisa contract indicate that when such auction occurs it is without prejudice of the penalties set forth in this contract (meaning that the penalty provisions survive). Upon consultation, our legal counsel advised us that the customer has a right to request that amounts paid by him be returned after the contractual “penalty” has been deducted.
 
 
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The table below provides the number and sales value of contracts terminated by customers for the periods presented:
 
 
Year
 
2009
   
2008
   
2007
 
   
Number of contracts
   
Sales value
(R$ thousands)
   
Number of contracts
   
Sales value
(R$ thousands)
   
Number of contracts
   
Sales value
(R$ thousands except as otherwise indicated)
 
Segment
                                   
Gafisa
                                   
Contracted sales
    4,688     R$ 1,637,093       4,099     R$ 1,484,854       5,145     R$ 1,499,588  
Volume/Sales value of terminations
    (498 )   R$ (163,018 )     (366 )   R$ (139,442 )     (324 )   R$ (111,301 )
Percentage
    7.1 %     7.8 %     8.9 %     9.4 %     6.3 %     7.4 %
Sales value, net of terminations
    4,190     R$ 1,510,075       3,733     R$ 1,345,412       4,821     R$ 1,388,287  
                                                 
Tenda (1)
                                               
Contracted sales
    20,827     R$ 1,763,415       12,348     R$ 1,055,892    
__
   
__
 
Volume/Sales value of terminations
    (4,956 )   R$ (402,310 )     (5,796 )   R$ (462,635 )  
__
   
__
 
Percentage
    25.1 %     24.6 %     46.9 %     43.8 %  
__
   
__
 
Sales value net of terminations
    15,871     R$ 1,361,105       6,552     R$ 593,257    
__
   
__
 
                                                 
Alphaville
                                               
Contracted sales
    2,230     R$ 402,599       1,621     R$ 310,343       1,314     R$ 239,817  
Volume/Sales value of terminations
    (279 )   R$ (25,714 )     (103 )   R$ (10,454 )     (15 )   R$ (1,500 )
Percentage
    12.5 %     6.4 %     6.4 %     3.4 %     1.1 %     0.7 %
Sales value net of termination
    1,951     R$ 376,885       1,518     R$ 299,889       1,299     R$ 238,317  
Total sales value net of termination
    22,012     R$ 3,248,065       11,803     R$ 2,238,558       6,120     R$ 1,626,604  

(1)
IncludesTenda from the date of its acquisition in October 2008.
 

Upon a recognition of a default, the Company enters into commercial negotiations with its customer to determine the amount to be ultimately refunded. Refunds have historically averaged 35% of amounts paid for Gafisa segment and 76% of amounts paid for Tenda segment. Consistent with those historical percentages, during the years ended December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007, penalties charged to customers that have defaulted and contracts cancelled, have been as follows:
 
   
2009
   
2008
   
2007
 
   
(Launches in R$ million)
 
                   
Gafisa
  R$ 5.4     R$ 2.7     R$ 5.3  
Tenda
  R$ 7.8     R$ 4.8        
 
This table includes Tenda from the date of its acquisition in October 2008. These penalties are charged in order to reimburse the Company for sales and marketing costs previously incurred, and thus they are accounted as a credit to “Real estate development sales” within “Gross operating revenue” in the statement of income.
 
Receivables securitization. We release capital for new projects by seeking not to maintain receivables after our projects are completed. We have been active in the securitization market and we are capitalizing on an increasing investor demand for mortgage-backed securities. The securitization (mortgage-backed securities) market in Brazil is relatively new but we believe it is rapidly expanding. This expansion is helped significantly by recent development in Brazilian foreclosure laws.
 
 
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With the growing availability of mortgages from commercial banks and the increasing liquidity of mortgage-backed securities (CRIs), we expect to further reduce our role as a financing provider to our customers. Our goal is to optimize our working capital by transferring the financing activities to securitization companies and banks.
 
Main Raw Materials and Suppliers
 
We purchase a wide variety of raw materials for our operations. Even though these raw materials have represented on average, over the last three years, approximately 34% of our total costs of development, aside from land, the only raw material that represents more than approximately 5% of our total costs is steel. Prices of some raw materials have significantly increased over the last two years at a rate much higher than inflation. The index that measures the fluctuation of construction costs, the INCC, increased 23% during the three year period ended December 31, 2009. During that same period, the IGP-M increased 15%, resulting in an increase in unit prices. We have been working on the development of new construction techniques and the utilization of alternative materials in order to reduce costs and improve our construction process with advanced technology.
 
We contract with major suppliers for the materials used in the construction of the buildings. We receive general pricing proposals from various suppliers of raw materials and select the proposal with the best terms and conditions for each development. In addition to pricing, we select our suppliers by the quality of their materials. We set forth specific minimum quality requirements for each construction, and the chosen supplier must meet this quality requirement. The materials for our developments are readily available from multiple sources and, accordingly, we do not rely on any one supplier for our raw materials.
 
Our four largest suppliers in terms of volume are Gerdau Açominas S.A., Votorantim Cimentos Brasil Ltda., Cia. Brasileira de Concreto S.A. and Supermix Concreto S.A. In general terms, we purchase products for our construction based on the scheduled requirements, and we are given approximately 28 days to pay. The products we purchase generally come with a five-year warranty. We do not have any exclusive arrangements with our suppliers. We work closely with suppliers, enabling them to schedule their production in order to meet our demand or notify us in advance in the event they anticipate delays. We have good relationships with our suppliers and have experienced no significant construction delays due to shortages of materials in recent years. We do not maintain inventories of construction materials.
 
We achieve significant economies of scale in our purchases because we
 
·  
use standard construction techniques,
 
·  
engage in a large number of projects simultaneously, and
 
·  
have long-term relationships with our suppliers. We periodically evaluate our suppliers. In the event of problems, we generally replace the supplier or work closely with them to solve the problems.
 
Customer Services
 
In our industry, customer satisfaction is based in large part on our ability to respond promptly and courteously to buyers before, during and after the sale of our properties, including providing an owner’s guide containing all the documents of the unit delivered. We use innovative and personalized customer service techniques beginning with the initial encounter with a potential customer. Our customer service techniques are innovative as we believe we were one of the first homebuilders in Brazil to introduce services such as breakfast for customers at construction sites and providing monthly photos to customers on the progress of the construction. These services are provided with the objective of educating customers on the progress of the construction and improving customers’ experience with the purchase of our units. Other customer services efforts include:
 
·  
a dedicated outsourced call center with consultants and specialists trained to answer our customers’ inquiries;
 
·  
the development of the “Gafisa Viver Bem” portal, through which our customers can, for example, follow the project’s progress, alter their registration information, simulate unit designs and check their outstanding balances;
 
 
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·  
the development of the “Comunidade Alphaville” portal, which aims to foster a sense of community among the residents of our residential communities; and
 
·  
the development of the “Gafisa Personal Line,” through which buyers of certain units are able to customize their units in accordance with plans and finishing touches offered by Gafisa. Such options vary by development.
 
As part of our customer service program in our residential developments, we conduct pre-delivery inspections to promptly address any outstanding construction issues. Prior to the delivery of each unit, we maintain regular contact with the customer by sending the customer our magazine “Gafisa Way.”  We also conduct monitored inspections of our developments to allow buyers to gather more information from our technical personnel. In addition, we send a monthly status report on the construction of the unit. We conduct another evaluation of the customer’s satisfaction with his or her unit, as well as the customer’s experience with our sales personnel and our various departments (customer services, construction and title services) 18 months after the release of the certificate of acceptance of occupancy by the relevant local authority. We also provide a five-year limited warranty covering structural defects, which is required by Brazilian law.
 
We also promote a program called the “Alphaville Clubes – Lazer Brasil,” which allows owners of the Alphaville developments and other registered members to use the facilities of all Alphaville clubs throughout the country. News on our Alphaville communities are posted on Alphaville’s website, which also contains documents and information related to each of our Alphaville developments exclusively for owners of Alphaville developments.
 
Competition
 
The real estate market in Brazil is highly fragmented and competitive with low barriers to entry. The main competitive advantages include price, financing, design, quality, reputation, reliability, meeting delivery expectations, partnerships with developers and the availability and location of the land. In particular, certain of our competitors have greater financial resources than we do, which could be an advantage over us in the acquisition of land using cash. In addition, some of our competitors have a better brand recognition in certain regions, which could give them a competitive advantage in increasing the velocity of their sales. Because of our geographic diversification, we believe that we have access to different markets within Brazil that have different demand drivers.
 
Because of the high fragmentation of the markets we operate in, no single developer or construction company is likely to obtain a significant market share. With the exception of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro where we face competition from major publicly-traded competitors, in other regions we generally face competition from small and medium-sized local competitors that are not as well-capitalized. We expect additional entrants, including foreign companies in partnership with Brazilian entities, into the real estate industry in Brazil, particularly the São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro markets.
 
The table below sets forth the most recent data available on our market share in the São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro markets:
 
São Paulo (1) – Gafisa’s Market Share
 
   
Year ended December 31,
 
Year
 
2009
   
2008
   
2007
 
   
(Launches in R$ million)
 
Local market
    12,718       17,365       17,537  
Gafisa(2)
    896       1,187       747  
Gafisa’s market share
    7.0 %     6.8 %     4.3 %

Source: EMBRAESP and SECOVI.
 
 
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Rio de Janeiro (1) – Gafisa’s Market Share
 
   
Year ended December 31,
 
Year
 
2009
   
2008
   
2007
 
   
(Launches in R$ million)
 
Local market
    2,809       4,260       3,464  
Gafisa(2)
    85       629       265  
Gafisa’s market share
    3.0 %     14.8 %     7.7 %

Source: ADEMI.
 
(1)
Metropolitan region.
 
(2)
Gafisa stake.
 
We believe we are the leader in residential community developments. Our subsidiary Alphaville has a sizable and what we believe to be non-replicable land reserves, which will foster our future growth in the upcoming years with relatively low risk.
 
Seasonality
 
Although the Brazilian real estate market is not generally seasonal, there are a few months of the year when the market slows down (January, February and July) of each year. These months coincide with school vacations and result in the postponement of investment decisions. We are impacted similarly as the rest of the market during such period.
 
Subsidiaries
 
We carry out our real estate developments directly or through our subsidiaries or our jointly-controlled entities in partnership with third parties. As of December 31, 2009, we had 58 subsidiaries and 40 jointly-controlled entities under operations, all of them incorporated as special purpose entities and headquartered in Brazil. Our subsidiaries and jointly-controlled entities operate exclusively in the real estate sector.
 
Intellectual Property
 
Trademarks
 
Our trademarks are filed or registered in Brazil with the Brazilian Institute of Industrial Property (Instituto Nacional de Propriedade Industrial), or the “INPI.” Currently, the registration process takes approximately 30 to 36 months from the date of filing of the application for a definitive registration to be granted. From the date of filing of the application to the date of the definitive registration, the applicant has an expectation of right for the use of the trademark in connection with the products and services for which the trademark was applied for.
 
Each trademark registration is effective for a 10-year period and is renewable for equal and successive periods. Renewal of registration is granted by request accompanied by payment of renewal fees during the final year of the trademark’s registration or within the 6-month waiting period after the registration has expired. In the latter case, if the request is not accompanied by due payment, the registration is cancelled by the INPI.
 
A trademark registration is terminated by (1) expiration of its term; (2) the trademark holder’s total or partial waiver of the rights granted by registration; (3) forfeiture, in the case of the applicant’s or the holder’s failure to use a registered trademark in connection with goods or services for a period of more than five years; or (4) failure to appoint a Brazilian resident with powers to represent the applicant or holder in administrative or judicial proceedings, in cases where the applicant or the holder resides abroad.
 
As of the date of this annual report, we had approximately 108 pending trademark applications and 96 trademark registrations in Brazil with the INPI, including our subsidiaries (except for (1) Alphaville, which had approximately 68 pending trademark applications and 110 trademark registrations under its name and (2) Tenda, which had 35 pending trademark applications and 6 trademark registrations, including four trademark applications and one trademark registrations currently under FIT’s name with the INPI). Our most significant trademark is
 
 
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“Gafisa,” which is duly registered with the INPI in the relevant market segment. Our trademark registrations will expire, unless renewed, between May 2010 and December 2019. Alphaville’s trademark registrations will expire, unless renewed, between April 2011 and November 2019 and Tenda’s trademark registrations will expire, unless renewed, between January 2016 and December 2019. We will seek to renew our trademarks expiring in 2010, after evaluating their continuing applicability.
 
Our only trademark registration outside of Brazil is for the trademark “Gafisa,” which is registered in the United States.
 
Domain Name
 
As of the date of this annual report, we, together with our subsidiaries, were the owners of approximately 140 domain names including our and our subsidiaries’ principal websites. The term of each domain name registration is one year and is renewable for equal and successive periods. An annual fee payment is necessary for the maintenance of the domain name registrations. Other than non-payment of the annual fee, domain name registration may be cancelled by: (1) express waiver of the owner; (2) irregularities in the data form as requested by the respective agency; (3) non-compliance with applicable regulations; (4) judicial order; or (5) in the case of foreign companies, non-compliance with the obligation to initiate the company’s activities in Brazil. Two of our domain names expired in December 2009 and in January 2010 and we are in process of renewing them. The other domain names will, unless renewed, expire between March 2010 and January 2012. We will seek to renew our domain names expiring in 2010, after evaluating their continuing applicability.
 
Patents
 
We have no patents registered in our name.
 
Licenses
 
Under Brazilian laws, we are required to obtain a variety of licenses for each of our new developments. As of the date of this annual report, we have obtained all necessary licenses and permits to operate our business.
 
Insurance
 
We maintain insurance policies with leading and financially sound Brazilian insurance companies, such as Allianz Seguros S.A., UBF Garantias & Seguros S.A., Itau Unibanco Seguros e J.Malluceli Seguros S.A. and Áurea Seguros S.A. Our insurance policies cover potential risks from the commencement of construction, including property damages, business interruption, engineering risks, fire, falls, collapse, lightning, gas explosion, and possible construction errors. Such insurance policies contain customary specifications, limits and deductibles. We do not maintain any insurance policy for our properties after construction is completed. Our management believes that the insurance coverage for our properties is adequate. No assurance can be given, however, that the amount of insurance we carry will be sufficient to protect us from material loss in the future.
 
Regulatory Framework
 
Brazilian Government and Real Estate Sector Regulations.
 
The real estate sector is directly regulated by the Brazilian government and is indirectly impacted by the government’s regulations on the availability of credit. Regulations include development policies, zoning restrictions and environmental laws which can determine the availability of different products offered in the market. For example, city master plans restrict the types of real estate developments that can be constructed in a given area.
 
As a general rule, the NBCC requires that the transfer of title of real estate properties, as well as the assignment, transfer, change or waiver of rights on real estate properties, be carried out by means of a public deed, except in certain cases, such as when the Real Estate Finance System (Sistema Financeiro Imobiliario), or SFI, or the SFH, are involved. The intent of this rule is to increase the security of property transfers.
 
According to applicable law, transfer of real estate title is only deemed effective upon the registration of the transfer with the relevant Real Estate Registry Office. The procedure for the execution of public deeds and also the
 
 
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respective registration with the Real Estate Registry Office (Registro Imobiliário) is regulated by the Brazilian Law of Public Registers (Lei de Registros Públicos).
 
Real Estate Development
 
Real estate development activities are regulated by Law No. 4,591 of December 16, 1964, as amended, or Law No. 4,591. The main duties of a developer are to: (1) obtain all required construction approvals and authorizations from the proper authorities; (2) register the development with the Real Estate Registry Office (without registration, the developed units cannot be sold); (3) indicate in the preliminary documents the deadline for the developer to withdraw from the development; (4) indicate in all advertisements and sales contracts the registration number of the development with the Real Estate Registry Office; (5) oversee the construction of the project established by the contract which must be in accordance with the approval granted by the authorities; (6) deliver to the final owner the completed units, in accordance with the contractual specifications, and transfer to the final owner the title of the unit by signing the final sale deed; (7) assume sole responsibility for the delivery of the developed units to the respective purchasers; (8) assume sole responsibility in the event the construction of the unit is not in accordance with the advertisements and sale contracts; and (9) provide construction blueprints and specifications along with the joint ownership agreement to the proper Real Estate Registry Office. The final owner is obligated, in turn, to pay the price related to the cost of the land and the construction.
 
The construction of the real estate units may be contracted and paid for by the developer or by the final owners of the units. Brazilian law provides for two pricing methods in real estate development: (1) construction under contract and (2) construction under a system of management. In construction under contract, the contracting parties will either set a fixed price, stipulated before the construction begins, or agree on an adjustable price pegged to an index determined by the contracting parties. In construction under a system of management, an estimated price is agreed upon by the contracting parties, but no fixed final price is provided at the beginning of the construction process. The actual amount that purchasers of the units pay depends on the monthly costs of the developer or contractor.
 
Urban Land Subdivisions
 
Urban land subdivisions consist of subdivisions of urban land parcels into building lots and the construction of new roads and other infrastructure, and are regulated by Law No. 6,766 from December 19, 1979. The Brazilian Urban Land Subdivision Act governs urban land subdivisions and establishes, among other things, the planning and technical requirements for this form of land parceling and the obligations of the developers, and also provides for fines and sanctions in the event of violation of its provisions.
 
Under the Urban Land Subdivision Act, land subdivisions are intended for the creation of lots in urban areas or urban expansion zones, as defined by the planning director or approved by municipal law, and must comply with Law No. 6,766 from December 19, 1979.
 
For the construction of land subdivisions, the developer must proceed through the following steps: (1) prior to developing the land subdivision plan, it must request the municipality in which the development will be located to issue directives on use policies specifically to the land, such as the delineation of lots, road and street systems and areas reserved for municipal or community properties; (2) pursuant to the directives issued by the municipality, it must develop a plan for the proposed land subdivision and present it to the municipality for approval, including the plans, designs, descriptions, and schedule for performance of the work, among other documents; and (3) after approval for the land subdivision project is obtained, it must be submitted for recording in the property registry of the appropriate Real Estate Registry Office within 180 days.
 
In addition to the approval of the project by the municipality in which the development will be located, the approval of other governmental bodies may be necessary in cases where the land subdivision: (1) is located in an area of particular interest, such as a protected cultural heritage site, as defined by state or federal legislation; (2) is located in the boundary area of a city, belongs to more than one municipality, or is in a metropolitan region as defined in state or federal law; or (3) has an area greater than 1 million m², in which case the state where the development will be located will be responsible for reviewing and approving it prior to the approval by the municipality, and will also determine the regulations to which the development must be subject.
 
 
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The legal requirements for the approval of the land subdivision by a municipality include: (1) the developer must preserve a percentage of the land used for residential communities as open spaces for public use and for municipal or community properties with the percentage determined by each municipal zoning code; (2) each lot must have a minimum area of 125 m² and the distance between the building and the street must be at least five meters; and (3) the developer must reserve 15 meters of land on either side of running or still water and of strips of public domain land for roads and highways.
 
The Urban Land Subdivision Act also sets forth locations where subdivisions are not permitted, such as: (1) on wetlands and those subject to flooding, until measures have been taken to assure water drainage; (2) on land that has been filled with material that is a public health hazard, unless previously cleaned up; (3) on land that has a slope equal to or greater than 30 degrees, unless the requirements of the appropriate authorities have been met; (4) on lands where geological conditions make buildings inadvisable; and (5) in ecological preserves or areas where pollution creates unacceptable sanitary conditions, until corrected.
 
In order to offer greater security to the property market, the Urban Land Subdivision Act prohibits the sale or promise of sale of any lot that is the result of a subdivision where the developer has not previously obtained approval by the appropriate municipality and the development has not been recorded with the respective Real Estate Registry Office. If any such lot is sold or contracted to be sold, the developer and any person or legal entity benefiting from such sale or promise of sale shall be jointly liable for the resulting damages to the purchaser and the public authorities.
 
Assets for Appropriation
 
Law No. 10,931 provides for certain protection of real estate assets. Accordingly, such protected assets are segregated from other properties, rights and obligations of the developer, including other assets previously appropriated, and such appropriated assets can only be used to guarantee debts and obligations related to the respective development. The appropriated assets are considered bankruptcy free and will not be affected in the event of bankruptcy or insolvency of the developer. In the event of a bankruptcy or insolvency of the developer, joint ownership of the construction may be instituted by a resolution of the purchasers of the units or by judicial decision. The joint owners of the construction will decide whether the project will proceed or the assets appropriated will be liquidated. Developers may also opt to submit a project to appropriation in order to benefit from a special tax system. Under this system, land and objects built on the land, financial investments in the land, and any other assets and rights with respect to the land are considered to be protected for benefit of the construction of that development and the delivery of the units to the final owners, and are thus separate from the remaining assets of the developer.
 
In addition, in order to encourage the use of the appropriation system, a new rule was enacted on March 30, 2009, which granted tax benefits for the adoption of the system by reducing tax rates on appropriated assets from 7% to 6% and, in the case of the appropriated assets under the public housing program “Minha Casa, Minha Vida,” from 7% to 1%.
 
We have not yet utilized the appropriation system for any of our real estate developments. We prefer to use our subsidiaries and our jointly-controlled entities for each specific real estate development. Our subsidiaries and jointly-controlled entities allow us to borrow funds by segregating the credit risk taken on by the financial institutions.
 
Credit Policy Regulations
 
The real estate sector is highly dependent on the availability of credit in the market, and the Brazilian government’s credit policy significantly affects the availability of funds for real estate financing, thus influencing the supply and demand for properties.
 
Housing Finance System, or “SFH”
 
Law No. 4,380 of August 21, 1964, as amended, created the SFH to promote the construction and ownership of private homes, especially for low income earners. Financing resources under the SFH’s control are provided by the Government Severance Indemnity Fund for Employees (Fundo de Garantia por Tempo de Serviço), or “FGTS,” and from savings account deposits. The FGTS, created by Law No. 5,107 of September 13, 1966 and regulated by Law
 
 
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No. 8,036 of May 11, 1990, imposes a mandatory 8% employee payroll deduction on all employees in Brazil. Employees maintain FGTS accounts, which are similar to pension funds, and are allowed, among other things, to use the funds deposited in the accounts for the acquisition of real estate property under certain circumstances, as set forth by applicable law. CEF is the agency responsible for managing the funds deposited in the FGTS. In order to be eligible for the financing, the beneficiary must purchase either (1) a new unit priced between R$80,000 and R$130,000 with a minimum down payment of 5% or (2) a completed unit or unit under construction priced at up to R$450,000. In addition, in both cases, the beneficiary shall (1) not own or be the committed purchaser of any residential real estate financed by SFH within Brazil; (2) not own or be the committed purchaser of, any real estate property built or under construction in both his or her current city of residence and the city where the beneficiary conducts his or her main activities; (3) reside for at least one year in the city where the property is located; (4) pay the FGTS; and (5) be registered for at least three years with the FGTS regime. The unemployed also have access to the FGTS to purchase real estate property provided that he still has funds on the FGTS account (where the 8% payroll deduction was deposited while employed).
 
Financings that originate from savings account deposits in the entities comprising the Brazilian Saving and Loan System (Sistema Brasileiro de Poupança e Empréstimo), or “SBPE,” are regulated by the Central Bank. Such financings can be obtained through the SFH, which is strictly regulated by the Brazilian government, or through the mortgage portfolio system, where banks are free to set the financing conditions. SFH financing offers fixed interest rates lower than the market rates, capped at 12% per year, and SFH financing contract terms vary, in general, between 15 and 30 years. The mortgage portfolio system financing offers market interest rates as determined by the financial institutions, generally varying between 12% and 14% per year.
 
CMN Resolution No. 3,347 of February 8, 2006, as amended, or Resolution No. 3,347, provides for the allocation of the funds deposited in savings accounts in the entities comprising SBPE and states that the following conditions must be met for SFH financing: (1) the maximum amount of the financing is R$450,000; (2) the maximum sales price for the financed unit is R$500,000; (3) the maximum actual cost to the borrower, which includes charges such as interest, fees and other financial costs, except insurance, may not exceed 12% per year; and (4) in the event of an outstanding balance at the end of the financing term, such term will be extended by half of the initial term.
 
SFH financings need to be secured by at least one of the following: (1) a first mortgage over the unit that is being financed; (2) a conditional sale over the unit that is being financed, as prescribed by Law No. 9,514 of November 20, 1997, as amended by Law No. 10,931 of August 2, 2004, or Law No. 9,514; (3) a first mortgage or conditional sale, as determined by Law No. 9,514, of other property of the borrower or a third party; or (4) some other guarantee, as established by the financing agent. SFH funds are only released upon the formalization of one of these methods of guaranteeing the loan.
 
The federal government has recently announced changes in the regulations on financing and construction in order to promote growth in the real estate market. Among the measures announced are: (1) financial institutions have the option to grant financing with previously fixed rates; (2) lenders have the option of excluding the TR index (Taxa Referencial) from the financing and applying only the limit of 12% per year; (3) allowing financing installment payments to be directly deducted from a borrower’s wage; (4) establishing a new credit program from CEF to real estate developers; and (5) reducing the Tax on Manufactured Products (Imposto sobre Produtos Industrializados), or “IPI,” for products utilized in the construction segment.
 
Mortgage Portfolio
 
While a large portion of the funds in the deposits in saving accounts are allocated to SFH, some of the funds are allocated to loans granted at market rates. CMN Resolution No. 3,005 of July 30, 2002, as amended, before the enactment of Resolution No. 3,347, increased the financing of new real estate projects from approximately R$2 billion in 2003 to approximately R$3 billion in 2004 and established that at least 65% of these deposits should be used for real estate financing, with a minimum of 80% of the financing going to housing loans under the SFH and the remaining balance for loans granted at market rates which are usually higher than in SFH loans, including mortgage portfolio used by banks for the concession of housing loans.
 
In early 2005 the Brazilian government took a number of measures to better regulate the use of the funds raised in savings account deposits in order to promote growth of the real estate sector, these measures included: (1)
 
 
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cancellation of payment to the Central Bank of funds not invested in real estate financing in January, February and March; (2) creation of a real estate interbank deposit market to allow financial institutions with excessive investments in real estate to trade with financial institutions that has capacity for more real estate credits; (3) increase of the operating limits of the SFH to units with a maximum sales price of R$350,000; (4) review of the factors used in the calculation guidelines of the SFH in order to stimulate financing for the acquisition of new real estate properties at a low cost, applicable as of January 1, 2005; and (5) authorization for the SFH to provide financing to legal entities for the construction of development projects for their employees, provided that such entities follow all SFH guidelines. These changes have significantly increased the funds available for investments in the Brazilian real estate sector.
 
Real Estate Finance System, or “SFI”
 
The SFI was created by Law No. 9,514 to establish assignment, acquisition and securitization criteria for real estate credits. The system seeks to develop primary (loans) and secondary (trading of securities backed by receivables) markets for the financing of real estate properties by creating advantageous payment conditions and special protection of creditors’ rights. The SFI supervises real estate financing transactions carried out by savings banks, commercial banks, investment banks, real estate credit portfolio banks, housing loan associations, savings and loan associations, mortgage companies and other entities authorized by the CMN to provide such financing. SFI real estate credits may be freely negotiated by the parties, under the following conditions: (1) the amount loaned and the related adjustments must be fully reimbursed; (2) interest must be paid at the rates established by the contract; (3) interest must be capitalized; and (4) borrowers must purchase life and permanent disability insurance.
 
Real estate sales, rental, or other real estate property financing in general, can be negotiated with non-financial institutions under the same conditions permitted by authorized entities under the SFI. In these cases, non-financial entities are authorized to charge capitalized interest rates greater than 12% per year.
 
The following types of guarantees are applicable to loans approved by the SFI: (1) mortgages; (2) fiduciary assignment of credit rights resulting from sales contracts; (3) guarantee of credit rights resulting from contracts of sale or promise of sale of property; and (4) conditional sale of real estate property.
 
Law No. 9,514 also reformed securitizations of real estate assets provisions, making them less expensive and more attractive. The securitization of credits in the context of the SFI is made through real estate securitization companies, non-financial institutions formed as joint stock companies whose objective is to acquire and securitize real estate credits. Funds raised by the securitizing companies can be made through the issuance of debentures or notes, or the creation of a new type of Real Estate Receivable Certificates (Certificados de Recebíveis Imobiliários), or “CRIs.” According to applicable law, CRIs are nominative credit securities issued exclusively by securitizing companies, backed by real estate credits, freely negotiated, and payable in cash. CRIs tend to have, among others, the following characteristics: they are issued in book-entry form, they may have fixed or floating interest rates and can be paid in installments, they may contain adjustment provisions, they are registered and traded through centralized systems of custody and financial settlement of private securities and they can be secured by the assets of the issuing company.
 
“Minha Casa, Minha Vida” Program
 
Provisional Measure No. 459 enacted on March 25, 2009, created a public housing program called “Minha Casa, Minha Vida,” which calls for government investment of more than R$30 billion and is focused on building one million houses for families with monthly incomes of up to ten times the minimum wage. Under this program, the government is authorized to spend up to R$2.5 billion on families with monthly incomes of up to six times the minimum wage purchasing houses with assessed values between R$80,000 and R$130,000.
 
Municipal Legislation
 
Municipal planning is regulated by articles 182 and 183 of the Federal Constitution and by Law No. 10,257 of July 10, 2001 (Estatuto da Cidade). Law No. 10,257 provides, among other things, for the establishment of (1) rules for the parceling, use and occupation of urban tracts of land in each municipality for the collective welfare and environmental balance of the community; and (2) a master plan, which shall be reviewed every 10 years. The master plan is the guiding tool used to plan developments in the urban areas of each municipality and is used as a reference
 
 
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by all public and private agents acting within the municipality. It establishes the strategic goals and general guidelines for urban construction, the objectives and guidelines for differentiated areas of planning and the instruments for their deployment.
 
We set out below certain details of the laws governing the municipal planning of the two major cities in which we operate, São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro:
 
São Paulo Municipality
 
City laws govern the zoning, construction, parceling, use and occupation of land in the municipality of São Paulo. They set forth technical and urban planning requirements for parceling, and provide that the division, subdivision or segregation of urban tracts of land are subject to the prior approval of the São Paulo municipal government. Moreover, the zoning laws describe the types of permissible uses for the land and their respective characteristics, by dividing São Paulo into areas of use with fixed locations, limits and boundaries. They also provide for fines and sanctions for noncompliance.
 
Municipal Law No. 13,430 of September 13, 2002, approved the master plan and created the Planning System of the municipality of São Paulo. In addition, Law No. 11,228 of June 25, 1992, approved the Code of Works and Construction, regulated by Decree 32,329 of September 23, 1992, which governs administrative and executive procedures and sets forth the rules to be followed in the planning, licensing, execution, maintenance and use of public works and construction within properties in the municipality of São Paulo, and provides for sanctions and fines applicable in cases of non-compliance with these rules.
 
Rio de Janeiro Municipality
 
Decree 322 of March 3, 1976, of the municipality of Rio de Janeiro, and Decree “E” 3,800 of April 20, 1970, of the then State of Guanabara, jointly created the municipality’s Zoning Regulation, Land Parceling Regulation and Construction Regulation. These regulations control the use of the municipality land, including urban zoning, use of properties, development of construction sites and conditions for the use of each zone in the municipality. The Ten-Year Master Plan of the municipality, approved pursuant to Supplementary Law 16 of June 4, 1992, establishes rules and procedures related to urban policy of the municipality, determines guidelines, provides instruments for its execution and defines area policies and their related programs, aiming at meeting the social needs of the city.
 
Environmental Issues
 
We are subject to a variety of Brazilian federal, state and local laws and regulations concerning the protection of the environment, as described below. Applicable environmental laws may vary according to the development’s location, the site’s environmental conditions and the present and former uses of the site. These environmental laws may result in delays, cause us to incur substantial compliance and other costs, and prohibit or severely restrict development. Before we purchase any real estate property, we conduct investigations of all necessary and applicable environmental issues, including the possible existence of hazardous or toxic materials, waste substances, springs, trees, vegetation and the proximity of the real estate property to permanent preservation areas. We generally condition the consummation of real estate property acquisitions on obtaining the required regulatory approvals prior to closing.
 
We have adopted certain practices to further our commitment to environmental protection and landscape development. Through our Selective Collection Project, we have partnered with private and governmental entities, including non-governmental organizations, to educate others about the environment. We provide training to all of our outsourced workers before we begin work on any particular project that focuses on the importance of preserving the environment and how to effectively collect, store and control recycling materials. Our subsidiary Alphaville was given the “ECO Award” in 2006 and 2007 by the American Chamber of Commerce, the “Top Ambiental Award” (Top Environmental Award) in 2007 and 2008 by the Brazilian Association of Marketing and Sales Agents, in recognition for its environmentally responsible practices and the “Top Social Award” in 2008 and 2009, by the Brazilian Association of Marketing and Sales Agents, in recognition for its socially responsible practices. Our Eldorado Business Tower building is the fourth building in the world, and the only building in Latin American, to be pre-certified by U.S. Green Building Council as a Leed CS 2.0 Platinum building for leadership in energy and environmental design.
 
 
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Environmental Licenses and Authorizations
 
Brazilian environmental policy requires environmental licenses and permits for the construction of development projects. This procedure is necessary for both initial constructions and improvements of existing developments, and the licenses must be periodically renewed. The Brazilian Institute of Environment and Renewable Natural Resources (Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis), or the IBAMA, is responsible for granting such licenses in regional or national developments affecting the environment of more than one state or the country borders. In other cases, state entities are responsible for granting such environmental licenses.
 
The environmental licensing process is comprised of three stages: initial license, construction license and operational license. The licensing process imposes a fee up to 0.5% of the total cost of construction for all projects significantly affecting the environment and constructed since July 2000. If an environmental license is mandatory for a project, starting work without such a license is an environmental crime, and is subject to injunctions prohibiting continuing the development activities and fines of up to R$10 million. The construction, maintenance and sale of our projects may be hampered or halted by delays in or a failure to receive the applicable licenses, or by our inability to meet the requirements set forth in the licenses or otherwise established by the environmental authorities.
 
The construction of real estate developments often requires land moving activities, and in many cases, the cutting down of trees. These activities may require prior authorization of the relevant environmental authorities. As conditions to granting these authorizations, the relevant environmental authorities may require the licensees to plant new trees or acquire forests to repair the areas affected. Unauthorized activity in these protected areas or the cutting down of protected trees are environmental crimes, and could also result in administrative and legal penalties or other liabilities.
 
Solid Residues
 
Brazilian environmental legislation regulates the treatment of solid residues, including those arising from construction. A violation of these regulations could result in penalties. See “—Environmental Responsibility.”
 
Contaminated Areas
 
We develop and construct projects in several states within Brazil. Each state member has its Environmental Secretary and/or Environmental Agency. The São Paulo State Secretary of Environment (Secretaria de Estado do Meio Ambiente de São Paulo), or the SMA, and the Environmental Company of São Paulo (Companhia Ambiental do Estado de São Paulo), or CETESB, are the principal environmental regulatory entities of the State of São Paulo, and they have adopted procedures with regard to the management of contaminated areas, including the creation of environmental standards to preserve the quality of land and underground water. In addition, the Rio de Janeiro State Secretary of Environment (Secretaria de Estado do Meio Ambiente e Desenvolvimento Urbano do Rio de Janeiro) and the State Environmental Institute of Rio de Janeiro, or INEA, also maintain quality standards established by CONAMA Resolutions. Other member states have similar requirements. Non-compliance with the guidelines established by the environmental and health entities may result in criminal, as well as administrative and legal penalties. Moreover, the owners of properties may be required to pay for costs relating to the clean-up of any contaminated soil or groundwater at their properties, even if they did not cause the contamination.
 
To ensure that we will be able to comply with these and other environmental requirements, we conduct investigations of all necessary and applicable environmental issues, including the possible existence of hazardous or toxic materials, waste substances, springs, trees, vegetation and the proximity of the real estate property to permanent preservation areas, and we work towards ensuring the proper solutions to any environmental issues given the relevant requirements of law.
 
Environmental Responsibility
 
The Brazilian environmental legislation establishes criminal, civil and administrative penalties for individuals and legal entities carrying out activities considered to be environmental infringements or crimes, independent of the obligation to repair any environmental damage. The penalties to which we may be subject as a result of environmental crimes and infringements include the following:
 
 
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·  
the imposition of fines that, at the administrative level, may amount to R$50 million, depending on the infringer’s financial condition, the facts of the case, and any prior violations by the infringer. Fines may be doubled or tripled in the case of repeated infringements;
 
·  
suspension of development activities;
 
·  
loss of tax benefits and incentives; and
 
·  
imprisonment.
 
The directors, executive officers and other individuals acting as our representatives or attorneys-in-fact are jointly responsible for the environmental crimes related to us, and are subject, according to their relative level of responsibility, to penalties and possibly the loss of their rights and liberty.
 
In Brazil, environmental damages involve strict liability. This means that the costs of remedying the problems may be imposed on all persons directly or indirectly involved, without regard to who was responsible for the damage or contamination. Accordingly, we may be responsible for any environmental damages or costs relating to projects developed by subsidiaries or by jointly-controlled entities. In addition, we are responsible for costs relating to environmental damages on our projects caused by third parties who are rendering services for us, such as cutting trees or moving soil, if they are not in compliance with environmental requirements. Moreover, Brazilian environmental legislation provides that the controlling legal entity can be found liable despite a limited liability legal status if this will assist in the collection of damages.
 
C.           Organizational Structure
 
The following chart shows our organizational structure for our principal subsidiaries, all of them incorporated in Brazil, as of December 31, 2009:
 
 
 
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For more information on our remaining subsidiaries and jointly-controlled entities, see “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Subsidiaries.” A list of our significant subsidiaries as determined in accordance with Rule 1-02(w) of Regulation S-X is being filed as Exhibit 8.1 to this annual report.
 
D.           Property, Plant and Equipment
 
We lease our headquarters located at Av. Nações Unidas No. 8,501, 19th floor, São Paulo, SP – Brazil. We also lease our branch office located at Avenida das Américas, 500, block 19—rooms 101 and 102, in Rio de Janeiro, RJ- Brazil. Currently, we and our main subsidiaries leased approximately 5,000 square meters. We believe our current facilities are adequate for the full development of our operations.
 
Our properties for sale, including both completed and uncompleted units, are recorded as current assets at their cost of purchase and construction plus capitalized interest from project-specific financing, provided that it does not exceed their expected realizable value.
 
As of December 31, 2009, our property and equipment recorded on our balance sheet mainly consisted of sales stands, facilities, model apartments, computer equipment, vehicles and leasehold improvements, among others, the balance of which was R$56.5 million.
 
ITEM 4A.                   UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
 
The Company has unresolved Staff comments to which the Company believes it has appropriately addressed in this filing. The Company has revised its Management Discussion and Analysis in Item 5 and restated the information presented herein under U S generally accepted accounting principles.
 
 
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ITEM 5.                      OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS
 
A.           Operating Results
 
In 2008, we have retroactively applied changes to Brazilian GAAP introduced by the CPC and the provisions of Brazilian Law No. 11,638/07 from January 1, 2006 to ensure consistency of presentation in our financial statements. All periods presented as from January 1, 2006 have been modified to reflect such new accounting practices.
 
Following the acquisition, formation and incorporation of the entities Alphaville, FIT and Bairro Novo in 2007 and following the merger of FIT into Tenda in 2008, our financial results for 2007 and 2008 included the results of the following segments: Gafisa S.A., Alphaville, Tenda, FIT (merged with Tenda in October 2008) and Bairro Novo. Further, following Gafisa’s withdrawal from Bairro Novo and the exchange of all the remaining Tenda shares not held by Gafisa into Gafisa shares (merger of shares), our financial results for 2009 included the results of the following segments” Gafisa S.A., Alphaville and Tenda. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—A. History and Development of the Company—Historical Background and Recent Developments.” Our chief executive officer, who is responsible for allocating resources among these businesses and monitoring their progress, uses economic present value data, which is derived from a combination of historical operating results and forecasted operating results, to assess segment information primarily on the basis of different business segments.
 
Overview
 
We generate our revenues mainly from the development and sale of real estate development units or lots. We recognize revenues from the sale of real estate development units or lots over the course of their construction periods, based on a financial measure of completion and not at the time that the sales agreements are executed. To a lesser extent, we also generate revenues from real estate services such as construction, technical and real estate management we render to third parties. We structure some of our projects through either our subsidiaries or jointly-controlled entities organized as special purpose vehicles.
 
Brazilian Economic Environment
 
Our business and results of operations are significantly affected by changes in the Brazilian economic environment, including changes in employment levels, population growth, consumer’s confidence, stability of income levels and availability of financing for land homesite acquisitions.
 
In September 2004, the Central Bank implemented a policy of increasing interest rates because inflation targets for 2005 were not being reached. The increase of interest rates had immediate consequences on the country’s economic activity, which did not grow in 2005 at the same pace as it did in 2004. GDP grew by 2.3% in 2005. In September 2005, after one year of tightened monetary policy, the Central Bank started a process of gradual loosening of the Sistema Especial de Liquidação e Custódia, or “SELIC,” which is the Brazilian Central Bank’s system for performing open market operations, as the estimated inflation rates for 2005 and the following 12 months started to converge to the established target. The SELIC closed the 2005 year at the rate of 18%. The principal reason for the lower growth of the GDP in 2005 was the maintenance of SELIC at high levels. The inflation rate, as measured by the INPC, was 5.7%, above the target established by the Central Bank of 5.1%. The real appreciated by 13.4% against the U.S. dollar. Notwithstanding the real’s appreciation, Brazil achieved a trade surplus of US$44.7 billion, its highest trade surplus ever.
 
In 2006, the Central Bank continued to reduce the SELIC rate, which attained 13.25% as of December 31, 2006. During this period, average inflation according to the INPC was 3.1%. The real appreciated 9.5% in relation to the dollar, reaching R$2.1380 per US$1.00 as of December 31, 2006. Notwithstanding the real’s appreciation, Brazil’s account balance was US$46.5 billion in 2006.
 
The global economic scenario remained favorable and global growth continued to be strong throughout the year ended December 31, 2007. Favorable liquidity conditions continue despite the recent increase in the international markets’ long-term interest rates. The real appreciated 20.7% in relation to the dollar, reaching R$1.7713 per US$1.00 as of December 31, 2007. However, the recent crisis in 2008 in the United States mortgage market affected credit markets, which had a negative impact on emerging markets and on stock exchanges throughout the world. During this period, average inflation according to the INPC was 5.9%. The SELIC rate closed the 2008 year at the
 
 
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rate of 11.8%. The real depreciated 24.2% in relation to the dollar, reaching R$2.34 per US$1.00 as of December 31, 2008.
 
In 2009, the Central Bank began gradually reducing the SELIC rate, which attained 9.05% as of December 31, 2009. During this period, average inflation according to the INPC was 3.92%. The real appreciated 34.2% in relation to the dollar, reaching R$1.74 per US$1.00 as of December 31, 2009.
 
The table below shows the actual growth of the Brazilian GDP, inflation, interest rates and dollar exchange rates for the periods indicated:
 
   
Year ended December 31,
 
   
2009
   
2008
   
2007
 
   
(%, unless otherwise stated)
 
Real growth in GDP
 
n.a.
      5.1       5.7  
Inflation rate (INPC)(1)
    4.1       6.5       5.9  
Inflation rate (IGP–M)(2)
    (1.71 )     9.8       7.7  
National Construction Index (INCC)(3)
    3.20       11.9       6.2  
TJLP rate (4)
    6.0       6.3       6.3  
CDI rate (5)
    8.62       12.4       11.8  
Appreciation (devaluation) of the real vs. US$
    34.2       (24.2 )     20.7  
Exchange rate (closing) — US$1.00
  R$ 1.74     R$ 2.34     R$ 1.77  
Exchange rate (average)(6) — US$1.00
  R$ 1.99     R$ 2.03     R$ 1.95  

(1)
INPC: consumer price index measured by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística), or “IBGE.”
 
(2)
General Market Price Index (Índice Geral de Preços—Mercado) measured by Getulio Vargas Foundation (Fundação Getulio Vargas), or “FGV.”
 
(3)
National Index of Construction Cost (Índice Nacional de Custo da Construção) measured by FGV.
 
(4)
Represents the interest rate used by the National Bank of Economic and Social Development (Banco Nacional de Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social), or “BNDES” for long-term financing (end of period).
 
(5)
Represents an average of interbank overnight rates in Brazil (accumulated for period-end month, annualized).
 
(6)
Average exchange rate for the last day of each month in the period indicated.
 

Brazilian Real Estate Sector
 
The Brazilian real estate sector is characterized by cyclical performance influenced by various macroeconomic factors. Demand for housing, the availability of financing and growth in population and incomes are, among others, factors that influence the performance of the real estate market.
 
Since 1994, Brazil’s ability to control inflation has contributed to the country’s economic recovery (particularly at the lower income level) and allowed Brazil to assert itself more effectively into the global economic context. For example, during the second half of the 1990s, policies that promoted economic liberalization and privatization of public services facilitated a significant influx of foreign investment. This environment generated pressure among the Brazilian financial and business communities to encourage responsible and transparent public management, promoting economic stability. In general, the current and previous presidential administrations have adopted comparatively austere economic policies, characterized by increased independence from the Central Bank, transparency and control over public accounts. Another significant effect of Brazil’s heightened international profile and economic stability was an increase in the competitiveness of various economic sectors, with a notable improvement in standards of corporate administration and governance. This pattern, along with favorable conditions in the global economy, have contributed to improved economic indicators in Brazil.
 
In addition, since 2006, the Brazilian government has enacted incentives in the real estate sector, including the following:
 
 
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·  
Provisional Measure No. 321 enacted on September 12, 2006, later converted into Law No. 11,434 enacted on December 28, 2006, gave banks the option to charge fixed interest rates on mortgages;
 
·  
Decree No. 5,892 enacted on September 12, 2006, amended Decree No. 4,840 enacted on September 17, 2003, allowed payroll deductible mortgage loans to employees of both public and private entities;
 
·  
Provisional Measure No. 459 enacted on March 25, 2009, created a public housing program called “Minha Casa, Minha Vida,” which calls for government investment of more than R$30 billion and is focused on building one million houses for families with monthly incomes of up to ten times the minimum wage; and
 
·  
Decree No. 6,006 enacted on December 28, 2006, implemented a 50% tax cut on Tax on Manufactured Products (Imposto sobre Produtos Industrializados), or IPI, levied on the acquisition of important construction products, including certain types of tubes, ceilings, walls, doors, toilets and other materials. In 2009, other decrees eliminated the IPI levied on the acquisition of similar products, but were implemented for a limited term only and are set to expire in March 2010.
 
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
 
Our financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report were prepared in accordance with Brazilian GAAP. The preparation of financial statements in accordance with Brazilian GAAP requires management to make judgments and estimates that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Estimates are used for, among other things, the selection of the useful lives of movable assets and equipment, provisions necessary for contingent liabilities, taxes, budgeted costs and other similar charges. Although we believe that our judgments and estimates are based on reasonable assumptions that are subject to several risks and uncertainties and are made in light of information available to us, our actual results may differ from these judgments and estimates.
 
We set forth below summarized information related to our critical accounting policies. See the notes to our financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report for further information on these and other accounting policies we adopt.
 
Development and sale of real estate
 
In installment sales of finished units, revenue and costs are recognized when the sale is made regardless of the term for receipt of the contractual price, provided that the following conditions are met: (a) the value thereof can be estimated, i.e. the receipt of the sale price is known or the sum that will be received may be reasonably estimated, and (b) the process of recognition of the sales revenues is substantially completed, i.e. we are released from our obligation to perform a considerable part of our activities that will generate future expenses related to the sale of the finished unit.
 
In sales of unfinished units, the procedures and rules established by CFC Resolution No. 963 are:
 
·  
the cost incurred (including the cost related to land) corresponding to the units sold is fully included in our results;
 
·  
the percentage of the cost incurred for units sold (including costs related to land) is calculated as a percentage of total estimated costs, and this percentage is included in revenues from units sold, as adjusted pursuant to the conditions of the sales agreements, and in selling expenses, thus determining the amount of revenues and selling expenses to be recognized;
 
·  
any amount of revenues recognized that exceeds the amount received from clients is recorded as current or non-current “Receivables from clients”. Any amount received in connection with the sale of units that exceeds the amount of revenues recognized is recorded as “Obligations for purchase of land and advances from clients”;
 
 
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·  
interest and inflation adjustments on accounts receivable from the time the client takes possession of the property, as well as adjustments to present value of accounts receivable, are included in our results for the development and sale of real estate using the accrual basis of accounting; and
 
·  
financial charges on accounts payable from the acquisition of land and on real estate credit operations incurred during the construction period are included in the costs incurred, and recognized in our results upon the sale of the units of the venture to which they are directly related.
 
Taxes on the difference between revenues from real estate development and taxable accumulated revenues are calculated and recognized when the difference in revenues is recognized. Other income and expenses, including advertising and publicity, are included in results as they are incurred using the accrual basis of accounting.
 
Allowance for doubtful accounts
 
The allowance for doubtful accounts is recorded under selling expenses in an amount we consider sufficient to cover any probable losses on realization of our accounts receivable from our customers; no adjustment is made to net operating revenues.
 
Consolidation
 
We structure some of our projects through either our subsidiaries or jointly-controlled entities in partnership with third parties both incorporated as special purposes vehicles. Our consolidated financial statements include our accounts and those of all our subsidiaries, with separate disclosure of the participation of minority shareholders. The proportional consolidation method is used for investments in jointly-controlled entities, which are all governed by shareholder agreements; as a consequence, the assets, liabilities, revenues and costs are consolidated based on the proportion of the equity interest we hold in the capital of the investee.
 
Goodwill and amortization of gain on the acquisition of investments
 
We calculate goodwill at the acquisition date, for the purpose of Brazilian GAAP, as the excess purchase price over the proportion of the underlying book value, based on the interest in the shareholders’ equity acquired. Amortization of gain is also calculated at the acquisition date, for purposes of Brazilian GAAP, as the excess of the book value of assets acquired over the purchase consideration.
 
We amortized goodwill, for purposes of Brazilian GAAP, through 2008 (no longer amortized from 2009 following a change to Brazilian GAAP) in accordance with the underlying economic basis which considers factors such as the land bank, the ability to generate results from developments launched and/or to be launched and other inherent factors. Goodwill that cannot be justified economically is immediately charged to results for the year. Amortization of gain that is not justified economically is recognized in the results only upon disposal of the investment. We evaluate whether there are any indications of permanent loss and record an impairment provision, if required, to adjust the carrying value of goodwill to recoverable amounts or to realizable values. The amortization of gain on the sale of FIT to Tenda in exchange for a 60% interest in Tenda is classified as “Deferred gain on sale of investment” for purposes of Brazilian GAAP and will be credited to income over the average estimated period of construction of the FIT real estate ventures. FIT was merged into Tenda on October 21, 2008.
 
Sales of Receivables for Securitization
 
When we sell our accounts receivable, the amount of the mortgage-backed securities issued by the real estate securitization company is recorded as a reduction of accounts receivable on our balance sheet. The financial discount, which represents the difference between the amounts received and the book value of the mortgage-backed securities on the date of the assignment, and the fee paid to the issuer of the mortgage-backed securities, are reflected in receivables from clients account and are included in our income statement as “Financial expense.” Receivables from clients are only removed from the balance sheet when a true sale has been concluded and no beneficial interests are retained in the receivables sold.
 
 
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Properties for sale
 
Our properties for sale are recorded at the lower of cost or fair value. In the case of uncompleted units, the portion in inventories corresponds to the costs incurred in units that have not yet been sold.
 
The cost is made up of construction (materials, own or outsourced labor and other related items) and land, including financial charges allocated to the venture as incurred during the construction phase.
 
Land is recorded at acquisition cost. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Our Operations—Land Acquisition.” We acquire portions of land through swaps where, in exchange for the land acquired, we undertake to deliver either real estate units of developments in progress or part of the sales revenues originating from the sale of the real estate units in the developments. Land acquired through barter transactions are recorded at fair value.
 
We capitalize interest on the developments during the construction phase under the National Housing System credit line and other credit lines that are used for financing the construction of developments (limited to the corresponding financial expense amount).
 
When construction costs exceed the undiscounted cash flows expected from sales of completed units, properties under construction or land under development, an impairment loss is recorded in the period in which it is determined that the carrying amount is not recoverable. The same analysis applies equally to our high, medium and low income residential developments and our land developments, irrespective of geographic location or stage of completion.
 
Our properties for sale are considered long-lived assets and we regularly review the carrying value of each of our developments whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that their carrying value may not be recoverable. If the carrying value of a development is not recoverable from its estimated future undiscounted cash flows, it is impaired and written down to its estimated fair value. In estimating the future undiscounted cash flows of a property, we use various estimates such as (1) expected sales price, based upon general economic conditions of the market, the location of our development and competition within the market and (2) costs expended to date and costs expected to be incurred in the future, which are associated with all future expenditures necessary to develop our properties for sale, including interest payments that will be capitalized as part of the costs of the asset.
 
We have evaluated all of our developments for impairment and have not identified any cases of impairment for any of our properties for sale and no impairment provisions have been recorded for any of our developments for the years ended December 31, 2007, 2008 or 2009. In accordance with our internal policy, each individual project launched has been internally evaluated taking into consideration the following: (1) assumptions for market, sales forecast, economics and operational conditions; (2) cash flow analysis using the discounted cash flow method; (3) approval by an investment committee; and (4) inclusion in the business plan regarding the timetable and backlog for development releases. This process is part of our corporate governance practices. We update the assumptions on an annual basis and consider the continuing viability for each project for impairment test purposes.
 
Adjustment to present value of assets and liabilities
 
The INCC inflation-indexed receivables from installment sales of unfinished units, which are generated prior to delivery of the units and do not accrue interest, are discounted to present value. The present value adjustment is accreted to net operating revenue as we finance our clients through to the delivery of the units. As interest from funds used to finance the acquisition of land for development and construction is capitalized, the accretion of the present value adjustment arising from the obligation is recorded in real estate development operating costs or against inventories of properties for sale, as the case may be, until the construction phase of the venture is completed. The selection of the discounting rate is subjective and is based on management’s best estimates of the value of money over time and the specific risks of the asset and the liability.
 
Taxes on income
 
The Company uses both the “taxable profit” and “presumed profit” regimes in its operations.
 
Deferred income and social contribution taxes are calculated to take into account all tax timing differences as follows: (1) amounts not yet taxed due to the fact that net income from real estate activities is taxed when the sales
 
 
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price is collected in cash as opposed to when revenue is recognized on an accrual basis; (2) income or expenses which are not yet taxable or deductible, such as provisions for contingencies; and (3) net operating losses, when realization or recovery in future periods is considered probable. Deferrred tax assets are generated under the “taxable profit” regime only.  The Company evaluates whether a valuation allowance is required for these assets and deferred tax assets are recognized only to the extent that it is probable that the temporary differences will reverse in the foreseeable future and taxable profit will be available against which the temporary differences can be utilized. In the event our jointly-controlled subsidiaries elect to change from the “taxable profit” regime to the “presumed profit” regime, accumulated tax loss carryforwards will be forfeited.
 
Impairment analysis
 
The Company reviews each individual property annually for impairment which includes a profitability assessment. For those developments operating below certain profitability thresholds, or where other negative factors, such as a decline in market or economic conditions in the market where the individual property is located, or high cancellation rates and a significant increase in speculative inventory in the general market exist, the Company determines the estimated fair value of those developments and whether the estimated fair value exceeds their carrying value. The Company uses an undiscounted cash flows model for estimating fair value.
 
New Developments and Contracted Sales
 
New developments
 
The table below presents detailed information on our new developments for the periods presented, including developments launched by our jointly-controlled entities in partnership with third parties:
 
   
As of and for the year ended December 31,
 
   
2009
   
2008
   
2007
 
New developments
                 
Number of projects launched
    69       64       53  
Number of units launched (1)
    11,101       10,963       10,315  
Launched usable area (m2) (2) (3)
    1,354,332       1,838,000       1,927,812  
Percentage of Gafisa investment
    80 %     70 %     77 %


(1)
The units delivered in exchange for land pursuant to swap agreements are not included.
 
(2)
One square meter is equal to approximately 10.76 square feet.
 
(3)
Does not include data for Bairro Novo, FIT and Tenda in 2008.
 
In 2009, we launched 65 residential developments with a total sales value of R$2.1 billion. This sales value was approximately 22.2% lower than that achieved in 2008, during which we launched residential developments totaling R$2.7 billion. This decrease is a reflection of an increase in commercial launches. We also launched four commercial developments with a total sales value of R$155.4 million.
 
Of the 69 developments we launched during 2009, 24 developments were located in the state of São Paulo, while another nine developments were located in the state of Rio de Janeiro. The remaining 36 residential developments launched were located in the cities of Vila Velha, state of Espírito Santo, Belém, state of Pará, Porto Velho, state of Rondônia, Goiânia, state of Goiás, Porto Alegre, state of Rio Grande do Sul, São Luis, state of Maranhão, Manaus, state of Amazonas, Curitiba, state of Paraná, Salvador, state of Bahia.
 
During 2009, approximately 30% of our total sales value was generated from launches outside the states of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. Our diversification into the affordable entry-level business accounted for approximately 42% of our total sales value for the year ended December 31, 2009. In the year ended December 31, 2008, the affordable entry-level business represented approximately 35% of our total sales value.
 
In 2008, we launched 64 residential developments with a total sales value of R$2.7 billion. This sales value was approximately 23% higher than that achieved in 2007, during which we launched residential developments totaling
 
 
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R$2.2 billion. This increase is a reflection of our business combination with Tenda, our target segment strategy (primarily high-potential and less explored markets) and our strategy for geographic diversification.
 
Sixteen of the 64 developments we launched during 2008 were located in the state of São Paulo, while another 10 developments were located in the state of Rio de Janeiro. The remaining 38 residential developments launched were located in the cities of Salvador and Camaçari in the state of Bahia, Curitiba and Londrina in the state of Paraná, Belém and Ananindeua in the state of Pará, João Pessoa in the state of Paraíba, Maceió in the state of Alagoas, Porto Alegre in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Serra in the state of Espirito Santo, Cuiabá in the state of Mato Grosso, Manaus in the state of Amazonas, Mossoró in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, Goiânia in the state of Goiás, São Luis in the state of Maranhão, Porto Velho in the state of Rondonia and Aracajú in the state of Sergipe.
 
During 2008, approximately 40% of our total sales value was generated from launches outside the states of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. Our diversification into the affordable entry-level business (through our subsidiaries Tenda, FIT and Bairro Novo) accounted for approximately 27% of our total sales value for the year ended December 31, 2008. In the year ended December 31, 2007, the affordable entry-level business represented approximately 4% of our total sales value.
 
In 2007, we launched 53 residential developments with a total sales value of R$2.2 billion. This sales value was approximately 122% higher than that achieved in 2006, during which we launched residential developments totaling R$1.0 billion. This increase is a reflection of our target segment strategy (primarily high-potential and less explored markets) and our strategy for geographic diversification.
 
Of the 53 developments we launched during 2009, 17 developments were located in the state of São Paulo, while another 11 developments were located in the state of Rio de Janeiro. The remaining 25 residential developments launched were located in the cities of Goiânia and Aparecida de Goiânia, both in the state of Goiás; Maceió, in the state of Alagoas; São Luis, in the state of Maranhão; Belem, in the state of Pará; Manaus, in the state of Amazonas; Salvador, in the state of Bahia; Curitiba and Londrina in the state of Paraná; Campo Grande in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul; and Serra in the state of Espírito Santo.
 
During 2007, approximately 33% of our total sales value was generated from launches outside the states of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. Our segment diversification through our entrance into the affordable entry-level business (through our subsidiaries FIT and Bairro Novo) accounted for approximately 13% of our total sales value for the year ended December 31, 2007.
 
Contracted sales
 
The following table shows the development of our contracted sales by the type of development, according to units sold during the same year that they were launched and the units sold in the years after they were launched, as well as their respective percentages in relation to total sales for the periods presented:
 
   
For the year ended December 31,
   
2009
   
2008
   
2007
   
(in thousands of R$, unless otherwise stated)
Type of development
             
Luxury buildings
  R$ 416,481     R$ 472,846     R$ 255,855  
Middle-income buildings
    1,005,860       755,728       1,028,907  
Affordable entry-level housing
    1,361,105       601,206       64,026  
Commercial
    87,734       3,100       27,900  
Lots
    376,885       405,678       249,916  
Total contracted sales
  R$ 3,248,065     R$ 2,238,558     R$ 1,626,604  
Sale of units launched in the year
  R$ 1,279,591     R$ 1,362,425     R$ 1,139,113  
Percentage of total contracted sales
    39.4 %     60.9 %     70.0 %
Sale of units launched during prior years
    1,968,474       876,133       487,491  
Percentage of total contracted sales
    60.6 %     39.1 %     30.0 %

The following table shows our and our main subsidiaries, contracted sales for the periods presented:
 
 
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For the year ended December 31,
 
   
2009
   
2008
   
2007
 
   
(in thousands of R$, unless otherwise stated)
 
Company
                 
Gafisa
  R$ 1,510,075     R$ 1,345,411     R$ 1,328,785  
FIT (1)
          394,090       47,143  
Tenda (2)
    1,361,105       167,800        
Bairro Novo (3)
          31,368       12,359  
Alphaville
    376,885       299,889       238,317  
Total contracted sales
  R$ 3,248,065     R$ 2,238,558     R$ 1,626,604  
 

(1)
On October 21, 2008, FIT was merged into Tenda.
 
(2)
On December 30, 2009, all of the remaining Tenda shares not held by Gafisa were exchanged into Gafisa shares and, as a result, Tenda became a wholly-owned subsidiary of Gafisa.
 
(3)
On June 29, 2009, we sold our equity participation in the company developing Bairro Novo Cotia to Tenda.
 
In 2009, we sold 39.4% of the units launched during that year, which together with the sales of units launched during prior periods, resulted in total contracted sales of R$3,248.1 million, an increase of approximately 45% compared to 2008. In 2008, we sold 60.9% of the units launched during that year, which together with the sales of units launched during prior periods, resulted in total contracted sales of R$2.2 billion, an increase of 37.6% compared to 2007. The increase in 2009 is a result, among others, of the favorable sales performance of our finished units, better economic conditions and better financing structures provided to our customers by public as well as private banks.
 
The following table sets forth the growth of our contracted sales to be recognized, as well as the amount corresponding to the cost of units sold, and the expected margin, all of them to be recognized in future periods, for the periods presented:
 
   
As of and for the year ended December 31,
 
   
2009
   
2008
   
2007
 
   
(in thousands of R$, unless otherwise stated)
 
Sales to be recognized—end of the year
  R$ 3,139,587     R$ 2,996,905     R$ 1,526,597  
Net sales(1)
    3,024,992       2,887,518       1,470,876  
Cost of units sold to be recognized
    (1,959,215 )     (1,872,927 )     (943,200 )
Expected gross profit—yet to be recognized(2)
    1,065,777       1,014,591       527,676  
Expected gross margin
    35.2 %     35.1 %     35.9 %
 

(1)
Excludes indirect PIS and COFINS taxes of 3.65%.
 
(2)
Based on management’s estimates.
 
Gross Operating Revenues
 
Our revenues are derived mainly from the development and sale of real estate and, to a lesser extent, the rendering of construction services to third parties, as follows:
 
   
For year ended December 31,
 
   
2009
   
2008
   
2007
 
       
Real estate development and sales
    98.5 %     97.9 %     97.2 %
Construction services rendered
    1.5       2.1       2.8  
Total
    100.0 %     100.0 %     100.0 %
 
 
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Real estate development and sales
 
Real estate development revenues, including inflation adjustments and interest from credit sales, make up revenues from the sales of units in the residential buildings we develop, and to a lesser extent, the sales of lots and commercial buildings.
 
Construction services rendered
 
Our revenues generated by real estate services consist substantially of amounts received in connection with construction management activities for third parties, technical management and real estate management.
 
Operating Costs
 
Our operating costs consist of real estate development costs and, to a lesser extent, costs of services rendered.
 
Real estate development costs
 
Real estate development costs consist of costs of land, construction (which includes costs for a broad variety of raw materials and labor), capitalized interest (financial costs) from project specific financing, projects, foundations, structuring and furnishing, as well as costs for outsourced labor. The items making up our costs, as a total percentage of our total cost, were the following for the periods presented:
 
   
For the year ended December 31,
 
   
2009
   
2008
   
2007
 
Land
    11.4 %     12.1 %     12.5 %
Construction costs
    81.8       80.9       82.6  
Financial costs
    4.4       4.4       2.8  
Development costs
    2.4       2.6       2.1  
Total
    100.0 %     100.0 %     100.0 %

One of our principal real estate development costs is the cost of land. Over the last three years, land represented 13.2% of our total cost of development. However, this is a highly volatile component, varying according to characteristics of the land, the region where the land is located, the type of development to be launched and market conditions. Land can be acquired for cash, through the exchange of units once the building is constructed, through a financial exchange (whereby a portion of sales is given to the owner of land as a form of financing for the land), or through a combination of the three options.
 
No single raw material alone represents a significant portion of our total costs of development, but in total over the last three fiscal years, raw materials represented, on average, 21.9% of our total cost of development. The index that measures construction cost variation, the INCC, increased by 3.14%, 11.9% and 6.2% in 2009, 2008 and 2007, respectively. Although some of the principal raw materials, such as steel, have experienced significant price increases well above the level of inflation over the last three years, we have reduced our raw materials costs by developing and using new construction techniques and materials.
 
Over the last three years, labor represented, on average 42.4% of the total cost of the real estate development.
 
Over the last three fiscal years, we have incurred most of our construction costs from the 1st to the 18th month of construction of a development, as shown in the table below:
 
 
Period of construction
 
 
Percentage of costs incurred(1)
1st to 6th month
 
29%
7th to 12th month
 
27%
13th to 18th month
 
30%
19th to 24th month
 
14%

(1)
Including cost of land.
 
 
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Real estate services
 
Our costs of real estate services consist of direct and indirect labor fees and outsourced services.
 
Operating Expenses
 
Our operating expenses include selling, general and administrative expenses and depreciation and amortization expenses and revenues.
 
Selling expenses
 
Selling expenses include advertising, promotion, brokerage fees and similar expenses.
 
General and administrative expenses
 
General and administrative expenses principally include the following:
 
·  
employee compensation and related expenses;
 
·  
fees for outsourced services, such as legal, auditing, consulting and others;
 
·  
management fees and social expenses;
 
·  
stock option plan expenses;
 
·  
overhead corporate expenses; and
 
·  
legal expenses related to public notaries and commercial registers, among others.
 
Depreciation and amortization
 
Depreciation expenses consist of depreciation of our property and equipment. Amortization expenses are related to the amortization of goodwill, net of negative goodwill amortization. As of January 1, 2009, goodwill is no longer amortized under Brazilian GAAP.
 
Amortization of deferred gain on partial sale of FIT
 
The amortization of the gain that arose from the partial sale of FIT to the shareholders of Tenda as part of the Tenda merger is being amortized over the average construction period of 12 months for the real estate ventures of FIT as of October 21, 2008, the date of FIT’s merger into Tenda.
 
Financial Income and Expenses
 
Financial income includes income from financial investments from present value adjustments accreted from our real estate development revenue. Interest revenues are recognized at the time the effective profit accrues from revenue is recognized on the asset, based on the accrual method. Financial expenses generally consist of interest payable on loans, financings and debentures.
 
Taxes on Income
 
In general, taxes on income in Brazil consist of federal income tax (25%) and social contribution (9%); the composite statutory tax rate being 34%. We calculate our income and social contribution taxes according to the “taxable profit” regime. Our subsidiaries and jointly-controlled entities, however, with annual billings lower than a specified amount, may calculate their respective income and social contribution taxes through either this “taxable profit” regime or through the “presumed profit” regime, depending on our tax planning. For the companies that opt for the “presumed profit” regime, the income tax basis is calculated as 8% of gross revenues and the social contribution basis is calculated as 12% of gross revenues, to which income tax and social contribution rates of 25% and 9%, respectively, are applied.
 
 
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In assessing the ability to realize on deferred tax assets, management considers the probability of the extent to which deferred tax asset will be realized. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable profits during the periods in which the temporary differences and tax loss carryforwards become deductible. Management considers the expected reversal of deferred tax liabilities and projected future taxable income in making this assessment. Based on projections for future taxable income over the periods in which the deferred tax assets are deductible, management believes it is probable the Company will realize the benefits of these deductible differences.
 
Results of Operations
 
The Company has identified certain errors in its previously published consolidated financial statements that are being retrospectively corrected herein. A discussion of the nature and amount of these matters is as follows.
 
In January 2008, the Company formed an unincorporated venture (SCP), the main objective of which is to hold interests in other real estate development companies. The venture partner receives an annual dividend substantially equivalent to the variation in the Interbank Deposit Certificate (CDI) rate.   In the Company’s consolidated statements of income the dividend amounts were previously included as a component of net income attributable to non-controlling interest.   Such amounts are best reflected as a component of financial expense in the Company’s Brazilian GAAP consolidated statements of income for both 2009 and 2008.   The effect of this correction of the consolidated statements of income is as follows:
 
   
Year ended December 31, 2009
 
   
Brazilian GAAP
as previously reported
   
Adjustments to amounts
previously
reported
   
Brazilian GAAP
as restated
 
   
(in thousands of R$, unless otherwise stated)
 
                   
                   
Net operating revenue
    3,022,346             3,022,346  
                         
Operating costs
                       
Real estate development and sales
    (2,143,762 )           (2,143,762 )
Gross profit
    878,584             878,584  
Selling expenses
    (226,621 )           (226,621 )
General and administrative expenses
    (233,129 )           (233,129 )
Depreciation and amortization
    (34,170 )           (34,170 )
Amortization of gain on partial sale of FIT Residencial
    169,394             169,394  
Other, net
    (92,884 )           (92,884 )
Operating profit before financial income (expenses)
    461,174             461,174  
Financial expenses
    (210,394 )     (30,178 )     (240,572 )
Financial income
    129,566             129,566  
Income before taxes on income and non-controlling interest
    380,346       (30,178 )     350,168  
Total income tax income (expenses)
    (95,406 )           (95,406 )
Net income before non-controlling interest
    284,940       (30,178 )     254,762  
Net income for the year attributable to non-controlling interest
    (71,400 )     30,178       (41,222 )
Net income for the year
    213,540             213,540  
Shares outstanding at the end of the year (in thousands)
    166,777             166,777  
Net income per thousand shares outstanding at the end of the year (in reais)
    1.2804             1.2804  
 
 
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Year ended December 31, 2008
 
   
Brazilian GAAP as previously reported
   
Adjustments to amounts 
previously reported
   
Brazilian GAAP as restated
 
   
(in thousands of R$, unless otherwise stated)
 
Net operating revenue
    1,740,404             1,740,404  
Operating costs
    (1,214,401 )           (1,214,401 )
Gross profit
    526,003             526,003  
Operating income before financial income (expenses)
    168,205             168,205  
Financial income (expenses)
                       
Financial expenses
    (61,008 )     (34,031 )     (95,039  
Financial income
    102,854             102,854  
Income before taxes on income and non controlling  interest
    210,051       (34,031 )     176,020  
Total tax expenses
    (43,397 )           (43,397  
Income before non controlling interest
    166,654       (34,031 )     132,623  
Non controlling interest
    (56,733 )     34,031       (22,702  
Net income for the year
    109,921             109,921  
Shares outstanding at the end of the year (in thousands)
    129,963             129,963  
Net income per thousand shares outstanding at the end of the year – (in reais)
    0.8458             0.8458  

The following discussion of our results of operations is based on our consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with the Brazilian GAAP. References to increases or decreases in any given period relate to the immediate preceding period, except unless otherwise indicated.
 
Results of Operations for the Years Ended December 31, 2009 and 2008
 
Net operating revenue
 
Net operating revenue increased by 73.7%, from R$1,740.4 million in 2008 to R$3,022.3 million in 2009. Gross revenues generated from the sales of real estate properties and barter transactions totaled R$3,096.9 million in 2009, an increase of R$1,328.7 million or 75.1% as compared to the same period in 2008, when revenues generated from the sales of real estate properties totaled R$1,768.2 million. This increase is mainly due to the recognition of revenues from sales contracted in prior periods and the consolidation of Tenda’s results for the full year ended December 31, 2009. Net revenues generated from services increased by 28.8%, from R$37.3 million in 2008 to R$48.0 million in 2009, reflecting the overall growth of the real estate market in Brazil.
 
Operating costs
 
Operating costs in 2009 totaled R$2,143.8 million, an increase of 76.5% as compared to R$1,214.4 million in 2008. This increase is due to the consolidation of Tenda’s results from October 22, 2008 and the greater volume of construction in progress in 2009 as compared to 2008. The cost of land decreased in 2009, totaling 11.3% of the operating costs in 2009, as compared to 12.1% in 2008. Construction costs payable to third parties increased in 2009, totaling 81.8% of total operating costs, as compared to 80.9% in 2008. These variations were mainly due to the consolidation of Tenda’s results, because Tenda’s products have a different cost structure than ours. Operating costs, as a percentage of net operating revenue, increased to 70.9% in 2009 as compared to 69.8% in 2008, mainly due to a greater mix in the types of development under construction in 2009, as a result of our market segment diversification strategy and the consolidation of Tenda’s results.
 
Gross profit
 
Gross profit in 2009 totaled R$878.6 million, representing an increase of 67.0%, as compared to R$526.0 million in 2008. This increase was mainly attributable to the consolidation of Tenda’s results and greater revenues in 2009. In 2009, the gross margin generated from our activities decreased to 29.1% as compared to 30.2% in 2008.
 
 
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This decrease was due to greater amortization expenses as a result of capitalized interests and, to a lesser extent, to a less profitable mix of products sold in 2009.
 
Selling expenses
 
Selling expenses in 2009 totaled R$226.6 million, representing an increase of 46.8%, as compared to R$154.4 million in 2008. This increase reflects our aggressive marketing and growth strategy through geographic and segment diversification and increased marketing efforts on unsold finished units. Selling expenses in 2009 represented 7.5% of our net operating revenue compared to 8.9% in 2008.
 
General and administrative expenses
 
General and administrative expenses totaled R$233.1 million in 2009, representing an increase of 28.9%, as compared to R$180.8 million in 2008. This increase is mainly due to (1) our growth strategy in general and administrative expenses of Gafisa, Tenda and Alphaville totaling R$77.9 million, R$88.3 million and R$24.2 million, respectively; and (2) provision for profit sharing in the amount of R$28.2 million. In addition, stock option plan expenses, a non-cash expense, totaled R$14.4 million in 2009 and R$R$26.1 million in 2008.
 
Amortization of gain on partial sale of FIT
 
The amortization of the deferred gain which arose on the partial sale of FIT totaled R$169.4 million in 2009. The amortization of the gain was amortized over the average construction period of 12 months of FIT’s real estate ventures beginning from October 21, 2008, the date of FIT’s merger into Tenda.
 
Depreciation and amortization
 
Depreciation and amortization in 2009 totaled R$34.2 million, representing a decrease of 35.1%, as compared to R$52.6 million in 2008. The decrease is mainly due to changes in Brazilian GAAP which no longer permits the amortization of goodwill as of January 1, 2009. Goodwill amortization expenses totaled R$12.3 million in 2008.
 
Financial income and expenses, net
 
Net financial results were an expense of R$111.0 million in 2009 compared to income of R$7.8 million in 2008. Financial income during 2009 totaled R$129.6 million, as compared to R$102.9 million in 2008 due to the consolidation of Tenda’s results and interest accrued on our cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities. Financial expenses during 2009 totaled R$240.5 million, as compared to R$95.0 million in 2008 due to an increase in our total debt primarily as a result of our issuance of debentures totaling R$1,450.0 million and a working capital loan in the amount of R$300.0 million. Our outstanding debt as of December 31, 2009 increased 101.2% as compared to December 31, 2008. Our outstanding debt includes (i) outstanding debentures totaling R$1,918.4 million, (ii) working capital loans of R$736.7 million and (iii) other loans, primarily related to SFH loans, in the amount of R$467.0 million.
 
Taxes on income
 
Income and social contribution taxes in 2009 totaled R$95.4 million, which was 119.8% higher than in 2008, when income and social contribution taxes totaled R$43.4 million. In 2009 and 2008, the combined effective income and social contribution tax rates, calculated as a percentage of income before taxes, were 25.1% and 20.7%, respectively. The combined effective rates during these years were lower than the composite statutory rate of 34% as some of our jointly-controlled subsidiaries calculated their taxes on the presumed profit regime and due to the effects of the amortization of the deferred gain on the partial sale of FIT.
 
Noncontrolling interest
 
Noncontrolling interest increased from R$22.7 million in 2008 to R$41.2 million in 2009 primarily because of our subsidiary Tenda.
 
 
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Net income
 
Net income in 2009 totaled R$213.5 million, an increase of 94.3% over the previous year, when net income was R$109.9 million.
 
Results of Operations for the Years Ended December 31, 2008 and 2007
 
Net operating revenue
 
Net operating revenue increased by 44.5%, from R$1,204.3 million in 2007 to R$1,740.4 million in 2008. Gross revenues generated from the sales of real estate properties totaled R$1,768.2 million in 2008, an increase of R$551.4 million or 45.3% as compared to the same period in 2007, when revenues generated from the sales of real estate properties totaled R$1,216.8 million. This increase is mainly due to the recognition of revenues from sales contracted in prior periods and also related to Tenda’s acquisition. In 2008 our financial figures include Tenda’s consolidation from October 22, 2008. Net revenues generated from services increased by 6.3%, from R$35.1 million in 2007 to R$37.3 million in 2008, reflecting the overall growth of the real estate market in Brazil that resulted in a higher number of projects being built to other Real Estate developers.
 
Operating costs
 
Operating costs in 2008 totaled R$1,214.4 million, an increase of 39.9% as compared to R$868.0 million in 2007. This increase is due to the greater volume of construction in progress in 2008 as compared to 2007, also reflecting the consolidation of Tendas financial figures from October 22, 2008. Construction costs payable to third parties decreased in 2008, totaling 80.9% of total operating costs, as compared to 83.3% in 2007.
 
Gross profit
 
Gross profit in 2008 totaled R$526.0 million, representing an increase of 56.4%, as compared to R$336.3 million in 2007. This increase was mainly attributable to higher gross revenue from a greater number of developments. In 2008, the gross margin generated from our activities increased to 30.2% as compared to 27.9% in 2007. This increase was due to the strong demand for Gafisa properties in mid-high income segment that allowed the company to increase the average price and recognize higher margins based on percentage of completion as we started to build more recent projects.
 
Selling expenses
 
Selling expenses in 2008 totaled R$154.4 million, representing an increase of 121.2%, as compared to R$69.8 million in 2007. This increase reflects our aggressive growth strategy, through geographic and segment diversification. In 2008, we had 64 launches compared to 53 in 2007 which caused higher sales commissions, and marketing and advertising expenses. Selling expenses in 2008 represented 8.9% of our net operating revenue compared to 5.8% in 2007.
 
General and administrative expenses
 
General and administrative expenses totaled R$180.8 million in 2008, representing an increase of 38.1%, as compared to R$130.9 million in 2007. This increase is mainly due to (1) our growth strategy reflected in general and administrative expenses of Tenda, FIT and Bairro Novo totaling R$28.7 million, R$20.7 million and R$8.1 million, respectively and (2) stock option plan expenses, a non cash expense, totaling R$26.1 million in 2008 and R$17.8 million in 2007. The current general and administrative expenses in proportion to sales revenue has been diluted as we increased our revenues. General and administrative expenses in 2008 represented 10.4% of our net operating revenue as compared to 10.9% in 2007.
 
Depreciation and amortization
 
Depreciation and amortization in 2008 totaled R$52.6 million, representing an increase of 35.9%, as compared to R$38.7 million in 2007. The increase is mainly due to the increase in expenditures on sales stands, facilities, model apartments and related furnishings, new office facilities in Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo in 2008 and depreciation of capital expenditures recorded in 2007.
 
 
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Amortization of gain on partial sale of FIT
 
The amortization of the deferred gain on the partial sale of FIT totaled R$41.0 million in 2008. The amortization of the gain is over the average construction period of the FIT real estate ventures at October 21, 2008, the date of FIT’s merger into Tenda. The deferred gain is amortized over a 12-month period.
 
Financial income and expenses, net
 
Net financial results totaled an income of R$7.8 million in 2008 compared to R$28.3 million in 2007. Financial expenses during 2008 totaled R$61.0 million, an increase of 72.8% over R$35.3 million in 2007 due to higher debt. Our outstanding debt as of December 31, 2008, increased 123.2% as compared to December 31, 2007, mainly due to (1) the first issuance of the third debenture program of R$250 million, (2) working capital loans of R$285.0 million obtained in 2008; (3) other loans, mainly SFH and working capital loans, obtained in 2008 of R$240.9 million; and (4) accrued interest of R$116.8 million, which was partially offset by the repayment of debt of R$145.7 million, primarily related to SFH and working capital loans. Financial income increased from R$63.9 million in 2007 to R$102.9 million in 2008 mainly due to interest received on cash balances.
 
Taxes on income
 
Income and social contribution taxes in 2008 totaled R$43.4 million, or 42.8% higher than in 2007, when income and social contribution taxes totaled R$30.4 million. In 2008 and 2007, the combined effective income and social contribution tax rates, calculated as a percentage of income before taxes on income, were 20.7% and 23.7%, respectively. The combined effective rates during these years were lower than the composite statutory rate of 34% as some of our wholly owned and jointly-controlled subsidiaries calculated their taxes on the presumed profit regime and the amortization of negative goodwill on the Tenda business combination. The increase in 2008 reflects the growth of our pre-tax income.
 
Noncontrolling interest
 
Non-controlling interest increased from R$6.0 million in 2007 to R$22.7 million in 2008 primarily due to our participation in Tenda and Alphaville representing R$14.1 million and R$10.5 million, respectively, resulting from the increase of operations during the fiscal year.
 
Net income
 
Net income in 2008 totaled R$109.9 million, an increase of 20.0% over the previous year, when net income was R$91.6 million. The increase in net income was primarily due to our continuing growth strategy through segment and geographic diversification and the increase of launches during 2008.
 
Business Segments
 
Following the acquisition, formation and incorporation of the entities Alphaville, FIT and Bairro Novo in 2007 and following the merger of FIT into Tenda in 2008, our financial results for 2007 and 2008 included the results of the following segments: Gafisa S.A., Alphaville, Tenda, FIT (merged with Tenda in October 2008) and Bairro Novo. Further, following Gafisa’s withdrawal from Bairro Novo and the exchange of all the remaining Tenda shares not held by Gafisa into Gafisa shares (merger of shares), our financial results for 2009 included the results of the following segments: Gafisa S.A., Alphaville and Tenda. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—A. History and Development of the Company—Historical Background and Recent Developments.” Our chief executive officer, who is responsible for allocating resources among these businesses and monitoring their progress, uses economic present value data, which is derived from a combination of historical operating results and forecasted operating results to assess segment information primarily on the basis of different business segments.
 
We provide below a measure of historical results, selected segment assets and other related information for each reporting segment. The information below is derived from our statutory accounting records which are maintained in accordance with Brazilian GAAP. No individual customer represented more than 10% of our net operating revenue.
 
 
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For Year Ended December 31, 2009
 
   
Gafisa (1)
   
Tenda (2)
   
Alphaville
   
Total
 
   
(thousands of reais except for percentages)
 
Net operating revenue
  R$ 1,757,195     R$ 988,444     R$ 276,707     R$ 3,022,346  
Operating costs
    (1,297,036 )     (671,629 )     (175,097 )     (2,143,762 )
Gross profit
    460,159       316,815       101,610       878,584  
Gross margin
    26.2 %     32.1 %     36.7 %     29.1 %
Net income
    151,104       38,670       23,766       213,540  
 

(1)
Includes all subsidiaries, except for Alphaville and Tenda.
 
 
(2)
On December 30, 2009, the shareholders of Gafisa and Tenda approved a corporate restructuring to consolidate Gafisa’s noncontrolling share ownership in Tenda. The restructuring was accomplished by exchanging all of the remaining Tenda shares not held by Gafisa into Gafisa shares (merger of                  shares). As a result of the restructuring, Tenda became a wholly-owned subsidiary of Gafisa.
 
   
For Year Ended December 31, 2008
 
   
Gafisa (1)
   
Tenda (2)
   
Alphaville
   
FIT (3)
   
Bairro Novo
   
Total
 
   
(thousands of reais except for percentages)
 
Net operating revenue
  R$ 1,214,562     R$ 164,269     R$ 249,586     R$ 78,467     R$ 33,892     R$ 1,740,404  
Operating costs
    (847,617 )     (111,920 )     (167,043 )     (60,082 )     (27,739 )     (1,214,401 )
Gross profit
    366,945       52,349       82,543       18,385       6,153       526,003  
Gross margin
    30.2 %     31.9 %     33.1 %     23.4 %     18.2 %     30.2 %
Net income (loss)
    103,650       15,685       21,081       (22,263 )     (8,232 )     109,921  
 

(1)
Includes all subsidiaries, except for Alphaville, Tenda, FIT and Bairro Novo.
 
(2)
Tenda’s results for the period from October 22, 2008 through December 31, 2008.
 
(3)
FIT’s results for the period from January 1, 2008 through October 21, 2008. FIT was merged with Tenda on October 21, 2008.
 
   
For Year Ended December 31, 2007(2)
 
   
Gafisa (1)
   
Alphaville
   
FIT
   
Bairro Novo
   
Total
 
   
(thousands of reais except for percentages)
 
Net operating revenue
  R$ 1,004,418     R$ 192,700     R$ 7,169           R$ 1,204,287  
Operating costs
    (726,265 )     (136,854 )     (4,877 )           (867,996 )
Gross profit
    278,153       55,846       2,292             336,291  
Gross margin
    27.7 %     29.0 %     32.0 %           27.9 %
Income (loss) from operations
    125,938       20,611       (14,478 )     (4,012 )     128,059  


(1)
Includes all subsidiaries, except for Alphaville, FIT and Bairro Novo.
 
(2)
The relevant results of Tenda are available only from October 22, 2008, the date after the merger of FIT into Tenda. Accordingly, there was no comparative information for Tenda in 2007.
 
Gafisa Segment
 
Years ended December 31, 2009 and 2008
 
Net operating revenue
 
Net operating revenue for the Gafisa segment was R$1,757.2 million in 2009, compared to R$1,214.6 million in 2008, which represents an increase of 44.7% between the years. The increase in net operating revenues was attributable to the fact that Gafisa recognizes revenue under the percentage of completion basis, and the related increase in volume between years primarily is a result of an increase in sold units from inventory that was reduced in 2009. During 2009, as a reaction  to the economic recovery of the financial crisis and to protect the Company’s financial liquidity, Gafisa adopted a conservative policy which reduced the launch volume for the year and the number of units under construction with lower sales performance, consequently reducing the total volume of inventory. At December 31, 2009, Gafisa had R$1,114.3 million in inventory and 14,775 units under construction compared to R$1,340.6 million and 18,864 units at December 31, 2008. This was demonstrated by an increase in “contracted sales” during the year. The Gafisa segment had contracted sales of R$1,510.1 million in 2009 compared to R$1,345.1 million in 2008.
 
 
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The increase in contracted sales between the two years reflects the continued strengthening of the Brazilian economy during 2009 and Gafisa’s ability to contract many of the developments that it had launched in before and during 2008. Despite this increase in contracted sales, there was a decrease in the number of units launched from 4,949 in 2008 to 3,413 units in 2009 which does not directly affect the net operating revenue, since Gafisa’s revenues are accounted for on the percentage of completion for units sold and under development. This decrease reflects Gafisa’s ability to adjust its launches and inventories to meet unit demand. The average price for a Gafisa unit launched during 2009 was R$370.5 thousand as compared to an average price per unit of R$386.6 thousand in 2008. The lower average price per unit in 2009 was attributable to a change in the project mix.
 
Operating costs
 
Operating costs for the Gafisa segment were R$1,297.0 million in 2009 compared to R$847.6 million in 2008, which represented an increase of 53.0% between the two years. This increase was primarily attributable to the greater volume of construction in progress during 2009 as compared to 2008 as discussed above. Operating costs, as a percentage of net operating revenues, increased to 73.8% in 2009 as compared to 69.8% in 2008, mainly due to an increase in labor costs. The increase in labor costs was attributable to the continued strengthening of the Brazilian economy and the higher labor cost for completing a unit. This increase in labor costs resulted in an increase in construction costs payable to third parties.
 
Gross profit
 
Gross profit for the Gafisa segment was R$460.2 million or 52.4% of our total gross profit in 2009, compared to R$367.0 million  or 69.8% of our total gross profit for 2008. The increase in gross profit was primarily due to higher net operating revenue, as explained above. In 2009, gross margin generated from the sale of our Gafisa developments decreased to 26.2% as compared to 30.2% in 2008. This decrease in gross margin percentages from 69.8% of our gross profit in 2008 to 52.4% of our gross profit in 2009 was primarily attributable to higher than expected construction expenses. As a result of lower productivity faced in some projects, mainly due to the difficulties in hiring trained personnel, elevated labor expenses  and higher than expected  inflationary pressure over labor of 7.74% and also an increase in some construction materials cost based on National Construction Cost Index, or INCC, of 3.25% in 2009. During 2009, the Company changed its approach to new launch activity and to focus on inventory reduction, decreasing its launched volume from R$4.2 billion in 2008 to R$2.3 billion in 2009 (a decline of 45.5%). On the other hand, the sales volume increased from R$2.6 billion in 2008 to R$3.2 billion in 2009 (an increase of 26%).
 
As a consequence of the reduction of the Company inventory volume, some of these units sold were linked to projects with lower margins, impacting 2009 results of operations. As previously noted, this lower margin is mainly related to cost overruns associated with geographical expansion and certain projects in Rio de Janeiro where we faced lower than expected productivity and higher than average inflationary pressure over our costs.
 
Net income
 
Net income for the Gafisa segment was R$151.1 million or 70.8% of our total net income in 2009, compared to R$103.7 million or 94.3% of our total net income for 2008. The fall from 94.3% of net income from operations in 2008 to 70.8% of our net income in 2009 is a result of consolidating our Tenda operations for a full year in 2009. Net income as a percentage of net operating revenues was 8.6% in 2009 as compared to 8.5% in 2008. The slight increase between years was attributable to higher average price per square meter that contributed to improvement in margins.
 
Tenda Segment
 
Years ended December 31, 2009 and the period from October 22, 2008 through December 31,2008
 
Net operating revenue
 
Net operating revenue for the Tenda segment was R$988.4 million in 2009 compared to R$164.3 million in the period from October 22, 2008 to December 31, 2008. This increase was primarily due to the consolidation of Tenda results for the full year in 2009 and also due to higher sales contracted and number of developments launched. The
 
 
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Tenda segment had contracted sales of R$1,361.1 million in 2009 compared to R$167.8 million for the period from October 22, 2008 to December 31, 2008. At December 31, 2009, Tenda had 26,500 units under construction compared to 11,148 units at December 31, 2008. The average price for a Tenda unit launched during 2009 was R$116.8 thousand as compared to an average price per unit of R$84.7 thousand during the period from October 22, 2008 through December 31, 2008. The change in the average price per unit in the current year was attributable to the merger of FIT Residencial into Tenda, after Gafisa’s acquisition of Tenda, bringing higher unit price projects to Tenda’s portfolio.
 
Operating costs
 
Operating costs for the Tenda segment were R$671.6 million in 2009 compared to R$111.9 million for the period from October 22, 2008 to December 31, 2008 due to the consolidation of Tenda’s results for the full year 2009.
 
Gross profit
 
Gross profit for the Tenda segment was R$316.8 million or 36.1% of our total gross profit in 2009, compared to R$52.3 million in the period from October 22, 2008 to December 31, 2008 or 9.9% of our total gross profit for 2008. The increase in gross profit was primarily due to the consolidation of Tenda results for the full year 2009. Gross margins increased slightly in 2009 from 31.9% in 2008 compared to 32.1% in 2009. Tenda was able to maintain comparable gross margin percentages despite similar trends in per unit labor costs and per unit interest costs as experienced by our Gafisa segment, primarily through the margins coming from FIT projects that better leverage the operational scale of building execution.
 
Net income
 
Net income for the Tenda segment was R$38.7 million or 18.1% of our total income from operations in 2009, compared to a net income of R$15.7 million or 14.3% of our total income from operations for the period from October 22, 2008 through December 31, 2008. The shift from 14.3% of our net income in 2008 to 18.7% of our net income in 2009 is a result of consolidating our Tenda operations for a full year in 2009 as discussed below. Net income as a percentage of net operating revenues was 3.9% in 2009 as compared to 9.6% in 2008. The shift between years was attributable to Gafisa’s effort in reorganizing Tenda’s operational structure and its effects on synergies between the two companies.
 
Alphaville Segment
 
Years ended December 31, 2009 and 2008
 
Net operating revenue
 
Net operating revenue for the Alphaville segment was R$276.7 million in 2009 compared to R$249.6 million in 2008, which represents an increase of 10.9%. This increase was primarily due to the continued strong demand from Alphaville properties reflected by the increase of contracted sales of R$376.9 million in 2009 compared to R$299.9 million in 2008.  At December 31, 2009, Alphaville had 8,423 units under construction compared to 3,705 units in process at December 31, 2008. The average price for an Alphaville unit launched during 2009 was R$200.2 thousand as compared to an average price per unit of R$171.9 thousand in 2008. The change in the average price per unit in the current year was attributable to an increase in the average price per square meter, supported by market demand.
 
Operating costs
 
Operating costs for the Alphaville segment were R$175.1 million in 2009 compared to R$167.0 million in 2008, which represents an increase of 4.8%. This increase was mainly due to the greater volume of construction in progress in 2009 as compared to 2008.
 
 
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Gross profit
 
Gross profit for the Alphaville segment was R$101.6 million or 11.6% of our total gross profit in 2009, compared to R$82.6 million  or 15.7% of our total gross profit for 2008. The increase in gross profit was primarily due to higher gross revenue from a greater number of developments in progress. In 2009, the gross margin generated from the sale of our developments increased to 36.7% as compared to 33.1% in 2008. This increase in gross margin percentage was due to higher average price per square meter that contributed to higher gross margin, primarily as a result of increased market demand for Alphaville products.
 
Net income
 
Net income for the Alphaville segment was R$23.8 million or 11.1% of our total net income in 2009, compared to R$21.1 million or 8.5% of net income from operations in 2008. Net income as a percentage of net operating revenues was 8.6% in 2009 as compared to 8.5% in 2008. The slight increase  between years was mainly attributable to higher operational margins as discussed above
 
Gafisa Segment
 
Results of Operations – Years ended December 31, 2008 and 2007
 
The following discussion compares certain items for the Gafisa segment for the years ended December 31, 2008 and 2007:
 
Net operating revenue
 
Net operating revenue for the Gafisa segment was R$1,214.6 million in 2008 compared to R$1,004.4 million in 2007, which represents an increase of 20.9% between years. The increase in net operating revenues was attributable to the fact that Gafisa recognizes revenue under the percentage of completion basis, and the related increase in volume between years was primarily a result of an increase in units under construction as explained below. The Gafisa segment had contracted sales of R$1,345.1 million in 2008 compared to R$1,328.1 million in 2007. Gafisa launches totaled R$1,913 million in 2008 compared to R$1,698 million in 2007. During 2008, Gafisa was able to contract a consistent number of units and started to build many of the units that it contracted (pre-sold) in previous years. At December 31, 2008, Gafisa had 18,864 units under construction compared to 11,497 units under construction at December 31, 2007. The average price for a Gafisa unit launched during 2008 was R$386.6 thousand as compared to an average price per unit of R$289.6 thousand in 2007. The change in the average price per unit in 2008 was attributable to a change in the type of development constructed in 2008, specifically due to higher price per square meter that increased on average 29% in the period, which contributed to higher net operating revenue.
 
Operating costs
 
Operating costs for the Gafisa segment were R$847.6 million in 2008 compared to R$726.3 million in 2007, which represented an increase of 16.7%. This increase was mainly due to the greater volume of construction in progress during 2008 as compared to 2007 as explained above. Operating costs, as a percentage of net operating revenues, decreased to 69.8% in 2008 compared to 72.3% in 2007, mainly due to the recognition of better margin projects when compared to the previous year. The recorded gross margin from each project depends not only on the price but also on the construction costs, which is subject to region variations, project productivity and other execution risks. This is the primary for margin fluctuations.
 
Gross profit
 
Gross profit for the Gafisa segment was R$367.0 million or 69.8% of our total gross profit in 2008, compared to R$278.1 million or 82.7% of our total gross profit for 2007. The increase in gross profit was primarily due to higher gross revenue, as explained above. In 2008, the gross margin generated from the sale of our developments increased to 30.2% as compared to 27.7% in 2007. This increase was due to a change in the type of developments under construction in 2008 as discussed above.
 
 
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Income from operations
 
Income from operations for the Gafisa segment was R$197.6 million or 94.1% of our total income from operations in 2008, compared to R$125.9 million or 98.3% of our total income from operations in 2007. Income from operations as a percentage of net operating revenues was 16.3% in 2008 as compared to 12.5% in 2007. The increase between years was attributable to higher revenues and average price per square meter which more than compensated for increased operating costs, as described above.
 
Alphaville Segment
 
Results of Operations – Years ended December 31, 2008 and 2007
 
The following discussion compares certain items for the Alphaville segment for the years ended December 31, 2008 and 2007:
 
Net operating revenue
 
Net operating revenue for the Alphaville segment was R$249.6 million in 2008 compared to R$192.7 million in 2007, which represents an increase of 29.5% between years. This increase was primarily due to (1) higher volume of contracted sales during 2008, from R$238.3 million in 2007 to R$299.9 million in 2008, and also related to the increase of development launched from six in 2007 (with a development value of R$237.4 million) to 11 in 2008 (with a development value of R$312.5 million); and (2) recognition of results from sales contracted in prior periods and geographic expansion. At December 31, 2008, Alphaville had 3,705 units under construction compared to 4,602 units at December 31, 2007. The average price for an Alphaville unit launched during 2008 was R$171.9 thousand as compared to an average price per unit of R$159.4 thousand in 2007. The change in the average price per unit in the current year was attributable to lower average size and higher average price of the units being built.
 
Operating costs
 
Operating costs for the Alphaville segment were R$167.0 million in 2008 compared to R$136.9 million in 2007, which represents an increase of 22.0%. This increase was mainly due to the greater volume of construction in progress in 2008 as compared to 2007.
 
Gross profit
 
Gross profit for the Alphaville segment was R$82.6 million or 15.7% of our total gross profit in 2008, compared to R$55.8 million or 16.6% of our total gross profit for 2007. The increase in gross profit was primarily due to higher gross revenue from the greater number of development launches in 2008, which also had a higher gross margin of 33.1% in 2008 compared to 29.0% in 2007. The increase between years in gross margin percentages was primarily attributable to better margins per project, reflecting the sequential improvement of Alphaville’s performance after its acquisition by Gafisa.
 
Net income
 
Net income for the Alphaville segment was R$42.2 million or 20.1% of our net income in 2008, compared to R$20.6 million or 16.1% of net income in 2007.  Net income as a percentage of net operating revenues was 16.9% in 2008 as compared to 10.7% in 2007. The increase between years was mainly attributable to better operating margins, as described above.
 
FIT Segment
 
Results of Operations - Period from January 1, 2008 to October 22, 2008 and year ended December 31, 2007
 
Net operating revenue
 
Net operating revenue for the FIT segment was R$78.5 million in the period from January 1, 2008 to October 21, 2008 compared to R$7.2 million in 2007, which represents an increase of R$71.3 million. This increase was primarily due to the start-up of FIT operations in March 2007. The FIT segment’s contracted sales increased from
 
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R$47.1 million in 2007 to R$394.1 million in 2008, and the launch volume increased from 10 developments, with a potential sale value of R$263.4 million in 2007, to 16 developments with a potential sales value of R$496.1 million in 2008.
 
Since FIT’s revenues are based on the percentage of completion for units sold and under development, the increase in net operating revenue reflects the increased contracted sales and the volume of units under construction between years.
 
Operating costs
 
Operating costs for the FIT segment were R$60.1 million in the period from January 1, 2008 to October 21, 2008 compared to R$4.9 million in 2007, which represented an approximate 12-fold increase. This increase was primarily due to the greater volume of construction in progress during 2008 as compared to 2007, since the company started its operations in March 2007. Operating cost, as a percentage of the net operating revenues, increased to 76.6% in 2008 as compared to 68.0% in 2007, manly due the company’s operational leverage, since the projects launched in 2007 (FIT’s start-up year) were starting the construction process.
 
Gross profit
 
Gross profit for the FIT segment was R$18.4 million or 3.5% of the total company gross profit during 2008, compared to R$2.3 million or 0.7% of the total gross profit in 2007. This increase was due to the company’s growth since it stared operations in March 2007, reflected through the increase of revenues recognized from contracted sale of developments launched at the end of 2007 and during 2008. Gross margin reached 23.4% in the 2008, as compared to 32.0% in 2007. Since FIT recognizes revenue based on percentage of completion, the 2007 gross margin is not a good point of reference, as we only recognized R$7.2 million of net revenue.
 
Net loss
 
Net loss for the FIT segment was R$18.9 million in 2008, compared to a net loss of R$14.5 million in 2007. Net loss as a percentage of net operating revenues was (24.1)% in 2008, as compared to (201.4)% in 2007. The increase in net loss between years was attributable to the start up of FIT in 2007, when the company recognized lower level of operating revenue, as described above.
 
Bairro Novo Segment
 
The comparative analysis below for the Bairro Novo segment is limited since Bairro Novo Cotia was launched in November 2007.
 
Years ended December 31, 2008 and 2007
 
Net operating revenue
 
Net operating revenue for the Bairro Novo segment was R$33.9 million in 2008. There was no revenue recognized for 2007, since Bairro Novo Cotia represents a development that was launched in November 2007.
 
Operating costs
 
Operating costs for the Bairro Novo segment were R$27.7 million in 2008. There was no operating cost in 2007, since Bairro Novo Cotia was a development that was launched in November 2007.
 
Gross profit
 
Gross profit for the Bairro Novo segment was R$6.1 million or 1.2% of the total company gross profit in 2008. There was no gross profit in 2007, since Bairro Novo Cotia was a development that was launched in November 2007.
 
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Tenda Segment
 
We have not provided a comparative analysis for Tenda for the years ended December 31, 2007 and 2008 because our business combination occurred on October 21, 2008.
 
B.           Liquidity and Capital Resources
 
Our transactions are financed mainly through the contracting of real estate financing and securitization of receivables. When necessary and in accordance with market demands, we carry out long-term financing for the sale of our developments. In order to turn over our capital and accelerate its return, we strive to transfer to banks and sell to the market the receivables portfolio of our completed units. In 2009, we sold receivables from completed units for net proceeds of R$139.3 million.
 
We consistently review opportunities for acquisition and investments. We consider different types of investments, either direct or through our subsidiaries and jointly-controlled entities. We finance such investments using capital market financings, capital increase or through a combination thereof.
 
The recent global financial crisis in 2008 continues to impact the credit markets. Construction financing lines of credit are available and we have fulfilled substantially all of our construction financing needs for 2009 at rates that have increased an average of up to 100 basis points per year since 2008. In order to mitigate the effects of the recent global credit crisis, the Brazilian government has announced additional lines of credit to assist the construction industry and its customers, including R$6 billion from the FGTS (a Government Severance Indemnity Fund for Employees). Under this announcement, we have been approved to issue two series of debentures for Gafisa and Tenda in the total amount of R$1.2 billion. In addition, the Brazilian government will finance up to 20% of construction costs, to be financed by the Brazilian Saving and Loan System (Sistema Brasileiro de Poupança e Empréstimo – SBPE).
 
During 2009, our customers’ ability to obtain bank mortgage loans improved, with interest rates declining about 500 basis points from 13.75% to 8.75%. Delinquency rates among our customers have not increased materially in 2009 compared to 2008.
 
The following table shows the balance of our receivables from clients’ portfolio for the development and sale of properties for the periods presented:
 
   
As of December 31,
 
   
2009
   
2008
   
2007
 
   
(in thousands)
 
Real estate development receivables:
                 
Current
  R$ 2,008,464     R$ 1,254,594     R$ 473,734  
Long-term
    1,768,182       863,950       497,910  
Total
  R$ 3,776,646     R$ 2,118,544     R$ 971,644  
                         
Receivables to be recognized on our balance sheet according to percentage of completion method:
                       
Current
  R$ 1,556,510     R$ 812,406     R$ 486,794  
Long-term
    1,583,076       2,754,513       881,352  
Total
    3,139,586       3,566,919       1,368,146  
Total clients’ portfolio
  R$ 6,916,232     R$ 5,685,463     R$ 2,339,790  

The total clients’ portfolio balances have the following maturity profile:
 
 
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As of December 31, 2009
 
   
(in thousands)
 
Maturity
     
2010
  R$ 3,563,209  
2011
    2,171,163  
2012
    593,870  
Thereafter
    587,990  
Total
  R$ 6,916,232  

Loans made to our clients are generally adjusted on a monthly basis: (1) during construction, by the INCC in São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and other Brazilian cities; and (2) stated date in the contract, by the IGP-M plus 12% per annum in all markets.
 
We limit our exposure to credit risk by selling to a broad customer base and by continuously analyzing the credit of our clients. As of January 2010, our clients’ default level was 4.51% of our accounts receivable. We did not record a provision for the years ended December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007 because we considered the allowance for doubtful accounts not to be necessary, except for Tenda, taking into account that our financing with clients is mainly related to developments under construction and that deeds are not granted to the clients until after payment and/or negotiation of the clients’ debt. In addition, our risk of loss is limited to the stage when we negotiate our agreements with our clients, after which it is substantially transferred to financial institutions. The allowance for doubtful accounts for Tenda totaled R$17.8 million as of December 31, 2009 and is considered sufficient by our management to cover future expected losses on the realization of accounts receivable of this subsidiary.
 
Cash Flows
 
Operating activities
 
Net cash used in operating activities totaled R$676.6 million in 2009 as compared to R$812.5 million in 2008. The R$676.6 was primarily composed of  (1) a continued increase in cash allocated to finance receivables from clients, totaling R$1,657.1 million in 2009, which was primarily attributable to the continued year-on-year growth in our operations, related projects under development and thus the increase of the percentage of completion receivable; (2) additional proceeds from properties for sale of R$280.5 million attributable to an increased selling effort to clear unsold units from inventory arising in the prior year; and (3) partially offset by increases and decreases in other operating assets and liabilities.
 
In 2008, there was a significant increase in the operating expenditures as compared to 2007 mainly due to the increased number of projects under construction, the acquisition of land to support future launches and increased accounts receivables. As a result, net cash used in operating activities amounted to R$812.5 million in 2008 as compared to R$451.9 million in 2007.
 
Investment activities
 
Net cash used in investment activities, including for the acquisition of property, equipment and new investments, was R$65.6 million and R$78.3 million in 2009 and 2008 respectively. Our expenditure in 2009 was mainly related to the investment of R$45.1 million in property and equipment, primarily information technology equipment, software, expenses for the construction of sales stands, facilities, model apartments and related furnishings and new office facilities in São Paulo. Our main investments during the period were for the construction of sales stands, which totaled R$23.2 million, investments in information technology equipment and software, which totaled R$4.9 million, in office facilities, which totaled R$7.6 million and the SAP implementation, which totaled R$5.0 million. Restricted cash balances increased due to guaranteed financing in the amount of R$20.5 million.
 
Our expenditure in 2008 was mainly related to investments in property and equipment of R$63.1 million, in subsidiaries of R$15.0 million and restricted cash for loan guarantees of R$67.1 million. Cash acquired along with the Tenda business combination totaled R$66.9 million.
 
Our expenditure in 2007 was related to the acquisition of investments in subsidiaries and property and equipment. The increase of our cash used in investing activities in 2007 was primarily due to the acquisition of (1) shares of Catalufa Participações Ltda., whose principal asset consisted of an investment in Alphaville; and (2) all
 
 
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shares held by Redevco do Brasil in the following jointly-controlled entities:  Blue I SPE Planejamento, Promoção, Incorporação e Venda Ltda.; Blue II SPE Planejamento, Promoção, Incorporação e Venda Ltda.; Jardim I Planejamento, Promoção e Venda Ltda. and Sunplace SPE Ltda.
 
Financing activities
 
Net cash provided by financing activities in 2009 totaled R$1,540.4 million, an increase of 68.9%, compared to the net cash provided by financing activities in 2008 of R$911.8 million. The cash provided in 2009 was mainly attributable to: (1) issuance of debentures and other debt totaling R$2,259.7 million; (2) amortization of loans in the amount of R$861.0 million; and (3) securitization transactions in the amount of R$110.6 million. We also paid R$26.1 million in dividends and R$35.5 million in obligations to venture partners. We sold shares held in treasury for R$82.0 million.
 
Net cash provided by financing activities in 2008 totaled R$911.8 million, an increase of R$69.2 million, compared to the net cash provided by financing activities in 2007 of R$842.6 million. The cash provided in 2008 was mainly attributable to: (1) debt issuances in the amount of R$775.9 million, of which R$250.0 million was raised in June related to the first issuance of the third debenture program, and R$285.0 million was raised in September for working capital purposes; (2) contributions from venture partners in the amount of R$300 million, (3) a capital increase of R$7.7 million; and (4) acquisition of quotas from an unincorporated venture partner as described below. In addition, we paid R$145.7 million in loans and financing, mainly SFH and working capital loans and dividends of R$27.0 million during 2008.
 
Pledged mortgage receivables and marketable securities
 
As of December 31, 2009, substantially all of our mortgage receivables totaling R$3.5 billion are pledged. In addition, R$97.4 million of our marketable securities as they have been pledged.
 
Capital Expenditures
 
In 2007, we invested R$61.3 million in property and equipment, primarily information technology equipment, software, expenses for the construction of sales stands, facilities, model apartments and related furnishings and new office facilities in Rio de Janeiro and in São Paulo. Our main investments during the period were construction of sales stands of R$37.0 million and the implementation of SAP that totaled R$7.5 million. In addition, investments in information technology equipment and software totaled R$1.5 million, and office facilities totaled R$2.3 million.
 
In 2008, we invested R$63.1 million in property and equipment, primarily information technology equipment, software, expenses for the construction of sales stands, facilities, model apartments and related furnishings and new office facilities in Rio de Janeiro and in São Paulo. Our main investments during the period were the construction of sales stands, which totaled R$35.5 million, investments in information technology equipment and software, which totaled R$3.7 million, in office facilities, which totaled R$4.2 million and the SAP implementation, which totaled R$2.0 million.
 
In 2009, we invested R$45.1 million in property and equipment, primarily information technology equipment, software, expenses for the construction of sales stands, facilities, model apartments and related furnishings and new office facilities in São Paulo. Our main investments during the period were the construction of sales stands, which totaled R$23.2 million, investments in information technology equipment and software, which totaled R$4.9 million, in office facilities, which totaled R$7.6 million and the SAP implementation, which totaled R$5.0 million. We also had a reduction in restricted cash due to guaranteed financing of R$29.7 million.
 
Our capital expenditures are all made in Brazil and are usually funded by local debt capital markets. We currently do not have any significant capital expenditures in progress.
 
Indebtedness
 
When appropriate, we have incurred indebtedness within SFH, which offers lower interest rates than the private market. When our customers obtain a mortgage, we use the proceeds to amortize our SFH indebtedness. We intend
 
 
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to continue our strategy of maintaining low levels of debt comprised mainly of transactions within SFH or long-term transactions.
 
As of December 31, 2009 we had outstanding debt in the total amount of R$3,122.1 million, an increase of 101.2% as compared to December 31, 2008. Our indebtedness principally consists of (1) outstanding debentures totaling R$1,918.4 million, (2) working capital loans in the total amount of R$736.7 million and (3) other loans (mainly SFH) in the total amount of R$467.0 million.
 
As of December 31, 2008 we had outstanding debt in the total amount of R$1,552.1 million, an increase of 123.2% as compared to December 31, 2007. Our indebtedness principally consists of: (1) the first issuance of the third debenture program of R$250.0 million; (2) working capital loans in the total amount of R$285.0 million; (3) other loans (mainly SFH) obtained throughout 2008 in the total amount of R$240.9 million; and (4) accrued interest in the amount of R$116.8 million, which was partially offset by a repayment of debts in the total amount of R$145.7 million, primarily related to SFH and working capital loans.
 
The table below sets forth information on our loans, financing and debentures as of December 31, 2009:
 
   
Maturity
   
   
Total
   
2010
   
2011
   
2012
   
2013 and thereafter
   
(in thousands of reais)
   
Debentures
    1,918,377       122,377       346,000       275,000       1,175,000  
Working capital
    736,736       408,326       244,846       48,318       35,246  
Housing Finance System (SFH)
    467,019       269,986       168,737       23,536       4,760  
Total
    3,122,132       800,689       759,583       346,854       1,215,006  

In addition to the loans listed above, we received contributions from venture partners of R$300.0 million in 2008 which will be fully redeemed by us in 2014, as described below
 
In January 2008, we formed an unincorporated venture represented by 13,084,000 Class A quotas fully paid by us and 300,000,000 Class B quotas from our venture partner, of which R$300.0 million was subscribed by our venture partner. The venture, which will use these funds to acquire equity investments in real estate developments, has a term that ends on January 31, 2017 at which time we are required to fully redeem our venture partner’s interest. The venture partner receives an annual dividend substantially equivalent to the variation in the Interbank Certificate of Deposit (CDI) rate. The venture’s charter provides that we must comply with certain covenants in our capacity as lead partner, which include the maintenance of minimum net debt and receivables. We and the venture are currently in compliance with these covenants. The redemption of Class B quotas will start on January 31, 2012.
 
Debenture program
 
Our first debenture program was approved by and registered with the CVM on April 29, 2005. This enabled us to make public offerings of non-convertible debentures, secured on property and/or with guarantees subordinated to our general creditors. The offer of debentures through the program was limited to a maximum value of R$200 million.
 
On September 29, 2006, our second public offering of debentures was approved by the CVM. Under the second debenture program we can issue up to R$500.0 million in debentures that are not convertible into shares. The debentures are subordinated, and may be secured or unsecured.
 
We issued one series of debentures under the second debenture program for R$240.0 million aggregate principal amount due September 1, 2011. This is our fourth issuance which consists of 24,000 nominal, non-convertible debentures with a face value of R$10,000 each with subordinated guarantees. The debentures provide for the payment of annual interest corresponding to 100% of CDI rate, calculated from the date of issuance, plus a 1.3% annual spread (based on a 252 business-day year).
 
 
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The first issuance under the second debenture program provides that the following indices and limits be calculated on a semi-annual basis by the trustee based on our consolidated financial statements, drawn-up according to Brazilian GAAP, that we file with the CVM: (1) total debt minus SFH debt minus cash does not exceed 75% of shareholders’ equity plus noncontrolling interests; (2) total receivables plus post-completion inventory is equal to or greater than 2.0 times total debt; and (3) total debt minus available funds is less than R$1.0 billion, as adjusted for inflation, where:
 
·  
available funds is the sum of our cash, bank deposits and financial investments;
 
·  
SFH debt is the sum of all our loan agreements that arise from resources of the SFH;
 
·  
total receivables is the sum of our short and long-term “development and sale of properties” accounts, as provided in our financial statements;
 
·  
post-completion inventory is the total value of units already completed for sale, as provided on our balance sheet; and
 
·  
total debt is the sum of our outstanding debt, including loans and financing with third parties and fixed income securities, convertible or not, issued in local or international capital markets.
 
Our indenture under the debenture program contains various covenants including, among other things:
 
·  
limitations on our ability to incur debt; and
 
·  
limitations on the distribution of dividends if we are under default.
 
In July 2009, we renegotiated with the debenture holders the restrictive debenture covenants in the second debenture program, and obtained approval to delete the covenant that limited our net debt to R$1.0 billion and increased our financial flexibility by changing the calculation of the ratio between net debt and shareholders’ equity. As a result of these amendments, interest repaid by us increased to CDI plus 3.3% per year.
 
In May 2008, the CVM approved our third debenture program under which we can issue up to R$1.0 billion in non-convertible debentures. The first issuance under the third debenture program consisted of 25,000 nominal, non-convertible debentures with a face value of R$10,000, which were issued in two series totaling R$250 million. The debentures provide for the payment of annual interest corresponding to 107.2% of the CDI rate, calculated from the subscription date, with a maturity of 10 years.
 
Certain covenants contained in the agreements governing our debenture programs restrict our ability to take certain actions, including incurring additional debt, and may require us to repay or refinance our indebtedness if we are unable to meet certain ratios. Our second and third debenture programs have cross default provisions whereby an event of default or prepayment of any other debt above R$5.0 million and R$10.0 million, respectively, could require us to prepay the indebtedness under the second or third debenture program. The ratios and minimum or maximum amounts generally required by those covenants and our performance against those minimum or maximum levels are summarized below:
 
In April 2009, Tenda’s first debenture program was approved, under which we issued R$600 million in non-convertible debentures. The debentures provide for payment of annual interest at a spread of 8% + TR, calculated from the subscription date, with a maturity of five years. Proceeds from the issuance of the debentures will be used solely to finance real estate ventures focused exclusively on the affordable entry-level segment that meet certain eligibility criteria. Guarantees are comprised of assignments of receivables and bank accounts. Additionally, certain covenants contained in the agreement governing Tenda’s debenture program restrict its ability to take certain actions, including incurring additional debt, and may require Tenda to repay or refinance the debenture if it is unable to meet certain financial ratios. The ratios and minimum or maximum amounts required by such financial covenants and Tenda’s performance against those minimum or maximum levels include: (1) coverage debt service defined as EBIT divided by net financial expenses cannot exceed 1.3 ratio, (2) debt index defined as (receivables plus inventory) divided by (net debt minus collateralized debt) cannot exceed 2.0 ratio or be lower than zero, and (3) (net
 
 
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debt minus collateralized debt) divided by shareholders equity cannot exceed 50%. As of the date of this annual report, we understand that Tenda has been in compliance with all the above mentioned ratios.
 
In August 2009, the CVM approved our sixth issuance, which consisted of non-convertible simple debentures in two series, secured by a general guarantee, maturing in two years and unit face value at the issuance date of R$10,000, totaling R$250 million. The debentures provide for the payment of annual interest corresponding to the CDI rate plus 2 to 3.25%, calculated from the subscription date. Under the sixth issuance, we are obligated to acquire all outstanding debentures upon the request of debenture holders whenever we raise money through the issuance of non-debt securities in excess of R$500.0 million. We also have the right to repurchase the debentures in the occurrence of a liquidity event.
 
In December 2009, the CVM approved our seventh issuance under which we received R$600 million in non-convertible debentures. The debentures provide for payment of annual interest at a spread of 8.25% to 10.25% plus TR, calculated from the subscription date, with a maturity of five years. Proceeds from the issuance of the debentures will be used solely to finance real estate ventures.
 
 
 
As of December 31, 2009
Second program - first issuance
 
Total debt minus SFH debt minus cash does not exceed 75% of shareholders’ equity plus noncontrolling interests
1%
Total receivables plus post-completion inventory is equal to or greater than 2.0 times total debt
2.3
   
Third program - first issuance
 
Total debt minus SFH debt minus cash does not exceed 75% of shareholders’ equity
53%
Total receivables plus post-completion inventory is equal to or greater than 2.2 times total debt
4.1
   
Seventh issuance
 
Coverage debt service defined as EBIT divided by net financial expenses cannot exceed 1.3
(5.9)
Total receivables plus post-completion inventory is equal to or greater than 2.0 times total debt
292.3
Total debt minus SFH debt minus cash does not exceed 75% of shareholders’ equity plus noncontrolling interests
1%
   
Tenda’s first issuance
 
Coverage debt service defined as EBIT divided by net financial expenses cannot exceed 1.3
(24.8)
debt index defined as (receivables + inventory) divided by (net debt – collateralized debt) cannot exceed 2.0 ratio or be lower than zero
1.6
Total debt minus SFH debt minus cash does not exceed 50% of shareholders’ equity
31%

We expect to comply with the covenants in the agreements governing our outstanding indebtedness which may limit our long-term growth prospects by hindering our ability to incur future indebtedness or grow through acquisitions. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Our level of indebtedness could have an adverse effect on our financial health, diminish our ability to raise additional capital to fund our operations and limit our ability to react to changes in the economy or the real estate industry.”
 
As of December 31, 2009, we were in compliance with the aforementioned clauses and other non restrictive clauses.
 
Financing through the Housing Finance System (SFH)
 
Most of our financing is incurred directly or through our subsidiaries or jointly-controlled entities from the principal banks that operate within SFH. As of December 31, 2009, the interest rates on these loans generally varied between 6.2% and 11.4% per annum, plus TR, and the loans generally mature through December 2012. This financing is secured by mortgages on property and by security interests on the receivables from clients. As of December 31, 2009 we had 85 loan agreements in effect, with a balance of R$467 million. At the same date we also had R$1,204.1 million in aggregate principal amount of financing agreements with SFH, the funds of which will be released through the date of completion as construction of the corresponding developments progress.
 
Securitization Fund – FIDC
 
On March 31, 2009, we entered into a securitized receivables transaction, whereby we assigned a portfolio of select residential and commercial real estate receivables to “Gafisa FIDC” which issued senior and subordinated quotas. This first issuance of senior quotas was made through an offering restricted to qualified investors.
 
 
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Subordinated quotas, equivalent to 21% of the amount issued, were subscribed exclusively by Gafisa S.A. Gafisa FIDC acquired the present value of the portfolio based on an agreed discount rate. We provide Gafisa FIDC with administrative and accounting services including the reconciliation and analysis of receivables and collections and can be replaced by another collection agent in the event of non-fulfillment with contractual parameters. The senior and subordinated quotas are remunerated based on the IGP-M index plus interest of 12% per year. Because the subordinated quotas have a disproportional percentage of the expected losses, Gafisa FIDC was considered a variable interest entity and was fully consolidated in our financial statements as of December 31, 2009.
 
The receivables portfolio assigned totaled R$119.6 million of which we received the equivalent of the present value of R$88.7 million in cash. We consolidated receivables of R$55.3 million assigned to Gafisa FIDC in our financial statements as of December 31, 2009 and recorded the mandatorily redeemable equity interest in the securitization fund of R$41.3 million as other accounts payable. The balance of our subordinated quotas was eliminated on consolidation.
 
In June 2009, we issued debt securities backed by real estate sales receivables (Cédula de Crédito Imobiliário), or CCI. The transaction consists of an assignment of a portfolio comprised of select residential real estate receivables from Gafisa and its subsidiaries. We assigned a receivables portfolio in the amount of R$89.1 million in exchange for cash at the transfer date, discounted to present value, totaling R$69.3 million, recorded as “Other accounts payable—Credit Assignments.”
 
Eight book CCIs were issued, amounting to R$69.3 million at the issuance date. These eight CCIs are backed by receivables which installments fall due on and up to June 2014, or CCI-Investor.
 
Pursuant to Article 125 of the Brazilian Civil Code, the CCI-Investor carries general guarantees represented by statutory liens on real estate units, effective as soon as the conditional restrictions included in the registration are lifted, as reflected in the real estate deed on (i) the assignment of receivables from the assignors to SPEs, as provided for in Article 167, item II, (21) of Law No. 6,015, of December 31, 1973; and (ii) the issue of CCI-Investor by SPEs, as provided for in Article 18, paragraph 5 of Law No. 10,931/04.
 
We will be compensated for, among other things, the reconciliation of the receipt of receivables, guarantee the CCIs, and the collection of past due receivables. The transaction structure provides for the substitution of us as collection agent in the event of non-fulfillment of the responsibilities described in the collection service contract.
 
Working Capital
 
We believe that our current working capital is sufficient for our present requirements and that our sources of funds from financing activities are sufficient to meet the financing of our activities and cover our need for funds for at least the next twelve months.
 
US GAAP Reconciliation and US GAAP Operating Trends
 
We prepare our financial statements in accordance with Brazilian GAAP, which differs in significant respects from US GAAP. Our net income, in accordance with Brazilian GAAP, was R$213.5 million, R$109.9 million and R$91.6 million, in 2009, 2008 and 2007, respectively. Under US GAAP, we have reported a net income (loss) of R$(402.7) million, R$272.8 million and R$30.6 million, in 2009, 2008 and 2007, respectively.
 
Our shareholders’ equity, in accordance with Brazilian GAAP, was R$2,325.6 million, R$1,612.4 million and R$1,498.7 million as of December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007, respectively. Under US GAAP, we would have reported shareholders’ equity of R$1,757.0 million, R$2,096.9 million and R$1,457.3 million as of December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007, respectively.
 
The following items generated the most significant differences between Brazilian GAAP and US GAAP in determining net income and shareholders’ equity:
 
·  
revenue recognition;
 
·  
stock option plans;
 
 
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·  
business combinations;
 
·  
effects of deferred taxes on the differences above; and
 
·  
noncontrolling interest.
 
For a discussion of the principal differences between Brazilian GAAP and US GAAP as they relate to our financial statements and a reconciliation of net income and shareholders’ equity see Note 25 to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report and “Item 3.A. Key Information—Selected Financial Data.”
 
As per Note 26 of our consolidated financial statements, the Company has changed some accounting policies and also has  identified certain errors in its previously published consolidated financial statements that are being retrospectively corrected herein. The effect of this correction of the consolidated statements of income is as follows:
 
Consolidated Statement of Operations – year ended December 31, 2009
 
   
December 31, 2009 as previously reported
   
Tenda revenue recognition
   
Gafisa revenue recognition
   
Alphaville revenue recognition
   
December 31, 2009 as restated
 
                               
Net operating revenue (i)
    2,338,311       (711,140 )     (272,853 )     (145,321 )     1,208,997  
Operating costs (sales and services) (i)
    (1,652,850 )     354,793       205,919       78,393       (1,013,745 )
Gross profit (i)
    685,461       (356,347 )     (66,934 )     (66,928 )     195,252  
Operating expenses
                                       
Selling, general and administrative
    (439,459 )     -       -       -       (439,459 )
Other (ii)
    (161,077 )     -       25,530       -       (135,547 )
Operating income
    84,925       (356,347 )     (41,404 )     (66,928 )     (379,754 )
Financial income (expenses) (iii)
    (83,622 )     (1,577 )     (22,283 )     2,838       (104,644 )
Income before income tax, equity in results and noncontrolling interest
    1,303       (357,924 )     (63,687 )     (64,090 )     (484,398 )
Income tax expense (iv)
    (59,567 )     63,284       18,016       8,229       29,962  
Income (loss) before equity in results
                                       
 and noncontrolling interests
    (58,264 )     (294,640 )     (45,671 )     (,55,861 )     (454,436 )
Equity in results (v)
    63,862       8,365       9,905       -       82,132  
Net income
    5,598       (286,275 )     (35,766 )     (,55,861 )     (372,304 )
Less: Net income attributable to the noncontrolling interests (vi)
    (42,276 )     (8,365 )     20,273       -       (30,368 )
Net income (loss) attributable to Gafisa
    (36,678 )     (294,640 )     (15,493 )     (55,861 )     (402,672 )
US GAAP net income (loss)
    (36,678 )     (294,640 )     (15,493 )     (55,861 )     (402,672 )
US GAAP net income (loss) available to Common shareholders (Basic earnings)
    (36,678 )     (294,640 )     (15,493 )     (55,861 )     (402,672 )
Reconciliation from US GAAP net income to US GAAP net income available to Common shareholders
                                       
US GAAP net Income (loss)
    (36,678 )     (294,640 )     (15,493 )     (55,861 )     (402,672 )
US GAAP net income (loss) available to Common shareholders (Diluted earnings)
    (36,678 )     (294,640 )     (15,493 )     (55,861 )     (402,672 )
 
 
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Consolidated Statement of Operations – year ended December 31, 2008
 
   
Year ended December 31, 2008
 
   
US GAAP as previously reported
   
Tenda revenue recognition
   
Gafisa revenue recognition
   
Alphaville revenue recognition
   
US GAAP as restated
 
   
(in thousands of Reais)
 
Net operating revenue (i)
    1,692,706       (126,315 )     (178,766 )     (62,184 )     1,325,441  
Operating costs (sales and services) (i)
    (1,198,256 )     92,796       80,898       32,440       (992,122 )
Gross profit (i)
    494,450       (33,519 )     (97,868 )     (29,744 )     333,319  
Operating expenses
                                       
Selling, general and administrative
    (306,134 )     (3,272 )                 (309,406 )
Other (ii)
    163,363       (792 )     39,579             202,150  
Operating income
    351,679       (37,583 )     (58,289 )     (29,744 )     226,063  
Financial income (expenses) (ii)
    40,198       (7,625 )     23,291       20,159       76,653  
Income before income tax, equity in results and noncontrolling interest
    391,877       (45,208 )     (34,368 )     (9,585 )     302,716  
Income tax expense (iv)
    (70,576 )     15,690       12,045       546       (42,295 )
Income (loss) before equity in results and noncontrolling interests
    321,301       (29,518 )     (22,323 )     (9,039 )     260,421  
Equity in results (v)
    26,257                     3,616       29,873  
Net income
    347,558       (29,518 )     (22,323 )     (5,423 )     290,294  
Less: Net income attributable to the noncontrolling interests (vi)
    (47,900 )           34,031       (3,616 )     (17,485 )
Net income (loss) attributable to Gafisa
    299,658       (29,518 )     11,708       (9,039 )     272,809  
US GAAP net income (loss)
    299,658       (29,518 )     11,708       (9,039 )     272,809  
US GAAP net income (loss) available to Common shareholders (Basic earnings)
    299,658       (29,518 )     11,708       (9,039 )     272,809  
Reconciliation from US GAAP net income to US GAAP net income available to Common shareholders
                                       
US GAAP net Income (loss)
    299,658       (29,518 )     11,708       (9,039 )     272,809  
US GAAP net income (loss) available to Common shareholders (Diluted earnings)
    299,658       (29,518 )     11,708       (9,039 )     272,809  

Consolidated Statement of Operations – year ended December 31, 2007
 
   
Year ended December 31, 2007
 
   
US GAAP as previously reported
   
Gafisa revenue recognition
   
Alphaville
   
US GAAP as restated
 
   
(in thousands of Reais)
 
Net operating revenue (i)
    1,090,632       (22,730 )     (69,927 )     997,975  
Operating costs (sales and services) (i)
    (865,756 )     7,841       40,145       (817,770 )
Gross profit (i)
    224,876       (14,888 )     (29,782 )     180,206  
Operating expenses
                               
Selling, general and administrative
    (192,025 )                 (192,025  
Other
    1,595                   1,595  
Operating income
    34,446       (14,888 )     (29,782 )     (10,224 )
Financial income (expenses) (iii)
    27,243       1,623       2,763       31,629  
Income before income tax, equity in results and noncontrolling interest
    61,689       (13,265 )     (27,019 )     21,405  
Income tax expense (iv)
    (1,988 )     4,473       2,920       5,405  
Income (loss) before equity in results and noncontrolling interests
    59,701       (8,793 )     (24,099 )     26,809  
Equity in results (v)
    8,499       858       9,640       18,997  
Net income
    68,200       (7,935 )     (14,459 )     45,806  
Less: Net income attributable to the noncontrolling interests (vi)
    (4,738 )     (858 )     (9,640 )     (15,236 )
Net income (loss) attributable to Gafisa
    63,462       (8,793 )     (24,099 )     30,570  
US GAAP net income (loss)
    63,462       (8,793 )     (24,099 )     30,570  
US GAAP net income (loss) available to Common shareholders (Basic earnings)
    63,462       (8,793 )     (24,099 )     30,570  
Reconciliation from US GAAP net income to US GAAP net income available to Common shareholders
                               
US GAAP net Income (loss)
    63,462       (8,793 )     (24,099 )     30,570  
US GAAP net income (loss) available to Common shareholders (Diluted earnings)
    63,462       (8,793 )     (24,099 )     30,570  
 

(i)
Revenue recognition – correction of error to fully take account of the revenue recognition provisions established by ASC 350.20.40.10. Amounts as originally reported had not taken full account of the rights of reimbursement of customers (which had the effect of deferring revenue recognition under the percentage-of-completion method until such time as the initial and continuing investments thresholds were met) and the reprocessing of the agreements on a unit-by-unit basis using the current interpretation and reversal of Tenda’s contract
 
 
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termination provision which had historically been recorded as a means of deferring revenue and which was found to be insufficient and replaced by the current revenue recognition deferral adjustment above.
 
(ii)
Retrospective adjustment to the Tenda’s purchase price allocation adjustment arising from the restatement of Tenda´s assets acquired and liabilities assumed following the correction of the error in (1) above.
 
(iii)
Revision of non-controlling interest to financial expenses. The Company formed an unincorporated venture (SCP) in 2008 to hold interests in other real estate development companies. Upon further examination, this transaction was determined to be characteristic of a debt instrument rather than an equity investment. The results of the venture were originally presented as part of non-controlling interest amounts and were revised to financial expenses to reflect the Company´s current accounting practices.
 
(iv)
Deferred income tax on above adjustments.
 
(v)
Changes in equity due to correction of error in (1) above affecting equity method of accounting.
 
(vi)
Non-controlling interest on above adjustments.
 
At December 31, 2009 and 2008 we presented R$1.424 billion and R$0.503 billion, respectively, classified as cash and cash equivalents under BR GAAP. Such amount includes investments in government bonds, certificates of deposits, derivative contracts, debentures and bank receipts of deposit. For US GAAP purposes (as restated), R$1.304 billion and R$0.330 billion at December 31, 2009 and 2008, respectively, of this amount is presented as marketable securities as U S GAAP generally does not allow securities with original maturities of greater than 90 days to be classified as cash equivalents.
 
Presented below are our consolidated net operating revenues for each of the past three years:
 
   
Brazilian GAAP
   
US GAAP
(as restated)
 
   
(in thousands of Reais)
 
2009
    3,022,346       1,208,997  
2008
    1,740,404       1,344,066  
2007
    1,204,287       984,450  
 

Our revenues under US GAAP have traditionally been lower than our revenues under Brazilian GAAP given the application of different revenue recognition accounting policies. Brazilian GAAP provides for the percentage of completion method to be applied to construction activities from the time that a development is started and a customer is obtained. However, under US GAAP such revenue recognition under percentage of completion is limited depending upon the stage of project completion, the amount of a customer’s initial and continuing investment, and is also limited given potential penalty and refund provisions that exist in our contracts.
 
Our net income (loss) was as follows for each of the past three years:
 
   
Brazilian GAAP
   
US GAAP
(as restated)
 
   
(in thousands of Reais)
 
2009
  R$ 213,540     R$ (402,672 )
2008
  R$ 109,921     R$ 263,701  
2007
  R$ 91,640     R$  30,570  
 
Our shareholders’ equity under US GAAP is lower than our shareholders’ equity under Brazilian GAAP for all periods primarily due to the differences mentioned above.
 
New Accounting Pronouncements, Interpretations and Guidance
 
Law No. 11,638/07, effective as of January 1, 2008 and as amended by Law No. 11,941/09, introduced changes to the Brazilian corporate law to be applied in 2010 to financial statements of financial institutions and publicly-held companies. These changes primarily seek to facilitate the process of converging Brazilian GAAP to IFRS, and permit the CVM to issue new accounting standards and procedures consistent with international accounting standards. In addition, to ensure consistent presentation of financial statements in prior periods, these changes will require 2009 financial statements to be disclosed together with 2010 financial statements in order to provide comparative information within the financial statements.
 
 
 
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In connection with these changes, several pronouncements, interpretations and guidance were issued in 2009 by the CPC and the CVM. We are currently evaluating the potential effects of the following pronouncements, interpretations and guidance, which may have a material impact on our financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2009 and on the comparability of such financial statements with our financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2010.
 
 
·  
CPC 15 sets forth the accounting treatment for business combinations, including the recognition and measurement of acquired assets, assumed liabilities and goodwill based on future economic benefits, and the information to be disclosed.
 
 
·  
CPC 17 sets forth the accounting treatment for revenue and costs associated with construction contracts.
 
 
·  
CPC 18 sets forth the recording of investments in associates in the individual and consolidated financial statements of the investor and the recording of investments in subsidiaries in the financial statements of the parent company.
 
 
·  
CPC 19 sets forth the recording of joint ventures and the disclosure of assets, liabilities, income and expenses of such ventures in the financial statements of investors.
 
 
·  
CPC 20 sets forth the accounting treatment for borrowing costs and its potential inclusion in assets when attributable to the acquisition, construction or production of a qualifying asset.
 
 
·  
CPC 22 establishes principles for reporting information on operating segments in annual reports that would permit readers to evaluate the nature and financial effects of business activities in which a company is involved and the economic environments in which a company operates.
 
 
·  
CPC 23 sets forth the criteria for selecting and changing accounting policies, together with the accounting treatment, and discloses the change to accounting policies, accounting estimates and the correction of errors.
 
 
·  
CPC 24 establishes when an entity shall adjust its financial statements in connection with a subsequent event and the information to be disclosed.
 
 
·  
CPC 25 sets forth the criteria for the recognition and measurement of provisions, contingent liabilities and assets and establishes principles for disclosing such information in the notes to financial statements to permit readers to evaluate their value.
 
 
·  
CPC 26 establishes principles for the presentation of financial statements to ensure comparability with the entity’s financial statements of previous periods and with the financial statements of other entities, and introduces the statement of comprehensive income as a mandatory financial statement.
 
 
·  
CPC 27 sets forth the accounting treatment for property, plant and equipment with respect to recognition, measurement, depreciation and impairment losses.
 
 
·  
CPC 28 sets forth the accounting treatment for investment property and reporting requirements.
 
 
·  
CPC 30 sets forth the accounting treatment for revenue from certain types of transactions and events.
 
 
·  
CPC 31 sets forth the accounting treatment for non-current assets on sale and the presentation and reporting of discontinued operations.
 
 
·  
CPC 32 sets forth the accounting treatment for income taxes.
 
 
·  
CPC 33 sets forth the accounting treatment for and reporting of benefits given to employees.
 
With respect to the real estate sector, CVM Resolution No. 612 dated December 22, 2009, which approved Technical Interpretation ICPC02, addresses the recognition of costs and revenues by real estate companies prior to
 
 
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the completion of a property and will apply in 2010 to financial statements. Beginning on January 1, 2010, costs and revenues will be recognized as follows:
 
Description
 
CFC Resolution No. 963/03 (applicable
until the year ended December 31, 2009)
 
ICPC-02 (applicable from the year
ended December 31, 2010)
Revenue from real estate sold
 
Recorded in income according to percentage of completion method.
 
Recorded in income upon the transfer of deed, risks and benefits to the real estate purchaser (usually after completion of the work and upon delivery of keys).
Cost of real estate sold
 
Recorded in income when incurred, in proportion to units sold.
 
Recorded in income in proportion to units sold.

This new regulation will impact our financial statements, in particular our accounts receivable, real estate development, selling expenses (commission), deferred and current taxes on revenue and income, inventory and real estate development costs and warranty provisions and we are currently evaluating the potential effects on our financial statements.
 
US GAAP Accounting pronouncements not yet adopted
 
The FASB issued ASU 2009-01, “Amendments based on Statement of Financial Accounting Standards 168 – The FASB Accounting Standards Codification and the Hierarchy of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles”, in June 2009 to codify in ASC 105, “Generally Accepted Accounting Principles”, which was issued to establish the Codification as the sole source of authoritative US GAAP recognized by the FASB, excluding SEC guidance, to be applied by non-government entities. We have adopted the provisions of ASU 2009-01 in these consolidated financial statements, and there was no impact.
 
The FASB issued ASU 2009-16, Transfers and Servicing (Topic 860): Accounting for Transfers of Financial Assets (FASB Statement No. 166, Accounting for Transfers of Financial Assets—an amendment of FASB Statement No. 140) in December 2009. ASU 2009-16 removes the concept of a qualifying special-purpose entity (“QSPE”) from ASC Topic 860, Transfers and Servicing, and the exception from applying ASC 810-10 to QSPEs, thereby requiring transferors of financial assets to evaluate whether to consolidate transferees that previously were considered QSPEs. Transferor-imposed constraints on transferees whose sole purpose is to engage in securitization or asset-backed financing activities are evaluated in the same manner under the provisions of the ASU as transferor-imposed constraints on QSPEs were evaluated under the provisions of Topic 860 prior to the effective date of the ASU when determining whether a transfer of financial assets qualifies for sale accounting. The ASU also clarifies the Topic 860 sale-accounting criteria pertaining to legal isolation and effective control and creates more stringent conditions for reporting a transfer of a portion of a financial asset as a sale. The ASU is effective for periods beginning after December 15, 2009, and may not be early adopted. We expect that the adoption of ASU 2009-16 will not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
 
The FASB issued ASU 2009-17, Consolidations (Topic 810): Improvements to Financial Reporting by Enterprises Involved with Variable Interest Entities (FASB Statement No. 167, Amendments to FASB Interpretation No. 46(R)) in December 2009. ASU 2009-17, which amends the Variable Interest Entity (“VIE”) Subsections of ASC Subtopic 810-10, Consolidation – Overall, revises the test for determining the primary beneficiary of a VIE from a primarily quantitative risks and rewards calculation based on the VIE’s expected losses and expected residual returns to a primarily qualitative analysis based on identifying the party or related-party group (if any) with (a) the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance and (b) the obligation to absorb losses of, or the right to receive benefits from, the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE. The ASU requires kick-out rights and participating rights to be ignored in evaluating whether a variable interest holder meets the power criterion unless those rights are unilaterally exercisable by a single party or related party group. The ASU also revises the criteria for determining whether fees paid by an entity to a decision maker or another service provider are a variable interest in the entity and revises the Topic 810 scope characteristic that identifies an entity as a VIE if the equity-at-risk investors as a group do not have the right to control the entity through their equity interests to address the impact of kick-out rights and participating rights on the analysis. Finally, the ASU adds a
 
 
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new requirement to reconsider whether an entity is a VIE if the holders of the equity investment at risk as a group lose the power, through the rights of those interests, to direct the activities that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance, and requires a company to reassess on an ongoing basis whether it is deemed to be the primary beneficiary of a VIE. ASU 2009-17 is effective for periods beginning after December 15, 2009 and may not be early adopted. We expect that the adoption of ASU 2009-17 will not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
 
The FASB issued ASU 2010-25 Plan Accounting – Defined Contribution Pension Plan (Topic 962) which amends the requirement that participant loans be classified as notes receivable from participants, which are segregated from plan investments and measured at their unpaid principal balance plus any accrued but unpaid interest. We expect that the adoption of ASU 2010-25 will not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
 
The FASB issued ASU 2010-20 Receivables (Topic 310) which improves the disclosures that an entity provides about the credit quality of its financing receivables and the related allowance for credit losses. As a result of these amendments, an entity is required to disaggregate by portfolio segment or class certain existing disclosures and provide certain new disclosures about its financing receivables and related allowance for credit losses.
 
The FASB issued ASU 2010-18 Receivables (Topic 310) which clarifies that modifications of loans that are accounted for within a pool under Subtopic 310-30, which provides guidance on accounting for acquired loans that have evidence of credit deterioration upon acquisition, do not result in the removal of those loans from the pool even if the modification would otherwise be considered a troubled debt restructuring. An entity will continue to be required to consider whether the pool of assets in which the loan is included is impaired if expected cash flows for the pool change. The amendments do not affect the accounting for loans under the scope of Subtopic 310-30 that are not accounted for within pools. Loans accounted for individually under Subtopic 310-30 continue to be subject to the troubled debt restructuring accounting provisions within Subtopic 310-40. We expect that the adoption of ASU 2010-18 will not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
 
The FASB issued ASU 2010-11 Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815) which clarifies the type of embedded credit derivative that is exempt from embedded derivative bifurcation requirements. Only one form of embedded credit derivative qualifies for the exemption one that is related only to the subordination of one financial instrument to another. As a result, entities that have contracts containing an embedded credit derivative feature in a form other than such subordination may need to separately account for the embedded credit derivative feature. We expect that the adoption of ASU 2010-11 will not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
 
The FASB issued ASU 2010-10 Consolidation (Topic 810) which defers the effective date of the amendments to the consolidation requirements made by FASB Statement 167 to a reporting entity’s interest in certain types of entities and clarifies other aspects of the Statement 167 amendments. As a result of the deferral, a reporting entity will not be required to apply the Statement 167 amendments to the Subtopic 810-10 consolidation requirements to its interest in an entity that meets the criteria to qualify for the deferral. This Update also clarifies how a related party’s interests in an entity should be considered when evaluating the criteria for determining whether a decision maker or service provider fee represents a variable interest. In addition, the Update also clarifies that a quantitative calculation should not be the sole basis for evaluating whether a decision maker’s or service provider’s fee is a variable interest. We expect that the adoption of ASU 2010-10 will not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
 
The FASB issued ASU 2010-09 Subsequent Events (Topic 855) which addresses both the interaction of the requirements of Topic 855, Subsequent Events, with the SEC’s reporting requirements and the intended breadth of the reissuance disclosures provision related to subsequent events (paragraph 855-10-50-4). The amendments in this Update have the potential to change reporting by both private and public entities, however, the nature of the change may vary depending on facts and circumstances. This codification does not impact our financial position, results of operations or liquidity.
 
Accounting Standards Update (ASU) number 2010-06 Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures (Topic 820): Improving Disclosures about Fair Value Measurements. This update provides amendments to Subtopic 820-10 and are expected to provide more robust disclosures about (1) the different classes of assets and liabilities measured at fair value, (2) the valuation techniques and inputs used, (3) the activity in Level 3 fair value measurements, and (4)
 
 
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the transfers between Levels 1, 2, and 3. We expect that the adoption of ASU 2010-09 will not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
 
The FASB issued ASU 2010-28, Intangibles – Goodwill and Others (Topic 350): When to perform Step 2 of the Goodwill Impairment Test for Reporting Units with Zero or Negative Carrying Amounts in December 2010. This ASU specifies that an entity with reporting units that have carrying amounts that are zero or negative is required to assess whether is more likely than not that the reporting units’ goodwill is impaired. If the entity determines that it is more likely than not that the goodwill of one or more of its reporting units impaired, the entity should perform Step 2 of the goodwill impairment test for those reporting unit(s). Any resulting goodwill impairment should be recorded as a cumulative-effect adjustment to beginning retained earnings in the period of adoption. Any goodwill impairments occurring after the initial adoption of the revised guidance should be included in the earnings as required by Section 350-20-35. The revised guidance is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those years, beginning after December 15, 2010. Early adoption is not permitted. We expect that the adoption of ASU 2010-28 will not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
 
The FASB issued ASU 2010-29, Business Combinations (Topic 805): Disclosure of Supplementary Pro Forma Information for Business Combinations. This ASU addresses that if a public entity presents comparative financial statements, the entity should disclose revenue and earnings of the combined entity as though the business combination(s) that occurred during the current year had occurred as of the beginning of the comparable prior annual reporting period only. The revised guidance also expands the supplemental pro forma disclosures to include a description of the nature and amount of material, nonrecurring pro forma adjustments directly attributable to the business combination included in the reported pro forma revenue and earnings. The revised guidance is effective prospectively for business combinations for which the acquisition date is on or after the beginning of the first annual reporting period beginning on or after December 15, 2010. We will apply the revised disclosure provisions in the notes to its consolidated financial statements prospectively, as applicable. We expect that the adoption of ASU 2009-29 will not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
 
C. 
Research and Development, Patents and Licenses, etc.
 
We have a research and development department for new products, processes and methodologies focused on reducing the construction cycle. As of December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007, we had 13, 15 and 12 employees engaged in research and development activities, respectively. Our research and development expenditures in 2009, 2008 and 2007 were immaterial.
 
D. 
Trend Information
 
Other than as disclosed elsewhere in this annual report including under “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors” and “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—A. Operating Results—Brazilian Real Estate Sector,” we are not aware of any trends, uncertainties, demands, commitments or events which are reasonably likely to have a material effect upon our net sales or revenues, income from continuing operations, profitability, liquidity or capital resources, or that would cause reported financial information to not necessarily be indicative of future operating results or financial condition.
 
E. 
Off Balance Sheet Arrangements
 
We currently do not have any off-balance sheet arrangements or significant transactions with unconsolidated entities not reflected in our consolidated financial statements. All of our interests in and/or relationships with our subsidiaries or jointly-controlled entities are recorded in our consolidated financial statements.
 
F. 
Tabular Disclosure of Contractual Obligations
 
The table below presents the maturity of our significant contractual obligations as of December 31, 2009. The table does not include deferred income tax liability.
 
 
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Maturity Schedule
 
   
Total
   
Less than 1 year
   
1-3 years
   
3-5 years
   
More than 5 years
 
   
(in thousands of R$)
 
Loans and financing
    1,203,755       678,312       489,187       36,256        
Debentures
    1,918,377       122,377       621,000       1,175,000        
Interest (1)
    863,034       342,890       436,920       83,224        
Real estate development obligations (2)
    3,162,601       2,228,115       931,238       3,248        
Obligations for land purchase
    350,706       204,305       91,450       44,109       10,842  
Obligation to venture partners (3)
    300,000             100,000       200,000        
Credit assignments
    122,360       122,360                    
Obligations from operating leases
    32,043       6,086       10,427       8,114       7,417  
Acquisition of investments
    21,090       21,090                    
Securitization Fund – FIDC
    41,308             41,308              
Other accounts payables
    128,222       62,207       66,015              
Total
    8,143,496       3,787,742       2,787,545       1,549,951       18,259  
 

(1)
Estimated interest payments are determined using the interest rate as of December 31, 2009. However, our long-term debt is subject to variable interest rates and inflation indices, and these estimated payments may differ significantly from payments actually made.
 
(2)
Including obligations not reflected in the balance—CFC Resolution No. 963. Pursuant to Brazilian GAAP, and since the adoption of CFC Resolution No. 963, the total costs to be incurred on the units launched but not sold are not recorded on our balance sheet. As of December 31, 2009, the amount of “real estate development obligations” related to units launched but not sold was R$1,219.2 million.
 
(3)
Obligation to venture partners accrues a minimum annual dividend equivalent to the variation in CDI, which is not included in the table above.
 
We have a commitment to purchase the remaining 40% of Alphaville’s capital, not yet measurable and consequently not recorded, which will be based on a fair value appraisal of Alphaville prepared at the future acquisition dates. The acquisition agreement provides that we will purchase the remaining 40% of Alphaville by 2012 (20% within three years from the acquisition date and the remaining 20% within five years from the acquisition date) in cash or shares, at our sole discretion.
 
We also made provisions for contingencies in relation to labor, tax and civil lawsuits in the amounts of R$11.3 million and R$61.7 million in current and non-current liabilities, respectively, as of December 31, 2009.
 
ITEM 6. 
DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYEES
 
A. 
Directors and Senior Management
 
Board of Directors
 
The table below shows the names, positions, and terms of office of the members of our board of directors:
 
Name
 
 
Age
 
 
Position
 
 
Election Date
 
 
Term of Office(1)
Gary R. Garrabrant(3)
 
52
 
Chairman
 
April 4, 2008
 
Annual Shareholders’ General Meeting in 2010
Caio Racy Mattar(2)(3)
 
52
 
Director
 
April 4, 2008
 
Annual Shareholders’ General Meeting in 2010
Richard L. Huber(2)(3)
 
73
 
Director
 
April 4, 2008
 
Annual Shareholders’ General Meeting in 2010
Thomas J. McDonald(3)
 
45
 
Director
 
April 4, 2008
 
Annual Shareholders’ General Meeting in 2010
Gerald Dinu Reiss (2)(3)
 
65
 
Director
 
April 14, 2008
 
Annual Shareholders’ General Meeting in 2010
Jose Ecio Pereira da Costa Junior (2)(3)
 
58
 
Director
 
April 30, 2009
 
Annual Shareholders’ General Meeting in 2010

(1)
Under Brazilian corporate law, an annual shareholders’ general meeting must take place within the first four months of the calendar year.
 
(2)
Independent member pursuant to NYSE rules.
 
 
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(3)
Independent member pursuant to Brazilian Law. According to Brazilian Law, a director is considered independent when: (1) he/she has no relationship with the company, except for holding shares; (2) he/she is not a controlling shareholder, spouse or relative of the controlling shareholder, has not been in the past three years linked to any company or entity related to the controlling shareholder; (3) he/she has not been in the past three years an employee nor an executive of the company, of the controlling shareholder or of any subsidiary of the company; (4) he/she is not a supplier or buyer, direct or indirect, of the company where the arrangement exceeds a certain amount; (5) he/she is not an employee or manager of any company which renders services to the company or which uses services or products from the company; (6) he/she is not a spouse or relative of any member of the company’s management; and (7) he/she does not receive any compensation from the company, except for the compensation related to its position as a board member.
 
None of our directors is entitled to any severance compensation in the event of dismissal from office, except for unpaid portions related to prior years. Our directors are not subject to mandatory retirement due to age.
 
The following is a summary of the business experience and principal outside business interests of the current members of our board of directors.
 
Gary R. Garrabrant. Mr. Garrabrant is the chief executive officer and co-founder of Equity International. From 1996 to 1999, he was executive vice-president of Equity Group Investments, LLC (EGI), the privately held investment company founded and led by Sam Zell. Mr. Garrabrant joined EGI in 1996 and founded Equity International with Mr. Zell in 1999. Mr. Garrabrant is a director of Equity International and a director of Brazilian Finance & Real Estate. He is the former vice chairman and director of Homex and a former director of NH Hoteles (MSE:NHH). Previously, Mr. Garrabrant was involved in the creation of Capital Trust (NYSE:CT) where he served as vice chairman and director, and in the formation of Equity Office Properties Trust. Prior to joining EGI, he co-founded Genesis Realty Capital Management and was a managing director in the real estate investment banking division of Chemical Bank and in a similar role with The Bankers Trust Company. Mr. Garrabrant is a member of the University of Notre Dame’s Mendoza College of Business Advisory Council and the Real Estate Advisory Board at Cambridge University. Mr. Garrabrant holds a bachelor’s degree in finance from the University of Notre Dame and completed the Dartmouth Institute at Dartmouth College. He is currently the chairman of our board of directors, and his current term commenced on April 4, 2008. He is also a member of the Investment Committee and Compensation Committee. His business address is Two North Riverside Plaza, Suite 1500, Chicago, Illinois, 60606, United States.
 
Caio Racy Mattar. Mr. Mattar is currently executive officer of Companhia Brasileira de Distribuição (CBD- Pão de Açúcar Group). He is also a member of the board of directors of Sendas Distribuidora S.A. and Paramount Têxteis Indústrias e Comércio S.A. Mr. Mattar holds a bachelor’s degree in civil engineering and a master’s degree in business administration from the London Business School. He is currently a member of our board of directors, and his current term commenced on April 4, 2008. He is also a member of the Compensation Committee and Nomination and Corporate Governance Committee. His business address is Av. Nações Unidas No. 8,501, 19th floor 05425-070 - São Paulo, SP - Brazil.
 
Richard L. Huber. Mr. Huber is an investor in different companies from various segments, especially in South America. He is currently the chairman of Antarctic Shipping, a Chilean company that operates maritime cruises in the Antarctic, and a director of, and an investor in, AquaBountry Technology, Covanta Energy Corporation, American Commercial Barge Line, and other companies in the United States. Mr. Huber holds a bachelor’s degree in chemistry from Harvard University. He started his career as a trainee at First National Bank in 1959. He has worked for more than 40 years in the financial services industry with institutions such as First National Bank of Boston, Citibank, Chase and Continental Bank, most recently at Aetna Inc. in its financial area and as its chief executive officer and chairman, and left Aetna Inc. in 2000. He was also a member of the board of directors of many United States and Latin American companies. He is currently a member of our board of directors, and his current term commenced on April 4, 2008. He is also member of the Audit Committee and the Nomination and Corporate Governance Committee. His business address is 139 W. 78th Street, 10024, New York, New York, United States.
 
Thomas J. McDonald. Mr. McDonald is chief strategic officer of Equity International. Mr. McDonald has been associated with the Company since its inception in 1999. He is a director of several of Equity International’s portfolio companies, including Gafisa (NYSE:GFA, BZ:GFSA3), BR Malls (BZ:BRML3) and AGV Logística. Prior to Equity International, Mr. McDonald was with Anixter International, a global provider of network infrastructure solutions and services. Prior to joining Anixter in 1992, Mr. McDonald was based in Mexico City with Quadrum S.A. de C.V., a Latin American finance company. Mr. McDonald holds a bachelor’s degree in
 
 
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international relations and Spanish from the University of Notre Dame and a master’s degree in business administration from the University of Chicago’s Graduate School of Business. He is currently a member of our board of directors, and his current term commenced on April 4, 2008. He is also member of the Investment Committee, the Compensation Committee and the Nomination and Corporate Governance Committee. His business address is Two North Riverside Plaza, Suite 1500, Chicago, Illinois, 60606, United States.
 
Gerald Dinu Reiss. Mr. Reiss is the founder and the officer of the business consulting firm Reiss & Castanheira Consultoria e Empreendimentos Ltda. since 1987. He was the Planning and Controlling Officer of Grupo Ultra from 1980 to 1986 and member of its Executive Committee as of 1984. Professor of Business Planning of Escola de Administração de Empresas de São Paulo at Fundação Getulio Vargas from 1974 to 1986. Mr. Reiss was also a member of the Board of Directors of various Brazilian companies, as CAEMI, Petrobrás S.A., Petrobrás Distribuidora S.A, COMERC and Grupo Pão de Açúcar. Mr. Reiss holds a bachelor’s degree in electric engineering from Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo and a PHD in Business Administration from California University, Berkeley, USA. He is currently a member of our board of directors, and his current term commenced on April 14, 2008. He is also member of the Audit Committee. His business address is Rua Viradouro, 63, 04538-010 – São Paulo, SP – Brazil.
 
José Ecio Pereira da Costa Junior. Mr. Pereira is currently head of the Administrative Council of IBEF – PR Instituto Brasileiro dos Executivos de Finanças do Paraná. He started his auditing career in 1974 and became in 1986 partner of Arthur Andersen & Co. In June 2002 he was admitted as an audit partner at Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu in Brazil. Mr. Pereira is also the founder of the business consulting firm JEPereira Consultoria em Gestão de Negócios. Mr. Pereira holds a bachelor’s degree in business administration from Fundação Getúlio Vargas and a bachelor’s degree in accounting from Faculdade São Judas Tadeu. He is currently a member of our board of directors and the chairman of our Audit Committee, and his current term commenced on April 30, 2009. His business address is Av. República Argentina, 665, No. 906/907, 80240-210 – Curitiba, PR – Brazil.
 
The table below shows the names, positions, and terms of office of our executive officers:
 
Name
 
 
Age
 
 
Position
 
 
Election Date
 
 
Term of Office
Wilson Amaral de Oliveira
 
57
 
Chief Executive Officer
 
December 14, 2009
 
December 31, 2011
Alceu Duilio Calciolari
 
47
 
Chief Financial Officer and Investor Relations Officer
 
December 14, 2009
 
December 31, 2011
Antônio Carlos Ferreira Rosa
 
37
 
Officer
 
December 14, 2009
 
December 31, 2011
Mário Rocha Neto
 
52
 
Officer
 
December 14, 2009
 
December 31, 2011
Odair Garcia Senra
 
63
 
Officer
 
December 14, 2009
 
December 31, 2011

None of our executive officers is entitled to any severance compensation in the event of dismissal from office, except the unpaid portions related to prior years. The business address of each of our executive officers is Av. Nações Unidas No. 8,501, 19th floor , 05425-070 - São Paulo, SP – Brazil.
 
The following is a summary of the business experience and principal outside business interests of the current members of our board of executive officers.
 
Wilson Amaral de Oliveira. Mr. Amaral is currently our chief executive officer, and his current term commenced in December 2009, and he is the president of the board of directors of Construtora Tenda S.A. He holds a bachelor’s degree in business administration from Fundação Getúlio Vargas and a marketing certificate from ESPM. Previously, he was a member of the board of directors and officer of Playcenter S.A., a member of the board of officers of Hopi Hari S.A. and of the fiscal council of Lojas Americanas S.A., an officer of Artex Ltda., as well as sales and marketing officer of Fundição Tupy S.A., Tupy Tubos e Conexões Ltda. and CLC Alimentos Ltda. He was also a member of the executive board of directors of Americanas.com S.A., Kuala Ltda. (successor of Artex Ltda.), Toalia S.A. and ABC Supermercados S.A. Mr. Amaral was also the managing partner of Finexia, country manager of DHL Worldwide Express do Brasil Ltda. and managing director of Tupi Perfis S.A.
 
Alceu Duilio Calciolari. Mr. Calciolari is currently our chief financial officer and investor relations officer, and his current term commenced in December 2009 and he is the vice president of the board of directors of Construtora Tenda S.A. He holds a bachelor’s degree in business administration from Faculdades Metropolitanas Unidas and a master’s degree in controllership from Pontifícia Universidade de São Paulo. Mr. Calciolari started his career as a
 
 
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trainee at ABN AMRO Real S.A. in 1978 and worked as an auditor, from 1983 to 1996, at Arthur Andersen LLP. He was also chief finance officer at Tupy S.A., from 1996 to 1998, and ALL—America Latina Logística S.A., from 1998 to 2000. Mr. Calciolari has been our chief financial officer since 2000.
 
Antônio Carlos Ferreira Rosa. Mr. Rosa is currently our executive officer responsible for new developments, and his current term commenced in December 2009. He holds a bachelor’s degree in civil engineering from Universidade de São Paulo. He joined Gafisa in 1995 as an intern, holding several positions, including construction manager and development manager.
 
Mário Rocha Neto. Mr. Rocha Neto is currently our operations executive officer, and his current term commenced in December 2009. He holds a bachelor’s degree in civil engineering from the Polytechnical School of the Universidade de São Paulo. Mr. Rocha Neto joined the former Gomes de Almeida in 1978 as an intern. He was also a member of the management of Y. Takaoka Empreendimentos S.A. and, from 2003 to 2004, a member of the São Paulo Construction Union.
 
Odair Garcia Senra. Mr. Garcia Senra is currently our executive officer responsible for institutional relations, and his current term commenced in December 2009. He holds a bachelor’s degree in civil engineering from the civil engineering school of Mauá. Mr. Garcia Senra joined the former Gomes de Almeida in 1970 as an intern, and he has worked as a construction engineer, a construction manager and a construction officer. He was also a professor at the Civil Engineering School of Mauá in 1972, and officer of Secovi—Sindicato de Compra e Venda de Imóveis in São Paulo.
 
Our Relationship with our Executive Officers and Directors
 
As of December 31, 2009, there were no contracts of any type or any other material agreements entered into by us with the members of our board of directors and our board of officers. As of December 31, 2009, our board of officers in the aggregate held 0.83% of our share capital and our board of directors in the aggregate held less than a 0.06% direct or indirect interest in our share capital. Also, as of December 31, 2009, some of our executive officers held interests in our subsidiaries as partners, minority shareholders, and/or directors and executive officers. In none of these cases, as of the referenced date, were the interests held material. In addition, there is no family relationship among our executive officers, directors or controlling shareholders, if any.
 
B. 
Compensation
 
Under Brazilian corporate law, the company’s shareholders are responsible for establishing the aggregate amount paid to members of the board of directors, the board of officers and the members of the fiscal council. Once the shareholders establish an aggregate amount of compensation, the members of the board of directors are then responsible for setting individual compensation levels.
 
For each of 2007, 2008 and 2009, the aggregate compensation we paid to the members of our board of directors totaled R$867 thousand, R$916 thousand and R$975 thousand, respectively.
 
For each of 2007, 2008 and 2009, the aggregate compensation we paid to our executive officers totaled R$4.6 million, R$3.2 million and R$6.0 million, respectively, which includes fixed compensation and annual bonus amounts.
 
Approximately 70% of the total compensation we pay to our executive officers is variable and includes stock options granted pursuant to an executive stock compensation plan, which was approved in 2009, in substitution of the 2007 and 2008 plans. The amounts presented for 2009 include the entire 5-year program. Please see “E. Share Ownership—Stock Option Plans.” In addition, bonus amounts are provisions that have not yet been approved by our board of directors.
 
For each of 2007, 2008 and 2009, the individual compensation we paid to members of our board of directors (fixed compensation) and our executive officers (both fixed and variable compensation) is set forth in the tables below. These tables do not include the individual compensation of members of our fiscal council, which was formed on December 30, 2009.
 
 
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2007
 
Board of Directors (1)
 
Executive Officers
Number of members
 
7
 
5
Annual highest individual compensation (in R$)
 
225,000
 
1,353,180
Annual lowest individual compensation (in R$)
 
150,000
 
734,370
Annual average individual compensation (in R$)
 
160,714
 
853,817

(1)
Based on the average number of members during the period.

 
2008
 
Board of Directors (1)
 
Executive Officers
Number of members
 
6
 
5
Annual highest individual compensation (in R$)
 
225,000
 
990,245
Annual lowest individual compensation (in R$)
 
150,000
 
410,763
Annual average individual compensation (in R$)
 
162,500
 
609,997

(1)
Based on the average number of members during the period.
 

2009
 
Board of Directors (1)
 
Executive Officers
Number of members
 
6
 
5
Annual highest individual compensation (in R$)
 
225,000
 
5,483,533
Annual lowest individual compensation (in R$)
 
150,000
 
1,600,915
Annual average individual compensation (in R$)
 
162,500
 
3,172,335

(1)
Based on the average number of members during the period.
 
*
Approximately 60% of the total compensation is comprised of the 2009 stock option plan, taking into consideration the entire 5-year program.
 

C. 
Board Practices
 
General Information
 
We are managed by a board of directors consisting of at least five and a maximum of nine directors and a board of officers consisting of at least two and a maximum of eight officers. Our directors are elected for a two-year term and our executive officers are elected for a three-year term. Reelection of officers and directors is permitted. We also have a fiscal council, an investment committee, an audit committee, a compensation committee, a nominating and corporate governance committee, a finance committee, and ethics committee. See “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—A. Directors and Senior Management.”
 
Board of Directors
 
Our board of directors is our decision-making body responsible for formulating general guidelines and policies for our business, including our long term strategies. Among other things, our board of directors is responsible for appointing and supervising our executive officers.
 
Our board of directors meets at least once every quarter and at any other times when a meeting is called by its chairman or by at least two other members. The decisions of our board of directors are taken by the majority vote of its members. In the event of a tie vote, the chairman of our board of directors has, in addition to his personal vote, the right to cast a tie-breaking vote. In addition, pursuant to Brazilian corporate law, a member of our board of directors is prevented from voting in any shareholders’ or board of directors’ meeting, or from acting in any business or transaction, in which he may have a conflict of interest with our company.
 
Under Brazilian corporate law, a company’s board of directors must have at least three members, and each of the members of the board of directors must be a shareholder of the company, although there is no requirement as to the minimum number of shares that an individual must hold in order to serve as a director. Our bylaws provide for a board of directors of at least five and a maximum seven members, from which at least 20% shall be independent
 
 
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members, as determined by the Listing Rules of the Novo Mercado. Our directors are elected at our annual general shareholders’ meeting for a two-year term of office, with reelection permitted, and are subject to removal at any time by our shareholders at a shareholders’ general meeting. Although the Listing Rules of the Novo Mercado require, in a board of directors that has six members, only one member needs to be an independent director, our current board of directors has four independent members.
 
Paragraph 4 of Article 141 of Brazilian corporate law provides that shareholders with at least 10% of a company’s total voting capital stock may request the adoption of the multiple voting procedure for the election of the board of directors, even where there is no provision for this in the company’s bylaws. The multiple voting procedure grants each share as many votes as the number of board members, and allows shareholders to allocate either all of their votes to a single candidate or to distribute their votes among several candidates.
 
All the voting proceedings discussed in the previous paragraphs currently apply to our company.
 
As prescribed by CVM Instruction No. 282, of June 26, 1998, the minimum voting capital percentage required for the adoption of the multiple voting procedure in publicly-held companies may be reduced as a result of the amount of its capital stock. This minimum percentage may vary from 5% to 10% depending on the amount of our capital stock, as prescribed in the aforementioned CVM instruction. Based on the current amount of our capital stock, shareholders representing 5% of our total capital stock may request the adoption of the multiple voting procedure in order to elect the members to our board of directors. If the adoption of the multiple voting procedure is not requested, directors are elected by a majority vote of our shareholders, and such shareholders who, individually or collectively, represent at least 10% of our shares, are entitled to appoint, in a separate vote, a director and its alternate.
 
The Listing Rules of the Novo Mercado also provide that all members of our board of directors and our board of officers must comply, by means of the execution of a management compliance statement, with obligations set forth under the Novo Mercado Listing Agreement, the Market Arbitration Chamber Rules and the Listing Rules of the Novo Mercado, including, but not limited, to: (1) any shareholder that becomes our controlling shareholder, or becomes part of our controlling group, must comply, by means of executing of the controlling shareholder compliance statement, with the obligations set forth under the Novo Mercado Listing Agreement, the Market Arbitration Chamber Rules and the Listing Rules of the Novo Mercado; (2) any indirect controlling shareholder of our company must fully comply with the obligations established in the Novo Mercado Listing Agreement, the Market Arbitration Chamber Rules, the Listing Rules of the Novo Mercado, Brazilian corporate law, Brazilian Securities Regulations and our bylaws; (3) use best efforts to ensure that our shares are widely held through public share offerings; (4) re-establish the minimum percentage of outstanding floating stock; (5) inform BM&FBOVESPA with respect to the trading of the securities held by our controlling shareholders; (6) comply with the rules imposed on our directors in the event our public company registration with the CVM is cancelled; and (7) comply with rules and regulations applicable in the event of the delisting of our company from the Novo Mercado.
 
Board of Officers
 
Under Brazilian corporate law, a company’s board of officers must have at least two members, and each of such members must be a resident in Brazil but is not required to be a shareholder of the company. Furthermore, no more than one-third of our directors may serve as members of our board of officers at any given time.
 
The members of our board of officers are our legal representatives and are primarily responsible for managing our day-to-day operations and implementing the general policies and guidelines set forth in our shareholders’ general meetings and by our board of directors. Our bylaws require that our board of officers be composed of at least two members and a maximum of eight members. The members of our board of officers are appointed by our board of directors for three-year terms, and may be reelected or removed by our board of directors at any time. Our bylaws and our board of directors determine the role of our executive officers. Currently our executive officers are made up of a chief executive officer, a chief financial and investor relations officer and three other executive officers without a specific designation.
 
The chief executive officer submits to the board of directors for their approval the business plan, annual budget, investment plans and new expansion plans for Gafisa and our subsidiaries. The chief executive officer enacts these plans and develops our strategy and operational plan, including the manner in which we will execute the resolutions
 
 
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approved at the shareholders’ meeting and by the board of directors. Together with the other officers, he also supervises and coordinates our activities. The officer in charge of investor relations supplies our financial information to investors, the CVM and the BM&FBOVESPA and is also responsible for keeping an updated register based on the applicable regulations.
 
Audit Committee
 
Our directors have established an Audit Committee that convenes as often as it determines is appropriate to carry out its responsibilities, but at least quarterly. The Audit Committee is currently comprised of Jose Ecio Pereira da Costa Junior, Richard L. Huber and Gerald Dinu Reiss, each of whom is a director of our company. Our board of directors has determined that Jose Ecio Pereira da Costa Junior, Richard L. Huber and Gerald Dinu Reiss are each independent as set forth in the NYSE Listed Companies Manual as well as being independent for the purpose of Rule 10A-3 of the Securities Exchange Act and our Audit Committee fulfills the other requirements of Rule 10A-3 of the SEC and NYSE Rule 303A. Our board of directors has determined that Jose Ecio Pereira da Costa Junior is an audit committee financial expert within the meaning of the regulations promulgated by the Securities and Exchange Commission.
 
This committee has responsibility for planning and reviewing our annual and quarterly reports and accounts with the involvement of our auditors in that process, focusing particularly on compliance with legal requirements and accounting standards, and ensuring that an effective system of internal financial controls is maintained. The ultimate responsibility for reviewing and approving our annual and quarterly reports and accounts remains with our directors.
 
Fiscal Council
 
Under Brazilian corporate law, the fiscal council is a corporate body independent from the management of the company and its external auditors. The fiscal council may act either as a permanent or non-permanent body and whenever installed, must consist of no less than three and no more than five members. The primary responsibility of the fiscal council is to review management’s activities and the company’s financial statements and to report its findings to the shareholders of the company. The fiscal council is not equivalent to an audit committee as contemplated by the Securities Exchange Act, as amended. According to CVM Resolution No. 324/00 and taking into consideration our corporate capital, our fiscal council, a non-permanent body, must be established at a shareholders’ general meeting upon the request of shareholders representing at least 2% of the shares with voting rights, and its members shall remain in office until the annual general shareholders’ meeting of the year following their election. Each member of the fiscal council is entitled to receive compensation in an amount equal to at least 10% of the average amount paid to each executive officer (excluding benefits and profit sharing).
 
Individuals who are also employees or members of the administrative bodies of our company, of companies controlled by us, or of companies forming a group of companies with us (pursuant to Chapter XXI of Law No. 6,404/76), as well as spouses or relatives of our management, cannot serve on the fiscal council.
 
Our by-laws provide for a non-permanent fiscal council composed of three members, which can be formed and have its members elected at the shareholders’ general meeting, as requested by the shareholders, in the events set forth by Brazilian corporate law. After the fiscal council is formed, its members would remain in office until the annual general shareholders’ meeting of the year following their election. When in operation, our fiscal council consists of three members, and its compensation is set at the shareholders’ general meeting that elects them.
 
On December 30, 2009, at our special shareholders’ general meeting, a fiscal council was formed at the request of our shareholders. Our fiscal council currently consists of three members and three deputies, who shall each remain in office until our Annual Shareholder’s General Meeting in 2010.
 
Investment Committee
 
The investment committee is composed of the chairman of our board of directors, our chief executive officer and another member of our board of directors. Our investment committee is a non-permanent body and its duties are to: (1) analyze, discuss and recommend land acquisitions and new real estate developments; (2) advise our executive officers during the negotiation of new deals and the structuring of new developments; (3) supervise the beginning of
 
 
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new projects and their related cash flows; and (4) in special cases, assist in the negotiation and structuring of new types of business. Each decision by our investment committee to acquire land is made by ensuring that the investment meets the minimum return threshold set by us and comparing it with other potential investments. Such decision is made independent of the geographical location of the investment in order to maximize return on our capital allocation as a whole.
 
Currently, our investment committee is in operation and is comprised of Messrs. Gary R. Garrabrant, Wilson Amaral de Oliveira and Thomas J. McDonald.
 
Compensation Committee
 
Our directors have established a Compensation Committee composed of three members; currently, they are Gary R. Garrabrant, Caio Racy Mattar and Thomas J. McDonald. This committee reviews and makes recommendations to our directors regarding its compensation policies and all forms of compensation to be provided to our executive officers and other employees.
 
Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee
 
Our directors have established a Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee composed of three members; currently, they are Thomas J. McDonald, Richard L. Huber and Caio Racy Mattar. This committee considers and periodically reports on matters relating to the size, identification, selection and qualification of the board of directors, executive officers and candidates nominated for the board of directors and its committees; and develops and recommends governance principles applicable to us.
 
Finance Committee
 
Our directors have established a Finance Committee composed of three members; currently, they are Wilson Amaral de Oliveira, our Chief Executive Officer, Alceu Duilio Calciolari, our Chief Financial Officer and Investor Relations Officer and Fernando Cesar Calamita, our Planning and Controlling Officer. This committee evaluates and makes periodic recommendations to our board of directors regarding risk and financial investments policies.
 
Summary of Significant Differences of Corporate Governance Practices
 
NYSE Corporate Governance Rules provide that we are required to disclose any significant differences on our corporate governance practices from those required to be followed by U.S. companies under NYSE listing standard. We have summarized these significant differences below.
 
We are permitted to follow practice in Brazil in lieu of the provisions of the NYSE Corporate Governance Rules, except that we will be required to have a qualifying audit committee under Section 303A.06 of the Rules, or avail ourselves of an appropriate exemption. In addition, Section 303A.12(b) provides that our chief executive officer is obligated to promptly notify the NYSE in writing after any of our executive officers becomes aware of any material non-compliance with any applicable provisions of the NYSE Corporate Governance Rules.
 
Majority of Independent Directors
 
NYSE Rule 303A.01 provides that each NYSE-listed company must have a majority of independent directors. According to the Novo Mercado listing rules and our by-laws, we are required to have at least 20% of our board of directors represented by independent directors. Notwithstanding this, the majority of our board members qualify as independent directors under NYSE rules.
 
Separate Meetings of Non-Management Directors
 
NYSE Rule 303A.03 provides that the non-management directors of each NYSE-listed company must meet at regularly scheduled executive sessions without management. According to Brazilian corporate law, up to one-third of the members of the board of directors can also hold management positions. The remaining non-management board members are not expressly empowered to serve as a check on management and there is no requirement that those board members meet regularly without management. Notwithstanding the foregoing, our board of directors
 
 
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consists entirely of non-management directors and as such we believe we are in compliance with the NYSE Rule 303A.03.
 
Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee
 
NYSE Rule 303A.04 provides that each U.S. listed company must have a nominating/corporate governance committee composed entirely of independent directors. We are not required to have such a committee under Brazilian law. However, our board of directors formed such a committee to consider and periodically report on matters relating to the size, identification, selection and qualification of the board of directors and candidates nominated for the board of directors and its committees; and develop and recommend governance principles applicable to us. With respect to compensation, under Brazilian corporate law, the shareholders determine the total or individual compensation of our board members and executive officers, including benefits and allowances, at a general shareholders’ meeting. If the shareholders only determine the total compensation, it is incumbent upon the board of directors to establish the individual amounts. See “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—B. Compensation.”
 
Compensation Committee
 
NYSE Rule 303A.05 provides that each U.S. listed company must have a compensation committee composed entirely of independent directors. We are not required to have such a committee under Brazilian law. However, our board of directors formed such a committee to review and make recommendations to our directors regarding its compensation policies and all forms of compensation to be provided to our executive officers and other employees.
 
Audit Committee
 
NYSE Rule 303A.06 and the requirements of Rule 10A-3 of the SEC provide that each U.S. listed company is required to have an audit committee consisting entirely of independent members that comply with the requirements of Rule 10A-3. In addition, the audit committee must have a written charter compliant with the requirements of NYSE Rule 303.A.07(c), have an internal audit function and otherwise fulfill all other requirements of the NYSE and Rule 10A-3. The SEC recognized that due to the local legislation for foreign private issuers, some of the functions of the audit committee could be subordinated by local laws to our other bodies.
 
Although we are not required under Brazilian law to have an audit committee, we formed such a committee, which complies with NYSE Rule 303A.06 and the requirements of Rule 10A-3 of the SEC, with the following responsibilities:
 
 
·  
Pre-approve services to be provided by our independent auditor;
 
 
·  
Choose and oversee the work of any accounting firm engaged for the purpose of preparing or issuing an audit report or performing any other service;
 
 
·  
Review auditor independence issues and rotation policy;
 
 
·  
Supervise the appointment of our independent auditors;
 
 
·  
Discuss with management and auditors major audit issues;
 
 
·  
Review financial statements prior to their publication, including the related notes, management’s report and auditor’s opinion;
 
 
·  
Review our annual report and financial statements;
 
 
·  
Provide recommendations to the board on the audit committee’s policies and practices;
 
 
·  
Review recommendations given by our independent auditor and internal audits and management’s responses;
 
 
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·  
Evaluate the performance, responsibilities, budget and staffing of our internal audit function and review the internal audit plan;
 
 
·  
Provide recommendations on the audit committee’s bylaws; and
 
 
·  
Review our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics and the procedures for monitoring compliance with it.
 
Equity Compensation Plans
 
NYSE Rule 303A.08 provides that shareholders must be given the opportunity to vote on all equity compensation plans and material revisions thereto, with certain limited exemptions as described in the rule. Under Brazilian corporate law, shareholder pre-approval is required for the adoption of equity compensation plans and any material revision thereto.
 
Corporate Governance Guidelines
 
NYSE Rule 303A.09 provides that each U.S. listed company must adopt and disclose their corporate governance guidelines. We do not have a similar requirement under Brazilian law. However, we have listed our common shares on the Novo Mercado (New Market) of the São Paulo Stock Exchange, which requires adherence to the corporate governance standards of that Exchange specified under “Item 10.B. Additional— Memorandum and Bylaws.” In addition, we have adopted a written policy of trading of securities and disclosure matters.
 
Code of Business Conduct and Ethics
 
NYSE Rule 303A.10 provides that each U.S. listed company must adopt and disclose a code of business conduct and ethics for directors, officers and employees and promptly disclose any waivers of the code for directors or executive officers. On July 10, 2007 we have adopted a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics that applies to our chief executive officer, chief financial officer, principal accounting officer and persons performing similar functions, as well as to our directors, other officers and employees. See “Item 16B. Code of Business Conduct and Ethics.”
 
D. 
Employees
 
As of December 31, 2009, we had 4,381 employees across the following states:
State
 
Employees
Alagoas
 
6
 
Amazonas
 
78
 
Bahia
 
51
 
Goiás
 
23
 
Maranhão
 
15
 
Pará
 
460
 
Paraná
 
169
 
Rio de Janeiro
 
1,849
 
Rondônia
 
13
 
São Paulo
 
1,717
 
Total
 
4,381
 

The table below shows the number of employees for the periods presented:
 
 
Period
 
 
Operations
 
Administration
 & Finance
 
Business Development
 
Sales
 
Other
 
Total
2009
 
3,925
 
127
 
99
 
104
 
126
 
4,381
2008
 
3,665
 
115
 
72
 
  17
 
  47
 
3,916
2007
 
  642
 
  78
 
73
 
  14
 
  66
 
   873

Our administrative employees carry out management, accounting, IT, development, sale, legal and construction activities, in addition to negotiating with suppliers. Our construction site employees focus on management and
 
 
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oversight of our construction workers, a majority of whom is outsourced. The outsourced employees are hired by the contractors to carry out various tasks on the construction sites. Currently, we estimate that approximately 7,700 outsourced professionals are providing services to us across the following states:
 
 
State
 
Outsourced
Professionals
Alagoas
 
422
 
Amazonas
 
171
 
Bahia
 
320
 
Goiás
 
390
 
Maranhão
 
264
 
Pará
 
296
 
Paraná
 
150
 
Rio de Janeiro
 
1,957
 
Rondônia
 
115
 
São Paulo
 
3,653
 
Total
 
7,738
 

We offer training programs to our employees, subcontractors and outsourced employees. All of our professionals involved in the construction of our developments are trained prior to the commencement of their work and are supervised directly by our engineers.
 
The majority of our employees and outsourced professionals of the State of São Paulo are enrolled with the Civil Construction Industries Workers’ Union (SINTRACON). As a rule, the Civil Construction of Large Building Industry in the State of São Paulo (SINDUSCON-SP) annually negotiates with SINTRACON collective bargaining agreements applicable to our employees. The most recent collective bargaining agreement for our employees and outsourced professionals in the State of São Paulo was executed in May 2009, establishing a salary adjustment of 6.7% as of May 2009. This collective bargaining agreement became effective on May 2009 and will expire on April 30, 2010. The majority of our employees and outsourced professionals of the State of Rio de Janeiro are members of the Civil Construction, Tiles, Cement, Marble and Granite Products, Road Construction, Paving, and Land Moving and Industrial Maintenance and Assembly Industries’ Workers Union of the Rio de Janeiro Municipality (SINTRACONST-RIO). As a rule, the Civil Construction of Large Building Industry in the State of Rio de Janeiro (SINDUSCON-RIO) annually negotiates with SINTRACONST-RIO the collective bargaining agreements applicable to our employees. The most recent collective bargaining agreement for our employees and outsourced professionals in the State of Rio de Janeiro was executed in March 2009, establishing a salary adjustment of 7.5% as of March 2009. This collective bargaining agreement became effective in March 2009 and will expire in February 2011. We believe our relations with our employees and unions are good. In 2009, we have experienced three work stoppages in São Paulo, three in Salvador and two in Curitiba, due to a general strike of one day in the industry. We also have experienced one work stoppage in Goiás and one in Rio Grande do Sul involving only our employees.
 
The benefits we offer to our permanent employees include life insurance, dental plan, health insurance, medical assistance plan, meal reimbursements and profit sharing.
 
Health and Safety
 
We are committed to preventing work-related accidents and diseases. Accordingly, we maintain an environmental risk prevention program which seeks to maintain and enhance the health and physical conditions of our employees, by anticipating, recognizing, evaluating and controlling any existing or potential environmental risks in the workplace. In addition, we have an internal committee for the avoidance of accidents, which seeks to prevent diseases and accidents from occurring in the workplace. We make significant investments in this area, providing frequent training programs for both our construction employees and our subcontractors’ employees, and we require our subcontractors to follow strict guidelines.
 
 
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E. 
Share Ownership
 
As of the date of this annual report, our directors and executive officers do not hold, on an aggregate basis, any direct or indirect interest of greater than 0.88% of our total share capital or of the share capital of any of our subsidiaries or jointly-controlled entities. Also, as of December 31, 2009, some of our executive officers held interests in our subsidiaries and jointly-controlled entities as partners, minority shareholders, and/or directors and executive officers. In none of these cases, as of the date of this annual report, were the interests held material.
 
The table below sets forth the number of our total shares beneficially owned by each of our directors and executive officers as of the date of this annual report:
 
Name
 
Position
 
Number of Shares Owned
Thomas J. McDonald
 
Director
 
40,002
 
Gary R. Garrabrant
 
Director
 
100,790
 
Caio Racy Mattar
 
Director
 
2
 
Richard L. Huber
 
Director
 
32,434
 
Gerald Dinu Reiss
 
Director
 
2
 
Jose Ecio Pereira da Costa Junior
 
Director
 
2
 
Wilson Amaral De Oliveira
 
Chief Executive Officer
 
892,958
 
Alceu Duilio Calciolari
 
Chief Financial Officer and Investor Relations Officer
 
696,040
 
Odair Garcia Senra
 
Officer
 
625,420
 
Antonio Carlos Ferreira Rosa
 
Officer
 
177,476
 
Mario Rocha Neto
 
Officer
 
387,698
 
Total
     
2,952,824
 

Stock Option Plans
 
Our stock option plans seek to: (1) encourage our expansion and success by allowing our directors, executive officers and senior employees to acquire shares of our capital stock in order to encourage their integration with the company; (2) allow us to obtain and retain the services of directors, executive officers and senior employees by offering them the additional benefit of becoming one of our shareholders; and (3) align the interests of our directors, executive officers and senior employees with the interests of our shareholders.
 
We entered into individual agreements with our employees, directors and executive officers, under which they are entitled to purchase shares of our capital stock pursuant to the terms and conditions of the stock option plans and the specific conditions set forth in their agreements.
 
Stock Option Plan – 2000 to 2002
 
In 2002, our shareholders ratified the terms and conditions of our stock option plan. A standard stock option plan to grant subscription rights related to our preferred shares was approved by our board of directors at a meeting held on April 3, 2000. As a result of our entry in the Novo Mercado segment of the BM&FBOVESPA, our preferred shares were converted into common shares, and therefore all stock options relating to this stock option plan currently grant subscription rights related to our common shares.
 
As of the date of this annual report, 4,290,000 options to purchase shares of our common shares have been issued to employees, directors and executive officers pursuant to this stock option plan agreement. Of these shares, 4,268,400 shares have been acquired or expired pursuant to such agreements.
 
Stock Option Plan – 2006
 
In view of our entry in the Novo Mercado segment of the BM&FBOVESPA, and in order to protect the rights of the beneficiaries of the existing stock option plan, we decided to maintain the existing stock option plan. In addition, on February 3, 2006, our shareholders approved a new stock option plan. Under the 2006 stock option plan, our board of directors may release further programs on a regular basis of options to purchase up to 5% of the total outstanding shares of our company, as set forth in the 2006 stock option plan. Such new programs would grant
 
 
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our managers and senior employees the right to subscribe and/or acquire our shares for a set price, under terms and conditions laid down in stock option plan agreements entered into with each participant.
 
As of the date of this annual report, 4,905,064 options to purchase shares of our common shares have been issued to employees, directors and executive officers pursuant to this stock option plan agreement. Of these shares, 2,089,310 shares have been acquired or expired pursuant to such agreements.
 
Stock Option Plan – 2008
 
We approved a new stock option plan on June 18, 2008 during a special shareholders’ general meeting. Under the new stock option plan, our board of directors may create additional programs on a regular basis for options to purchase up to 5% of the total outstanding shares of our company, as set forth in the 2008 stock option plan.
 
Under this new stock option plan, the board of directors may grant different types of options to certain beneficiaries, or “B options,” for the exercise price of R$0.01. The exercise of B options, if granted, is subject to the proportional purchase of common shares under this 2008 plan, according to the terms and conditions set forth in each program, and to lapse two years from the common share purchase date.
 
As of the date of this annual report, 66,494 common shares have been purchased by our employees, directors and executive officers pursuant to this stock option plan agreement, which corresponds to 166,756 B options that may be granted in the future.
 
Stock Option Plan – 2009
 
We approved two new stock option plans in 2009 for executives and key employees. The first plan is a standard stock option plan to grant subscription rights related to our common shares, which was approved by our board of directors at a meeting held on June 26, 2009. Under this plan, the board of directors may grant to certain beneficiaries the right to subscribe and/or acquire our shares for a set price, under the terms and conditions set forth in the stock option plan agreement entered into with each participant.
 
As of the date of this annual report, 6,400,000 options to purchase shares of our common shares have been issued to directors pursuant to this stock option plan agreement. Of the total options granted, none have been acquired or expired pursuant to such agreements.
 
Under the second plan, the board of directors may grant different types of B options for the exercise price of R$0.01. The exercise of B options, if granted, is subject to the proportional exercise of the regular options granted under this 2009 plan, according to the terms and conditions set forth in each program, and to lapse one year from the grant date.
 
As of the date of this annual report, options to purchase 1,085,034 shares of our common shares have been issued to employees and directors pursuant to this stock option plan agreement. The options granted included 778,356 B options. Of the total options granted, none have been acquired or expired pursuant to such agreements.
 
 
Issuance
 
Number of Stock
Options Issued
 
Number of Stock
Options Outstanding
(Not Expired or exercised)
 
Exercise Price per
Stock Option *
   
 
Expiration
April 2000
    2,100,000             R$2.75      
April 2009
April 2001
    1,590,000             R$2.75      
April 2010
April 2002
    600,000       21,600       R$4.62      
April 2010
February 2006
    1,905,064       1,467,094       R$9.25      
February 2014
February 2006
    3,000,000       1,348,660       R$2.51      
February 2014
February 2007
    1,460,000       1,071,054       R$15.29      
February 2015
May 2008
    166,756       166,756       R$15.91      
May 2016
June 2009
    6,400,000       6,400,000       R$8.53      
June 2017
December 2009
    1,085,034       1,085,034       R$14.25      
December 2017

*
Exercise prices are adjusted according to the dividends paid and the IGP M inflation index plus an annual interest rate of 3% to 6%.)
 
 
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ITEM 7. 
MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS
 
A. 
Major Shareholders
 
The following table sets forth information relating to the ownership of our common shares as of the date of this report, by each holder of 5.0% or more of our common shares and all of our directors and officers as a group, as well as common shares held in treasury. Each holder of common shares has the same rights.
 
Shareholders
 
Shares
 
(%)
 
EIP Brazil Holdings, LLC (1) (2)
    48,092,228       14.4    
Marsico Capital Management LLC(3)
    36,085,780       10.8    
Morgan Stanley (4)
    24,152,652       7.2    
Itaú Unibanco S.A. ……………..
    20,507,856       6.1    
Directors and officers (5)
    2,952,824       0.9    
Other shareholders
    201,763,448       60.4    
Treasury shares
    599,486       0.2    
Total
    334,154,274       100.0    

(1)
Affiliate of Equity International.
 
(2)
Based on information filed jointly by EIP Brazil Holdings, LLC (“EIP Brazil”), EI Fund II, LP (“EI Fund II”), EI Fund II GP, LLC (“EI Fund II GP”), EI Fund IV Pronto, LLC (“EI Pronto”), EI Fund IV, LP (“EI Fund IV”), EI Fund IV GP, LLC (“EI Fund IV GP”) and Equity International, LLC (“EI”) with the SEC on December 3, 2009, 11,729,604 common shares are owned directly by EIP Brazil. EIP Brazil is wholly owned by EGB Holdings, LLC, which is owned 99.9% by EI Fund II. EI Fund II GP is the general partner of EI Fund II. EI Fund II and EI Fund II GP may be deemed to have beneficial ownership of the shares owned directly by EIP Brazil. 3,300,000 ADSs representing 6,600,000 common shares are owned directly by EI Pronto. EI Pronto is wholly owned by EI Fund IV and EI Fund IV GP is the general partner of EI Fund IV. EI Fund IV and EI Fund IV GP may be deemed to have beneficial ownership of the shares owned directly by EI Pronto. Each of EI Fund II GP and EI Fund IV GP is indirectly wholly owned by EI and EI may be deemed to have beneficial ownership of the shares owned directly by EIP Brazil and EI Pronto.
 
(3)
Based on information filed by Marsico Capital Management, LLC with the SEC on February 11, 2010.
 
(4)
Based on information filed jointly by Morgan Stanley and Morgan Stanley Investment Management Inc. with the SEC on February 17, 2009. The securities being reported on by Morgan Stanley as a parent holding company are owned, or may be deemed to be beneficially owned, by Morgan Stanley Investment Management Inc., an investment adviser in accordance with Rule 13d-1(b)(1)(ii)(E) of the Securities Exchange Act, as amended. Morgan Stanley Investment Management Inc. is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Morgan Stanley.
 
(5)
Does not include shares that may be purchased pursuant to outstanding stock option plans except for shares subject to options that are currently exercisable or exercisable within 60 days of the date of this annual report.
 

We had a total 278 record shareholders located in the United States, 158 of which hold shares traded at BM&FBOVESPA and 120 of which hold ADSs traded on the New York Stock Exchange. We are not aware of any shareholders’ agreement currently in force with our main shareholder.
 
B. 
Related Party Transactions
 
Other than arrangements which are described in “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—A. Directors and Senior Management— Our Relationship with our Executive Officers and Directors” and the transaction described below, since January 1, 2007, there has not been, and there is not currently proposed, any material transaction or series of similar transactions to which we were or will be a party in which any director, executive officer, holder of 5% of our capital stock or any member of their immediate family had or will have a direct or indirect interest.
 
Under Brazilian corporate law, our directors and executive officers cannot vote on any matter in which they have a conflict of interest and such transactions can only be approved on reasonable and fair terms and under conditions that are no more favorable than the terms and conditions prevailing in the market or offered by third parties.
 
 
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We participate in the development of real estate ventures with other partners, directly or through related parties, based on the constitutive documents of condominiums and/or consortia. The management structure of these enterprises and the cash management are centralized in the lead partner of the enterprise, which manages the construction schedule and budgets. Thus, the lead partner ensures that the investments of the necessary funds are made and allocated as planned. The sources and uses of resources of the venture are reflected in the balance sheet of the ventures, reflecting the respective participation percentages of the partners, which are not subject to inflation adjustments or financial charges and do not have a predetermined maturity date. The average term for the development and completion of the projects in which the resources are invested is between 24 and 30 months. As of December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007, we had current accounts receivable related to real estate ventures of R$7.2 million, R$60.5 million and R$17.9 million, respectively.
 
As of and for the years ended December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007, we have not entered into any loan or other type of financing agreement with our directors or executive officers.
 
C. 
Interests of Experts and Counsel
 
Not applicable.
 
ITEM 8. 
FINANCIAL INFORMATION
 
A. 
Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information
 
For our consolidated financial statements and notes thereto see “Item 18. Financial Statements.”
 
Legal Proceedings
 
We are currently party to several legal and administrative proceedings arising from the normal course of our business, principally relating to civil, environmental, tax and labor claims. We establish provisions in our balance sheets relating to potential losses from litigation based on estimates of probable losses. Brazilian GAAP requires us to establish provisions in connection with probable losses and we record a provision when, in the opinion of our management, we feel that an adverse outcome in a litigation is probable and a loss can be estimated. The determination of the amounts provisioned is based on the amounts involved in the claims and the opinion of our management.
 
Civil Claims
 
As of December 31, 2009, we were a party to 1,668 civil actions, totaling R$237.6 million. Of these actions, we were the plaintiff in 218 actions and the defendant in approximately 1,450 actions, with aggregate amounts of R$30.2 million and R$207.4 million, respectively. For three of the claims where we are the defendant, the plaintiffs are seeking an aggregate amount of R$48.0 million. As of December 31, 2009, we have filed defenses to these claims. While we believe these claims are unfounded, we are of the view that the likelihood of loss is possible. In two of the three claims, our liability is limited because there are three other defendants. The third claim involves an amount of R$28.0 million of the proceeds from our Brazilian initial public offering that was withheld in an escrow deposit attached by court order to guarantee a writ of execution.
 
As of December 31, 2009, the provisions for contingencies for civil lawsuits included R$71.3 million related to lawsuits in which we were cited as a successor in foreclosure actions where the original debtor, Cimob Companhia Imobiliária (“Cimob”), was a former shareholder of Gafisa. The plaintiff claims that we should be held liable for the debts of Cimob. During 2009, we recorded an additional provision in the amount of R$65.8 million following unfavorable judicial decisions, which led us to seek new legal opinions from our Brazilian counsels and reevaluate the estimate of probable loss. Our insurance provides coverage for R$17.7 million. Further we were required by the competent court hearing the case to set aside (1) in an escrow account R$64.9 million, and (2) a certain number of treasury shares, both measures aiming at guaranteeing any potential foreclosure. We have filed appeals against all decisions, as we believe that references to Gafisa in the lawsuits are not legally justifiable. In other similar cases, we have obtained favorable decisions in which we were awarded final decisions overturning claims against Cimob. The ultimate outcome of our appeal, however, cannot be predicted at this time.
 
 
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Most of these civil claims involve ordinary course matters relating to the development of our properties, including annulment of contractual clauses, termination of agreements with the reimbursement of the amounts paid and indemnification for labor accidents.
 
As of December 31, 2009, the provision for our civil claims amounted to R$91.7 million.
 
Environmental Claims
 
On August 27, 2004, the Federal Public Prosecution Office filed a Public Civil Action against us and others, including the Superintendência Estadual de Rios e Lagoas, or SERLA, which is responsible for managing the water resources of the State of Rio de Janeiro, alleging intervention in a permanent preservation area. The Federal Public Prosecution Office sought indemnification payment of R$1.0 million to repair the damaged area, as well as penalties for the damages caused to the environment. We are currently not able to estimate the amounts to be paid in this claim. In December 2009, the lower court denied the Federal Public Prosecution Office’s request to cease the soil removal at Lake Jacarepaguá. The Federal Public Prosecution Office has filed an appeal and we are awaiting a decision on the appeal.
 
As of December 31, 2009, we were the defendant in five environmental claims, including the action described above law suit. We are currently not able to estimate the aggregated amount of the environmental claims.
 
In addition, we are periodically party to other administrative environmental inquiries or claims by the Public Prosecution Offices of the States of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro or by other governmental agencies or third parties. These inquiries may result in public environmental claims against us and the findings in these inquires may give rise to other administrative and criminal claims. However, based on currently available information, we do not believe these matters are, or are likely to be in the future, material to our business or financial condition.
 
As of December 31, 2009, we have made no provisions for environmental claims.
 
Tax Claims
 
As of December 31, 2009, we were party to several tax proceedings involving tax liabilities in the aggregate amount of R$53.9 million. As of December 31, 2009, the provision for tax liabilities amounted to R$20.7 million. In addition, we have deposited R$7.1 million with the court in connection with some of these proceedings. These amounts take into consideration the tax liabilities of our subsidiaries, in proportion to our interest in their share capital. The main tax proceedings to which we are a party are described below.
 
On November 30, 2009, we and our subsidiaries Tenda, Alphaville and Gafisa Vendas joined the cash and installment payment of debits with the Federal Revenue Service and the Attorney-General Office of the National Treasury. The Company joined the tax amnesty and refinancing program and opted for the cash payment of tax debits amounting to R$17.3 million, of which R$10.4 million was in cash and R$6.9 million offset tax losses. Our subsidiaries Tenda, Alphaville and Gafisa Vendas opted for the installment payment of tax debits amounting to R$6.6 million, R$980 thousand and R$192 thousand, respectively, recognizing gains of R$568 thousand, R$360 thousand and R$70 thousand, respectively, relating to the offset of tax losses. The consolidated gain of the Company and its subsidiaries amounted to R$4.0 million.
 
We are challenging the constitutionality of Law No. 9,715/98 and Law No. 9,718/98. We obtained a partially favorable first level decision. As of December 31, 2009, we have included part of the debt in the installment payment program, under Law No. 11,941, enacted on May 27, 2009 and registered an accounting provision of R$5.9 million with respect to this obligation. We believe the likelihood of loss is possible.
 
As a result of our business combination with Tenda, we became party to a proceeding challenging the inclusion of revenues from the sale of real estate in the tax basis for payment of the COFINS, as determined by Law No. 9,718/98. Tenda has deposited with the court the full amount of the tax liability involved in this proceeding. A final decision was rendered unfavorably against Tenda and the payment due in connection with this proceeding will be transferred to the federal government.
 
 
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We were party to two tax claims arising from tax assessments filed by the Brazilian Federal Revenue Service—SRF, regarding expenses that were considered non-deductible in fiscal years 1998 and 1999. The aggregate amount involved in these two claims was R$16.5 million, including interest, penalties and legal fees, which do not include attorney’s fees. We have settled these claims under Law No. 11,941, enacted on May 27, 2009.
 
Several municipalities charge a municipal tax on construction services on an arbitrated basis, which varies depending on the characteristic of the construction. We have filed lawsuits against the municipality of São Paulo to challenge the calculation of the arbitrated basis on several of our developments under construction. In these proceedings, we deposited R$7.1 million with the courts and we are awaiting a first level decision. In addition, the municipalities of Rio de Janeiro and Santo Andre have issued tax assessments against us. We have filed administrative defenses and are awaiting first level administrative decisions. The total amount involved in these proceedings is R$10.2 million.
 
As a result of our acquisition of Alphaville, we have become party to administrative and judicial tax claims relating to the Excise Tax (Imposto Sobre Produtos Industrializados), or IPI, and the State Value Added Tax (Imposto Sobre a Circulação de Mercadorias e Serviços), or ICMS, regarding Alphaville’s alleged failure to pay taxes on its import of two aircrafts. The amount involved in these claims is R$50.3 million and the amount that was deposited with the court was R$1.3 million. Alphaville is waiting for the final decision by the courts on these proceedings. According to our acquisition agreement of Alphaville, the selling shareholders must reimburse any loss suffered by us or Alphaville arising from acts occurring before January 8, 2007, including the claims set forth above.
 
Labor Claims
 
As of December 31, 2009, we were a defendant in approximately 2,350 labor claims resulting from our ordinary course of business, of which approximately 85% were filed by outsourced workers and approximately 15% were filed by our former employees. The alleged legal bases for these claims mainly relate to termination benefits, overtime hours, employee’s relationship and dismissal rights. As of December 31, 2009, the total value involved in the labor claims filed against us was approximately R$71.0 million. As of December 31, 2009, the provision for labor claims amounted to R$8.9 million.
 
Dividend Policy
 
The amount of any of our distributions of dividends and/or interest on shareholders’ equity will depend on a series of factors, such as our financial conditions, prospects, macroeconomic conditions, tariff adjustments, regulatory changes, growth strategies and other issues our board of directors and our shareholders may consider relevant, as discussed below.
 
Amounts Available for Distribution
 
At each annual general shareholders’ meeting, our board of directors is required to propose to our shareholders how our earnings of the preceding fiscal year are to be allocated. For purposes of Brazilian corporate law, a company’s income after federal income tax for such fiscal year, net of any accumulated losses from prior fiscal years and amounts allocated to debentures, employees’ and management’s participation in earnings and founders’ shares, represents its “net income” for such fiscal year. In accordance with Brazilian corporate law, an amount equal to the company’s “net income” may be affected by the following:
 
 
·  
reduced by amounts allocated to the legal reserve;
 
 
·  
reduced by amounts allocated to any statutory reserve;
 
 
·  
reduced by amounts allocated to the contingency reserve, if any;
 
 
·  
reduced by amounts allocated to the tax incentives reserve;
 
 
·  
reduced by amounts allocated to the investment reserve;
 
 
·  
increased by reversals of contingency reserves recorded in prior years; and
 
 
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·  
increased by amounts allocated to the investment reserve, when realized and if not absorbed by losses.
 
Our calculation of net income and allocation of funds to our reserves for any fiscal year are determined on the basis of our unconsolidated financial statements for the immediately preceding fiscal year.
 
Allocation of Net Income
 
According to Brazilian corporate law, we have two types of reserve accounts: (1) profit reserves and (2) capital reserve.
 
Profit Reserves
 
Our profit reserves consist of the following:
 
 
·  
Legal Reserve. Under Brazilian corporate law and our bylaws, we are required to maintain a legal reserve to which we must allocate 5% of our net income for each fiscal year until the aggregate amount of such reserve equals 20% of our share capital. However, we are not required to make any allocations to our legal reserve in a fiscal year in which the legal reserve, when added to our other established capital reserves, exceeds 30% of our total share capital. The portion of our net income allocated to our legal reserve must be approved by our annual general shareholders’ meeting and the balance of such reserve may only be used to increase our share capital or to absorb losses, but is unavailable for the payment of dividends. As of December 31, 2009, our legal reserve amounted to R$31.7 million.
 
 
·  
Statutory Reserve. Under Brazilian corporate law, we are permitted to provide for the allocation of part of our net income to discretionary reserve accounts that may be established in accordance with our bylaws. The allocation of our net income to discretionary reserve accounts may not be made if it serves to prevent distribution of the mandatory distributable amount. According to our by-laws, up to 71.25% of our net income may be allocated to an investment reserve to finance the expansion of our activities and the activities of our controlled companies by subscribing for capital increases, creating new projects or participating in consortia or any other type of association to achieve our corporate purpose. This investment reserve may not exceed 80% of our share capital. As of December 31, 2009, our statutory reserve amounted to R$311.4 million.
 
 
·  
Contingency Reserve. Under Brazilian corporate law, a percentage of our net income may be allocated to a contingency reserve for anticipated losses that are deemed probable in future years. Management must indicate the cause of the anticipated loss and justify the establishment of the reserve for allocation of a percentage of our net income. Any amount so allocated in a prior year either must be reversed in the year in which the justification for the loss ceases to exist or charged off in the event that the anticipated loss occurs. The allocations to the contingency reserve are subject to the approval of our shareholders in a shareholders’ general meeting. As of December 31, 2009, there was no amount allocated to a contingency reserve.
 
 
·  
Investment Reserve. Under Brazilian corporate law, the amount by which the mandatory distributable amount exceeds the “realized” net income in a given fiscal year, as proposed by the board of directors, may be allocated to the investment reserve. Brazilian corporate law defines “realized” net profits as the amount by which net profits exceed the sum of (1) the net positive results, if any, from the equity method of accounting and (2) the net profits, net gains or net returns resulting from transactions or the accounting of assets and liabilities based on their market value, to be received after the end of the following fiscal year. All amounts allocated to the investment reserve must be paid as mandatory dividends when those “unrealized” profits are realized if they have not been designated to absorb losses in subsequent periods. As of December 31, 2009, our investment reserve amounted to R$38.5 million.
 
 
·  
Retained Earnings Reserve. Under Brazilian corporate law, a portion of our net income may be reserved for investment projects in an amount based on a capital expenditure budget approved by our shareholders. If such budget covers more than one fiscal year, it might be reviewed annually at the shareholders’ general meeting. The allocation of this reserve cannot jeopardize the payment of the mandatory dividends. As of December 31, 2009, there was no amount allocated to our retained earnings reserve.
 
 
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Capital Reserves
 
The capital reserve is formed by (a) amounts received by shareholders in excess of the par value of shares issued (premium on capital stock), as well as the part of the issue price of the shares with no par value that exceeds the amount intended to form the capital stock; and (b) proceeds from the sale of founders’ shares and warrants. Under Brazilian corporate law, capital reserve may only be applied to: (1) absorb losses that exceed accumulated earnings and revenue reserves; (2) redeem, reimburse or buy our own shares; and (3) increase our share capital.
 
As of December 31, 2009, our capital reserve amounted to R$318.4 million.
 
Mandatory Distribution of Dividends
 
Brazilian corporate law generally requires that the bylaws of each Brazilian company specify a minimum percentage of the amounts available for distribution by such company for each fiscal year that must be distributed to shareholders as dividends or as interest on shareholders’ equity, also known as the mandatory dividend.
 
The mandatory dividend is based on a percentage of adjusted net income, rather than a fixed monetary amount per share. Under our bylaws, at least 25% of our net income, as calculated under Brazilian GAAP and adjusted under Brazilian corporate law (which differs significantly from net income as calculated under US GAAP), for the preceding fiscal year must be distributed as a mandatory dividend. Adjusted net income means the distributable amount before any deductions for profit retention and statutory reserves.
 
Under Brazilian corporate law, however, we are allowed to suspend the distribution of the mandatory dividends in any year in which our board of directors report to our shareholders’ general meeting that the distribution would be inadvisable in view of our financial condition. Such suspension is subject to the approval at the shareholders’ meeting and review by members of the fiscal council. In the case of publicly held companies, the board of directors must file a justification for such suspension with the CVM within five days of the relevant shareholders’ general meeting. If the mandatory dividend is not paid, the unpaid amount shall be attributed to a special reserve account. If not absorbed by subsequent losses, those funds shall be paid out as dividends as soon as the financial condition of the company permits.
 
The mandatory dividend may also be paid in the form of interest attributable to shareholders’ equity, being considered as a deductible expense for purpose of calculating our income and social contribution tax obligations.
 
Payment of Dividends
 
We are required by Brazilian corporate law and our by-laws to hold an annual general shareholders’ meeting within the first four months following the end of each fiscal year, at which time, among other things, the shareholders have to decide on the allocation of the results from the preceding year and on the payment of dividends based on our financial results from the previous fiscal year.
 
Under Brazilian corporate law, dividends are generally required to be paid to the holder of record on the date of the dividend declaration date within 60 days following the date the dividend was declared, unless a shareholders’ resolution sets forth another date of payment, which, in either case, must occur within the fiscal year in which such dividend was declared. A shareholder has a three-year period from the date of the dividend payment to claim dividends, which do not bear interest and are not monetarily restated, after which the aggregate amount of any unclaimed dividends shall legally revert to us.
 
Our board of directors may declare interim dividends to be deducted from the retained earnings or profit reserves in our semi-annual or annual financial statements. In addition, our board of directors may pay dividends from our net income based on our net income registered on semi-annual or quarterly balance sheet. The dividends paid in each semester may not exceed the amounts accounted for in our capital reserve accounts. Any payment of interim dividends may be set off against the amount of mandatory dividend relating to the net profit earned in the year in which the interim dividends were paid.
 
In general, shareholders who are not residents of Brazil must register their equity investment with the Central Bank to have dividends, sales proceeds or other amounts with respect to their shares eligible to be remitted outside
 
 
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of Brazil. The common shares underlying the ADSs are held in Brazil by Banco Itaú S.A., also known as the custodian, as agent for the depositary, who is the registered owner on the records of the registrar for our shares. The depositary registers the common shares underlying the ADSs with the Central Bank and, therefore, it is possible to have dividends, sales proceeds or other amounts with respect to the common shares remitted outside Brazil.
 
Payments of cash dividends and distributions, if any, are made in reais to the custodian on behalf of the depositary, which then converts such proceeds into U.S. dollars and causes such U.S. dollars to be delivered to the depositary for distribution to holders of ADSs. In the event that the custodian is unable to convert immediately the reais received as dividends into U.S. dollars, the amount of U.S. dollars payable to holders of ADSs may be adversely affected by depreciations of the reais that occur before the dividends are converted. Under the current Brazilian tax law, dividends paid to persons who are not Brazilian residents, including holders of ADSs, will not be subject to Brazilian withholding tax, except for dividends declared based on profits generated prior to December 31, 1995, which will be subject to Brazilian withholding income tax at varying tax rates. See “Item 10. Additional Information—E. Taxation.”
 
Holders of ADSs have the benefit of the electronic registration obtained from the Central Bank, which permits the depositary and the custodian to convert dividends and other distributions or sales proceeds with respect to the common shares represented by ADSs into foreign currency and remit the proceeds outside of Brazil. In the event the holder exchanges the ADSs for common shares, the holder will be entitled to continue to rely on the depositary’s certificate of registration for five business days after the exchange. Thereafter, in order to convert foreign currency and remit outside of Brazil the sales proceeds or distributions with respect to the common shares, the holder must obtain a new certificate of registration in its own name that will permit the conversion and remittance of such payments through the commercial rate exchange market.
 
Under current Brazilian legislation, the Brazilian government may impose temporary restrictions of foreign capital abroad in the event of a serious imbalance or an anticipated serious imbalance of Brazil’s balance of payments. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Our Common Shares and the ADSs.”
 
Interest on Shareholders’ Equity
 
Under the Brazilian tax legislation effective January 1, 1996, Brazilian companies are permitted to pay “interest” to holders of equity securities and treat such payments as a deductible expense for Brazilian income tax purposes and, from 1997, for social contribution purposes. The purpose of the tax law change is to encourage the use of equity investment, as opposed to debt, to finance corporate activities. Payment of such interest may be made at the discretion of our board of directors. The amount of any such notional “interest” payment to holders of equity securities is generally limited in respect of any particular year to the greater of:
 
 
·  
50% of net income (after the deduction of the provisions for social contribution on net profits but before taking into account the provision for corporate income tax and the interest attributable to shareholders’ equity) for the period in respect of which the payment is made; or
 
 
·  
50% of the sum of retained earnings and profit reserves as of the beginning of the year in respect to which such payment is made.
 
For tax deduction purposes, the rate applied in calculating interest attributable to shareholders’ equity cannot exceed the pro rata die variation of the Long Term Interest Rate (Taxa de Juros de Longo Prazo), or TJLP, as determined by the Central Bank from time to time.
 
For accounting purposes, although the interest should be reflected in the income statement for tax deduction, the charge is reversed before the calculation of the net income in the statutory financial statements and deducted from the shareholders’ equity in the same way as the dividend. Any payment of interest with respect to the common shares is subject to withholding income tax at the rate of 15% or 25% if a holder that is not domiciled in Brazil for purposes of Brazilian taxation is domiciled in a country or location defined as a “tax favorable jurisdiction.” The definition of tax favorable jurisdiction includes countries and locations (a) that do not impose income tax, (b) that impose income tax at a rate of 20% or less, or (c) that impose restrictions on the disclosure of shareholding composition, ownership of investments, or the identity of the ultimate beneficiary of earnings that are attributed to non-residents. Please refer to “Taxation—Brazilian Tax Considerations—Discussion on Low or Nil Tax
 
 
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Jurisdictions” below for a discussion that the definition of “tax favorable jurisdiction” may be broadened by Law No. 11,727.
 
If a payment of interest on shareholder’s equity is recorded at net value as part of a mandatory dividend, we will pay the income tax on behalf of our shareholders at the time the payment is distributed. Otherwise, the income tax will be paid by the shareholders, subject to our obligation to retain and collect taxes on the payment.
 
The amount distributed to shareholders as interest attributable to shareholders’ equity, net of any withholding tax, may be included as part of the minimum mandatory dividend. In accordance with applicable law, we are required to pay to shareholders an amount sufficient to ensure that the net amount they receive in respect of interest attributable to shareholders’ equity, after payment of the applicable withholding tax, plus the amount of declared dividends, is at least equivalent to the amount of the minimum mandatory dividend. A shareholder has a three-year period from the date of the interest payment to claim interest attributable to shareholders’ equity, after which the aggregate amount of any unclaimed interest shall legally revert to us.
 
History of Payment of Dividends and Interest on Shareholders’ Equity
 
In 2008, we distributed dividends in the total amount of R$27.0 million, or R$0.21 per share (without giving effect to the stock split of one existing share into two newly issued shares approved at our shareholders’ meeting on February 22, 2010), for fiscal year 2007. In 2009, we distributed dividends in the total amount of R$26.1 million, or R$0.20 per share (without giving effect to the stock split of one existing share into two newly issued shares approved at our shareholders’ meeting on February 22, 2010), for fiscal year 2008.
 
B. 
Significant Changes
 
None.
 
ITEM 9.
THE OFFER AND LISTING
 
A. 
Offer and Listing Details
 
Our common shares started trading on the BM&FBOVESPA on February 17, 2006 and the ADSs started trading on the NYSE on March 16, 2007. The table below sets forth, for the indicated periods, the high and low closing prices of the ADSs on the NYSE, in U.S. dollars, and the common shares on the BM&FBOVESPA, in reais:
 
   
New York Stock Exchange (3)
   
São Paulo Stock Exchange (2)
 
   
High
   
Low
   
Volume(1)
   
High
   
Low
   
Volume(1)
 
   
(in US$ per ADS)
         
(in reais per common shares)
       
Year Ended
                                   
December 31, 2006 (2)
                      35.20       17.70       430,555  
December 31, 2007
    40.50       23.10       418,005       35.61       22.50       897,085  
December 31, 2008
    46.50       5.41       930,018       38.26       6.86       1,238,592  
December 31, 2009
    36.60       7.33       830,509       31.27       8.69       2,077,590  
                                                 
Quarter
                                               
First quarter 2008
    41.50       29.96       771,929       34.60       25.50       1,128,515  
Second quarter 2008
    46.50       33.36       969,276       38.26       27.50       995,435  
Third quarter 2008
    35.59       20.97       890,823       28.20       19.90       1,206,926  
Fourth quarter 2008
    24.60       5.41       1,080,111       23.79       6.86       1,621,471  
First quarter 2009
    12.11       7.33       674,687       13.23       8.69       1,885,703  
Second quarter 2009
    19.73       10.91       721,893       20.90       12.41       2,481,110  
Third quarter 2009
    32.91       16.49       744,936       29.68       16.30       1,966,653  
Fourth quarter 2009
    36.60       28.49       1,171,518       31.27       25.50       1,955,885  
                                                 
Month
                                               
September 2009
    32.91       26.40       738,155       14.77       12.48       3,043,124  
October 2009
    36.60       28.49       1,350,094       15.64       12.75       4,250,000  
November 2009
    35.03       29.83       1,128,917       14.78       12.94       4,466,000  
December 2009
    35.21       30.48       1,031,669       29.59       26.55       1,515,055  
January 2010
    32.73       25.70       927,386       27.80       24.30       1,594,069  
February 2010 (from February 1, 2010 to February 22, 2010)
    30.84       25.45       1,273,669       27.57       23.21       3,794,043  
February 2010 (from February 26, 2010 to February 28, 2010) (4)
    30.71       30.71       889,124       13.70       13.40       1,774,300  

 
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(1)
Average number of shares traded per day.
 
(2)
Our common shares started trading on the BM&FBOVESPA on February 17, 2006.
 
(3)
The ADSs started trading on the NYSE on March 16, 2007.
 
(4)
On February 22, 2010, our shareholders approved a stock split of our common shares giving effect to the split of one existing share into new issued shares, increasing the number of shares from 167,077,137 to 334,154,274.
 
 
In September 2007, we joined the BM&FBOVESPA Index, or “IBM&FBOVESPA,” the main indicator of the Brazilian stock market’s average performance and the IBrX-50, an index measuring the total return on a theoretical portfolio composed of 50 stocks selected among BM&FBOVESPA’s most actively traded securities. Additionally, we are part of the MSCI Emerging Markets Index, which is a free float-adjusted market capitalization index that is designed to measure equity market performance in the global emerging markets. Through the inclusion on these indices, our stock has expanded opportunity for increased liquidity. Prior to joining the indices, we traded at a daily average of R$38.1 million (or 1.3 million shares), and after joining the indices, it increased to an average of R$57.4 million (or 2.1 million shares).
 
B. 
Plan of Distribution
 
Not applicable.
 
C. 
Markets
 
Our common shares are listed on the BM&FBOVESPA under the symbol “GFSA3” and the ADSs are listed on the NYSE under the symbol “GFA.”
 
Trading on the BM&FBOVESPA
 
The CVM and the BM&FBOVESPA have discretionary authority to suspend trading in shares of a particular issuer under certain circumstances. Trading in securities listed on the BM&FBOVESPA, including the Novo Mercado and Levels 1 and 2 segments, may be effected off the exchanges in the unorganized over-the-counter market in certain circumstances.
 
The shares of all companies listed on the BM&FBOVESPA, including the Novo Mercado and Level 1 and Level 2 companies, are traded together.
 
Settlement of transactions occurs three business days after the trade date. Delivery of and payment for shares are made through the facilities of separate clearing houses for each exchange, which maintain accounts for brokerage firms. The seller is ordinarily required to deliver the shares to the BM&FBOVESPA clearing house on the second business day following the trade date.
 
In order to reduce volatility, the BM&FBOVESPA has adopted a “circuit breaker” system pursuant to which trading sessions may be suspended for a period of 30 minutes or one hour whenever specified indices of the BM&FBOVESPA fall below the limits of approximately 10% and 15%, respectively, in relation to the index levels for the previous trading session.
 
Although the Brazilian equity market is the largest in Latin America in terms of capitalization, it is smaller and less liquid than the major U.S. and European securities markets. The BM&FBOVESPA is significantly less liquid than the NYSE, or other major exchanges in the world. The BM&F BOVESPA, had a market capitalization of US$1.3 trillion as of December 31, 2009 and an average daily trading volume of US$2.7 billion for 2009. In comparison, the NYSE had a market capitalization of US$18.9 trillion as of December 31, 2009 and an average daily trading volume of approximately US$4.9 billion for 2009. Although any of the outstanding shares of a listed company may trade on the BM&FBOVESPA, in most cases fewer than half of the listed shares are actually
 
 
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available for trading by the public, the remainder being held by small groups of controlling persons, by government entities or by one principal shareholder. The relative volatility and illiquidity of the Brazilian securities markets may substantially limit your ability to sell the common shares at the time and price you desire and, as a result, could negatively impact the market price of these securities.
 
Trading on Brazilian stock exchanges by non-residents of Brazil is subject to registration procedures. See “— Investment in Our Common Shares by Non-Residents of Brazil.”
 
Regulation of Brazilian Securities Markets
 
The Brazilian securities markets are principally governed by Law No. 6,385, of December 7, 1976, and Brazilian corporate law, each as amended and supplemented, and by regulations issued by the CVM, which has authority over stock exchanges and the securities markets generally; the National Monetary Council; and the Central Bank, which has, among other powers, licensing authority over brokerage firms and regulates foreign investment and foreign exchange transactions.
 
These laws and regulations, among others, provide for licensing and oversight of brokerage firms, governance of the Brazilian stock exchanges, disclosure requirements applicable to issuers of traded securities, restrictions on price manipulation and protection of minority shareholders. They also provide for restrictions on insider trading. However, the Brazilian securities markets may not be considered to be as highly regulated and supervised as the U.S. securities markets or securities markets in some other jurisdictions. Accordingly, any trades or transfers of our equity securities by our officers and directors, our controlling shareholders or any of the officers and directors of our controlling shareholders must comply with the regulations issued by the CVM. See “Item 10. Additional Information—B. Memorandum and Bylaws—Disclosure Requirements.”
 
Under Brazilian corporate law, a corporation is either public, as we are, or closely held. All public companies are registered with the CVM and are subject to reporting requirements. Our common shares are listed on Novo Mercado segment of the BM&FBOVESPA.
 
We have the option to ask that trading in our securities on the BM&FBOVESPA be suspended in anticipation of a material announcement. Trading may also be suspended on the initiative of the BM&FBOVESPA or the CVM, based on or due to, among other reasons, a belief that a company has provided inadequate information regarding a material event or has provided inadequate responses to inquiries by the CVM or the BM&FBOVESPA.
 
The Brazilian over-the-counter market consists of direct trades between individuals in which a financial institution registered with the CVM serves as intermediary. No special application, other than registration with the CVM, is necessary for securities of a public company to be traded in this market. The CVM requires that it be given notice of all trades carried out in the Brazilian over-the-counter market by the respective intermediaries.
 
Investment in Our Common Shares by Non-Residents of Brazil
 
Investors residing outside Brazil are authorized to purchase equity instruments, including our common shares, in the form of foreign portfolio investments on the BM&FBOVESPA, provided that they comply with the registration requirements set forth in Resolution No. 2,689 of the National Monetary Council (or Resolution No. 2,689), and CVM Instruction No. 325.
 
With certain limited exceptions, Resolution No. 2,689 investors are permitted to carry out any type of transaction in the Brazilian financial capital market involving a security traded on a stock, future or organized over-the-counter market. Investments and remittances outside Brazil of gains, dividends, profits or other payments under our common shares are made through the foreign exchange market.
 
In order to become a Resolution No. 2,689 investor, an investor residing outside Brazil must:
 
 
·  
appoint a representative in Brazil with powers to take actions relating to the investment;
 
 
·  
appoint an authorized custodian in Brazil for the investments, which must be a financial institution duly authorized by the Central Bank and CVM;
 
 
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·  
appoint a tax representative in Brazil;
 
 
·  
through its representative, register itself as a foreign investor with the CVM and the investment with the Central Bank; and
 
 
·  
through its representative, register itself with the Brazilian Internal Revenue (Receita Federal) pursuant to the Regulatory Instructions No. 461 and 568.
 
Securities and other financial assets held by foreign investors pursuant to Resolution No. 2,689 must be registered or maintained in deposit accounts or under the custody of an entity duly licensed by the Central Bank or the CVM. In addition, securities trading by foreign investors is generally restricted to transactions involving securities listed on the Brazilian stock exchanges or traded in organized over-the-counter markets licensed by the CVM.
 
Foreign direct investors under Law No. 4,131/62 may sell their shares in both private or open market transactions, but these investors will generally be subject to less favorable tax treatment on gains as compared to foreign portfolio investors.
 
A foreign direct investor under Law No. 4,131/62 must:
 
 
·  
register as a foreign direct investor with the Central Bank;
 
 
·  
obtain a taxpayer identification number from the Brazilian tax authorities;
 
 
·  
appoint a tax representative in Brazil; and
 
 
·  
appoint a representative in Brazil for service of process in respect of suits based on Brazilian corporate law.
 
Resolution No. 1,927 of the National Monetary Council, which restated and amended Annex V to Resolution No. 1,289 of the National Monetary Council, provides for the issuance of depositary receipts in foreign markets in respect of shares of Brazilian issuers. We filed an application to have the ADSs approved under Resolution 1,927 by the CVM, and we received final approval on March 8, 2007.
 
If a holder of ADSs decides to exchange ADSs for the underlying common shares, the holder will be entitled to (1) sell the common shares on the BM&FBOVESPA and rely on the depositary’s electronic registration for five business days from the date of exchange to obtain and remit U.S. dollars abroad upon the holder’s sale of our common shares; (2) convert its investment into a foreign portfolio investment under Resolution No. 2,689/00; or (3) convert its investment into a foreign direct investment under Law No. 4,131/62.
 
If a holder of ADSs wishes to convert its investment into either a foreign portfolio investment under Resolution No. 2,689/00 or a foreign direct investment under Law No. 4,131/62, it should obtain the authorization with the Central Bank and begin the process of obtaining his own foreign investor registration with the Central Bank or with the CVM as the case may be, in advance of exchanging the ADSs for common shares.
 
The custodian is authorized to update the depositary’s electronic registration to reflect conversions of ADSs into foreign portfolio investments under Resolution No. 2,689/00. If a foreign direct investor under Law No. 4,131/62 wishes to deposit its shares into the ADR program in exchange for ADSs, such holder will be required to present to the custodian evidence of payment of capital gains taxes. The conversion will be effected after obtaining Central Bank’s authorization. Please refer to “Item 10.E. Additional Information—Taxation—Brazilian Tax Considerations” for a description of the tax consequences to an investor residing outside Brazil of investing in our common shares in Brazil.
 
D. 
Selling Shareholders
 
Not applicable.
 
 
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E. 
Dilution
 
Not applicable.
 
F. 
Expenses of the Issue
 
Not applicable.
 
ITEM 10.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
 
A. 
Share Capital
 
Not applicable.
 
B. 
Memorandum and Bylaws
 
Registration
 
We are currently a publicly-held company incorporated under the laws of Brazil, registered with the Board of Trade of the State of São Paulo (JUCESP) under NIRE 35300147952 and with the CVM under No. 01610-1, and enrolled with the Brazilian Taxpayer’s Authorities under CNPJ/MF No. 01,545,826/0001-07.
 
Corporate Purposes
 
Article 3 of our bylaws provides that our corporate purpose is to: (1) promote and develop any type of real estate project, whether our own or that of a third party, in the latter case as a contractor and agent; (2) purchase and sell any type of real estate; (3) perform civil construction and provide civil engineering services; and (4) develop and implement marketing strategies for any type of real estate project, whether our own or that of a third party.
 
Issued Share Capital
 
As of the date of this annual report, our share capital was R$1,627.3 million, all of which was fully subscribed and paid-in. Our share capital is comprised of 334,154,274 registered, book-entry common shares, without par value, after the stock split described herein. On February 22, 2010, our shareholders approved (1) an increase to the Company’s authorized share capital of 300,000,000 common shares, (2) a stock split of our common shares giving effect to the split of one existing share into two newly issued shares, increasing the number of shares from 167,077,137 to 334,154,274 and (3) an amendment to our bylaws to accommodate such stock split by increasing our authorized share capital from 300,000,000 common shares to 600,000,000 common shares. Under our bylaws, our board of directors may increase our share capital to the limit of our authorized capital by issuing up to 600,000,000 common shares without the need of specific shareholder approval. Our shareholders must approve any capital increase above that amount at a shareholders’ general meeting. Pursuant to the agreement entered into with the BM&FBOVESPA for the listing of our shares on the Novo Mercado, we are not permitted to issue preferred shares.
 
Novo Mercado
 
Our shares were accepted for trading on the Novo Mercado on February 17, 2006. In order to delist our shares from the Novo Mercado, we must conduct a tender offer for the purchase of the shares of our capital stock outstanding in the market. See “—Delisting from the Novo Mercado.”  In the Novo Mercado, listed companies are required to, among others, (1) only issue common shares, (2) maintain a minimum free float equal to at least 25% of the company’s capital, (3) detail and include additional information in the quarterly information and (4) make available the annual financial statements in English and based on international accounting standards.
 
The rules imposed by the Novo Mercado aim at providing transparency in relation to the activities and economic situation of the companies to the market, as well as more power to the minority shareholders in the management of the companies, among other rights. The main rules relating to the Novo Mercado, and that the company is subject to, are summarized below.
 
 
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According to CMN Resolution No. 3,792 of September 24, 2009, which governs the investment of funds by private pension funds, shares of companies that adopt differentiated corporate governance practices may represent a higher interest in the investment portfolio of such private pension funds, and may therefore be considered significant and attractive investments for the private pension funds, which are large investors in the Brazilian capital market. This fact might improve the development of the Novo Mercado, benefiting the companies whose securities are traded on the Novo Mercado.
 
Authorization for Trading on the Novo Mercado
 
Firstly, the company that is authorized to list its securities on the Novo Mercado shall keep updated its listed company register with the CVM, which allows the trading of the company’s common shares at the stock market. Furthermore, the company, among other conditions, shall have signed a Listing Agreement in the Novo Mercado and adapted its bylaws to comply with the minimum requirements of the BM&FBOVESPA. As regards the capital structure, it shall be exclusively divided into common shares, and a minimum free float equal to 25% of the capital stock shall be maintained by the company. The existence of founders’ shares by the companies listed on the Novo Mercado is prohibited.
 
Board of Directors
 
The board of directors of companies authorized to have their shares traded on the Novo Mercado shall be comprised of at least five members, of which at least 20% shall be independent, as defined in the Listing Rules of the Novo Mercado. The members of the board of directors shall be elected by a shareholders’ general meeting for a maximum two-year term of office, and are eligible for reelection. All new members of the board of directors and of the board of officers shall sign a Management Compliance Statement. Through the Compliance Statement, the company’s directors and officers are personally responsible for complying with the Listing Agreement in the Novo Mercado, the Rules of the Market Arbitration Chamber and the Listing Rules of the Novo Mercado.
 
Other Novo Mercado Characteristics
 
Novo Mercado rules cover other areas designed to foster high levels of corporate governance and market transparency. Companies are required to keep the minimum stock percentage floating in the market, in order to foster dispersion of share ownership. In addition, companies are obliged to assign tag-along rights to their shareholders in order to ensure equal treatment if a controlling shareholder sells its controlling stake. The Novo Mercado rules require companies to provide quarterly information on the number of shares held by the controlling shareholder, if any, company directors and officers, members of the fiscal council and the number of outstanding shares, in addition to other information required by the Listing Rules of the Novo Mercado. Gafisa provides such required information on a quarterly basis and voluntarily on a monthly basis. Companies are also required to give more disclosure regarding related party transactions in which a company may be involved. Finally, controlling shareholders, directors, officers and members of a company’s fiscal council are required to submit to arbitration any disputes or conflicts related to or arising from the Listing Rules of the Novo Mercado and the Listing Agreement in the Novo Mercado, specifically with regard to their application, validity, effectiveness and interpretation. The arbitrations take place before the Market Arbitration Chamber established by the BM&FBOVESPA and are conducted in accordance with the Rules of the Market Arbitration Chamber.
 
Company Management
 
We are managed by a board of directors (Conselho de Administração) and a board of officers (Diretoria). See “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—C. Board Practices.”
 
The members of the board of directors must be shareholders irrespectively of the number of shares of the capital stock of the company he/she holds. The members of the board of officers must be Brazilian residents and may, or may not, be shareholders.
 
Conflict of Interests
 
According to Brazilian corporate law a director or an officer shall not take part in any corporate transaction in which he/she has an interest which conflicts with the interest of the company. In this case, he/she shall disclose
 
 
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his/her disqualification to the other directors or officers and shall cause the nature and extent of his/her interest to be recorded in the minutes of the board of directors or board of officers’ meeting, as the case may be.
 
With due compliance with the rules above relating to conflict of interests, a director or an officer may only contract with the company under reasonable and fair conditions, identical to those which prevail in the market or under which the corporation would contract with third parties. Any business contracted otherwise is voidable and the director or the officer concerned shall be obliged to transfer to the corporation all benefits which he/she may have obtained in such business.
 
According to Brazilian corporate law, any director or officer may not:
 
 
·  
perform any act of generosity to the detriment of the company;
 
 
·  
without prior approval of the shareholders’ general meeting or the board of directors, borrow money or property from the company or use its property, services or taking advantage of its standing for his/her own benefit or for the benefit of a company in which he/she has an interest or of a third party; and
 
 
·  
by virtue of his position, receive any type of direct, or indirect, personal advantage from third parties, without authorization in the bylaws or from a shareholders’ general meeting.
 
According to our bylaws, any business or agreement between the company and any director or officer must be previously approved by the board of directors, except if specified in our annual budget or business plan.
 
Rules for Retirement
 
There is no retirement age relating to directors or officers pursuant to the Brazilian law and our bylaws.
 
Policy for the Trading of Our Securities
 
On July 15, 2009, our board of directors approved a new Conduct Manual on Information Disclosure and Use and Securities Trading Policy, which establishes the following procedures regarding the policy for the trading of our securities:
 
 
·  
all of our directors, executive officers, employees, members of the other bodies with technical or consultant duties, our possible controlling shareholders, and whoever by virtue of his/her position, job, or post at our company or our subsidiaries and affiliates, and who has signed the compliance statement and becomes aware of information of a material transaction or event involving our company, are restricted from trading our securities until such material transaction or event is disclosed to the market, except as regards treasury stock transactions, through private trading, the exercise of options to purchase shares of our capital stock, or a possible buyback, also through private trading, carried out by us. This restriction is extended to periods prior to the announcement of such information or annual or interim financial statements;
 
 
·  
trading of our securities or transactions related to our securities carried out by the aforementioned persons pursuant to an Individual Investment Program, consisting of long-term investments, as defined in the Trading Policy, is not subject to the aforementioned restrictions;
 
 
·  
the restrictions of the Trading Policy also apply to our former directors and executive officers who resigned prior to the public disclosure of a transaction or fact that began during their administration (a) for the six month period following the end of their duties with the company, or (b) until the disclosure of the material event or the related financial statements, whichever occurs first; and
 
 
·  
the abovementioned restrictions also apply to indirect trading carried out by such persons, except those conducted by investment funds, provided that the investment funds are not exclusive and the transaction decisions taken by the investment fund officers cannot be influenced by its unit holders.
 
 
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Rights of Common Shares
 
Each of our common shares entitles its holder to one vote at an annual or special shareholders’ general meeting. A holder of ADS has the right under the deposit agreement to instruct the depositary to exercise the voting rights for the common shares represented by his/hers ADSs. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Our Common Shares and the ADSs.”  Pursuant to our bylaws, Brazilian corporate law and the Novo Mercado rules, owners of common shares are entitled to dividends, or other distributions made in respect of common shares, in proportion to their ownership of outstanding shares. See “Item 8. Financial Information—A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information—Dividend Policy” and “Item 9. The Offer and Listing—C. Markets— Investment in Our Common Shares by Non-Residents of Brazil” for a more complete description of payment of dividends and other distributions on our common shares. In addition, upon our liquidation, holders of our shares are entitled to share all our remaining assets, after payment of all our liabilities, ratably in accordance with their respective participation in the total amount of our issued and outstanding shares. Holders of our common shares are entitled to participate on a pro rata basis in future capital calls by our company except in some specific circumstances under Brazilian law, as described in “—Preemptive Rights”. Our common shares have tag along rights, which enable their holders to, upon the sale of a controlling interest in us, receive 100% of the price paid per common share of the controlling block by a single or series of transaction.
 
Options
 
According to our bylaws, we may, within our authorized share capital and upon resolution of the shareholders’ general meeting, grant stock options to (1) our directors, executive officers and employees, or (2) individuals who provide services to us or to companies we control.
 
Withdrawal Rights
 
Shareholders who are absent, dissent or abstain from voting on certain actions taken during a shareholders’ general meeting have the right under Brazilian corporate law to withdraw from our company and to receive the value of their shares.
 
According to Brazilian corporate law, shareholder withdrawal rights may be exercised in the following circumstances, among others:
 
 
·  
a reduction in the percentage of our mandatory dividends;
 
 
·  
a change in our corporate purpose;
 
 
·  
an acquisition, by our company, of a controlling stake in another company if the acquisition price is outside of the limits established by Brazilian corporate law;
 
 
·  
a merger of shares involving our company, a merger of our company into another company, if we are not the surviving entity, or our consolidation with another company; or
 
 
·  
an approval of our participation in a group of companies (as defined in Brazilian corporate law).
 
Brazilian corporate law further provides that any resolution regarding a spin-off will also entitle shareholders to withdraw if the spin-off:
 
 
·  
causes a change in our corporate purpose, except if the equity is spun-off to a company whose primary activities are consistent with our corporate purposes;
 
 
·  
reduces our mandatory dividends; or
 
 
·  
causes us to join a group of companies (as defined in Brazilian corporate law).
 
In cases where (1) our company is involved in a merger of shares or merges with another company where we are not the surviving company, or (2) we are consolidated with another company, or (3) we participate in a group of
 
 
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companies (as defined in Brazilian corporate law), our shareholders will not be entitled to withdraw from our company if their respective shares are (a) liquid, i.e. part of the BM&FBOVESPA index or other stock exchange index in Brazil or abroad, (as defined by the CVM), and (b) widely held, such that less than 50% of our shares are held by a controlling shareholder or by companies a controlling shareholder controls. Gafisa is currently part of the IBM&FBOVESPA (the BM&FBOVESPA index) and has no controlling shareholder. Therefore, its shares are, at present, considered liquid and widely held for the purposes of this paragraph.
 
The right to withdraw expires 30 days after publication of the minutes of the relevant shareholders’ general meeting. We are entitled to reconsider any action giving rise to withdrawal rights for 10 days after the expiration of the 30-day period if the redemption of shares of absent, dissenting or non-voting shareholders would jeopardize our financial stability. If shareholders exercise withdrawal rights, they are entitled to receive net book value for the shares, based on the last balance sheet approved by the shareholders. If the resolution giving rise to the rights is made later than 60 days after the date of the last approved balance sheet, the shareholder may demand that his or her shares be valued according to a new balance sheet dated no less than 60 days before the resolution date. In this case, we must immediately pay 80% of the equity value of the shares according to the most recent balance sheet approved by our shareholders, and the balance must be paid within 120 days after the date of the resolution of the shareholders’ general meeting.
 
Redemption of Shares
 
According to Brazilian corporate law, we may redeem our shares by a decision taken in a special shareholders’ general meeting by shareholders representing at least 50% of our share capital. The share redemption may be paid with our profit, profit reserves or capital reserves. If the share redemption is not applicable to all shares, the redemption will be made by lottery. If custody shares are picked in the lottery and there are no rules established in the custody agreement, the financial institution will specify on a pro rata basis, the shares to be redeemed.
 
Registration of Shares
 
Our shares are held in book-entry form with Itaú Corretora de Valores S.A., which will act as the custodian agent for our shares. Transfer of our shares will be carried out by means of book entry by Itaú Corretora de Valores S.A., debiting the share account of the seller and crediting the share account of the buyer, with the presentation of a written order of the transferor or a judicial authorization or order to effect such transfers.
 
Preemptive Rights
 
Except as provided below, our shareholders have a general preemptive right to participate in any issuance of new shares, convertible debentures and warrants, in proportion to their respective shareholding at such time, but the conversion of debentures and subscription warrants into shares, the granting of options to purchase shares and the issuance of shares as a result of its exercise, are not subject to preemptive rights. In addition, Brazilian corporate law allows for companies’ bylaws to give the board of directors the power to exclude preemptive rights or reduce the exercise period of such rights with respect to the issuance of new shares, debentures convertible into shares and subscription warrants up to the limit of the authorized share capital if the distribution of those shares, debentures or subscription warrants is effected through a sale on a stock exchange, through a public offering or through an exchange of shares in a tender offer the purpose of which is to acquire control of another company. Shareholders are allowed to exercise the preemptive rights for a period of at least 30 days following the publication of notice of the issuance of shares, convertible debentures and warrants, and the right may be transferred or disposed of for consideration.
 
Holders of ADSs may be unable to exercise preemptive rights with respect to our common shares underlying the ADSs. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Our Common Shares and the ADSs—Holders of ADSs may be unable to exercise preemptive rights with respect to our common shares underlying the ADSs.”
 
Shareholders’ General Meetings
 
Under Brazilian corporate law, at our shareholders’ meetings, shareholders are empowered to take any action relating to our corporate purpose and to pass any such resolutions as they deem necessary. The approval of our
 
 
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financial statements and the determination of the allocation of our net profits with respect to each fiscal year take place at our annual general shareholders’ meeting immediately following such fiscal year. The election of our directors and, if requested by requisite shareholders, of members of our fiscal council typically takes place at the annual general shareholders’ meeting, although under Brazilian law it may also occur at a special shareholders’ general meeting.
 
A special shareholders’ general meeting may be held concurrently with the annual general shareholders’ meeting. Pursuant to our bylaws and Brazilian corporate law, the following actions, among others, may only be taken at a general shareholders’ meeting:
 
 
·  
amendment of our bylaws, including amendment of our corporate purpose;
 
 
·  
election and dismissal, at any time, of our directors and members of our fiscal council;
 
 
·  
determination of the aggregate compensation of our board of directors and board of officers, as well as the fiscal council’s compensation;
 
 
·  
approval of stock splits and reverse stock splits;
 
 
·  
approval of a stock option plan;
 
 
·  
approval of the management’s accounts and the financial statements prepared by the management;
 
 
·  
resolution upon the destination of our net income and distribution of dividends;
 
 
·  
election of the fiscal council to function in the event of our dissolution;
 
 
·  
cancellation of our registration with the CVM as a publicly-held company;
 
 
·  
authorization for the issuance of convertible debentures or secured debentures;
 
 
·  
suspension of the rights of a shareholder who has violated Brazilian corporate law or our bylaws;
 
 
·  
acceptance or rejection of the valuation of in-kind contributions offered by a shareholder in consideration for shares of our capital stock;
 
 
·  
approval of our transformation into a limited liability company or any other corporate form;
 
 
·  
delisting of our common shares from the Novo Mercado;
 
 
·  
appointment of a financial institution responsible for our valuation, in the event of a mandatory tender offer, specifically in the event that a tender offer for our common shares is carried out in connection with the delisting of our common shares from the Novo Mercado or cancellation of our registration as a publicly-held company;
 
 
·  
reduction in the percentage of mandatory dividends;
 
 
·  
participation in a group of companies (as defined in Brazilian corporate law);
 
 
·  
approval of any merger, consolidation with another company or spin-off;
 
 
·  
approval of our dissolution or liquidation, the appointment and dismissal of the respective liquidator and the official review of the reports prepared by him or her; and
 
 
·  
authorization to petition for bankruptcy or request for judicial or extrajudicial restructuring.
 
 
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According to Brazilian corporate law, neither a company’s bylaws nor actions taken at a shareholders’ meeting may deprive a shareholder of specific rights, such as:
 
 
·  
the right to participate in the distribution of profits;
 
 
·  
the right to participate equally and ratably in any remaining residual assets in the event of liquidation of the company;
 
 
·  
the right to preemptive rights in the event of subscription of shares, convertible debentures or subscription warrants, except in some specific circumstances under Brazilian law described in “—Preemptive Rights”;
 
 
·  
the right to inspect and monitor the management of the company’s business in accordance with Brazilian corporate law; and
 
 
·  
the right to withdraw from the company in the cases specified in Brazilian corporate law, described in “—Withdrawal Rights.”
 
Quorum for our Shareholders’ General Meetings
 
As a general rule, Brazilian corporate law provides that a quorum at a shareholders’ general meeting consists of shareholders representing at least 25% of a company’s issued and outstanding voting capital on the first call and, if that quorum is not reached, any percentage on the second call. A quorum for the purposes of amending our bylaws consists of shareholders representing at least two-thirds of our issued and outstanding voting capital on the first call and any percentage on the second call.
 
As a general rule, the affirmative vote of shareholders representing at least the majority of our issued and outstanding common shares present in person or represented by proxy at a shareholders’ general meeting is required to ratify any proposed action, with abstentions not taken into account. However, the affirmative vote of shareholders representing one-half of our issued and outstanding voting capital is required to:
 
 
·  
reduce the percentage of mandatory dividends;
 
 
·  
change our corporate purpose;
 
 
·  
merge or consolidate our company with another company;
 
 
·  
spin-off a portion of our assets or liabilities;
 
 
·  
approve our participation in a group of companies (as defined in Brazilian corporate law);
 
 
·  
apply for cancellation of any voluntary liquidation;
 
 
·  
approve our dissolution; and
 
 
·  
approve the merger of all our shares into another company.
 
A quorum smaller than one-half of our issued and outstanding voting capital may be authorized by the CVM for a publicly-held company with widely-traded and widespread shares that has had less than half of the holders of its voting shares in attendance at its last three shareholders’ meetings. In such case, resolutions may only be taken on a third call.
 
According to our bylaws and for so long as we are listed on the Novo Mercado, we may not issue preferred shares or founders’ shares and we will have to conduct a tender offer in order to delist ourselves from the Novo Mercado.
 
 
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Notice of our Shareholders’ General Meetings
 
According to Brazilian corporate law, notice of our shareholders’ general meetings must be published at least three times in the Diário Oficial do Estado de São Paulo, the official newspaper of the State of São Paulo, and in another widely circulated newspaper in the same State, previously chosen at an annual shareholders meeting, which, in our case is O Estado de São Paulo. The first notice must be published no later than 15 days before the date of the meeting on the first call, and no later than eight days before the date of the meeting on the second call. However, in certain circumstances, upon the request of any shareholder, the CVM may require that the first notice be published 30 days in advance of the meeting. In addition, the CVM may suspend for up to 15 days the required prior notice of the special shareholders’ general meeting so that it may further analyze the proposal to be voted upon at such meeting. Such call notice in all circumstances shall contain the agenda for the meeting and a list of the documents that will be required from our shareholders to be admitted at the meetings. CVM Regulation No. 481 of December 17, 2009 also requires that additional information be disclosed in the call notice for certain matters. For example, in the event of an election of directors, the call notice shall also disclose the minimum percentage of equity participation required from a shareholder to request the adoption of cumulative voting procedures. All documents pertaining to the matters to be discussed at the shareholders’ general meeting shall be made available to the shareholders upon publication of the first call notice, except if the law or CVM regulations provide otherwise.
 
Location of our Shareholders’ General Meetings
 
Our shareholders’ meetings shall take place at our head offices at Av. Nações Unidas No. 8,501, 19th floor, 05425-070 - São Paulo, SP - Brazil. Brazilian corporate law allows our shareholders to hold meetings outside our head offices in the event of force majeure, provided that the relevant notice contains a clear indication of the place where the meeting will occur.
 
Who May Call our Shareholders’ General Meetings
 
According to Brazilian corporate law, our board of directors may call a shareholders’ general meeting. Shareholders’ general meetings may also be called by:
 
 
·  
any shareholder, if our directors fail to call a shareholders’ general meeting within 60 days after the date they were required to do so under applicable laws and our bylaws;
 
 
·  
shareholders holding at least 5% of our share capital if our directors fail to call a meeting within eight days after receipt of a request to call the meeting by those shareholders, and such request must indicate the proposed agenda;
 
 
·  
shareholders holding at least 5% of our share capital if our directors fail to call a meeting within eight days after receipt of a request to call the meeting to convene a fiscal council; and
 
 
·  
our fiscal council (if installed), in the event our board of directors delays calling an annual shareholders’ meeting for more than one month. The fiscal council may also call a special general shareholders’ meeting at any time if it believes that there are significant or urgent matters to be addressed.
 
The chairman of our board of directors shall call a shareholders’ general meeting if: (1) we are controlled by a shareholder holding less than 50% of our voting capital (i.e., control power exercised in a diffuse manner), and (2) BM&FBOVESPA determines that the price of our shares shall be quoted separately or that the trading of our shares on the Novo Mercado shall be suspended by reason of non-compliance with the listing rules of Novo Mercado. At such a meeting all members of our board of directors must be replaced. In the event the shareholders’ general meeting is not called by the chairman of the board of directors within the time period established in our bylaws, the meeting may be called by any shareholder of the company.
 
Conditions for Admission at our Shareholders’ General Meetings
 
A shareholder may be represented at a shareholders’ general meeting by a proxy, as long as the proxy is appointed less than a year before such shareholders’ general meeting. The proxy must be either a shareholder, an
 
 
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executive officer or director of our company, a lawyer or a financial institution. An investment fund must be represented by its investment fund officer.
 
Shareholders attending a shareholders’ general meeting must deliver proof of their status as shareholders and proof that they hold the shares they intend to vote by delivery of proper identification and a receipt issued by the custodian agent of our shares.
 
Arbitration
 
Any disputes or controversies involving our company, our shareholders, members of our management or our fiscal council relating to or arising from the Listing Agreement in the Novo Mercado, Listing Rules, our bylaws, Brazilian corporate law, the rules published by the CMN, the Central Bank, the CVM, any shareholders’ agreement filed at our headquarters, and other rules applicable to the Brazilian capital markets in general, must be submitted to arbitration conducted in accordance with the Rules of the Market Arbitration Chamber established by the BM&FBOVESPA. According to Chapter Twelve of such Rules, the parties may consensually agree to use another arbitration chamber or center to resolve their disputes.
 
Going Private Process
 
We may become a private company by the decision of our shareholders only if we conduct a public tender offer to acquire all of our outstanding shares in accordance with the rules and regulations of Brazilian corporate law, the CVM and the Novo Mercado regulations which requires:
 
 
·  
a fair bid price at least equal to the value estimated of the company; and
 
 
·  
shareholders holding more than two thirds of the outstanding shares have specifically approved the process or accepted the offer.
 
The minimum price offered for the shares in the public tender offer will correspond to the economic value of such shares, as determined by a valuation report issued by a specialized firm, and we may only purchase shares from shareholders that have voted in favor of us becoming a private company after purchasing all shares from the other shareholders that did not vote in favor of such deliberation and that have accepted the public tender offer.
 
The valuation report must be prepared by a specialized and independent firm of recognized experience chosen by the shareholders representing the majority of the outstanding shares (excluding, for such purposes, treasury shares, shares held by our affiliates and by other companies that are a part of our economic group, as well as blank votes) from a list of three institutions presented by our board of directors. All the expenses and costs incurred in connection with the preparation of the valuation report must be paid for by us.
 
Shareholders holding at least 10% of our outstanding shares may require our management to call a special shareholders’ general meeting to determine whether to perform another valuation using the same or a different valuation method. This request must be made within 15 days following the disclosure of the price to be paid for the shares in the public offering. The shareholders who make such request as well as those who vote in its favor must reimburse us for any costs involved in preparing the new valuation, if the new valuation price is not higher than the original valuation price. If the new valuation price is higher than the original valuation price, the public offering must be made at the higher price.
 
Delisting from the Novo Mercado
 
We may, at any time, delist our common shares from the Novo Mercado, provided that shareholders approve the decision and that the BM&FBOVESPA is notified in writing at least 30 days in advance. Delisting of shares from the Novo Mercado does not require delisting from the BM&FBOVESPA.
 
If our common shares are delisted from the Novo Mercado, we or our controlling shareholders, if any, will be required to conduct a tender offer for the acquisition of our outstanding common shares. The minimum price offered for the shares in the public tender offer will correspond to the economic value of the shares, as determined by a valuation report issued by a specialized firm chosen by the shareholders representing a majority of the outstanding
 
 
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shares (excluding, for such purposes, shares held by the controlling shareholders, if any, and their affiliates, treasury shares, shares held by our affiliates, and blank votes) from a list of three institutions presented by our board of directors. All the expenses and costs incurred in connection with the preparation of the valuation report must be paid for by the controlling shareholder, if any, or by us.
 
If our delisting from the Novo Mercado occurs due to the cancellation of our registration as a publicly held company, all the other requirements established by such delisting shall be followed. See “—Going Private Process.”
 
In the event that we delist due to a corporate reorganization where the surviving company is not admitted for listing on the Novo Mercado, the then-controlling shareholders will need to carry out a public tender offer for the acquisition of the shares held by other shareholders, and the minimum price offered per share shall be the economic value of the shares. The notice of public tender offer shall be given to the BM&FBOVESPA and released to the market immediately after the shareholders’ general meeting that has approved the corporate reorganization.
 
If our share control is sold within twelve months of our delisting from the Novo Mercado, the selling controlling shareholder and the acquirer shall offer to acquire the shares of all other shareholders under the same conditions offered to the selling controlling shareholder.
 
In addition, our by-laws provide that if the shareholders decide to delist from the Novo Mercado and no controlling shareholders exist at the time, the tender offer for the acquisition of our outstanding common shares shall be effected by the shareholders who voted in favor of the delisting from the Novo Mercado.
 
Sale of a Controlling Stake in our Company
 
Under the Listing Rule of the Novo Mercado, the sale of a controlling interest in our company, either through a single transaction or through successive transactions, takes place under a suspension or resolution condition, where the acquirer agrees to, within the time and pursuant to the conditions specified under Brazilian corporate law and the Listing Rules of the Novo Mercado, make a tender offer of the remaining shares of the other shareholders under the same terms and conditions granted to the selling controlling shareholder.
 
A tender offer is also required under the following conditions:
 
 
·  
when rights are assigned for a subscription of shares and other securities or rights related to securities convertible into shares that results in the sale of the company’s controlling stake;
 
 
·  
when, if the controlling shareholder is an entity, the control of such controlling entity is transferred; and
 
 
·  
when a current shareholder acquires a controlling stake through an agreement for the purchase of shares. In this case, the acquiring shareholder is obligated to make a tender offer under the same terms and conditions granted to the selling shareholders and reimburse the shareholders from whom he/she had purchased the shares traded on stock exchanges within the six months before the sale date of the company’s share control. The reimbursement value is the difference between the price paid to the selling controlling shareholder and the amount traded on stock exchanges per share, during this period, adjusted by the inflation in the period.
 
The buyer, when necessary, must take the necessary measures to recompose the minimum 25% of outstanding shares in the market within the subsequent six months.
 
Purchases by us of our own Shares
 
Our bylaws entitle our board of directors to approve the acquisition of our own shares. The decision to acquire our shares, to maintain the acquired shares in treasury or to cancel them may not, among other things:
 
 
·  
result in the reduction of our share capital;
 
 
·  
require the use of resources greater than our profit reserves and other available reserves, as provided in our financial statements;
 
 
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·  
create, as a result of any action or inaction, directly or indirectly, any artificial demand, supply or condition relating to share price;
 
 
·  
involve any unfair practice; or
 
 
·  
be used for the acquisition of shares held by our controlling shareholders.
 
We may not keep in treasury more than 10% of our outstanding common shares, including the shares held by our subsidiaries and affiliates.
 
Any acquisition by us of our own shares must be made on a stock exchange and cannot be made in a private transaction, except if previously approved by CVM. Moreover, we may acquire or issue put or call options related to our shares.
 
Disclosure Requirements
 
We are subject to the reporting requirements established by Brazilian corporate law and the CVM. Furthermore, because we are listed with the Novo Mercado, we must also follow the disclosure requirements provided for in the Listing Rules of the Novo Mercado.
 
Disclosure of Information
 
The Brazilian securities regulations require that a publicly-held corporation provide the CVM and the relevant stock exchanges with periodic information that includes annual information statements, quarterly financial statements, quarterly management reports, independent auditor reports, notices and minutes of shareholders’ meetings. In addition, we also must disclose any material development related to our business to the CVM and the BM&FBOVESPA.
 
We observe the Novo Mercado disclosure standards and are required to, among other things:
 
 
·  
present a consolidated balance sheet, a consolidated income statement and consolidated performance report;
 
 
·  
disclose any direct or indirect ownership interest, including beneficial ownership interest, known to us, exceeding 5% of our capital stock;
 
 
·  
disclose the amount and characteristics of our securities held directly or indirectly by controlling shareholders (if this is the case), by members of our management and by members of our fiscal council (if installed);
 
 
·  
disclose changes in the amount of securities held by controlling shareholders (if this is the case), by members of our management and by members of our fiscal council (if in place) within the preceding 12 months;;
 
 
·  
include, in the explanatory notes to our financial statements, a cash flow statement;
 
 
·  
disclose the amount of free float shares and their respective percentage in relation to total shares outstanding;
 
 
·  
prepare annual and quarterly financial statements in accordance with US GAAP or IFRS; and
 
 
·  
disclose the existence of and compliance with the arbitration clauses, as defined in the Listing Rules of the Novo Mercado.
 
Disclosure of Trading by Insiders
 
Pursuant to the rules of the Novo Mercado, each of our possible controlling shareholders must disclose to the BM&FBOVESPA information in connection with the total amount and characteristics of securities owned, directly
 
 
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or indirectly, by them and issued by us, or any derivatives referenced in such securities, as well as any subsequent trading of such securities and derivatives. In the case of individuals, such information shall also include securities held by the spouse, companion or dependents of such persons, included in the annual income tax statement of such controlling shareholder. This information must be communicated to the BM&FBOVESPA within 10 days following the end of each month.
 
CVM regulations require our directors, executive officers, members of the fiscal council, and members of any other technical or advisory body to disclose to us, to the CVM and to the BM&FBOVESPA, the total amount, the characteristics and form of acquisition of securities issued by us, listed companies under our control or the control of our listed controlling shareholders, including derivatives referenced in such securities that are held by each of them, as well as any change in such investments within 10 days after the end of the month when the securities were traded. In the case of individuals, such information shall also include securities held by the spouse, companion or dependents of such persons, included in the annual income tax statement and companies controlled directly or indirectly by such person.
 
In addition, our controlling shareholders, our shareholders who have caused the election of members of our board of directors or fiscal council, as well as any individual, legal entity or group of persons acting jointly whose direct or indirect participation is equal to or in excess 5% or more of our shares, must provide to us, the CVM and the BM&FBOVESPA the following information:
 
 
·  
the name and qualification of the person providing the information;
 
 
·  
amount, price, type, and/or class, in the case of acquired shares, or characteristics, in the case of securities;
 
 
·  
form of acquisition (private placement or purchase through a stock exchange, among others);
 
 
·  
reason and purpose for the acquisition; and
 
 
·  
information on any agreement regarding the exercise of voting rights or the purchase and sale of our securities.
 
The disclosure requirement referred to above will also apply to any person or group acting jointly, holding participation equal to or in excess of 5%, each time such person increases or decreases its participation in our shares by an amount equal to 5% of our shares.
 
Disclosure of Material Developments
 
According to Law No. 6,385 of December 7, 1976, and subsequent amendments, and CVM Instruction No. 358 of January 3, 2002, and subsequent amendments, we must disclose any material development related to our business to the CVM and to the BM&FBOVESPA and must publish a notice of the material development. A development is deemed to be material if it has a material impact on the price of our securities, on the decision of investors to trade in our securities or on the decision of investors to exercise any rights as holders of any of our securities.
 
Under special circumstances, we may request confidential treatment of certain material developments from the CVM, when our management believes that public disclosure could result in adverse consequences to us.
 
C. 
Material Contracts
 
In October 2006, we entered into an agreement to acquire 100% of Alphaville, the largest residential community development company in Brazil focused on the identification, development and sale of high quality residential communities in the metropolitan regions throughout Brazil targeted at upper and upper-middle income families. On January 8, 2007, we successfully completed the acquisition of 60% of Alphaville’s shares for R$198.4 million, of which R$20 million was paid in cash and the remaining R$178.4 million was paid in exchange for 6.5 million common shares of Gafisa. The acquisition agreement provides that we will purchase the remaining 40% by 2012 (20% within three years from the acquisition date and the remaining 20% within five years from the acquisition date) in cash or shares, at our sole discretion. Alphaville is operating as one of our subsidiaries based in the city of Barueri, within the metropolitan region of São Paulo.
 
 
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In October 2008, Gafisa and Tenda concluded a business combination in which Gafisa’s wholly-owned subsidiary FIT was merged into Tenda. The purpose of the merger was to consolidate the activities of FIT and Tenda in the low income sector in Brazil and to develop real estate units with an average value of less than R$200,000. As a result of the business combination, Gafisa became the owner of 60.0% of the total and voting capital stock of Tenda and FIT was merged into Tenda.
 
On December  30, 2009, the shareholders of Gafisa and Tenda approved a corporate restructuring to consolidate Gafisa’s noncontrolling share ownership in Tenda. The restructuring was accomplished by exchanging all of the remaining Tenda shares not held by Gafisa into Gafisa shares (merger of shares). As a result of the restructuring, Tenda became a wholly-owned subsidiary of Gafisa.
 
We are currently negotiating the structure for the acquisition of 20% of Alphaville’s shares. This participation was valued at R$126.5 million and we intend to pay for it through the issuance of 9,797,792 shares. This transaction is subject to relevant corporate authorizations. In addition, we may acquire the remaining 20% of Alphaville’s shares that we currently do not own by 2012.
 
D. 
Exchange Controls
 
There are no restrictions on ownership of our common shares by individual or legal entities domiciled outside Brazil. However, the right to convert dividend payments and proceeds from the sale of our shares into foreign currency and to remit such amounts abroad is subject to requirements under foreign investment legislation which generally establish that the relevant investment be registered with the Central Bank and the CVM. See “Item 3.D. Key Information—Risk Factors—Risk Relating to Brazil—Restrictions on the movement of capital out of Brazil may adversely affect your ability to receive dividends and distributions on the ADSs and on our common shares, or the proceeds of any sale of our common shares” and “Item 9.C. The Offer and Listing—Markets—Investment in Our Common Shares by Non-Residents of Brazil.”
 
E. 
Taxation
 
The following discussion contains a description of material Brazilian and U.S. federal income tax consequences of the acquisition, ownership and disposition of common shares or ADSs. The discussion is based upon the tax laws of Brazil and regulations thereunder and on the tax laws of the United States and regulations thereunder as of the date hereof, which are subject to change.
 
Although there is at present no income tax treaty between Brazil and the United States, the tax authorities of the two countries have had discussions that may culminate in such a treaty. No assurance can be given, however, as to whether or when a treaty will enter into force or how it will affect the U.S. Holders (as defined below) of common shares or ADSs. Prospective holders of common shares or ADSs should consult their own tax advisors as to the tax consequences of the acquisition, ownership and disposition of common shares or ADSs in their particular circumstances.
 
Brazilian Tax Considerations
 
The following discussion summarizes the principal Brazilian tax consequences of the acquisition, ownership and disposition of our common shares or ADSs by a holder that is not domiciled in Brazil for purposes of Brazilian taxation (a “Non-Resident Holder”). This discussion is based on Brazilian law as currently in effect, which is subject to change, possibly with retroactive effect, and subject to different interpretations. Any change in that law may change the consequences described below.
 
The tax consequences described below do not take into account the effects of any tax treaties or reciprocity of tax treatment entered into by Brazil and other countries. Please note that Brazil has not entered into any tax treaty with the United States. The discussion also does not address any tax consequences under the tax laws of any state or municipality of Brazil. The description below is not intended to constitute a complete analysis of all tax consequences relating to the acquisition, exchange, ownership and disposition of our common shares or ADSs. Each Non-Resident Holder should consult his or her own tax advisor concerning the Brazilian tax consequences of an investment in our common shares or ADSs.
 
 
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Income tax
 
Dividends. Dividends paid by a Brazilian corporation, such as our company, including stock dividends and other dividends paid to a Non-Resident Holder of common shares or ADSs, are currently not subject to withholding income tax in Brazil to the extent that such amounts are related to profits generated after January 1, 1996. Dividends paid from profits generated before January 1, 1996 may be subject to Brazilian withholding income tax at varying rates, according to the tax legislation applicable to each corresponding year. We generally expect to pay dividends from profits generated after January 1, 1996.
 
Interest on Shareholders’ Equity. Law No. 9,249, dated December 26, 1995, as amended, permits a Brazilian corporation, such as our company, to make distributions to shareholders of interest on shareholders’ equity as an alternative to making dividend distributions and treat such payments as a deductible expense for purposes of calculating Brazilian corporate income tax and social contribution on net profits, as far as the limits described below are observed. These distributions may be paid in cash. For tax purposes, this interest is limited to the daily pro rata variation of the Brazilian long-term interest rate (“TJLP”), as determined by the Central Bank from time to time, and the amount of the deduction may not exceed the greater of:
 
 
·  
50% of net income (after the deduction of social contribution on net profits but before taking into account the provision for corporate income tax and the interest on shareholders’ equity) for the period in respect of which the payment is made; and
 
 
·  
50% of the sum of retained profits and profit reserves as of the date of the beginning of the period in respect of which the payment is made.
 
Payment of interest to a Non-Resident Holder is subject to the withholding of income tax at the rate of 15%, or 25% if the Non-Resident Holder is domiciled in a country that does not impose income tax or where the maximum income tax rate is lower than 20% (“Low or Nil Tax Jurisdiction”). Please refer to “—Discussion on Low or Nil Tax Jurisdictions” below for a discussion that such concept may be broadened by Law No. 11,727/08. These payments of interest on shareholders’ equity may be included, at their net value, as part of any mandatory dividend. To the extent payment of interest on shareholders’ equity is so included, the corporation is required to distribute to shareholders an additional amount to ensure that the net amount received by them, after payment of the applicable withholding income tax, plus the amount of declared dividends is at least equal to the mandatory dividend.
 
Gains
 
According to Law No. 10,833/03, enacted on December 29, 2003, the disposition or sale of assets located in Brazil by a Non-Resident Holder, whether to another non-Brazilian resident or to a Brazilian resident, may be subject to capital gains taxes in Brazil.
 
With respect to the disposition of common shares, as they are assets located in Brazil, the Non-Resident Holder will be subject to income tax on the gains assessed, following the rules described below, regardless of whether the transactions are conducted in Brazil or with a Brazilian resident.
 
With respect to the ADSs, although the matter is not entirely clear, arguably the gains realized by a Non-Resident Holder on the disposition of ADSs to another Non-Resident Holder are not taxed in Brazil, based on the argument that ADSs do not constitute “assets located in Brazil” for the purposes of Article 26 of Law No. 10,833. We cannot assure you, however, that the Brazilian tax authorities or the Brazilian courts will agree with this interpretation. Accordingly, gains on a disposition of ADSs by a Non-Resident Holder to a Brazilian resident or a non-Brazilian resident may be subject to income tax in Brazil in the event that courts determine that ADSs constitute assets located in Brazil. For more information, please refer to “Item 3.D. Key Information—Risks Factors—Risks Relating to Our Common Shares and the ADSs—Changes in Brazilian tax laws may have an adverse impact on the taxes applicable to a disposition of the ADSs.”
 
As a general rule, gains realized as a result of a disposition or sale transaction of common shares or ADSs are the positive difference between the amount realized on the sale or exchange of the security and its acquisition cost measured.
 
 
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Under Brazilian law, however, income tax rules on such gains can vary, depending on the domicile of the Non-Resident Holder, the type of registration of the investment by the Non-Resident Holder with the Central Bank and how the disposition is carried out, as described below.
 
Gains assessed on a disposition of common shares carried out on the Brazilian stock exchange (which includes the transactions carried out on the organized over-the-counter market) are:
 
 
·  
exempt from income tax when assessed by a Non-Resident Holder that (1) has registered its investment in Brazil with the Central Bank under the rules of Resolution No. 2,689, dated January 26, 2000 (“2,689 Holder”) and (2) is not a resident in a Low or Nil Tax Jurisdiction; or
 
 
·  
subject to income tax at a rate of up to 25% in any other case, including a case of gains assessed by a Non-Resident Holder that is not a 2,689 Holder, or is a resident in a Low or Nil Tax Jurisdiction.  In these case, a withholding income tax of 0.005% of the sale value will be applicable and can be later offset with the eventual income tax due on the capital gain.
 
Any other gains assessed on a disposition of the common shares that is not carried out on a Brazilian stock exchange are subject to income tax at the rate of 15%, or 25% in the case of a Non-Resident Holder residing in a Low or Nil Tax Jurisdiction or where the local legislation does not allow access to information related to the shareholding composition of legal entities, to their ownership or to the identity of the effective beneficiary of the income attributed to non-residents. In the event that these gains are related to transactions conducted on the Brazilian non-organized over-the-counter market with intermediation, the withholding income tax of 0.005% shall also be applicable and can be offset against the eventual income tax due on the capital gain.
 
In the case of a redemption of common shares or ADSs or a capital reduction by a Brazilian corporation, such as our company, the positive difference between the amount received by the Non-Resident Holder and the acquisition cost of the common shares or ADSs redeemed is treated as capital gain derived from the sale or exchange of shares not carried out on a Brazilian stock exchange market and is therefore subject to income tax at the rate of 15%, or 25%, as the case may be.
 
Any exercise of preemptive rights relating to the common shares or ADSs will not be subject to Brazilian income tax. Gains realized by a Non-Resident Holder on the disposition of preemptive rights relating to the common shares or the ADSs will be subject to Brazilian income tax according to the same rules applicable to the sale or disposition of common shares.
 
As a Non-Resident Holder of ADSs, you may cancel your ADSs and exchange them for common shares and no income tax may be levied on such exchange, as long as the appropriate rules are complied with in connection with the registration of the investment with the Central Bank.
 
The deposit of common shares by the Non-Resident Holders in exchange for ADSs may be subject to Brazilian income tax if the acquisition cost of the common shares is lower than (a) the average price per common share on a Brazilian stock exchange on which the greatest number of such common shares were sold on the day of deposit; or (b) if no common shares were sold on that day, the average price on a Brazilian stock exchange on which the greatest number of common shares were sold in the 15 trading sessions immediately preceding such deposit. The difference between the acquisition cost and the average price of the common shares will be considered to be a capital gain subject to income tax at a rate of 15% or 25%, as the case may be. In some circumstances, there may be arguments to claim that this taxation is not applicable in the case of a Non-Resident Holder that is a 2,689 Holder and is not a resident in a tax favorable jurisdiction.
 
There can be no assurance that the current favorable treatment of 2,689 Holders will continue in the future.
 
Discussion on Low or Nil Tax Jurisdictions
 
On June 24, 2008, Law No. 11,727 introduced the concept of “privileged tax regimes,” which went into effect on January 1, 2009. In principle, the best interpretation of Law No. 11,727/08 leads us to conclude that the new concept of privileged tax regime should be solely applied for purposes of transfer pricing rules in export and import transactions. Moreover, Provisional Measure No. 472, of December 15, 2009, applied the privileged tax regime
 
 
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concept to other income remitted abroad. Although we are of the opinion that the concept of privileged tax regime should not affect the tax treatment of a Non-Resident Holder described above, we cannot assure you whether subsequent legislation or interpretations by the Brazilian tax authorities regarding the definition of “privileged tax regime” will extend such concept to the tax treatment of a Non-Resident Holder described above.
 
Tax on Foreign Exchange and Financial Transactions
 
Foreign Exchange Transactions. Brazilian law imposes a Tax on Foreign Exchange Transactions (“IOF/Exchange Tax”) on the conversion of reais into foreign currency and on the conversion of foreign currency into reais. As of October 20, 2009, any inflow of funds related to investments carried out on the Brazilian financial and capital markets by 2,689 Holders is subject to the IOF/Exchange Tax at a rate of 2.0%. However, foreign exchange transactions related to outflows of funds in connection with investments carried out on the Brazilian financial and capital markets are subject to the IOF/Exchange Tax at a rate of zero percent, which also applies to payments of dividends and interest on shareholders’ equity to 2,689 Holders with respect to investments on the Brazilian financial and capital markets.
 
Nevertheless, the rate applicable to most foreign exchange transactions is 0.38%. In any case, the Brazilian government may increase the rate at any time by up to 25% on the foreign exchange transaction amount. However, any increase in rates will only apply to future transactions.
 
Tax on Transactions Involving Bonds and Securities. Brazilian law imposes a Tax on Transactions Involving Bonds and Securities (“IOF/Bonds Tax”) due on transactions involving bonds and securities, including those carried out on a Brazilian stock exchange. Although the rate of IOF/Bonds Tax applicable to transactions involving common shares is currently zero, the rate of the IOF/Bonds Tax applicable to the transfer of shares with the sole purpose of enabling the issuance of ADSs is currently 1.5%. This rate is applied on the product of (a) the number of shares which are transferred, multiplied by (b) the closing price for those shares on the date prior to the transfer or, if such closing price is not available on that date, the last available closing price for those shares. The Brazilian government may increase the rate of the IOF/Bonds Tax at any time by up to 1.5% per day of the transaction amount, but only in respect of future transactions.
 
Other Brazilian Taxes
 
There are no Brazilian inheritance, gift or succession taxes applicable to the ownership, transfer or disposition of common shares or ADSs, except for gift and inheritance taxes that may be imposed by some Brazilian states. There are no Brazilian stamp, issue, registration, or similar taxes or duties payable by holders of common shares or ADSs.
 
U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations
 
The following are the material U.S. federal income tax consequences to U.S. Holders described herein of owning and disposing of common shares or ADSs, but it does not purport to be a comprehensive description of all of the tax considerations that may be relevant to a particular person’s decision to hold such securities. The discussion applies only if you hold common shares or ADSs as capital assets for U.S. federal tax purposes and it does not describe all of the tax consequences that may be relevant to holders subject to special rules, such as:
 
 
·  
certain financial institutions;
 
 
·  
dealers or traders in securities who use a mark-to-market method of tax accounting;
 
 
·  
persons holding common shares or ADSs as part of a hedging transaction, straddle, wash sale, conversion transaction or integrated transaction or persons entering into a constructive sale with respect to the common shares or ADSs;
 
 
·  
persons whose functional currency for U.S. federal income tax purposes is not the U.S. dollar;
 
 
·  
entities classified as partnerships for U.S. federal income tax purposes;
 
 
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· 
persons liable for the alternative minimum tax;
 
 
·  
tax-exempt entities, including an “individual retirement account” or “Roth IRA”;
 
 
·  
persons that own or are deemed to own ten percent or more of our voting stock;
 
 
·  
persons who acquired our ADSs or common shares pursuant to the exercise of any employee stock option or otherwise as compensation; or
 
 
·  
persons holding shares in connection with a trade or business conducted outside of the United States.
 
If an entity that is classified as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes holds common shares or ADSs, the U.S. federal income tax treatment of a partner will generally depend on the status of the partner and upon the activities of the partnership. Partnerships holding common shares or ADSs and partners in such partnerships should consult their tax advisers as to the particular U.S. federal income tax consequences of holding and disposing of the common shares or ADSs.
 
This discussion is based on the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), administrative pronouncements, judicial decisions and final, temporary and proposed Treasury regulations, all as of the date hereof, any of which is subject to change, possibly with retroactive effect. It is also based in part on representations by the Depositary and assumes that each obligation under the Deposit Agreement and any related agreement will be performed in accordance with its terms.
 
You are a “U.S. Holder” if you are a beneficial owner of our common shares or ADSs and if you are, for U.S. federal tax purposes:
 
 
·  
a citizen or individual resident of the United States;
 
 
·  
a corporation, or other entity taxable as a corporation, created or organized in or under the laws of the United States or any political subdivision thereof; or
 
 
·  
an estate or trust the income of which is subject to U.S. federal income taxation regardless of its source.
 
The summary of U.S. federal income tax consequences set out below is intended for general informational purposes only. U.S. Holders of common shares or ADSs are urged to consult with their own tax advisers with respect to the particular tax consequences to them of owning or disposing of common shares or ADSs, including the applicability and effect of state, local, non-U.S. and other tax laws and the possibility of changes in tax laws.
 
In general, if you own ADSs, you will be treated as the owner of the underlying shares represented by those ADSs for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Accordingly, no gain or loss will be recognized if you exchange ADSs for the underlying shares represented by those ADSs.
 
The U.S. Treasury has expressed concerns that parties to whom American depositary shares are released before shares are delivered to the depositary (“pre-release”) or intermediaries in the chain of ownership between U.S. holders and the issuer of the security underlying the American depositary shares may be taking actions that are inconsistent with the claiming of foreign tax credits for U.S. holders of American depositary shares. Such actions would also be inconsistent with the claiming of the reduced rate of tax, described below, applicable to dividends received by certain non-corporate holders. Accordingly, the creditability of Brazilian taxes, and the availability of the reduced tax rate for dividends received by certain non-corporate holders, each described below, could be affected by actions taken by such parties or intermediaries.
 
Please consult your tax advisers concerning the U.S. federal, state, local and foreign tax consequences of purchasing, owning and disposing of common shares or ADSs in your particular circumstances.
 
This discussion assumes that the Company is not, and will not become, a passive foreign investment company, as described below.
 
 
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Taxation of Distributions
 
Distributions paid on ADSs or common shares other than certain pro rata distributions of ordinary shares will generally be treated as dividends to the extent paid out of current or accumulated earnings and profits (as determined under U.S. federal income tax principles). Because the Company does not maintain calculations of its earnings and profits under U.S. federal income tax principles, it is expected that distributions will be reported to U.S. holders as dividends.
 
Subject to applicable limitations and the discussion above regarding concerns expressed by the U.S. Treasury, dividends paid by qualified foreign corporations to certain non-corporate U.S. holders in taxable years beginning before January 1, 2011, are taxable at favorable rates, up to a maximum rate of 15%. A foreign corporation is treated as a qualified foreign corporation with respect to dividends paid on stock that is readily tradable on a securities market in the United States, such as the NYSE where our ADSs are traded. You should consult your tax advisers to determine whether the favorable rate will apply to dividends you receive and whether you are subject to any special rules that limit your ability to be taxed at this favorable rate.
 
The amount of a dividend will include any amounts withheld by us in respect of Brazilian taxes on the distribution. The amount of the dividend will be treated as foreign-source dividend income to you and will not be eligible for the dividends-received deduction generally allowed to U.S. corporations under the Code. Dividends will be included in your income on the date of your, or in the case of ADSs, the Depositary’s, receipt of the dividend. The amount of any dividend income paid in reais will be a U.S. dollar amount calculated by reference to the exchange rate in effect on the date of such receipt regardless of whether the payment is in fact converted into U.S. dollars. If the dividend is converted into U.S. dollars on the date of receipt, you should not be required to recognize foreign currency gain or loss in respect of the dividend income. You may have foreign currency gain or loss if the amount of such dividend is converted into U.S. dollars after the date of such receipt. See “—Brazilian Tax Considerations—Tax on Foreign Exchange and Financial Transactions.”
 
Subject to applicable limitations that may vary depending upon your circumstances and subject to the discussion above regarding concerns expressed by the U.S. Treasury, Brazilian income taxes withheld from dividends on common shares or ADSs will be creditable against your U.S. federal income tax liability. The rules governing foreign tax credits are complex, and you should consult your tax adviser regarding the availability of foreign tax credits in your particular circumstances. Instead of claiming a credit, you may, at your election, deduct such Brazilian taxes in computing your taxable income, subject to generally applicable limitations under U.S. law. An election to deduct foreign taxes instead of claiming foreign tax credits must apply to all taxes paid or accrued in the taxable year to foreign countries and possessions of the United States.
 
Sale and Other Disposition of Common Shares or ADSs
 
For U.S. federal income tax purposes, gain or loss you realize on the sale or other disposition of common shares or ADSs will be capital gain or loss, and will be long-term capital gain or loss if you held the common shares or ADSs for more than one year. The amount of your gain or loss will equal the difference between your tax basis in the common shares or ADSs disposed of and the amount realized on the disposition, in each case as determined in U.S. dollars. If a Brazilian tax is withheld on the sale or disposition of common shares or ADSs, a U.S. Holder’s amount realized will include the gross amount of the proceeds of such sale or disposition before deduction of the Brazilian tax. See “—Brazilian Tax Considerations—Gains” for a description of when a disposition may be subject to taxation by Brazil. Such gain or loss will generally be U.S.-source gain or loss for foreign tax credit purposes. U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisers as to whether the Brazilian tax on gains would be creditable against the holder’s U.S. federal income tax on foreign-source income from other sources.
 
Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules
 
The Company believes that it was not a “passive foreign investment company” (“PFIC”) for U.S. federal income tax purposes for its 2009 taxable year. However, because PFIC status depends on the composition of a company’s income and assets and the market value of its assets from time to time, which may be determined in large part by reference to the market value of the Company’s stock, there can be no assurance that the Company will not be a PFIC for any taxable year. If the Company were a PFIC for any taxable year during which a U.S. Holder held common shares or ADSs, gain recognized by a U.S. Holder on a sale or other disposition (including certain pledges)
 
 
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of the common shares or ADSs would be allocated ratably over the U.S. Holder’s holding period for the common shares or ADSs. The amounts allocated to the taxable year of the sale or other disposition and to any year before the Company became a PFIC would be taxed as ordinary income. The amount allocated to each other taxable year would be subject to tax at the highest rate in effect for individuals or corporations, as appropriate, for that taxable year, and an interest charge would be imposed on the amount allocated to that taxable year. Further, to the extent that any distribution received by a U.S. Holder on its common shares or ADSs exceeds approximately 125% of the average of the annual distributions on common shares or ADSs received during the preceding three years or the U.S. Holder’s holding period, whichever is shorter, that distribution would be subject to taxation in the same manner as gain, described immediately above. Certain elections may be available that would result in alternative treatments (such as a mark-to-market treatment) of the common shares or ADSs. U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisers to determine whether any of these elections would be available and, if so, what the consequences of the alternative treatments would be in their particular circumstances.
 
Information Reporting and Backup Withholding
 
Payments of dividends and sales proceeds that are made within the United States or through certain U.S.-related financial intermediaries generally are subject to information reporting and may be subject to backup withholding unless (1) you are a corporation or other exempt recipient or (2) in the case of backup withholding, you provide a correct taxpayer identification number and certify that you are not subject to backup withholding.
 
The amount of any backup withholding from a payment to you will be allowed as a credit against your U.S. federal income tax liability and may entitle you to a refund, provided that the required information is timely furnished to the Internal Revenue Service.
 
U.S. HOLDERS OF OUR COMMON SHARES OR ADSs SHOULD CONSULT THEIR OWN TAX ADVISERS AS TO THE BRAZILIAN, U.S. FEDERAL, STATE, LOCAL AND OTHER TAX CONSEQUENCES OF THE OWNERSHIP AND DISPOSITION OF OUR COMMON SHARES OR ADSs BASED UPON THEIR PARTICULAR CIRCUMSTANCES.
 
F. 
Dividends and Paying Agents
 
Not applicable.
 
G. 
Statement by Experts
 
Not applicable.
 
H. 
Documents on Display
 
Statements contained in this annual report as to the contents of any contract or other document referred to are not necessarily complete, and each of these statements is qualified in all respects by reference to the full text of such contract or other document filed as an exhibit hereto. A copy of the complete annual report including the exhibits and schedules filed herewith may be inspected without charge at the public reference facilities maintained by the SEC at 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549, and at the SEC’s regional offices located at 233 Broadway, New York, N.Y., 10279 and North Western Atrium Center, 500 West Madison Street, Suite 1400, Chicago, Illinois 60661 – 2511. Copies of such materials may be obtained by mail from the Public Reference Section of the SEC, 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549, at prescribed rates. Such reports and other information may also be inspected at the offices of the NYSE, 11 Wall Street, New York, New York 10005, on which our ADSs are listed. In addition the SEC maintains a website that contains information filed electronically with the SEC, which can be accessed over the Internet at http://www.sec.gov.
 
We are subject to the information and periodic reporting requirements of the Securities Exchange Act and, in accordance therewith, file periodic reports and other information with the SEC. However, as a foreign private issuer, we are exempt from the rules under the Securities Exchange Act relating to the furnishing and content of proxy statements and relating to short-swing profits reporting and liability.
 
 
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We furnish to Citibank, N.A., as depositary, copies of all reports we are required to file with the SEC under the Securities Exchange Act, including our annual reports in English, containing a brief description of our operations and our audited annual consolidated financial statements which are prepared in accordance with accounting practices adopted in Brazil and include a reconciliation to US GAAP. In addition, we are required under the deposit agreement to furnish the depositary with copies of English translations to the extent required under the rules of the SEC of all notices of meetings of shareholders and other reports and communications that are generally made available to shareholders. Under certain circumstances, the depositary will arrange for the mailing, at our expense, of these notices, other reports and communications to all ADS holders.
 
We also file financial statements and other periodic reports with the CVM located at Rua Sete de Setembro, 111, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 20159-900, which are available to the public from CVM’s website at http://www.cvm.gov.br.
 
I. 
Subsidiary Information
 
Not applicable.
 
ITEM 11. 
QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
 
We are exposed to market risks arising from the normal course of our business. These market risks mainly involve the possibility that changes in interest rates may impact the value of our financial liabilities. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Brazil.”
 
Interest rates
 
Our revenues and profitability are affected by changes in interest rates due to the impact that these changes have on our interest expenses relating to our variable interest rates debt instruments and on our purchase and sale contracts and on our interest income generated from our financial investments.
 
The table below provides information about our significant interest rate-sensitive instruments (fixed and variable) as of December 31, 2009.
   
As of December 31, 2009
 
   
Expected Maturity Date
 
   
Total
   
2010
   
2011
   
2012
   
 
2013 and later
   
 
Principal
Index(1)
 
 
Fair
Value
 
   
(In accordance with Brazilian GAAP) (in thousands of R$)
 
Liabilities:
                                       
Loans, financing and debentures:
                                       
Debentures
    1,918,377       122,377       346,000       275,000       1,175,000    
CDI
    1,918,377  
Average interest rate
    9.19 %     9.76 %     9.42 %     9.12 %     9.12 %            
Loans and financing (working capital)
    736,736       408,326       244,846       48,318       35,246    
CDI
    736,736  
Average interest rate
    10.77 %     12.06 %     13.67 %     13.26 %     13.26 %            
Loans and financing - SFH
    467,019       269,986       168,737       23,536       4,760    
TR
    467,019  
Average interest rate
    10.65 %     11.14 %     11.08 %     11.13 %     11.13 %            
Total loans, financing and debentures
    3,122,132       800,689       759,583       346,854       1,215,006           3,122,132  
Obligation to venture partner
    300,000                   100,000       200,000    
CDI
    300,000  
Real estate development obligations(2)
    3,162,601       2,228,115       841,558       89,680       3,248    
INCC
    3,162,601  
Obligations for purchase of land
    350,706       204,305       51,238       40,212       54,951    
INCC
    350,706  
Total
    6,935,439       3,233,109       1,652,379       576,746       1,473,205           6,935,205  
Assets:
                                                   
Cash, bank and marketable securities:
                                                   
Cash and banks
    143,799       143,799                             143,799  
Cash equivalents (current and non-current)
    149,141       149,141                             149,141  
Marketable securities
    1,033,717                                           1,033,717  
Restricted cash
    97,396       97,396                             97,396  
Receivables from clients
    3,776,646       2,008,049       1,146,083       312,858       309,760    
INCC and IGPM
    3,776,646  
Receivables from clients (2)
    3,139,586       1,555,160       1,025,080       281,012       278,230    
INCC and IGPM
    3,139,586  
 
 
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As of December 31, 2009
 
   
Expected Maturity Date
 
   
Total
   
2010
   
2011
   
2012
   
 
2013 and later
   
 
Principal
Index(1)
 
 
Fair
Value
 
   
(In accordance with Brazilian GAAP) (in thousands of R$)
 
Total client receivables
    6,916,232       3,563,209       2,171,163       593,871       587,990           6,916,232  
Total
    8,340,285       4,987,262       2,171,163       593,871       587,990           8,340,285  

(1)
See notes 10 and 11 to our consolidated financial statements for information about the interest rates on our loans, financing and debentures. As of December 31, 2009, the annualized index was 8.62% for CDI, 0.71% for TR, 3.21% for INCC and -1.71% for IGPM.
 
(2)
Includes obligations and receivables arising from units sold after January 1, 2004 for which balances have not been recorded in our balance sheet—CFC Resolution No. 963.
 
We borrow funds at different rates and linked to different indices in order to try to match the financing that we provide to some of our clients. The mismatch between rates and terms on our funds borrowed and the financing we provide may adversely affect our cash flow. We constantly monitor and evaluate the impact of indexation on our assets and liabilities. If we anticipate the possibility of an interest rate mismatch between our assets and obligations, we may use derivative financial instruments in order to hedge against the risk that arises from interest rate variations.
 
Foreign Exchange Rate
 
During 2009, we had derivative financial instruments, settled in that same year, with the objective of hedging against fluctuations in foreign exchange rates. As of December 31, 2009, we had no debt in foreign currency.
 
ITEM 12. 
DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES OTHER THAN EQUITY SECURITIES
 
D. 
American Depositary Shares
 
As of December 31, 2009, we received from the depositary of our ADSs US$317.5 thousand, which was used for general corporate purposes such as the payment of costs and expenses associated with (1) the preparation and distribution of proxy materials, (2) the preparation and distribution of marketing materials and (3) consulting and other services related to investor relations.
 
 
PART II
 
ITEM 13. 
DEFAULTS, DIVIDEND ARREARAGES AND DELINQUENCIES
 
None.
 
ITEM 14. 
MATERIAL MODIFICATIONS TO THE RIGHTS OF SECURITY HOLDERS AND USE OF PROCEEDS
 
None.
 
ITEM 15. 
CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
 
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
 
Under the supervision and with the participation of the Company’s chief executive officer and chief financial officer, management conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of the design and operation of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, as of December 31, 2009, the end of the period covered by this report. As a result of the material weakness identified below under item “—Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting,” the Company has concluded that its disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2009 were not effective. However, to address the material weakness in internal control over financial reporting,  management performed additional analysis and other post-closing procedures in an effort to reasonably assure that the consolidated financial statements included in this Form 20-F/A for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2009 have been prepared in accordance with Brazilian GAAP, including the reconciliation to US GAAP in accordance with Item 18 of Form 20-F. 
 
Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting (Restated)
 
The management of the Company is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as a process designed by, or under the supervision of, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer and effected by the Company’s Board of Directors, management and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting, and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in conformity with Brazilian GAAP, including the reconciliation to US GAAP in accordance with Item 18 of Form 20-F, and includes those policies and procedures that:
 
 
·
provide for maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the Company;
 
 
·
provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in conformity with Brazilian GAAP, including the reconciliation to US GAAP in accordance with Item 18 of Form 20-F, and that receipts and expenditures of the Company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the Company; and
 
 
·
provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the Company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
 
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluations of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that the controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
 
 
 
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The Company’s management assessed the effectiveness of the internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2009. This assessment identified a “material weakness” (as defined in Rule 12b-2 under The Exchange Act and Rule 1-02 of Regulation S-X) in internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2009, which is discussed in the following paragraphs.
 
A material weakness is a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the company’s annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.
 
Material adjustments were identified with respect to the US GAAP conversion process that resulted in a restatement of the 2009 consolidated financial statements included in this Form 20-F/A. Material adjustments were identified related to US GAAP revenue recognition, US GAAP cash equivalent presentation and US GAAP consolidated statement of cash flows presentation. Adjustments, which were quantitatively material in the aggregate, highlighted a material weakness in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2009. The material weakness in the Company’s US GAAP conversion process was attributable, in part, to deficiencies in evaluating the timing of revenue recognition and insufficient resources with adequate knowledge of US GAAP and SEC financial reporting matters. Brazilian GAAP and US GAAP are similar in many areas; however, there still exist meaningful differences between the two accounting principles, especially in the area of accounting for construction revenues.
 
In making this assessment, the Company’s management used the criteria set forth by the Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”). Based on this assessment, the Company’s management concluded that, as of December 31, 2009, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting was not effective based on those criteria.
 
In order to remediate identified gaps over US GAAP conversion process, Company will retrain its personnel and evaluate the need to either hire additional personnel with proven expertise in US GAAP or a third-party to ensure its conversion process attends all US GAAP requirements. 
 
Attestation Report of the Registered Public Accounting Firm
 
PricewaterhouseCoopers Auditores Independentes, an independent registered public accounting firm, will not  issue an attestation report on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2009.
 
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
 
There was no change in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the period covered by this annual report that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
 
ITEM 16. 
[RESERVED]
 
ITEM 16A. 
AUDIT COMMITTEE FINANCIAL EXPERT
 
For the purposes of the of Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, our directors established an Audit Committee that convenes as often as it determines is appropriate to carry out its responsibilities, but at least quarterly. This committee has responsibility for planning and reviewing our annual and quarterly reports and accounts with the involvement of our auditors in that process, focusing particularly on compliance with legal requirements and accounting standards, and ensuring that an effective system of internal financial controls is maintained. The ultimate responsibility for reviewing and approving our annual and quarterly reports and accounts remains with our directors.
 
The Audit Committee convened 14 times in 2009. The Audit Committee currently comprises Jose Ecio Pereira da Costa Junior, Richard L. Huber and Gerald D. Reiss, each of whom is a director of our company. Our board of directors has determined that Jose Ecio Pereira da Costa Junior, Richard L. Huber and Gerald D. Reiss are each independent as set forth in the NYSE Listed Companies Manual as well as being independent for the purpose of Rule 10A-3 of the Securities Exchange Act. Our board of directors has determined that Jose Ecio Pereira da Costa Junior is an audit committee financial expert within the meaning of the regulations promulgated by the Securities and Exchange Commission.
 
ITEM 16B. 
CODE OF BUSINESS CONDUCT AND ETHICS
 
On July 10, 2007, we adopted a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics that applies to our chief executive officer, chief financial officer, principal accounting officer and persons performing similar functions, as well as to our directors, other officers and employees. The objective of this code is (1) to reduce the subjectivity of personal interpretations of ethical principles; (2) to be a formal and institutional benchmark for the professional conduct of the employees, including the ethical handling of actual or apparent conflicts of interests, becoming a standard for the internal and external relationship of the Company with its shareholders, clients, employees, partners, suppliers, service providers, labor unions, competitors, society, government and the communities in which we operate; and (3) to ensure that the daily concerns with efficiency, competitiveness and profitability do not override ethical behavior. Our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics is filed as an exhibit to this annual report and is available, free of charge by requesting a copy from our Investor Relations Department at the following address: Av. Nações Unidas No. 8,501, 19th floor, 05425-070 - São Paulo, SP - Brazil, telephone 55-11-3025-9242, fax 55-11-3025-9348 and e-mail ri@gafisa.com.br.
 
We have also created in July 2007, a “whistleblower channel” in order to receive “complaints,” by any person (provided such complaint is first reported to the Ethics Committee or Audit Committee), regarding any “dishonest or unethical conduct” and “accounting, internal accounting controls, or auditing matters” and equally confidential and anonymous submissions of “concerns” of the same type by our employees and affiliates. The “whistleblower channel” can be accessed through our intranet or website or letter forwarded to our headquarters under the attention of our Ethics Committee and/or Audit Committee. Since its establishment, 80 issues were reported to our
 
 
A-139

 
 
“whistleblower channel,” all of them related to personal conduct and, therefore, without any financial impact on our results of operations.
 
ITEM 16C. 
PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES
 
The relationship with our independent auditors in respect to the contracting of services unrelated to the external audit is based on principles that preserve the independence of the auditor. Our board of directors approves our financial statements, the performance by our auditors of audit and permissible non-audit services, and associated fees, supported by our Audit Committee.
 
The fees billed and to be billed to us by PricewaterhouseCoopers Auditores Independentes for services performed and to be performed relating to the years 2009 and 2008 and the respective remuneration for these services will be informed by the time of filing of our 2009 Annual Report on Form 20-F/A.
 
Audit Committee Pre-Approval Policies and Procedures
 
Our board of directors has established pre-approval policies and procedures for the engagement of registered public accounting firm for audit and non-audit services. Under such pre-approval policies and procedures, our board of directors reviews the scope of the services to be provided by each registered public accounting firm to be engaged in order to ensure that there are no independence issues and the services are not prohibited services as defined by Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
 
ITEM 16D. 
EXEMPTIONS FROM THE LISTING STANDARDS FOR AUDIT COMMITTEES
 
None.
 
ITEM 16E. 
PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES BY THE ISSUER AND AFFILIATED PURCHASERS
 
None.
 
ITEM 16F. 
CHANGE IN REGISTRANT’S CERTIFYING ACCOUNTANT
 
Changes in Gaflsa’s Certifying Accountant
 
Previous independent registered public accounting firm
 
On August 18, 2009, Gafisa dismissed PricewaterhouseCoopers Auditores Independentes as its independent registered public accounting firm. Gafisa’s board of directors participated in and approved the decision to change its independent registered public accounting firm.
 
 
A-140

 
 
The reports of PricewaterhouseCoopers Auditores Independentes on the consolidated financial statements for the past two fiscal years (2008 and 2007) contained no adverse opinion or disclaimer of opinion and were not qualified or modified as to uncertainty, audit scope or accounting principle.
 
During the two most recent fiscal years and through August 18, 2009, there have been no disagreements with PricewaterhouseCoopers Auditores Independentes on any matter of accounting principles or practices, financial statement disclosure, or auditing scope or procedure, which disagreements if not resolved to the satisfaction of PricewaterhouseCoopers Auditores Independentes would have caused them to make reference thereto in their reports on the financial statements for such years.
 
During the two most recent fiscal years and through August 18, 2009, there have been no reportable events (as defined in Item 304(a)(1)(v) of Regulation S-K).
 
Gafisa requested that PricewaterhouseCoopers Auditores Independentes furnish it with a letter addressed to the SEC, dated November 13, 2009, stating whether or not it agrees with the above statements. That letter is included as Exhibit 15.2 to this Form 20-F/A.
 
New independent registered public accounting firm
 
Terco Grant Thornton Auidtores Independentes S.S. (“Terco”) previously audited:
 
 
·  
The consolidated financial statements of our subsidiary Construtora Tenda S.A.  (“Tenda”) as of December 31, 2008 and for the period from its acquisition on October 22, 2008 through December 31, 2008.   Terco issued an unqualified opinion on those Tenda consolidated financial statements while still a member firm of Grant Thornton International.  Our then principal independent registered public accounting firm (PricewaterhouseCoopers Auditores Independentes) referred to Terco’s consolidated financial statement audit report in their audit report on our 2008 consolidated financial statements, when it was initially issued.
 
 
·  
The consolidated financial statements of Gafisa S.A. as of and for the year ended December 31, 2009, and issued an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements, when it was initially issued, while still a member firm of Grant Thornton International.
 
 
·  
Gafisa’s internal control over financial reporting (“ICFR”) as of  December 31, 2009, and issued an unqualified opinion on ICFR when it was initially issued, also while still a member of Grant Thornton International.
 
On October 1, 2010, a merger took place between Ernst & Young Auditores Independentes S.S. (“Ernst & Young Brazil”) and Terco to form Ernst & Young Terco Auditores Independentes S.S.  (“Ernst & Young Terco”).  The combined firm Ernst & Young Terco assumed responsibility for Terco’s previous audit work and audit opinions.
 
As a result of our decision to restate our previously issued 2009 Form 20-F due to certain errors in its previously published consolidated financial statements, Ernst & Young Terco advised us that, as a consequence of the decision to restate such financial statements, Terco’s previously issued audit reports dated March 10, 2010 on the 2009 Gafisa consolidated financial statements and April 27, 2009 on the 2008 Tenda consolidated financial statements (both audits performed in accordance with PCAOB standards) should no longer be relied upon. Ernst & Young Terco also advised us that Terco’s attestation report on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting dated March 10, 2010 included in the 2009 Form 20-F should no longer be relied on. Ernst & Young Terco further advised us that previously issued consents relating to a past Form F-3ASR (File No. 333-159803, effective June 5, 2009) were being withdrawn.
 
Prior to its merger with Terco, Ernst & Young Brazil provided certain internal audit services to us in connection with the preparation of our consolidated financial statements for both 2008 and 2009. Because the merged firm of Ernst & Young Terco would have been responsible to audit the adjustments of our 2009 consolidated financial statements and ICFR, it must be independent both in fact and appearance during both the period in which the auditor performs its audit services and also during the period under audit. In light of both (i) the magnitude of the resulting US GAAP restatement adjustments, and (ii) the extent of the aforementioned internal audit services which were
 
 
A-141

 
 
provided, among other factors, it was ultimately determined that the merged firm of Ernst & Young Terco would be unable to report on the accompanying restated 2009 consolidated financial statements or on the accompanying restated 2009 ICFR.
 
Accordingly, on June 27, 2011, Ernst & Young Terco resigned as our independent registered accounting firm with respect to 2009 for purposes of our filings with the SEC. Ernst & Young Terco however remains our independent auditors with respect to 2009 for purposes of our Brazilian GAAP financial statements filed with the CVM.  Ernst & Young Terco was appointed on  August 25, 2010 and September 27, 2011 as our independent registered accounting firm for the 2010 and 2011 fiscal years, respectively.  Furthermore, Ernst & Young Terco has audited the restatement adjustments relating to the 2008 financial statements of Tenda.
 
Therefore, on July 7, 2011, the Company then engaged PricewaterhouseCoopers Auditores Independentes as its independent registered accounting firm with respect to 2009 for purposes of its filings with the SEC.
 
During the two most recent fiscal years (2009 and 2008) and the subsequent interim period until engaging PricewaterhouseCoopers Auditores Independentes for the 2009 SEC audit, there were no disagreements with either Terco or Ernst & Young Terco on any matter of accounting principles or practices, financial statement disclosure, or auditing scope or procedure, which disagreements, if not resolved to their satisfaction, would have caused them to make reference to the subject matter of such disagreements in connection with its reports on the aforementioned consolidated financial statements for such periods.
 
During the two most recent fiscal years and the subsequent interim periods until engaging PricewaterhouseCoopers Auditores Independentes for the 2009 SEC audit, there were no reportable events (as defined in Item 16F(a)(1)(v) of Form 20-F), except for:
 
 
·  
The aforementioned restatements of the Company and Tenda’s consolidated financial statements.
 
 
·  
The aforementioned material weaknesses in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting discussed in Item 15
 
 
·  
The aforementioned withdrawal of auditor reports and consents
 
 
·  
Ernst & Young Terco’s need to resign as our 2009 principal auditor for independence considerations triggered by the need to restate the 2009 Gafisa financial statements.
 
The reportable events discussed above were discussed with the Audit Committee.
 
We have provided Ernst & Young Terco with a copy of this 2009 Form 20-F/A prior to its filing with the (SEC).  We have requested Ernst & Young Terco to furnish the Company with a letter addressed to the SEC stating whether or not it agrees with the above statements, as required by Item 16F(a)(3) of Form 20-F.    Such letter is filed as Exhibit 15.1.
 
 
ITEM 16G. 
CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
 
See “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—C. Board Practices.”
 
 
A-142

 
 
PART III
 
ITEM 17. 
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
 
We have responded to Item 18 in lieu of responding to this Item.
 
ITEM 18. 
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
 
See our unaudited consolidated financial statements beginning on page F-1.
 
ITEM 19.
 EXHIBITS
 
[Reserved]
 
 
A-143

 
 
 
INDEX TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS
 

Page
 
Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements:

Unaudited Consolidated Balance Sheets
F-2
Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Income
F-4
Unaudited Statements of Changes in Shareholders' Equity
F-5
Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Value Added
F-6
Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
F-7
Notes to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
F-8
 
 
 
 
 
 F-1
 
 
 

 
 
 
Gafisa S.A.
Unaudited Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31
In thousands of Brazilian reais

 
 
Assets
 
Note
   
2009
   
2008
   
2007
 
                         
Current assets
                       
Cash, cash equivalents and financial investments
    4       1,424,053       605,502       517,420  
Receivables from clients
    5       2,008,464       1,254,594       473,734  
Properties for sale
    6       1,332,374       1,695,130       872,876  
Other accounts receivable
    7       108,791       182,775       101,920  
Deferred selling expenses
    -       6,633       13,304       3,861  
Prepaid expenses
    -       12,133       25,396       6,224  
                                 
              4,892,448       3,776,701       1,976,035  
                                 
Non-current assets
                               
Receivables from clients
    5       1,768,182       863,950       497,910  
Properties for sale
    6       416,083       333,846       149,403  
Deferred taxes
    16        281,288       190,252       78,740  
Other
    7       69,160       110,606       42,797  
                                 
              2,534,713       1,498,654       768,850  
                                 
Investments
    8       -       -       12,192  
Intangible assets
    9       204,686       213,155       215,297  
Property and equipment, net
    -       56,476       50,348       32,411  
                                 
              261,162       263,503       259,900  
                                 
              2,795,875       1,762,157       1,028,750  
                                 
Total assets
            7,688,323       5,538,858       3,004,785  
 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
 
 
F-2

 
 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Unaudited Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31
In thousands of Brazilian reais
 (continued)


Liabilities and shareholders' equity
 
Note
   
2009
   
2008
   
2007
 
                         
Current liabilities
                       
Loans and financing
    10       678,312       447,503       68,357  
Debentures
    11       122,377       61,945       6,590  
Obligations for purchase of land and advances from clients
    14       475,409       421,584       290,193  
Materials and service suppliers
    -       194,331       112,900       86,709  
Taxes and contributions
    -       138,177       113,167       71,250  
Salaries, payroll charges and profit sharing
    -       61,320       29,693       38,513  
Accrued dividends
    15.2          54,279       26,106       26,981  
Provision for contingencies
    13       11,266       17,567       3,668  
Other accounts payable
    12       205,657       97,931       68,368  
Deferred taxes
    16       79,474       -       -  
                                 
              2,020,602       1,328,396       660,629  
                                 
Non-current liabilities
                               
Loans and financing
    10       525,443       600,673       380,433  
Debentures
    11       1,796,000       442,000       240,000  
Obligations for purchase of land and advances from clients
    14       146,401       231,199       103,184  
Deferred taxes
    16       336,291       239,131       46,070  
Provision for contingencies
    13       61,687       35,963       17,594  
Deferred gain on sale of investment
      8       -       169,394       -  
Negative goodwill on acquisition of subsidiaries
      8       9,408       18,522       32,223  
Other accounts payable
    12       408,310       389,759       12,943  
                                 
              3,283,540       2,126,641       832,447  
                                 
Non controlling interests
            58,547       471,402       12,981  
                                 
Shareholders' equity
    15                          
Capital stock
    -       1,627,275       1,229,517       1,221,846  
Treasury shares
    -       (1,731 )     (18,050 )     (18,050 )
Capital and stock options reserves
    -       318,439       182,125       159,922  
Income reserves
    -       381,651       218,827       135,010  
                                 
              2,325,634       1,612,419       1,498,728  
                                 
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity
            7,688,323       5,538,858       3,004,785  
 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
 
 
F-3

 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Income
Years Ended December 31
In thousands of Brazilian reais, except number of shares and per share amount

 
 
   
Note
   
2009
   
2008
   
2007
 
         
(Restated)
   
(Restated)
       
         
Note 26
   
Note 26
       
Gross operating revenue
                       
Real estate development sales and barter transactions
    3.b       3,096,881       1,768,200       1,216,773  
Construction services rendered, net of costs
    3.b       47,999       37,268       35,121  
Taxes on services and revenues
    -       (122,534 )     (65,064 )     (47,607 )
                                 
Net operating revenue
            3,022,346       1,740,404       1,204,287  
                                 
Operating costs
                               
Real estate development and barter transactions costs
    -       (2,143,762 )     (1,214,401 )     (867,996 )
                                 
Gross profit
            878,584       526,003       336,291  
                                 
Operating (expenses) income
                               
Selling expenses
    -       (226,621 )     (154,401 )     (69,800 )
General and administrative expenses
    -       (233,129 )     (180,839 )     (130,873 )
Depreciation and amortization
    -       (34,170 )     (52,635 )     (38,696 )
Amortization of gain on partial sale of FIT Residencial
    8       169,394       41,008       -  
Non recurring expenses
    -       (13,457 )     -       -  
Other, net
    -       (79,427 )     (10,931 )     2,508  
                                 
Operating income before financial income (expenses)
            461,174       168,205       99,430  
                                 
Financial income (expenses)
                               
Financial expenses
    -       (240,572 )     (95,039 )     (35,291 )
Financial income
    -       129,566       102,854       63,919  
                                 
Income before taxes on income and non controlling interest
            350,168       176,020       128,058  
                                 
Current income tax and social contribution expense
    -       (20,147 )     (24,437 )     (12,217 )
Deferred tax
    -       (75,259 )     (18,960 )     (18,155 )
                                 
Total tax expenses
    16       (95,406 )     (43,397 )     (30,372 )
                                 
Income before non controlling interest
            254,762       132,623       97,686  
                                 
Non controlling interest
    -       (41,222 )     (22,702 )     (6,046 )
                                 
Net income for the year
            213,540       109,921       91,640  
                                 
Shares outstanding at the end of the year (in thousands)
    15.1       166,777       129,963       129,452  
                                 
Net income per thousand shares outstanding at the end of the year - R$
            1.2804       0.8458       0.7079  
 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
 
 
F-4

 
 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Unaudited Statements of Changes in Shareholders' Equity
Years Ended December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
In thousands of Brazilian reais 

 
 
                     
Income reserves
             
                                     
   
Capital
stock
   
Treasury
shares
   
Capital and
stock options
reserves
   
Legal
reserve
   
Statutory
reserve
   
For investments
   
Retained earnings
   
Total
 
                                                 
At December 31, 2006
    591,742       (47,026 )     163,340       9,905       -       89,472       -       807,433  
Capital increase
                                                               
Public offering
    487,813       -       -       -       -       -       -       487,813  
Stock issuance expenses, net of taxes
    -       -       (19,915 )     -       -       -       -       (19,915 )
Capital increase - Alphaville Urbanismo S.A.
    134,029       -       -       -       -       -       -       134,029  
Exercise of stock options
    8,262       -       -       -       -       -       -       8,262  
Additional 2006 dividends
    -       -       -       -       -       -       (50 )     (50 )
Cancellation of treasury shares
    -       28,976       -       -       -       (28,976 )     -       -  
Stock option compensation
    -       -       16,497       -       -       -               16,497  
Net income for the year
    -       -       -       -       -       -       91,640       91,640  
Appropriation of net income
                                                               
Legal reserve
    -       -       -       5,680       -       -       (5,680 )     -  
Minimum mandatory dividends
    -       -       -               -       -       (26,981 )     (26,981 )
Statutory reserve
    -       -       -       -       80,892       -       (80,892 )     -  
Transfer from investments reserve
    -       -       -       -       -       (21,963 )     21,963       -  
                                                                 
At December 31, 2007
    1,221,846       (18,050 )     159,922       15,585       80,892       38,533       -       1,498,728  
Capital increase
                                                               
Exercise of stock options
    7,671       -       -       -       -       -       -       7,671  
Stock option compensation
    -       -       22,203       -       -       -       -       22,203  
Net income for the year
    -       -       -       -       -       -       109,921       109,921  
Appropriation of net income
                                                               
Legal reserve
    -       -       -       5,496       -       -       (5,496 )     -  
Minimum mandatory dividends
    -       -       -       -       -       -       (26,104 )     (26,104 )
Statutory reserve
    -       -       -       -       78,321       -       (78,321 )     -  
                                                                 
At December 31, 2008
    1,229,517       (18,050 )     182,125       21,081       159,213       38,533       -       1,612,419  
Capital increase
                                                               
Exercise of stock options
    9,736       -       -       -       -       -       -       9,736  
Merger of Tenda shares
    388,022       -       60,822       -       -       -       -       448,844  
Stock option compensation
    -       -       9,765       -       -       -       -       9,765  
Sale of treasury shares
    -       16,319       65,727       -       -       -       -       82,046  
Net income for the year
    -       -       -       -       -       -       213,540       213,540  
Appropriation of net income
                                                               
Legal reserve
    -       -       -       10,677       -       -       (10,677 )     -  
Minimum mandatory dividends
    -       -       -       -       -       -       (50,716 )     (50,716 )
Statutory reserve
    -       -       -       -       152,147       -       (152,147 )     -  
                                                                 
At December 31, 2009
    1,627,275       (1,731 )     318,439       31,758       311,360       38,533       -       2,325,634  
 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
 
 
F-5

 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Value Added
Years Ended December 31
In thousands of Brazilian reais

 
 
   
2009
   
2008
   
2007
 
   
(Restated)
   
(Restated)
       
Gross revenues
                 
Real estate development sales and services and barter transactions
    3,131,423       1,814,109       1,251,894  
Allowance for doubtful accounts
    -       (8,641 )     -  
                         
      3,131,423       1,805,468       1,251,894  
                         
Purchases from third parties
                       
Real estate development
    (2,057,969 )     (1,160,906 )     (850,202 )
Materials, energy, service suppliers and other
    (294,884 )     (233,147 )     (111,671 )
                         
      (2,352,853 )     (1,394,053 )     (961,873 )
                         
Gross value added
    778,570       411,415       290,021  
                         
Deductions
                       
Depreciation and amortization
    (34,170 )     (52,635 )     (38,696 )
                         
Net value added produced
    744,400       358,780       251,325  
                         
Value added received through transfer
                       
Financial income
    129,566       102,854       63,919  
Amortization of negative goodwill from gain on partial sale of FIT Residencial
    169,394       41,008       -  
                         
      298,960       143,862       63,919  
                         
Total value added to be distributed
    1,043,360       502,642       315,244  
                         
Value added distributed
                       
Personnel and social charges
    291,872       146,771       93,275  
Taxes and contributions
    241,762       131,448       77,244  
Interest and rents
    296,186       114,502       53,085  
Earnings retained
    162,824       83,817       64,609  
Dividends
    50,716       26,104       27,031  
                         
      1,043,360       502,642       315,244  
 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
 
 
F-6

 
 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
Years Ended December 31
In thousands of Brazilian reais


   
2009
   
2008
   
2007
 
   
(Restated)
   
(Restated)
       
   
Note 26
   
Note 26
       
Cash flows from operating activities
                 
Net income  for the year
    213,540       109,921       91,640  
                         
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash used in operating activities
                       
Depreciation and amortization
    33,184       52,635       38,696  
Disposal of fixed assets
    5,251       -       -  
Stock option expenses
    14,427       26,138       17,820  
Deferred gain on sale of investment
    (169,394 )     (41,008 )     -  
Unrealized interest and charges, net
    171,327       116,771       22,934  
Deferred taxes
    75,260       18,960       18,155  
Warranty provision
    7,908       5,112       2,751  
Provision for contingencies
    63,975       13,933       -  
Provision for profit sharing
    28,237       -       25,424  
Allowance (reversal) for doubtful accounts
    (974 )     10,359       -  
Noncontrolling interest
    41,222       22,702       6,046  
Changes in assets and liabilities
                       
Receivables from clients
    (1,657,128 )     (591,202 )     (436,691 )
Properties for sale
    280,519       (703,069 )     (579,496 )
Other accounts receivable
    85,886       (65,344 )     (6,011 )
Deferred selling expenses
    1,870       (5,211 )     13,171  
Prepaid expenses
    13,263       (19,172 )     (723 )
Obligations for real estate developments
    -       -       (6,733 )
Obligations for purchase of land and advances from clients
    (38,881 )     184,181       156,533  
Taxes and contributions
    25,010       38,977       28,718  
Materials and service suppliers
    81,431       (14,363 )     60,982  
Salaries, payroll charges
    3,390       (19,475 )     20,428  
Other accounts payable
    43,984       12,612       74,427  
                         
Cash used in operating activities
    (676,693 )     (812,512 )     (451,929 )
                         
Cash flows from investing activities
                       
Cash acquired at Tenda
    -       66,904       -  
Purchase of property and equipment
    (45,109 )     (63,127 )     (61,279 )
Restricted cash in guarantee to loans
    (20,468 )     (67,077 )     (9,851 )
Acquisition of investments in subsidiaries
    -       (15,000 )     (78,160 )
                         
Cash used in investing activities
    (65,577 )     (78,300 )     (149,290 )
                         
Cash flows from financing activities
                       
Capital increase
    9,736       7,671       496,075  
Sale of treasury shares
    16,319       -       -  
Gain on sale of treasury shares
    65,727       -       -  
     Redeemable quotas of Investment Fund of Receivables (FIDC)
    41,308       -       -  
     Assignment of credits receivable – CCI
    69,316       -       -  
Stock issuance expenses
    -       -       (19,915 )
Loans and financing obtained
    2,259,663       775,906       426,969  
Repayment of loans and financing
    (860,979 )     (145,697 )     (51,737 )
Contributions from venture partners and dividends paid
    (35,539 )     300,000       -  
Assignment of credits receivable, net
    860       916       2,225  
Dividends paid – shareholders’
    (26,058 )     (26,979 )     (10,988 )
 
                       
Cash provided by financing activities
    1,540,353       911,817       842,629  
                         
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents
    798,083       21,005       241,410  
                         
Cash and cash equivalents
                       
At the beginning of the year
    528,574       507,569       266,159  
At the end of the year
    1,326,657       528,574       507,569  
 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
 
 
F-7

 
 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
 
1
Operations

Gafisa S.A. and its subsidiaries (collectively, the “Company”) started its commercial operations in 1997 with the objectives of: (a) promoting and managing all forms of real estate ventures on its own behalf or for third parties; (b) purchasing, selling and negotiating real estate properties in general, including provision of financing to real estate clients; (c) carrying out civil construction and civil engineering services; (d) developing and implementing marketing strategies related to its own or third party real estate ventures; and (e) investing in other Brazilian or foreign companies which have similar objectives as the Company's.

The Company forms jointly-controlled ventures (Special Purpose Entities - SPEs) and participates in consortia and condominiums with third parties as a means of meeting its objectives. The controlled entities share the structure and corporate, managerial and operating costs with the Company.

In January 2007, the Company acquired 60% of the voting capital of Alphaville Urbanismo S.A. ("Alphaville"), a company which develops and sells residential condominiums throughout Brazil. The purchase commitment for the remaining 40% of Alphaville's voting capital will be determined by means of an economic and financial evaluation of Alphaville to be carried out, according to the agreement, by 2012 (Note 8).

In March 2007, the Company completed a public offering of stock on the New York Stock Exchange - NYSE, resulting in a capital increase of R$ 487,813 with the issue of 18,761,992 Common shares equivalent to 9,380,996 ADRs. The expenses related to this public offering of the Company's stock, net of respective tax effects, totaled R$ 19,915 and were charged to Capital reserve.

In October 2007, Gafisa completed the acquisition of 70% of the voting capital of Cipesa Engenharia S.A. ("Cipesa"), a real estate developer in the state of Alagoas (Note 8). In 2007, the Company launched its operations in the lower income real estate market through its subsidiary FIT Residencial Empreendimentos Imobiliários Ltda. ("FIT Residencial").

On September 1, 2008, the Company and Construtora Tenda S.A. ("Tenda") merged Tenda and Fit Residencial Empreendimentos Imobiliários Ltda. (“Fit Residencial”), by means of a Merger Protocol and Justification. On October 3, 2008, this Merger Protocol and Justification was approved by Gafisa’s Board of Directors, as well as the first Amendment to the Protocol. Upon exchange of Fit Residencial quotas for Tenda shares, the Company received 240,391,470 common shares, representing 60% of total and voting capital of Tenda after the merger of Fit Residencial, in exchange for
 
 
 
F-8

 
 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Note to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
 
76,757,357 quotas of Fit Residencial. The shares issued by Tenda, received by the Company in exchange for Fit Residencial quotas, will have the same rights, attributed on the date of the merger of the shares by the Company, and will receive all benefits, including dividends and distributions of capital that may be declared by Tenda as from the merger approval date. On October 21, 2008, the merger of Fit Residencial into Tenda was approved at an Extraordinary Shareholders’ Meeting by the Company’s shareholders (Note 8).

On February 27, 2009, Gafisa and Odebrecht Empreendimentos Imobiliários S.A. announced an agreement for the dissolution of their partnership in Bairro Novo Empreendimentos Imobiliários S.A., terminating the Shareholders’ Agreement then effective between the partners. Therefore Gafisa is no longer a partner in Bairro Novo Empreendimentos Imobiliários S.A.. The real estate ventures that were being conducted together by the parties started to be carried out separately, Gafisa in charge of developing the Bairro Novo Cotia real estate venture, whereas Odebrecht Empreendimentos Imobiliários S.A. in charge of the other ventures of the dissolved partnership.

On June 29, 2009, Gafisa S.A. and Construtora Tenda S.A. entered into a Private Instrument for Assignment and Transfer of Quotas and Other Covenants, in which Gafisa assigns and transfers to Tenda 41,341,895 quotas of Cotia1 Empreendimento Imobiliário for the net book value of R$ 41,342.

On December 30, 2009, the shareholders of Gafisa and Tenda approved the merger by Gafisa of total shares outstanding issued by Tenda. Because of the merger, Tenda became a wholly-owned subsidiary of Gafisa, and its shareholders received shares of Gafisa in exchange for their shares of Tenda at the ratio of 0.205 shares of Gafisa to one share of Tenda, as negotiated between Gafisa and the Independent Committee of Tenda, both parties having been advised by independent expert companies. In view of the exchange ratio, 32,889,563 common shares were issued for the total issue price of R$ 448,844 (Note 8).


2
Presentation of Financial Statements

(a)
Basis of presentation

These financial statements were approved by the Board of Directors in their meeting held on xxxxxxx xx, 2011.
 
 
 
F-9

 
 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Note to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 

These financial statements were prepared and are being presented in accordance with the accounting practices adopted in Brazil (“Brazilian GAAP”), required for the years ended December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007, which take into consideration the provisions contained in Brazilian Corporate Law – Law No. 6,404/76, amended by Laws Nos. 11,638/07 and 11,941/09, the Pronouncement, Guidance and Interpretation issued by the Accounting Standards Committee (“CPC”), approved by Brazilian Regulators. Therefore, they do not consider the early adoption of the technical pronouncements issued by CPC in 2009, approved by the Federal Accounting Council (“CFC”), required beginning on January 1, 2010.

The financial statements have been prepared in Brazilian reais and differ from the Corporate Law financial statements previously issued due to the number of periods presented. The financial statements prepared by the Company for statutory purposes, which include the consolidated financial statements and the stand alone financial statements of the parent company, Gafisa S.A., were filed with the CVM in February 2010. The financial statements presented herein do not include the parent company's stand alone financial statements and are not intended to be used for statutory purposes. The Summary of Principal Differences between Brazilian GAAP and accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“US GAAP”) (Note 25) is not required by Corporate Law and is presented only for purposes of these financial statements.

The Company has identified certain errors and reclassifications in its previously published consolidated financial statements that are being retrospectively corrected herein (Note 26).

(b)
Reclassification

In order to be consistent with the current financial statements presentation, the balance of goodwill as of December 31, 2008 and 2007 was reclassified to Intangible assets.
 
3.
Significant accounting practices
 
a)
Estimates
 
The preparation of financial statements in accordance with the accounting practices adopted in Brazil requires the Company’s management to make judgments to determine and record accounting estimates. Assets and liabilities affected by estimates and assumptions include the residual value of property and equipment, provision for
 
 
 
F-10

 
 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Note to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
 
impairment, allowance for doubtful accounts, deferred tax assets, provision for contingencies and measurement of financial instruments. The settlement of transactions involving these estimates may result in amounts different from those estimated in view of the inaccuracies inherent to the process for determining them. The Company review estimates and assumptions at least annually.

b)
Recognition of revenue
 
(i)
Real estate development and sales
 
Revenues, as well as costs and expenses directly related to real estate development units sold and not yet finished, are recognized over the course of the construction period and the following procedures are adopted:

 
(a)
For completed units, the revenue is recognized when the sale is made, with the transfer of significant risks and rights, regardless of the receipt of the contractual amount, provided that the following conditions are met: (a) the result is determinable, that is, the collectability of the sale price is reasonably assured or the amount that will not be collected can be estimated, and (b) the earnings process is virtually complete, that is, the Company is not obliged to perform significant activities after the sale to earn the profit. The collectability of the sales price is demonstrated by the client's commitment to pay, which in turn is supported by initial and continuing investment.
 
(b)     In the sales of unfinished units, the following procedures and rules were observed:
 
§     The incurred cost (including the costs related to land, and other expenditures directly related to increase inventories) corresponding to the units sold is fully appropriated to the result.
§     The percentage of incurred cost (including costs related to land) is measured in relation to total estimated cost, and this percentage is applied on the revenues from units sold, determined in accordance with the terms established in the sales contracts, thus determining the amount of revenues and selling expenses to be recognized in direct proportion to cost.
§     Any amount of revenues recognized that exceeds the amount received from clients is recorded as current or non-current assets. Any amount received in connection with the sale of units that exceeds the amount of revenues recognized is recorded as "Obligations for purchase of land and advances from clients".
§     Interest and inflation-indexation charges on accounts receivable as from the time the client takes possession of the property, as well as the adjustment to present value of accounts receivable, are appropriated to the result from the
 
 
 
F-11

 
 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Note to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
 
development and sale of real estate using the accrual basis of accounting – pro rata basis.
§     The financial charges on accounts payable for acquisition of land and those directly associated with the financing of construction are recorded in inventories of properties for sale, and appropriated to the incurred cost of finished units, following the same criteria for appropriation of real estate development cost of units under construction sold.

(c)     Contract termination:
 
The Company´s sales contracts contemplate penalties and customer refund formula in the case of contract termination. In the event the Company agrees to terminate the contract and when revenue recognition has commenced, then revenue and expenses are derecognized and the liability for the customer deposit is restored.
The penalty is calculated pursuant to the  sales contract to determine the net amount of refund to be paid to the customer.
When a refund is paid, the Company records a credit to “Real estate development sales” within “Gross operating revenue” in the statement of income for the penalty retained.
If such settlement calculation requires a return of some portion of the deposit, then the Company records an account payable for such amount due.
If revenue recognition has not commenced, the Company settles the deposit liability and records the accounting consequences in the same manner.
 
(ii)         Construction services
 
Revenues from real estate services consist primarily of amounts received in connection with construction management activities for third parties, technical management and management of real estate; revenues are recognized as services are rendered.
 
(iii)         Barter transactions
 
Barter transactions of land in exchange for units, the value of land acquired by the Company is calculated based on the fair value of real estate units to be delivered. The fair value is recorded in inventories of Properties for sale against liabilities for Advances from clients, at the time the barter agreement is signed, provided that the real estate development recording is obtained. Revenues and costs incurred from barter transactions are appropriated to income over the course of construction period of the projects, as described in item (i) (b).
 
 
 
F-12

 
 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Note to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
 
c)   Financial instruments
 
Financial instruments are recognized only from the date the Company becomes a party to the contract provisions of financial instruments, which include financial investments, accounts receivable and other receivables,  cash and cash equivalents, loans and financing, as well as accounts payable and other debts. Financial instruments that are not recognized at fair value through income are added by any directly attributable transactions costs.
 
After the initial recognition, financial instruments are measured as described below:
 
(i)        Financial instruments at fair value through income
 
A financial instrument is classified into fair value through income if held for trading, that is, designated as such when initially recognized. Financial instruments are designated at fair value through income if the Company manages these investments and makes decisions on purchase and sale based on their fair value according to the strategy of investment and risk management documented by the Company. After initial recognition, attributable transaction costs are recognized in income when incurred. Financial instruments at fair value through income are measured at fair value, and their fluctuations are recognized in income.
 
(ii)       Loans and receivables
 
Loans and receivables are measured at cost amortized using the method of effective interest rate, reduced by impairment.
 
(iii)      Derivative financial instruments
 
In the year ended December 31, 2009, the Company held derivative instruments for the purpose of mitigating the risk of its exposure to the volatility of currencies, indices and interest rates, recognized at fair value directly in income for the year, which were settled before the end of the current year. In accordance with its treasury policies, the Company does not acquire or issue derivative financial instruments for purposes other than hedge. Derivatives are initially recognized at fair value and the attributable transaction costs are recognized in income when incurred. After initial recognition, derivatives are measured at fair value and changes are recorded in income.
 

 
F-13

 
 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Note to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 

 
d)   Cash and cash equivalents
 
Consist primarily of bank certificates of deposit and investment funds, denominated in reais, having a ready market and original maturity of 90 days or less or in regard to which there are no penalties or other restrictions for early redemption. Most of financial investments are classified into the category “financial assets at fair value through income”.

Investment funds in which the Company is the sole owner are fully consolidated.
 
e)   Receivables from clients
 
These are stated at cost plus accrued interest and indexation adjustments, net of adjustment to present value. The allowance for doubtful accounts arising from the provision of services, when applicable, is set up by the Company’s management when there is no expectation of realization. In relation to receivables from development, the allowance for doubtful accounts is set up at an amount considered sufficient by Management to cover estimated losses on realization of credits that do not have general guarantee.

The installments due are indexed based on the National Civil Construction Index (INCC) during the construction phase, and based on the General Market Prices Index (IGP-M) and interest, after delivery of the units. For accounts receivable due of sale of units, the understanding of Management is that there is no need of setting up an allowance because it has general guarantee and the prices of units are above their book value, except for those related to the subsidiary Tenda.
 
f)    Certificates of real estate receivables (CRI)
 
The Company assigns receivables for the securitization and issuance of mortgage-backed securities ("CRI"). When this assignment does not involve right of recourse, it is recorded as a reduction of accounts receivable. When the transaction involves recourse against the Company, the accounts receivable sold is maintained on the balance sheet. The financial guarantees, when a participation is acquired (subordinated CRI) and maintained to secure the receivables that were assigned, are recorded in the balance sheet in non-current receivables at fair value.
 
g)   Investment Fund of Receivables (“FIDC”) and Real estate credit certificate (“CCI”)
 
The Company consolidates Investment Funds of Receivables (FIDC) in which it holds subordinated quotas, subscribed and paid in by the Company in receivables.
 
 
 
F-14

 
 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Note to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 

 
Pursuant to CVM Instruction No. 408, the consolidation by the Company of FIDC arises from the evaluation of the underlying and economic reality of these investments, considering, among others: (a) whether the Company still have control over the assigned receivables, (b) whether it still retains any right in relation to assigned receivables, (c) whether it still bears the risks and responsibilities for the assigned receivables, and (d) whether the Company fundamentally or usually pledges guarantees to FIDC investors in relation to the expected receipts and interests, even informally.

When consolidating the FIDC in its financial statements, the Company discloses the receivables in the group of accounts of receivables from clients and the FIDC net worth is reflected in other accounts payable, the balance of subordinated quotas held by the Company being eliminated in this consolidation process.

The financial chargers of these transactions are appropriated on pro rata basis in the adequate heading of financial expenses.

The Company carries out the assignment and/or securitization of receivables related to credits of statutory lien on completed real estate ventures. This securitization is carried out upon the issuance of the real estate credit certificate (CCI), which is assigned to financial institutions that grant credit. The funds from assignment are classified in the caption other accounts payable, until certificates are settled by clients.

h)   Properties for sale
 
Land is stated at cost of acquisition.  Land is recorded only after the deed of property is registered. The Company also acquires land through barter transactions where, in exchange for the land acquired, it undertakes to deliver (a) real estate units under development or (b) part of the sales revenues originating from the sale of the real estate units. Land acquired through barter transaction is stated at fair value.

Properties are stated at construction cost, which does not exceed the net realizable value. In the case of real estate developments in progress, the portion in inventories corresponds to the cost incurred for units that have not yet been sold.  The incurred cost comprises construction (materials, own or outsourced labor, and other related items), expenses for regularizing lands and ventures, lands and financial charges appropriated to the development as incurred during the construction phase.

When the cost of construction of properties for sale exceeds the expected cash flow from sales, once completed or still under construction, an impairment charge is
 
 
 
F-15

 
 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Note to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
 
recognized in the period when the book value is considered no longer to be recoverable.
Properties for sale are reviewed to evaluate the recovery of the book value of each real estate development when events or changes in macroeconomic scenarios indicate that the book value may not be recoverable.  If the book value of a real estate development is not recoverable, compared to its realizable value through expected cash flows, a provision is recorded.

The Company capitalizes interest on developments during the construction phase, arising from the National Housing System and other credit lines that are used for financing the construction of developments (limited to the corresponding financial expense amount), which are recognized in income in the proportion to units sold, the same criterion for other costs.

i)    Deferred selling expenses
 
Brokerage expenditures are recorded in results following the same percentage-of-completion criteria adopted for the recognition of revenues. The charges related to sales commission of the buyer are not recognized as revenue or expense of the Company.

j)    Warranty provision
 
The Company and its subsidiaries record a provision to cover expenditures for repairing construction defects covered during the warranty period, except for the subsidiaries that operate with outsourced companies, which are the own guarantors of the constructions services provided.  The warranty period is five years from the delivery of the unit.
 
k)   Prepaid expenses
 
These are taken to income in the period to which they relate.
 
l)    Property and equipment
 
Recorded at cost. Depreciation is calculated based on the straight-line method considering the estimated useful life of the assets, as follows:
(i)        Vehicles – 5 years;
(ii)       Office equipment and other installations - 10 years;
(iii)      Sales stands, facilities, model apartments and related furnishings - 1 year.
 
Expenditures incurred for the construction of sales stands, facilities, model apartments and related furnishings are capitalized as Property and equipment. Depreciation of
 
 
 
F-16

 
 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Note to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
 
these assets commences upon launch of the development and is recorded over the average term of one year and subject to periodical analysis of asset impairment.

m)  Intangible assets
 
Intangible assets relate to the acquisition and development of computer systems and software licenses, recorded at acquisition cost, and are amortized over a period of up to five years.

n)   Goodwill and negative goodwill on the acquisition of investments
 
The Company’s investments in subsidiaries include goodwill, which is determined at the acquisition date and represents the excess purchase price over the proportion of the underlying book value, based on the interest in the shareholders’ equity acquired. Negative goodwill is also determined at the acquisition date and represents the excess of the book value of assets acquired over the purchase consideration.

Up to December 31, 2008, the goodwill is amortized in accordance with the underlying economic basis which considers factors such as the land bank, the ability to generate results from developments launched and/or to be launched and other inherent factors. From January 1, 2009 goodwill is no longer amortized.

The Company annually evaluates at the balance sheet date whether there are any indications of permanent loss and of potential adjustments to measure the residual portion not amortized of recorded goodwill, and records an impairment provision, if required, to adjust the carrying value of goodwill to recoverable amounts or to realizable values. If the book value exceeds the recoverable amount, the amount thereof is reduced.

Goodwill that cannot be justified economically is immediately charged to results for the year.
Negative goodwill that is justified economically is appropriated to results at the extent the assets which originated it are realized. Negative goodwill that is not justified economically is recognized in results only upon disposal of the investment.
 
o)   Investments in subsidiaries and joint-controlled investees
 
If the Company holds more than half of the voting capital of another company, the latter is considered a subsidiary and is consolidated. In situations where shareholder agreements grant the other party veto rights affecting the Company's business
 
 
 
F-17

 
 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Note to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
 
decisions with regards to its subsidiary, such affiliates are considered to be jointly-controlled companies and are proportionally consolidated.

Cumulative changes after acquisitions are adjusted in cost of investment. Unrealized gains or transactions between Gafisa S.A. and its affiliates and subsidiary companies are eliminated in proportion to the Gafisa S.A.'s interest; unrealized losses are also eliminated, unless the transaction provides evidence of impairment of the asset transferred.

When the Company's interest in the losses of subsidiaries is equal to or higher than the amount invested, the Company recognizes the residual portion of the net capital deficiency since it assumes obligations to make payments on behalf of these companies or for advances for future capital increase.

The accounting practices of acquired subsidiaries are aligned with those of the parent company, in order to ensure consistency with the accounting practices adopted by the Company.

p)   Obligations for purchase of land and advances from clients due to barter transactions
 
These are contractual obligations established for purchases of land in inventory (Property for sale) which are stated at amortized cost plus interest and charges proportional to the period (pro rata basis), when applicable, net of adjustment to present value.

The obligations related to barter transactions of land in exchange for real estate units are stated at fair value, as advances from clients.

q)   Taxes on income
 
Taxes on income in Brazil comprise Federal income tax (25%) and social contribution (9%), as recorded in the statutory accounting records, for entities on the taxable profit regime, for which the composite statutory rate is 34%. Deferred taxes are provided on all temporary tax differences.

As permitted by tax legislation, certain subsidiaries and jointly-controlled companies, the annual billings of which were lower than a specified amount, opted for the presumed profit regime. For these companies, the income tax basis is calculated at the rate of 8% on gross revenues plus financial income and for the social contribution basis at 12% on gross revenues plus financial income, upon which the income tax and social contribution rates, 25% and 9%, respectively, are applied. The deferred tax assets are
 
 
 
F-18

 
 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Note to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
 
recognized to the extent that future taxable income is expected to be available to be used to offset temporary differences based on the budgeted future results prepared based on internal assumptions. New circumstances and economic scenarios may change the estimates, as approved by our Management board.

Deferred tax assets arising from net operating losses have no expiration dates, though offset is restricted to 30% of annual taxable income. Taxable entities on the presumed profit regime cannot offset prior year losses against tax payable.

In the event realization of deferred tax assets is not considered to be probable, no amount is recorded (Note 16).

r)   Other current and non-current liabilities
 
These liabilities are stated on the accrual basis at their known or estimated amounts, plus, when applicable, the corresponding charges and inflation-indexed variations through the balance sheet date, which contra-entry is included in income for the year. When applicable, current and non-current liabilities are recorded at present value based on interest rates that reflect the term, currency and risk of each transaction.

The liability for future compensation of employee vacations earned is fully accrued.
Gafisa S.A. and its subsidiaries do not offer private pension plans or retirement plan or other post-employment benefits to employees.

s)   Stock option compensation
 
As approved by its Board of Directors, the Company offers to its selected executives share-based compensation plans ("Stock Options”) in exchange for their services.

The fair value of services received from the plan participants, in exchange for options, is determined in relation to the fair value of shares, on the grant date of each plan, and recognized as expense as contra-entry to shareholders’ equity at the extent service is rendered.

t)   Profit sharing program for employees and officers
 
The Company provides for the distribution of profit sharing benefits and bonuses to employees recognized in results in General and administrative expenses.
Additionally, the Company’s bylaws establish the distribution of profit sharing to executive officers (in an amount that does not exceed the lower of their annual compensation or 10% of the Company's net income).
 
 
 
F-19

 
 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Note to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 

 
The bonus systems operate on a three-tier performance-based structure in which the corporate efficiency targets as approved by the Board of Directors must first be achieved, followed by targets for the business units and finally individual performance targets.

u)   Present value adjustment
 
The assets and liabilities arising from long or short-term transactions, if they had a significant effect, were adjusted to present value.

In installment sales of unfinished units, real estate development entities have receivables adjusted by inflation index, formed prior to delivery of the units which does not accrue interest, were discounted to present value. The reversal of the adjustment to present value, considering that an important part of the Company’s activities is to finance its customers, was made as a contra-entry to the real estate development revenue, consistent with the interest accrued on the portion of accounts receivable related to the “after the keys” period.

The financial charges of funds used in the construction and finance of real estate ventures shall be capitalized. As interest from funds used to finance the acquisition of land for development and construction is capitalized, the accretion of the present value adjustment arising from the obligation is recorded in Real estate development operating costs or against inventories of Properties for sale, as the case may be, until the construction phase of the venture is completed.

Accordingly, certain asset and liability items are adjusted to present value based on discount rates that reflect management's best estimate of the value of money over time and the specific risks of the asset and the liability.
The applied discount rate’s underlying economic basis and assumption is the average rate of the financing and loans obtained by the Company, net of the inflation-index effect of IGP-M (Note 5).

v)   Impairment test
 
The goodwill and intangible assets with indefinite useful lives have the recovery of their amounts annually, whether there is or not indications of reduction in value. The Company reviews each individual property annually for impairment, which includes a profitability assessment.  For those developments operating below certain profitability thresholds, or where other negative factors, such as a decline in market or economic conditions in the market where the individual property is located, or high cancellation rates and a significant increase in speculative inventory in the general market exist, the Company determines the estimated fair value of those developments and whether the
 
 
 
F-20

 
 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Note to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
 
estimated fair value exceeds their carrying value. The Company uses an undiscounted cash flows model for estimating fair values.
 
w)  Debenture and share issuance expenses
 
Transaction costs and premiums on issuance of securities, as well as share issuance expenses are accounted for as a direct reduction of capital raised.  In addition, transaction costs and premiums on issuance of debt securities are amortized over the terms of the security and the balance is presented net of issuance expenses.

x)  Contingent assets and liabilities and legal obligations
 
The accounting practices to record and disclose contingent assets and liabilities and legal obligations are as follows: (i) Contingent assets are recognized only when there are general guarantees or final and unappealable favorable court decisions. Contingent assets which depend on probable successful lawsuits are only disclosed in the financial statements; and (ii) Contingent liabilities are accrued when losses are considered probable and the involved amounts are reasonably measurable. Contingent liabilities which losses are considered possible are only disclosed in the financial statements, and those which losses are considered remote are not accrued nor disclosed.

y)  Statements of cash flows and added value
 
Statements of cash flows are prepared and presented under CVM Resolution No. 547, of August 13, 2008, which approved the CPC 03 – Statement of Cash Flows. Statements of added value are prepared and presented under CVM Resolution No. 557, of November 12, 2008, which approved CPC 09 – Statement of Added Value.

z)   Earnings per share
 
Earnings per share are calculated based on the number of shares outstanding at the balance sheet dates, net of treasury shares.

aa) Consolidated financial statements
 
The consolidated financial statements of the Company, which include the financial statements of the subsidiaries indicated in Note 8, were prepared in accordance with the applicable consolidation practices and legal provisions. Accordingly, intercompany accounts balances, accounts, income and expenses, and unrealized earnings were eliminated. The jointly-controlled investees are consolidated in proportion to the interest held by the parent company.

 
F-21

 
 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Note to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 

 
4          Cash, Cash Equivalents and Financial Investments

   
2009
(Restated)
   
2008
   
2007
 
                   
Cash and cash equivalents
                 
Cash and banks
    143,799       73,538       79,590  
Cash equivalents
                       
Bank Certificates of Deposits - CDBs
    191,688       185,334       8,487  
Investment funds
    881,408       149,772       299,067  
Securities purchased under agreement to resell
    109,762       114,286       111,392  
Other
    -       5,644       9,033  
                         
Total cash and cash equivalents
    1,326,657       528,574       507,569  
                         
Restricted cash in guarantee to loans (Note 10)
    97,396       76,928       9,851  
                         
Total cash, cash equivalents and financial investments
    1,424,053       605,502       517,420  

At December 31, 2009, Bank Deposit Certificates – CDBs include earned interest from 95% to 102% (December 31, 2008 - 95% to 107%, December 31, 2007 – 98% to 104%) of Interbank Deposit Certificate – CDI, invested in first class financial institutions, based on Company’s management evaluation.

At December 31, the amount related to investment funds is recorded at fair value through income. Pursuant to CVM Instruction No. 408/04, financial investment in Investment Funds in which the Company has exclusive interest is consolidated.

Fundo de Investimento Arena is a multimarket fund under management and administration of Santander Asset Management and custody of Itaú Unibanco. The objective of this fund is to appreciate the value of its quotas by investing the funds of its investment portfolio, which may be composed of financial and/or other operating assets available in the financial and capital markets that yield fixed return. Assets eligible to the portfolio are the following: government bonds, derivative contracts, debentures, CDBs and Bank Receipts of Deposits (RDBs), investment fund quotas of classes accepted by CVM and securities purchased under agreement to resell, according to the rules of the National Monetary Council (CMN). There is no grace period for redemption of quotas, which can be redeemed with a return at any time. The fund’s tax treatment is that applicable to long-term investment funds.

 
 
F-22

 
 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Note to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
 
 
Fundo de Investimento Colina is a fixed-income private credit fund under management and administration of Santander Asset Management and custody of Itaú Unibanco. The objective of this fund is to provide a return higher than 101% of CDI. The assets eligible to the portfolio are the following: government bonds, derivative contracts, debentures, CDBs and RDBs. The consolidated portfolio can generate exposure to Selic/CDI, fixed rate and price indices. There is no grace period for redemption of quotas, which can be redeemed with a return at any time. The fund’s tax treatment is that applicable to long-term investment funds.
 
Fundo de Investimento Vistta is a fixed-income private credit fund under management and administration of Votorantim Asset Management and custody of Itau Unibanco. The objective of this fund is to provide a return higher than 101% of CDI. The assets eligible to the portfolio are the following: government bonds, derivative contracts, debentures, CDBs and RDBs. The consolidated portfolio can generate exposure to Selic/CDI, fixed rate and price indices. There is no grace period for redemption of quotas, which can be redeemed with a return at any time. The fund’s tax treatment is that applicable to long-term investment funds.

As of December 31, 2009 there are no derivative instruments in the investment funds and the balance sheet of investment funds is as follows:

Assets
Vistta
Colina
Arena
 
Current
  121,126   73,073   171,532  
Non-current
  2,102,282   365,348   3,698,424  
Permanent assets
  -   -   -  
               
Total assets
  2,223,408   438,421   3,869,956  
               
Liabilities
             
Current
  14   42   124  
Non-current
  2,108,283   373,645   3,703,945  
               
Shareholders’ equity
             
Capital stock
  113,506   62,252   164,829  
Retained earnings
  1,605   2,482   1,058  
Total shareholders’ equity
  115,111   64,734   165,887  
               
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity
  2,223,408   438,421   3,869,956  

 
 
F-23

 
 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Note to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 

 
5
Receivables from Clients

   
2009
   
2008
   
2007
 
                   
Real estate development and sales
    3,763,902       2,108,346       992,466  
( - ) Adjustment to present value
    (86,925 )     (44,776 )     (46,473 )
Services and construction
    96,005       54,095       25,651  
Other receivables
    3,664       879       -  
                         
      3,776,646       2,118,544       971,644  
                         
Current
    2,008,464       1,254,594       473,734  
Non-current
    1,768,182       863,950       497,910  

(i)
The balance of accounts receivable from units sold and not yet delivered is limited to the portion of revenues accounted for net of the amounts already received.
The balances of advances from clients (development and services), which exceed the revenues recorded in the period, amount to R$ 222,284 at December 31, 2009 (December 31, 2008 and 2007 - R$ 90,363 and R$72,125), and are classified in Obligations for purchase of land and advances from clients.

Accounts receivable from completed real estate units delivered are in general subject to annual interest of 12% plus IGP-M variation, the financial income being recorded in income as Revenue from real estate development; the interest recognized for the years ended December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007 amounted R$ 52,159, R$ 45,722 and R$ 20,061, respectively.

An allowance for doubtful accounts is not considered necessary, except for Tenda, since the history of losses on accounts receivable is insignificant. The Company's evaluation of the risk of loss takes into account that these credits refer mostly to developments under construction, where the transfer of the property deed only takes place after the settlement and/or negotiation of the client receivables.

The allowance for doubtful accounts for Tenda amounted R$ 17,841 at December 31, 2009 (December 31, 2008 – R$ 18,815), and is considered sufficient by the Company's management to cover the estimate of future losses on the realization of accounts receivable of this subsidiary.
 
 
 
F-24

 
 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Note to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 

 
The total reversal value of the adjustment to present value recognized in the real estate development revenue for the years ended December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007 amounted to R$ (42,149), R$3,147 and R$(39,553), respectively.

Receivables from real estate units not yet finished were measured at present value considering the discount rate determined according to the criterion described in Note 3(u). The net rate applied by the Company and its subsidiaries varied from 5.22% to 7.44% for 2009.

(ii)
On March 31, 2009, the Company carried out a securitization of receivables, which consists of an assignment of a portfolio comprising select residential and commercial real estate receivables arising from Gafisa and its subsidiaries. This portfolio was assigned and transferred to “Gafisa FIDC” which issued Senior and Subordinated quotas. This first issuance of senior quotas was made through an offering restricted to qualified investors. Subordinated quotas were subscribed exclusively by Gafisa. Gafisa FIDC acquired the portfolio of receivables at a discount rate equivalent to the interest rate of finance contracts.

Gafisa was hired by Gafisa FIDC and will be remunerated for performing, among other duties, the conciliation of the receipt of receivables owned by the fund and the collection of past due receivables. The transaction structure provides for the substitution of the Company as collection agent in case of non-fulfillment of the responsibilities described in the collection service contract.

The Company assigned its receivables portfolio amounting to R$ 119,622 to Gafisa FIDC in exchange for cash, at the transfer date, discounted to present value, for R$ 88,664. The following two quota types were issued: Senior and Subordinated. The subordinated quotas were exclusively subscribed by Gafisa S.A., representing approximately 21% of the amount issued, totaling R$ 18,958 (present value). At December 31, 2009 it totaled R$ 14,977 (Note 8), Senior and Subordinated quota receivables are indexed by IGP-M and incur interest at 12% per year.

The Company consolidated Gafisa FIDC in its financial statements, accordingly, it discloses at December 31, 2009 receivables amounting to R$ 55,349 in accounts of receivables from clients, and R$ 41,308 is reflected in other accounts payable, the balance of subordinated quotas held by the Company is eliminated in the consolidation process.
 
 
 
F-25

 
 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Note to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 

 
(iii)
On June 26, 2009, the Company carried out a real estate credit certificate - CCI transaction, which consists of an assignment of a portfolio comprising select residential real estate credits from Gafisa and its subsidiaries. The Company assigned its receivables portfolio amounting to R$ 89,102 in exchange for cash, at the transfer date, discounted to present value, of R$ 69,315, classified into the heading "Other Accounts Payable - Credit Assignments".
8 book CCIs were issued, amounting to R$ 69,315 at the date of issue.  These 8 CCIs are backed by Receivables which installments fall due on and up to June 26, 2014 (“CCI-Investor”).

CCI-Investor, pursuant to Article 125 of the Brazilian Civil Code, carry general guarantees represented by statutory lien on real estate units, as soon as the following occurs: (i) the suspensive condition included in the registration takes place, in the record of the respective real estate units; (ii) the assignment of receivables from the assignors to SPEs, as provided for in Article 167, item II, (21) of Law No. 6,015, of December 31, 1973; and (iii) the issue of CCI – Investor by SPEs, as provided for in Article 18, paragraph 5 of Law No. 10,931/04.

Gafisa was hired and will be remunerated for performing, among other duties, the conciliation of the receipt of receivables, guarantee the CCIs, and the collection of past due receivables. The transaction structure provides for the substitution of Gafisa as collection agent in case of non-fulfillment of the responsibilities described in the collection service contract.

6
Properties for Sale

   
2009
   
2008
   
2007
 
                   
Land, net of adjustment to present value
    732,238       750,555       656,146  
Property under construction
    895,085       1,181,930       324,307  
Completed units
    121,134       96,491       41,826  
                         
      1,748,457       2,028,976       1,022,279  
                         
Current portion
    1,332,374       1,695,130       872,876  
Non-current portion
    416,083       333,846       149,403  

The Company has undertaken commitments to build units bartered for land, accounted for based on the fair value of the bartered units. At December 31, 2009 the balance of land acquired through barter transactions totaled R$ 40,054 (2008 - R$ 104,909, 2007 – R$ 169,658).
 
 
 
F-26

 
 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Note to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 

 
As mentioned in Note 10, the balance of financial charges at December 31, 2009 amounts to R$ 91,568 (2008 – R$88,200, 2007 – R$18,241).

The adjustment to present value in the property for sale balance refers to the portion of the contra-entry to the adjustment to present value of Obligations for purchase of land without effect on results (Note 14).
 
The Company uses its business plan as the basis to monitor potential impairment of its inventory of condominiums under construction and held for sale.  Annually, the business plan for properties under development is evaluated and an impairment analysis is performed if an indication of impairment exists. The business plan considers all costs to complete the project as well the expected selling price.  Furthermore, the Company has a procedure to determine the financial feasibility of projects to be initiated, the approval by the Board, in which the main economic and financial indicators are the present value of cash flows (NPV) and internal rate of return (IRR) of the resulting financial flows. The feasibility study identifies the sales revenues and the costs of construction, land, commission, marketing and others, plus the timeline of their expected realization.  Specifically for sales, the Company considers the sale of units over the forecast period, typically using 30% at the beginning at launch, 30% within 6 months, 20% during construction and 20% at the closing. For unsold units, ongoing sales are monitored to identify break even or negative margins and impairment analysis is performed only for properties that are selling at break even or negative margins. The business plan for land bank is based on research of values of the property performed by internal technical and commercial expertise, as well as external information from real estate brokers and look-back analyses.
 
The Company believes its approach is prudent and sufficiently detailed to identify any impairment. The Company considers impairment at the level of each individual project, regardless of segment, location or stage of completion. In accordance with the Company´s internal policy, each project launched has been internally evaluated taking into consideration the following: (1) assumptions for market, sales forecast, economics and operational conditions; (2) cash flow analysis using the discounted cash flow method; (3) approval by an investment committee, and (4) inclusion in the business plan regarding the timetable and backlog for development releases.  This process is part of the Company´s corporate governance practices.

7
Other Accounts Receivable
 
 
 
F-27

 
 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Note to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 

 
   
2009
   
2008
   
2007
 
                   
Current accounts related to real estate ventures (*)
    7,222       60,511       17,928  
Advances to suppliers
    65,016       83,084       42,197  
Recoverable taxes
    36,650       18,905       8,347  
Deferred PIS and COFINS
    3,082       10,187       8,274  
Credit assignment receivables
    4,087       7,990       8,748  
Client refinancing to be released
    5,266       4,392       8,510  
Advances for future capital increase
    -       49,113       10,350  
Other
    56,628       59,199       40,363  
                         
      177,951       293,381       144,717  
                         
Current
    108,791       182,775       101,920  
Non-current
    69,160       110,606       42,797  
 
(*)
The Company participates in the development of real estate ventures with other partners, directly or through related parties, based on the constitution of condominiums and/or consortia. The management structure of these enterprises and the cash management are centralized in the lead partner of the enterprise, which manages the construction schedule and budgets. Thus, the lead partner ensures that the investments of the necessary funds are made and allocated as planned. The sources and use of resources of the venture are reflected in these balances, observing the respective participation percentage, which are not subject to indexation or financial charges and do not have a predetermined maturity date. The average term for the development and completion of the projects in which the resources are invested is between 24 and 30 months. The Company receives a compensation for the management of these ventures.
 
8
Investments in Subsidiaries

In January 2007, upon the acquisition of 60% of Alphaville, arising from the merger of Catalufa Participações Ltda., a capital increase of R$ 134,029 was approved upon the issuance for public subscription of 6,358,116 common shares. This transaction generated goodwill of R$ 170,941 recorded based on expected future profitability, which was amortized exponentially and progressively up to December 31, 2008 to match the estimated profit before taxes of Alphaville on accrual basis of accounting.
 
 
 
F-28

 
 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Note to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
 
From January 1, 2009, the goodwill from the acquisition of Alphaville was no longer amortized according to the new accounting practices; however, it will be evaluated, at least annually, in a context of evaluation of recoverable value and potential losses. The Company has a commitment to purchase the remaining 40% of Alphaville 's capital stock based on the fair value of Alphaville, evaluated at the future acquisition dates, the purchase consideration for which cannot yet be calculated and, consequently, is not recognized. The contract for acquisition provides that the Company undertakes to purchase the remaining 40% of Alphaville within five years (20% in 2010 and 20% in 2012) for settlement in cash or shares, at the Company's sole discretion.

On October 26, 2007, the Company acquired 70% of Cipesa and Gafisa S.A. and Cipesa incorporated a new company, Cipesa Empreendimentos Imobiliários Ltda. ("Nova Cipesa"), in which the Company holds a 70% interest and Cipesa has 30%. Gafisa S.A. made a contribution in Nova Cipesa of R$ 50,000 in cash and acquired the shares which Cipesa held in Nova Cipesa amounting to R$ 15,000, paid on October 26, 2008. Cipesa is entitled to receive from the Company a variable portion corresponding to 2% of the Total Sales Value (VGV), as defined, of the projects launched by Nova Cipesa through 2014, not to exceed R$ 25,000. Accordingly, the Company’s purchase consideration totaled R$ 90,000 and goodwill amounting to R$ 40,686 was recorded, based on expected future profitability. From January 1, 2009, according to the new accounting practices, the goodwill from the acquisition of Nova Cipesa will be evaluated, at least annually, for impairment.

In November 2007, the Company acquired for R$ 40,000 the remaining interest in certain ventures with Redevco do Brasil Ltda. ("Redevco"). As a result of this transaction, the Company recognized negative goodwill of R$ 31,235, based on expected future profitability, which was amortized exponentially and progressively up to December 31, 2009, based on the estimated profit before taxes on net income of these SPEs. In the year ended December 31, 2009, the Company amortized negative goodwill amounting to R$ 9,114 arising from the acquisition of these SPEs (2008 – R$ 12,713).

As mentioned in Note 1, on October 21, 2008, as part of the acquisition of its interest in Tenda, the Company contributed the net assets of Fit Residencial amounting to R$ 411,241, acquiring 60% of the shareholders' equity of Tenda, which at that date presented shareholders' equity book value of R$ 1,036,072, with an investment of R$ 621,643. The sale of the 40% quotas of Fit Residencial to Tenda shareholders in exchange for the Tenda shares generated negative goodwill of R$ 210,402, which is based on expected future results, reflecting the gain on the sale of the interest in Fit Residencial (gain on the exchange of shares). This negative goodwill is being amortized over the average construction period (through delivery of the units) of the real estate
 
 
 
F-29

 
 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Note to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
 
ventures of Fit Residencial at October 21, 2008, and by the negative effects on realization of certain assets arising from the acquisition of Tenda. In 2009, the total gain on partial sale of Fit Residencial was amortized in the amount of R$ 169,394 (R$ 41,008 in 2008).

On December 30, 2009, the shareholders of Gafisa and Tenda approved the merger by Gafisa of total shares outstanding issued by Tenda. Because of the merger, Tenda became a wholly-owned subsidiary of Gafisa, and its shareholders received shares of Gafisa in exchange for their shares of Tenda at the ratio of 0.205 shares of Gafisa to one share of Tenda. In view of the exchange ratio, 32,889,563 common shares were issued for the total issue price of R$ 448,844, based on book value.

(a)       Ownership interests

Information on investees

   
Interest - %
 
Shareholders' equity
 
Net income (loss)
 
                                       
Investees
 
2009
 
2008
 
2007
 
2009
 
2008
 
2007
 
2009
 
2008
 
2007
 
                                       
Tenda
 
100.00
 
60.00
 
-
 
1,130,759
 
1,062,213
 
-
 
64,450
 
26,142
 
-
 
FIT Residencial
 
-
 
100.00
 
100.00
 
-
 
-
 
(14,974
)
-
 
(22,263
)
(14,941
)
Bairro Novo
 
-
 
50.00
 
50.00
 
-
 
8,164
 
10,298
 
-
 
(18,312
)
(1,902
)
Alphaville
 
60.00
 
60.00
 
60.00
 
99,842
 
69,211
 
42,718
 
39,610
 
35,135
 
20,905
 
Cipesa Holding
 
100.00
 
100.00
 
100.00
 
42,294
 
62,157
 
47,954
 
(1,216
)
(6,349
)
(1,359
)
Península SPE1 S.A.
 
50.00
 
50.00
 
50.00
 
(4,120
)
(1,139
)
(1,390
)
(2,431
)
205
 
(427
)
Península SPE2 S.A.
 
50.00
 
50.00
 
50.00
 
600
 
98
 
(955
)
502
 
1,026
 
2,267
 
Res. das Palmeiras SPE Ltda.
 
100.00
 
100.00
 
90.00
 
2,316
 
2,545
 
2,039
 
26
 
264
 
596
 
Gafisa SPE 40 Ltda.
 
50.00
 
50.00
 
50.00
 
6,976
 
5,841
 
1,713
 
1,424
 
1,269
 
2,225
 
Gafisa SPE 42 Ltda.
 
100.00
 
50.00
 
50.00
 
12,128
 
6,997
 
76
 
949
 
6,799
 
369
 
Gafisa SPE 43 Ltda.
 
-
 
99.80
 
99.80
     
-
 
(3
)
-
 
-
 
(2
)
Gafisa SPE 44 Ltda.
 
40.00
 
40.00
 
40.00
 
3,586
 
(377
)
(534
)
(153
)
(192
)
(533
)
Gafisa SPE 45 Ltda.
 
100.00
 
99.80
 
99.80
 
1,812
 
1,058
 
(475
)
(212
)
(8,904
)
(882
)
Gafisa SPE 46 Ltda.
 
60.00
 
60.00
 
60.00
 
4,223
 
5,498
 
212
 
(3,436
)
3,384
 
1,178
 
Gafisa SPE 47 Ltda.
 
80.00
 
80.00
 
99.80
 
16,571
 
6,639
 
(18
)
(357
)
(159
)
(18
)
Gafisa SPE 48 Ltda.
 
-
 
99.80
 
99.80
 
-
 
21,656
 
(718
)
1,674
 
818
 
(718
)
Gafisa SPE 49 Ltda.
 
100.00
 
99.80
 
100.00
 
205
 
(58
)
(1
)
(3
)
(57
)
(2
)
Gafisa SPE 53 Ltda.
 
80.00
 
60.00
 
60.00
 
5,924
 
2,769
 
205
 
2,933
 
1,895
 
204
 
Gafisa SPE 55 Ltda.
 
-
 
99.80
 
99.80
 
-
 
20,540
 
(4
)
2,776
 
(3,973
)
(5
)
Gafisa SPE 64 Ltda.
 
-
 
99.80
 
99.80
 
-
 
-
 
1
 
-
 
-
 
-
 
Gafisa SPE 65 Ltda.
 
80.00
 
70.00
 
99.80
 
3,725
 
(281
)
1
 
877
 
(732
)
-
 
Gafisa SPE 67 Ltda.
 
-
 
99.80
 
-
 
-
 
1
 
-
     
-
 
-
 
Gafisa SPE 68 Ltda.
 
100.00
 
99.80
 
-
 
(555
)
-
 
-
 
(1
)
(1
)
-
 
Gafisa SPE 72 Ltda.
 
80.00
 
60.00
 
-
 
347
 
(22
)
-
 
(1,080
)
(22
)
-
 
Gafisa SPE 73 Ltda.
 
80.00
 
70.00
 
-
 
3,551
 
(155
)
-
 
(57
)
(155
)
-
 
Gafisa SPE 74 Ltda.
 
100.00
 
99.80
 
-
 
(339
)
(330
)
-
 
(9
)
(331
)
-
 
Gafisa SPE 59 Ltda.
 
100.00
 
99.80
 
99.80
 
(5
)
(2
)
(1
)
(4
)
(1
)
(2
)
Gafisa SPE 76 Ltda.
 
50.00
 
99.80
 
-
 
84
 
-
 
-
 
(1
)
(1
)
-
 
Gafisa SPE 78 Ltda.
 
100.00
 
99.80
 
-
 
-
 
-
 
-
 
-
 
(1
)
-
 
Gafisa SPE 79 Ltda.
 
100.00
 
99.80
 
-
 
(3
)
(1
)
-
 
(2
)
(2
)
-
 
Gafisa SPE 75 Ltda.
 
100.00
 
99.80
 
-
 
(74
)
(27
)
-
 
(47
)
(28
)
-
 
Gafisa SPE 80 Ltda.
 
100.00
 
99.80
 
-
 
(2
)
-
 
-
 
(3
)
(1
)
-
 
Gafisa SPE-85 Empr. Imob.
 
80.00
 
60.00
 
-
 
7,182
 
(756
)
-
 
4,878
 
(1,200
)
-
 
Gafisa SPE-86 Ltda.
 
-
 
99.80
 
-
     
(82
)
-
 
(228
)
(83
)
-
 
Gafisa SPE-81 Ltda.
 
100.00
 
99.80
 
-
 
1
 
1
 
-
 
-
 
-
 
-
 
Gafisa SPE-82 Ltda.
 
100.00
 
99.80
 
-
 
1
 
1
 
-
 
-
 
-
 
-
 
Gafisa SPE-83 Ltda.
 
100.00
 
99.80
 
-
 
(5
)
1
 
-
 
(6
)
-
 
-
 
Gafisa SPE-87 Ltda.
 
100.00
 
99.80
 
-
 
61
 
1
 
-
 
(140
)
-
 
-
 
Gafisa SPE-88 Ltda.
 
100.00
 
99.80
 
-
 
6,862
 
1
 
-
 
5,068
 
-
 
-
 
Gafisa SPE-89 Ltda.
 
100.00
 
99.80
 
-
 
36,049
 
1
 
-
 
8,213
 
-
 
-
 
Gafisa SPE-90 Ltda.
 
100.00
 
99.80
 
-
 
(93
)
1
 
-
 
(94
)
-
 
-
 
Gafisa SPE-84 Ltda.
 
100.00
 
99.80
 
-
 
10,632
 
1
 
-
 
3,026
 
-
 
-
 
Dv Bv SPE S.A.
 
50.00
 
50.00
 
50.00
 
432
 
(439
)
(464
)
871
 
126
 
(231
)
DV SPE S.A.
 
50.00
 
50.00
 
50.00
 
1,868
 
932
 
 1,658
 
936
 
(527
)
695
 
Gafisa SPE 22 Ltda.
 
100.00
 
100.00
 
100.00
 
6,001
 
5,446
 
4,314
 
554
 
1,006
 
250
 
Gafisa SPE 29 Ltda.
 
70.00
 
70.00
 
70.00
 
589
 
257
 
2,311
 
547
 
271
 
(2,532
)
Gafisa SPE 32 Ltda.
 
80.00
 
80.00
 
99.80
 
5,834
 
(760
)
1
 
1,515
 
(760
)
-
 
 
 
 
F-30

 
 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Note to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 

   
Interest - %
 
Shareholders' equity
 
Net income (loss)
 
                                       
Investees
 
2009
 
2008
 
2007
 
2009
 
2008
 
2007
 
2009
 
2008
 
2007
 
                                       
Gafisa SPE 69 Ltda.
 
100.00
 
99.80
 
-
 
1,893
 
(401
)
-
 
(247
)
(402
)
-
 
Gafisa SPE 70 Ltda.
 
55.00
 
55.00
 
-
 
12,685
 
6,696
 
-
 
(63
)
-
 
-
 
Gafisa SPE 71 Ltda.
 
80.00
 
70.00
 
-
 
4,109
 
(794
)
-
 
3,120
 
(795
)
-
 
Gafisa SPE 50 Ltda.
 
80.00
 
80.00
 
80.00
 
12,098
 
7,240
 
(121
)
5,093
 
1,532
 
(121
)
Gafisa SPE 51 Ltda.
 
-
 
90.00
 
90.00
 
-
 
15,669
 
8,387
 
8,096
 
6,620
 
1,602
 
Gafisa SPE 61 Ltda.
 
100.00
 
99.80
     
(19
)
(14
)
-
 
(4
)
(14
)
-
 
Tiner Empr. e Part. Ltda.
 
45.00
 
45.00
 
45.00
 
11,573
 
26,736
 
10,980
 
(750
)
15,762
 
5,331
 
O Bosque Empr. Imob. Ltda.
 
60.00
 
30.00
 
30.00
 
8,862
 
15,854
 
9,176
 
(710
)
(62
)
79
 
Alta Vistta - Alto da Barra de S. Miguel Emp. Imob Ltda.
 
50.00
 
50.00
 
50.00
 
(3,279
)
3,428
 
(644
)
(6,707
)
4,073
 
(618
)
Dep. José Lages Emp. Imob. Ltda.
 
50.00
 
50.00
 
50.00
 
544
 
34
 
(399
)
660
 
433
 
(410
)
Sitio Jatiuca Emp. Imob. SPE Ltda.
 
50.00
 
50.00
 
50.00
 
12,161
 
1,259
 
(2,829
)
10,902
 
4,088
 
(3,361
)
Spazio Natura Emp. Imob. Ltda
 
50.00
 
50.00
 
50.00
 
1,393
 
1,400
 
1,429
 
(8
)
(28
)
(28
)
Grand Park - Parque Águas Emp. Imob. Ltda
 
50.00
 
50.00
 
50.00
 
8,033
 
(1,661
)
(281
)
6,635
 
(1,529
)
(280
)
Grand Park - Parque Árvores Emp. Imob. Ltda.
 
50.00
 
50.00
 
50.00
 
14,780
 
(1,906
)
(625
)
12,454
 
(1,698
)
(625
)
Dubai Residencial
 
50.00
 
50.00
 
-
 
10,613
 
5,374
 
-
 
4,286
 
(627
)
-
 
Cara de Cão
 
50.00
 
65.00
 
-
 
-
 
40,959
 
-
 
2,319
 
19,907
 
-
 
Costa Maggiore
 
50.00
 
50.00
 
-
 
4,065
 
3,892
 
-
 
2,137
 
4,290
 
-
 
Gafisa SPE 36 Ltda.
 
100.00
 
-
 
99.80
 
5,362
 
-
 
4,145
 
68
 
-
 
4,199
 
Gafisa SPE 38 Ltda.
 
100.00
 
-
 
99.80
 
8,273
 
-
 
5,088
 
1,447
 
-
 
4,649
 
Gafisa SPE 41 Ltda.
 
100.00
 
-
 
99.80
 
31,883
 
-
 
20,793
 
(2,593
)
-
 
13,938
 
Villaggio Trust
 
50.00
 
-
 
50.00
 
4,279
 
-
 
5,587
 
(576
)
-
 
1,664
 
Gafisa SPE 25 Ltda.
 
-
 
-
 
100.00
 
-
 
-
 
14,904
 
-
 
-
 
419
 
Gafisa SPE 26 Ltda.
 
-
 
-
 
100.00
 
-
 
-
 
121,767
 
-
 
-
 
(19
)
Gafisa SPE 27 Ltda.
 
100.00
 
-
 
100.00
 
14,114
 
-
 
15,160
 
(778
)
-
 
1,215
 
Gafisa SPE 28 Ltda.
 
100.00
 
-
 
99.80
 
(3,293
)
-
 
(1,299
)
(1,588
)
-
 
(499
)
Gafisa SPE 30 Ltda.
 
100.00
 
-
 
99.80
 
18,229
 
-
 
15,923
 
(334
)
-
 
8,026
 
Gafisa SPE 31 Ltda.
 
100.00
 
-
 
99.80
 
26,901
 
-
 
22,507
 
(532
)
-
 
761
 
Gafisa SPE 35 Ltda.
 
100.00
 
-
 
99.80
 
5,393
 
-
 
2,671
 
(1,274
)
-
 
2,719
 
Gafisa SPE 37 Ltda.
 
100.00
 
-
 
99.80
 
4,020
 
-
 
8,512
 
(140
)
-
 
2,661
 
Gafisa SPE 39 Ltda.
 
100.00
 
-
 
99.80
 
8,813
 
-
 
5,693
 
2,469
 
-
 
4,432
 
Gafisa SPE 33 Ltda.
 
-
 
-
 
100.00
 
-
 
-
 
11,256
 
-
 
-
 
1,696
 
Diodon Participações Ltda.
 
-
 
-
 
100.00
 
-
 
-
 
36,556
 
-
 
-
 
4,637
 
Gafisa SPE 91 Ltda.
 
100.00
 
-
 
-
 
1
 
-
 
-
 
-
 
-
 
-
 
Gafisa SPE 92 Ltda.
 
80.00
 
-
 
-
 
(553
)
-
 
-
 
(554
)
-
 
-
 
Gafisa SPE 93 Ltda.
 
100.00
 
-
 
-
 
212
 
-
 
-
 
211
 
-
 
-
 
Gafisa SPE 94 Ltda.
 
100.00
 
-
 
-
 
4
 
-
 
-
 
3
 
-
 
-
 
Gafisa SPE 95 Ltda.
 
100.00
 
-
 
-
 
(15
)
-
 
-
 
(16
)
-
 
-
 
Gafisa SPE 96 Ltda.
 
100.00
 
-
 
-
 
(58
)
-
 
-
 
(59
)
-
 
-
 
Gafisa SPE 97 Ltda.
 
100.00
 
-
 
-
 
6
 
-
 
-
 
5
 
-
 
-
 
Gafisa SPE 98 Ltda.
 
100.00
 
-
 
-
 
(37
)
-
 
-
 
(38
)
-
 
-
 
Gafisa SPE 99 Ltda.
 
100.00
 
-
 
-
 
(24
)
-
 
-
 
(25
)
-
 
-
 
Gafisa SPE 100 Ltda.
 
100.00
 
-
 
-
 
1
 
-
 
-
 
(1
)
-
 
-
 
Gafisa SPE 101 Ltda.
 
100.00
 
-
 
-
 
1
 
-
 
-
 
-
 
-
 
-
 
Gafisa SPE 102 Ltda.
 
100.00
 
-
 
-
 
1
 
-
 
-
 
-
 
-
 
-
 
Gafisa SPE 103 Ltda.
 
100.00
 
-
 
-
 
(40
)
-
 
-
 
(41
)
-
 
-
 
Gafisa SPE 104 Ltda.
 
100.00
 
-
 
-
 
1
 
-
 
-
 
-
 
-
 
-
 
Gafisa SPE 105 Ltda.
 
100.00
 
-
 
-
 
1
 
-
 
-
 
-
 
-
 
-
 
Gafisa SPE 106 Ltda.
 
100.00
 
-
 
-
 
1
 
-
 
-
 
-
 
-
 
-
 
Gafisa SPE 107 Ltda.
 
100.00
 
-
 
-
 
1
 
-
 
-
 
-
 
-
 
-
 
Gafisa SPE 108 Ltda.
 
100.00
 
-
 
-
 
1
 
-
 
-
 
-
 
-
 
-
 
Gafisa SPE 109 Ltda.
 
100.00
 
-
 
-
 
1
 
-
 
-
 
-
 
-
 
-
 
Gafisa SPE 110 Ltda.
 
100.00
 
-
 
-
 
1
 
-
 
-
 
-
 
-
 
-
 
Gafisa SPE 111 Ltda.
 
100.00
 
-
 
-
 
1
 
-
 
-
 
-
 
-
 
-
 
Gafisa SPE 112 Ltda.
 
100.00
 
-
 
-
 
1
 
-
 
-
 
-
 
-
 
-
 
Gafisa SPE 113 Ltda.
 
100.00
 
-
 
-
 
1
 
-
 
-
 
-
 
-
 
-
 
City Park Brotas Emp. Imob. Ltda.
 
50.00
 
-
 
-
 
3,094
 
-
 
-
 
1,244
 
-
 
-
 
City Park Acupe Emp. Imob. Ltda.
 
50.00
 
-
 
-
 
1,704
 
-
 
-
 
1,204
 
-
 
-
 
Patamares 1 Emp. Imob. Ltda.
 
50.00
 
-
 
-
 
5,495
 
-
 
-
 
(69
)
-
 
-
 
City Park Exclusive Emp. Imob. Ltda.
 
50.00
 
-
 
-
 
(188
)
-
 
-
 
(189
)
-
 
-
 
Manhattan Square Emp. Imob. Coml. 1 SPE Ltda.
 
50.00
 
-
 
-
 
6,285
 
-
 
-
 
863
 
-
 
-
 
Manhattan Square Emp. Imob. Coml. 2 SPE Ltda.
 
50.00
 
-
 
-
 
1,338
 
-
 
-
 
-
 
-
 
-
 
Manhattan Square Emp. Imob. Res. 1 SPE Ltda.
 
50.00
 
-
 
-
 
5,723
 
-
 
-
 
1,927
 
-
 
-
 
Manhattan Square Emp. Imob. Res. 2 SPE Ltda.
 
50.00
 
-
 
-
 
2,813
 
-
 
-
 
-
 
-
 
-
 
Gafisa FIDC.
 
100.00
 
-
 
-
 
14,977
 
-
 
-
 
-
 
-
 
-
 
 
 
 
F-31

 
 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Note to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
 
(b)
Negative goodwill on acquisition of
subsidiaries and deferred gain on partial sale
of investments
 
               
2009
   
2008
   
2007
 
                               
         
Accumulated
                   
   
Cost
   
amortization
   
Net
   
Net
   
Net
 
Negative goodwill
                             
Redevco
    (31,235 )     21,827       (9,408 )     (18,522 )     (32,223 )
                                         
Deferred gain on partial sale of FIT
Residencial investment
                                       
Tenda transaction
    (210,402 )     210,402       -       (169,394 )     -  
 
 
9
Intangible assets
 
               
2009
   
2008
   
2007
 
                               
         
Accumulated
                   
   
Cost
   
amortization
   
Net
   
Net
   
Net
 
                               
Goodwill
                             
Alphaville
    170,941       (18,085 )     152,856       152,856       163,441  
Nova Cipesa
    40,686       -       40,686       40,686       40,686  
Other
    3,741       (2,195 )     1,546       1,546       3,273  
                                         
      215,368       (20,280 )     195,088       195,088       207,400  
                                         
Other intangible assets (a)
                    9,598       18,067       7,897  
                                         
                      204,686       213,155       215,297  
 
(a)
Refers to expenditures on acquisition and implementation of information systems and software licenses.
 
 
10
Loans and Financing
 
Type of operation
 
Annual interest rates
   
2009
   
2008
   
2007
 
                         
Working capital (a)
                       
Denominated in Yen (i)
  1.4%       -       166,818       99,364  
Swaps - Yen/CDI (ii)
 
Yen + 1.4%/105% CDI
      -       (53,790 )     (733 )
Denominated in US$ (i)
  7%       -       146,739       104,492  
Swaps - US$/CDI (ii)
 
US$ + 7%/104% CDI
      -       (32,962 )     (5,124 )
Bank Credit Note – CCB and other
 
0.66% to 3.29% + CDI
      736,736       435,730       136,078  
              736,736       662,535       334,077  
National Housing System – SFH(a)
 
TR + 6.2% to 11.4%
      467,019       372,255       98,700  
Downstream merger obligations(b)
 
TR + 10% to 12.0%
      -       8,810       13,311  
Other
 
TR + 6.2%
      -       4,576       2,702  
 
 
 
 
F-32

 
 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Note to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
 
Type of operation
 
Annual interest rates
   
2009
   
2008
   
2007
 
                         
                 1,203,755       1,048,176       448,790  
                                 
Current portion
            678,312       447,503       68,357  
Non-current portion
            525,443       600,673       380,433  
 
 
(i)
Loans and financing classified at fair value through income (Note 17(a)(ii)).
 
(ii)
Derivatives classified as financial assets at fair value through income (Note 17(a)(ii)).

 
Rates
 
§
CDI – Interbank Deposit Certificate, at December 31, 2009 was 9.9%p.a (2008 – 12.2%p.a., 2007 – 11.8% p.a.)
§
TR – Referential Rate, at December 31, 2009 was 0.71%p.a. (2008 – 1.62%p.a., 2007 – 1.44% p.a.)
(a)     Funding for working capital and SFH for developments correspond to credit lines from financial institutions.
(b)     Downstream merger obligations correspond to debts assumed from former shareholders.

At December 31, 2009, the Company has resources approved to be released for approximately 85 ventures amounting R$ 1,204,076 that will be used in future periods, at the extent these developments progress physically and financially, according to the Company’s project schedule.

Consolidated non-current portion matures as follows:

         
At December 31,
 
   
2009
   
2008
   
2007
 
2009
    -       -       255,838  
2010
    -       345,021       42,396  
2011
    413,583       181,549       28,417  
2012
    71,854       40,548       30,071  
2013
    40,006       33,555       23,711  
2014 onwards
    -       -       -  
                         
      525,443       600,673       380,433  
 
Loans and financing are guaranteed by sureties of the Company, mortgage of the units, assignment of rights, receivables from clients, and the proceeds from the sale of our properties (amount of R$ 3,536,846 – not audited).
 
 
 
F-33

 
 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Note to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
 
Additionally, the consolidated balance of financial investments pledged in guarantee amounts to R$ 97,396 at December 31, 2009 (2008 - R$ 76,928, 2007- R$ 9,851) (Note 4).
 
Financial expenses of loans, finance and debentures are capitalized at cost of each venture, according to the use of funds, and appropriated to results based on the criterion adopted for recognizing revenue, or allocated to results if funds are not used, as shown below:
 
   
2009
   
2008
   
2007
 
                   
Gross financial charges
    308,466       184,461       74,837  
Capitalized financial charges
    (98,072 )     (123,453 )     (39,546 )
                         
Net financial charges
    210,394       61,008       35,291  
                         
Financial charges included in Properties for sale
                       
                         
Opening balance
    88,200       18,241       3,100  
Capitalized financial charges
    98,072       123,453       39,546  
Charges appropriated to income
    (94,704 )     (53,494 )     (24,405 )
                         
Closing balance
    91,568       88,200       18,241  
 
11
Debentures
 
In September 2006, the Company obtained approval for its Second Debenture Placement Program, which allows it to place up to R$ 500,000 in non-convertible simple subordinated debentures secured by a general guarantee.
 
In June 2008, the Company obtained approval for its Third Debenture Placement Program, which allows it to place R$ 1,000,000 in simple debentures with a general guarantee maturing in five years.
 
In April 2009, the subsidiary Tenda obtained approval for its First Program of Debenture Distribution, which allows it to place up to R$ 600,000 simple subordinated debentures non convertible into shares, in a single and undivided lot, secured by a floating and additional guarantee, with semi-annual maturities between October 1, 2012 and April 1, 2014. The funds raised through the issuance will be exclusively used in the finance of real estate ventures focused only on the popular segment and that meet the eligibility criteria.
 
 
 
F-34

 
 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Note to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
 
In August 2009, the Company obtained approval for its sixth issuance of simple debentures non convertible into shares in two series, secured by a general guarantee, maturing in two years and unit face value at the issuance date of R$ 10,000, totaling R$ 250,000.
 
In December 2009, the Company obtained approval for its seventh issuance of simple debentures non convertible into shares in a single and undivided lot, sole series, secured by a floating and additional guarantee, in the total amount of R$ 600,000, maturing in five years.
 
Under the Second and Third Programs of Gafisa, the Company placed series of 24,000 and 25,000 series debentures, respectively, corresponding to R$ 240,000 and R$ 250,000, with the below features. Under the First Program of Tenda, this subsidiary placed only one debenture, a sole series amounting to R$ 600,000, as shown below:
 
Program/issuances
 
Amount
 
Interest rate
 
Maturity
 
2009
 
2008
 
 2007
 
                           
Second program/first issuance
 
240,000
 
CDI + 1.30%
 
September 2011
 
198,254
 
248,679
 
246,590
 
Third program/first issuance
 
250,000
 
107.20% CDI
 
June 2013
 
252,462
 
255,266
 
-
 
Sixth issuance
 
250,000
 
CDI + 2% to 3.25%
 
August 2011
 
260,680
 
-
 
-
 
Seventh issuance
 
600,000
 
TR + 8.25%
 
December 2014
 
595,725
 
-
 
-
 
First issuance (Tenda)
 
600,000
 
TR + 8%
 
April 2014
 
611,256
 
-
 
-
 
                           
               
1,918,377
 
503,945
 
246,590
 
                           
Current portion
             
122,377
 
61,945
 
6,590
 
Non-current portion
             
1,796,000
 
442,000
 
240,000
 
 
Consolidated non-current portions mature as follows:
 
3
At December 31,
 
 
2009
2008
2007
4
2009
-
-
48,000
5
2010
-
96,000
96,000
6
2011
346,000
96,000
96,000
7
2012
275,000
125,000
-
8
2013
725,000
125,000
-
9
2014
450,000
-
-
10
         
 
1,796,000
442,000
240,000
11
 
The Company has restrictive debenture covenants which limit its ability to perform certain actions, such as the issuance of debt, and that could require the early redemption or refinancing of loans if the Company does not fulfill these covenants. The first issuance of the Second Program and the first issuance of the Third Program have
 
 
 
F-35

 
 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Note to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
 
cross-restrictive covenants in which an event of default or early maturity of any debt above R$ 5 million and R$ 10 million, respectively, requires the Company to early amortize the first issuance of the Second Program.
On July 21, 2009, the Company renegotiated with the debenture holders the restrictive debenture covenants of the Second Program, and obtained the approval for taking out the covenant that limited the Company’s net debt to R$ 1.0 billion and increasing the financial flexibility, changing the calculation of the ratio between net debt and shareholders’ equity. As a result of these changes, interest repaid by the Company increased to CDI + 2% to 3.25% per year.
 
The actual ratios and minimum and maximum amounts stipulated by these restrictive covenants and measured under Brazilian GAAP at December 31 are as follows:
 
   
2009
 
2008
 
2007
 
               
Second program - first issuance
             
Total debt, less debt of projects, less cash and cash equivalents and financial investments cannot exceed 75% of shareholders’ equity plus noncontrolling interests
 
1%
 
N/A
 
N/A
 
Total debt, less SFH debt, less cash and cash equivalents and financial investments cannot exceed 75% of shareholders' equity
 
n/a
 
35%
 
5%
 
Total receivables from clients from development and services, plus inventory of finished units, required to be over 2.0 times total debt
 
2.3 times
 
3.3 times
 
3.5 times
 
               
Total debt, less cash and cash equivalents and financial investments, required to be under R$ 1,000,000
 
N/A
 
946,600
 
175,000
 
               
Third program - first issuance
             
Total debt, less SFH debt, less cash and cash equivalents and financial investments, cannot exceed 75% of shareholders' equity
 
53%
 
35%
 
N/A
 
Total accounts receivable plus inventory of finished units required to be over 2.2 times total debt
 
4.1 times
 
5.5 times
 
N/A
 
               
Seventh issuance
             
EBIT balance is under 1.3 times the net financial expense
 
-5.9 times
 
N/A
 
N/A
 
Total accounts receivable plus inventory of finished units required to be 2.0 over times net debt and debt of projects
 
292.3 times
 
N/A
 
N/A
 
Total debt less debt of project, less cash and cash equivalents and financial investments cannot exceed 75% of shareholders’ equity plus noncontrolling interest
 
1%
 
N/A
 
N/A
 
 
At December 31, 2009, the Company is in compliance with the aforementioned clauses and other non-restrictive clauses.
 
 
 
F-36

 
 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Note to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
 
12
Other Accounts Payable
 
   
2009
   
2008
   
2007
 
                   
Obligation to venture partners (i)
    300,000       300,000       -  
Credit assignments
    122,360       67,552       5,436  
Acquisition of investments
    21,090       30,875       48,521  
Loans from real estate development partners (ii)
    -       -       8,255  
Rescission reimbursement payable and provisions
    28,573       28,191       -  
SCP dividends
    11,004       16,398       -  
FIDC obligations
    41,308       -       -  
Warranty provision
    25,082       17,499       12,388  
Other accounts payable
    64,550       27,175       6,711  
                         
      613,967       487,690       81,311  
                         
Current portion
    205,657       97,931       68,368  
Non-current portion
    408,310       389,759       12,943  
 
(i)
In January 2008, the Company formed an unincorporated venture (SCP), the main objective of which is to hold interests in other real estate development companies. At December 31, 2009, the SCP received contributions of R$ 313,084 (represented by 13,084,000 Class A quotas fully paid-in by the Company and 300,000,000 Class B quotas from the other venture partners). The SCP will preferably use these funds to acquire equity investments and increase the capital of its investees. As the decision to invest or not is made jointly by all quotaholders, the venture is treated as a variable interest entity and the Company deemed to be the primary beneficiary; at December 31, 2009, Obligations to venture partners amounting to R$ 300,000 mature on January 31, 2014. The SCP has a defined term which ends on January 31, 2014 at which time the Company is required to redeem the venture partner's interest. The venture partner receives an annual dividend substantially equivalent to the variation in the Interbank Deposit Certificate (CDI) rate, at December 31, 2009, the amount accrued totaled R$ 11,004. The SCP's charter provides for the compliance with certain covenants by the Company, in its capacity as lead partner, which include the maintenance of minimum indices of net debt and receivables. At December 31, 2009, the SCP and the Company were in compliance with these clauses.
 
(ii)
Loans from real estate development partners related to amounts due under current account agreements, which accrued financial charges of IGP-M plus 12% p.a.
 
 
 
F-37

 
 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Note to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
 
13
Commitments and Provision for
Contingencies
 
The Company and its subsidiaries are party in lawsuits and administrative proceedings at several courts and government agencies that arise from the normal course of business, involving tax, labor, civil and other matters. Management, based on information provided by its legal counsel and analysis of the pending claims and, with respect to the labor claims, based on past experience regarding the amounts claimed, recognized a provision in an amount considered sufficient to cover the probable losses.
The changes in the provision for contingencies are summarized as follows:
 
   
2009
   
2008
   
2007
 
                   
Balance at the beginning of the year
    57,364       21,262       4,105  
Additions
    85,784       11,440       2,258  
Additions - consolidation of Alphaville and Tenda
    -       26,840       16,695  
Reversals and settlements
    (21,809 )     (2,178 )     (1,796 )
      121,339       57,364       21,262  
                         
Court-mandated escrow deposits
    (48,386 )     (3,834 )     -  
                         
Balance at the end of the year
    72,953       53,530       21,262  
                         
Current portion
    11,266       17,567       3,668  
Non-current portion
    61,687       35,963       17,594  
 
(a)
Tax, labor and civil lawsuits
 
   
2009
   
2008
   
2007
 
                   
Civil lawsuits (a)
    91,708       27,779       2,323  
Tax lawsuits (b)
    20,737       19,609       16,768  
Labor claims
    8,894       9,976       2,171  
      121,339       57,364       21,262  
                         
Court-mandated escrow deposits
    (48,386 )     (3,834 )     -  
                         
Net balance
    72,953       53,530       21,262  
 
 
 
F-38

 
 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Note to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
 
As of December 31, 2009, the provisions for contingencies for civil lawsuits include R$ 71,322, related to legal cases in which the Company was cited as successor in foreclosure actions, in which the original debtor was a former shareholder of Gafisa; Cimob Companhia Imobiliária (“Cimob”), among other shareholder related parties. The plaintiff claims that the Company should be held liable for the debts of Cimob. In the year ended December 31, 2009, the Company recorded an additional provision of R$ 65,820, following unfavorable judicial decisions, which led the Company to seek new legal opinions and reevaluate the estimate of probable loss. Guarantee insurance provides coverage for R$17,678, a further R$ 64,882 is deposited in escrow, in connection with the blocking of Gafisa’s bank accounts; and there is also the retaining of Gafisa’s treasury shares to guarantee the foreclosure. The Company has filed appeals against all decisions, as it believes that the reference of Gafisa in the lawsuits is not legally justifiable; and Management is confident that its position will prevail enabling the escrow deposits to be released. In other similar cases, the Company has obtained favorable decisions in which it was awarded final and unappealable decisions overturning claims where the Company was initially found to be liable for certain debts of Cimob. The ultimate outcome of the Company’s appeal, however, cannot be predicted at this time.
 
(a)
The subsidiary Alphaville is a party in judicial lawsuits and administrative proceedings related to Excise Tax (IPI) and Value-added Tax on Sales and Services (ICMS) on two imports of aircraft in 2001 and 2005, respectively, under leasing agreements without purchase option. The likelihood of loss in the ICMS case is estimated by legal counsel as (i) probable in regard to the principal and interest, and (ii) remote in regard to the fine for noncompliance with ancillary obligations. The amount of the contingency estimated by legal counsel as a probable loss amounts to R$ 10,438 and is recorded in a provision in the financial information at December 31, 2009.
 
At December 31, 2009, the Company and its subsidiaries are monitoring other lawsuits and risks, the likelihood of which, based on the position of legal counsel, is possible but not probable,  in the amount of approximately R$ 91,372, according to the historical average of lawsuits and for which management believes a provision for loss is not necessary.
 
(b)
Commitment to complete developments
 
The Company is committed to deliver units to owners of land who exchange land for real estate units developed by the Company.
 
 
 
F-39

 
 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Note to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
 
The Company is also committed to complete units sold and to comply with the requirements of the building regulations and licenses approved by the proper authorities.
 
As described in Note 4, at December 31, 2009, the Company has resources approved and recorded as financial investments restricted as guarantee which will be released to the extent ventures progresses in the total amount of R$ 47,265 to meet these commitments.
 
14
Obligations for Purchase of Land and
Advances from Clients
 
   
2009
   
2008
   
2007
 
                   
Obligations for purchase of land
    359,472       457,511       151,594  
Advances from clients of
                       
Barter transactions
    40,054       104,909       169,658  
Development and services
    222,284       90,363       72,125  
                         
      621,810       652,783       393,377  
                         
Current
    475,409       421,584       290,193  
Non-current
    146,401       231,199       103,184  
 
The reversal of present value adjustment recorded at Real estate development operating costs for the years ended December 31, 2009 amount to R$ (3,435).
 
15
Shareholders' Equity
 
15.1
Capital
 
At December 31, 2009, the Company's capital amounted to R$ 1,627,275 (2008 - R$ 1,229,517 (2007 - R$ 1,221,846),represented by 167,077,137 nominative common shares without par value (2008 - 133,087,518 nominative Common shares without par value, 2007 - 132,577,093 nominative Common shares without par value), 299,743 of which were held in treasury (2008 and 2007 - 3,124,972 treasury shares).
 
In January 2007, upon the acquisition of 60% of Alphaville, arising from the merger of Catalufa, a capital increase of R$ 134,029 was approved through the issuance for public subscription of 6,358,116 Common shares. In January 2007, the cancellation of 5,016,674 Common shares which had been held in treasury, amounting to R$ 28,976, was approved. In March 2007, a capital increase of R$ 487,813 was approved through the issuance for public subscription, of 18,761,992 new Common shares, without par
 
 
 
F-40

 
 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Note to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
 
value, at the issue price of R$ 26.00 per share. In 2007, a capital increase of R$ 8,262, related to the stock option plan and the exercise of 961,563 Common shares, was approved. Under the Bylaws, amended on January 8, 2007, the Board of Directors may increase share capital up to the limit of the authorized capital of 200,000,000 Common shares.
 
On April 4, 2008, the distribution of dividends for 2007 was approved in the total amount of R$ 26,981, paid to shareholders on April 29, 2008. In 2008, the capital increase of R$ 7,671, related to the stock option plan and the exercise of 510,425 Common shares, was approved.
On April 30, 2009, the distribution of minimum mandatory dividends for 2008 was approved in the total amount of R$ 26,104, paid in December 2009.
On September 24, 2009, the trading at stock exchange of up to 2,825,229 shares held in treasury was approved by the Company, as the circumstances that resulted in the holding of such shares in treasury no longer exist. In the year ended December 31, 2009, the amount received from the sale of such shares amounted to R$ 82,046, representing a gain of R$ 65,727.
 
As mentioned in Note 1, on December 30, 2009, the shareholders of Gafisa and Tenda approved the merger by Gafisa of total outstanding shares issued by Tenda. Because of the merger, Tenda became a wholly-owned subsidiary of Gafisa, and its shareholders received shares of Gafisa in exchange for their shares of Tenda at the ratio of 0.205 shares of Gafisa to one share of Tenda. In view of the exchange ratio, 32,889,563 common shares were issued for the total issue price of R$ 448,844, of which R$ 60,822 shall be used to set up a capital reserve and the balance of R$ 388,022 to increase capital.
 
In 2009, the increase in capital was approved in the amount of R$ 9,736, related to the stock option plan and the exercise of 1,100,056 common shares.
 
The changes in the number of shares are as follows:
 
   
Thousands of
common shares
 
       
December 31, 2006
    103,370  
         
Share issuance (Alphaville Acquisition)
    6,359  
Exercise of stock options
    961  
Public offering
    18,762  
         
December 31, 2007
    129,452  
 
 
 
F-41

 
 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Note to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
 
   
Thousands of
common shares
 
       
Exercise of stock options
    511  
         
December 31, 2008
    129,963  
         
Exercise of stock options
    1,100  
Merger of shares issued by Tenda
    32,889  
Sale of treasury shares
    2,825  
         
December 31, 2009
    166,777  
 
15.2
Appropriation of net income for the year
 
Pursuant to the Company's Bylaws, the net income for the year is distributed as follows: (i) 5% to the legal reserve, until such reserve represents 20% of paid-up capital, and (ii) 25% of the remaining balance for the payment of mandatory dividends to all shareholders.
 
Management's proposal for distribution of net income for the years ended December 31 are as follows:
 
   
2009
   
2008
   
2007
 
                   
Net income for the year, adjusted by Law No. 11.638/07
                91,640  
Effects of changes from Law No. 11.638/07
                21,963  
                     
Net income for the year
    213,540       109,921       113,603  
Legal reserve
    (10,677 )     (5,496 )     (5,680 )
                         
      202,863       104,425       107,923  
                         
Minimum mandatory dividends - 25%
    (50,716 )     (26,104 )     (26,981 )
                         
Dividend per common share
    0.3041       0.2009       0.2084  
 
Pursuant to Article 36 of the Company's Bylaws, amended on March 21, 2007, the recognition of a statutory investment reserve became mandatory, the amount of which may not exceed 71.25% of net income. The purpose of the reserve is to retain funds for financing the expansion of the activities of the Company, including the subscription of capital increases or creation of new ventures, participation in consortia or other forms of association for the achievement of the Company's corporate objectives.

15.3
Stock option plans

(i)
Gafisa
 
 
 
F-42

 
 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Note to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)


 
The Company provides six stock option plans. The first plan was launched in 2000 and is managed by a committee that periodically creates new stock option plans, determining their terms, which, among other things, (i) define the length of service that is required for employees to be eligible to the benefits of the plans, (ii) select the employees that will be entitled to participate, and (iii) establish the purchase prices of the preferred shares to be exercised under the plans.

To be eligible for the plans (plans from 2000 to 2002), participant employees are required to contribute 10% of the value of total benefited options on the date the option is granted and, additionally, for each of the following five years, 18% of the price of the grant per year.

To be eligible for the 2006 and 2007 plans, employees are required to contribute at least 70% of the annual bonus received to exercise the options, under penalty of losing the right to exercise all options of subsequent lots.

The exercise price of the grant is inflation adjusted (IGP-M index), plus annual interest at 3%. The stock option may be exercised in one to five years subsequent to the initial date of the work period established in each of the plans. The shares are usually available to employees over a period of ten years after their contribution.

The Company records the cash receipt against a liability account to the extent the employees make advances for the purchase of the shares during the vesting period. There were no advanced payments in the years ended December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007.

The Company and its subsidiaries may decide to issue new shares or transfer the treasury shares to the employees in accordance with the clauses established in the plans. The Company has the right of first refusal on shares issued under the plans in the event of dismissals and retirement. In such cases, the amounts advanced are returned to the employees, in certain circumstances, at amounts that correspond to the greater of the market value of the shares (as established in the rules of the plans) or the amount inflation-indexed (IGP-M) plus annual interest at 3%.

In 2008, the Company issued a new stock option plan. In order to become eligible for the grant, employees are required to contribute from 25% to 80% of their annual net bonus to exercise the options within 30 days from the program date.
 
 
 
F-43

 
 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Note to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)


 
On June 26, 2009, the Company issued a new stock option plan for granting 1,300,000 options. In addition, the exchange of the 2,740,000 options of the 2007 and 2008 plans for 1,900,000 options granted under this new stock option plan was approved.

The assumptions adopted for recording the stock option plan for 2009 were the following:  expected volatility of 40% (2008 – 50%, 2007 – 48%), expected share dividends of 1.91% (2008 – 0.63%, 2007 – 0.33%), and risk-free interest rate at 8.99% (2008 – 11.56%, 2007 – 12.87%).

From July 1, 2009, the Company’s management opted for using the Binomial and Monte Carlo models for pricing the options granted in replacement for the Black-Scholes model, because on its understanding these models are capable of including and calculating with a wider range of variables and assumptions comprising the plans of the Company. The effect of this model replacement was brought about prospectively on July 1, 2009, with the recording of income amounting to R$ 4,447 for the year ended December 31, 2009.

On December 17, 2009, the Company issued a new stock option plan for granting 140,000 options. In addition, the exchange of the 512,280 options of the 2007 plan was approved for 402,500 options granted under this new stock option plan.

The changes in the number of stock options and corresponding weighted average exercise prices are as follows:

         
2009
         
2008
         
2007
 
                                     
   
Number of
options
   
Weighted
average
exercise
price - R$
   
Number of
options
   
Weighted
average
exercise
price - R$
   
Number of
options
   
Weighted
average
exercise
price – R$
 
                                     
Options outstanding at the beginning of year
    5,930,275       26.14       5,174,341       25.82       3,977,630       16.04  
Options granted
    3,742,500       15.76       2,145,793       31.81       2,320,599       30.36  
Options exercised
    (1,100,056 )     15.64       (441,123 )     16.72       (858,582 )     12.50  
Options expired
    -       -       (3,675 )     20.55       -       -  
Options exchanged
    (3,252,280 )     31.30       -       -       -       -  
Options cancelled(i)
    (197,742 )     32.99       (945,061 )     20.55       (265,306 )     18.61  
                                                 
Options outstanding at the end of the year
    5,122,697       24.36       5,930,275       26.14       5,174,341       25.82  
                                                 
Options exercisable at the end of the year
    1,656,462       26.74       4,376,165       28.00       2,597,183       22.93  
 
(i)
In the years ended December 31, 2007, 2008 and 2009, no option was cancelled due to the expiration of terms of stock option plans.
 
 
 
F-44

 
 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Note to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
 
In the years ended December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007, the amounts received for exercised options were R$ 9,736, R$ 7,671 and R$ 8,262. respectively.
 
The analysis of prices is as follows:
 
   
Brazilian reais
 
                   
   
2009
   
2008
   
2007
 
                   
Exercise price per share at the end of the Year
    8.10-41.62       7.86-39.95       6.75-34.33  
Weighted average of exercise price at the option grant date
    17.23       21.70       18.54  
Weighted average of market price per share at the grant date
    16.19       27.27       27.92  
Market price per share at the end of the Year
    28.24       10.49       33.19  
 
The options granted will confer their holders the right to subscribe the Company's shares, after completing one to five years of employment with the Company (strict conditions on exercise of options), and will expire after ten years from the grant date.
 
The Company recognized stock option expenses of R$ 14,427 in 2009 (2008 - R$ 26,138, 2007 - R$ 17,820) of which R$9,765, R$22,203 and R$16,497 were recorded by Gafisa S.A and represent the realization of the capital reserve in shareholders’ equity in 2009, 2008 and 2007, respectively.
 
(ii)
Tenda
 
Tenda has a total of three stock option plans, the first two were approved in June 2008, and the other one in April 2009. These plans, limited to the maximum of 5% of total capital shares and approved by the Board of Directors, stipulate the general terms, which, among other things, (i) define the length of service that is required for employees to be eligible to the benefits of the plans, (ii) select the employees that will be entitled to participate, and (iii) establish the purchase prices of the preferred shares to be exercised under the plans.
 
For the option granted in 2008, when exercising the option the base price will be adjusted according to the market value of shares, based on the average price in the 20 trading sessions prior to the commencement of each annual exercise period. The exercise price is adjusted according to a fixed table of values, according to the share value in the market, at the time of the two exercise periods for each annual lot. For the options granted in 2009, the vesting price is adjusted by the IGP-M variation, plus
 
 
 
F-45

 
 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Note to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
 
interests at 3%.  The stock option may be exercised by beneficiaries, who shall partially use their annual bonuses, as awarded, in up to 10 years subsequent to the initial date of the work period established in each of the plans. The shares are usually available to employees over a period of two to five years after their contribution.
 
The changes in the number of stock options and their corresponding weighted average exercise prices for the year are as follows:
 
 
  2009
 
  2008
 
 
  Number of
  Options
 
  Weighted
  average
  exercise
  price
 
  Number of
  options
 
  Weighted
  average
  exercise
  price
 
Options outstanding at the beginning of the year
  2,070,000     7.20     -     -  
  Options granted
  3,056,284     1.38     2,640,000     7.20  
  Options exercised
  (175,333 )   2.65     -     -  
  Options cancelled
  (994,417 )   0.27     (570,000 )   7.20  
                         
Options outstanding at the end of the year
  3,956,534     4.64     2,070,000     7.20  
 
 
The market price of Tenda shares at December 31, 2009 was R$ 5.50.
From September 2009, the market value of each option granted was estimated at the grant date using the Binomial and Monte Carlo option pricing models in replacement for the Black-Scholes model. In the year ended December 31, 2009, Tenda recorded stock option expenses of the amount of R$ 4,234, and R$ 1,973 for the period from October 22, 2008 through December 31, 2008.
 
(iii)
Alphaville
 
Alphaville has three stock option plans, the first launched in 2007 which was approved at the June 26, 2007 Annual Shareholders' Meeting and of the Board of Directors.
 
The changes in the number of stock options and their corresponding weighted average exercise prices for the year are as follows:
 
     
2009
     
2008
     
2007
 
                         
 
Number of options
 
Weighted average exercise price - R$
 
Number of options
 
Weighted average exercise price - R$
 
Number of options
 
Weighted average exercise
price – R$
 
                         
Options outstanding at the beginning of year
2,138
 
6,843.52
 
1,474
 
6,522.92
 
-
 
-
 
Options granted
-
 
-
 
720
 
7,474.93
 
1,474
 
6,522.92
 
Options exercised
(402
)
7,610.23
 
-
 
-
 
-
 
-
 
Options cancelled
(179
)
8,376.94
 
(56
)
6,522.92
 
-
 
-
 
                         
Options outstanding at the end of the year
1,557
 
6,469.28
 
2,138
 
6,843.52
 
1,474
 
6,522.92
 
 
 
 
F-46

 
 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Note to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
 
On December 31, 2009, 729 options were exercisable (2008 – 284, 2007 - zero). The exercise prices per option on December 31, 2009 were from R$ 8,582.43 to R$ 8,712.56, whereas on December 31, 2008 and 2007 the exercise prices were R$ 8,238.27 to R$ 8,376.26, and R$ 7,077.80, respectively.
 
The market value of each option granted was estimated at the grant date using the Binomial option pricing model.
 
Alphaville recorded expenses for the stock option plan amounting to R$ 428 for the year ended December 31, 2009 as a result of the replacement of the Black-Scholes for the Binomial option pricing model (2008 - R$ 1,962 and 2007 - R$ 1,323)
 
16
Deferred Taxes
 
Deferred taxes are recorded to reflect the future tax effects attributable to temporary differences between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their respective carrying amounts.
 
   
2009
   
2008
   
2007
 
                   
Assets
                 
Net operating loss carryforwards
    113,847       76,640       12,499  
Valuation Allowance
    (28,465 )     (19,325 )     (24,864 )
Effect of tax loss carryforwards, net
    85,382       57,315       (12,365 )
Temporary differences
                       
Tax versus prior book basis
    95,243       52,321       46,267  
New accounting standards – CPC
    58,554       39,680       10,633  
Tax credits from downstream mergers
    13,644       21,611       9,341  
                         
Non current portion
    281,288       190,252       78,740  
                         
Liabilities
                       
Differences between income taxed on cash and recorded on accrual basis
    303,268       202,743       46,070  
 
 
 
 
F-47

 
 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Note to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
 
Negative goodwill
    85,896       18,266       -  
Temporary differences - New accounting standards – CPC
    26,601       18,122       -  
                         
      415,765       239,131       46,070  
                         
Current portion
    79,474       -       -  
Non current portion
    336,291       239,131       46,070  
 
 
According to CVM Instruction No. 371, of June 27, 2002, the Company, based on a technical study, approved by Management, on the estimate of future taxable income, recognized tax credits on income tax and social contribution loss carryforwards for prior years, which do not have maturity and can be offset up to 30% of annual taxable income. The carrying amount of deferred tax asset is periodically reviewed, whereas projects are reviewed annually; in case there are significant factors that may change such projection, these are reviewed over the year by the Company.
 
Deferred taxes result from the following:
 
The Company calculates its taxes based on the recognition of results proportionally to the receipt of the contracted sales, in accordance with the tax rules determined by the Federal Revenue Service (SRF) Instruction 84/79, which differs from the calculation of the accounting revenues based on the costs incurred versus total estimated cost. The tax basis will crystallize over an average period of four years as cash inflows arise and the conclusion of the corresponding projects.
 
Other than for Tenda, Gafisa has not recorded a deferred income tax asset on the tax losses and social contribution tax loss carryforwards of its subsidiaries which adopt the taxable income regime and do not have a history of taxable income for the past three years.
 
The projections of future taxable income consider estimates that are related, among other things, to the Company's performance and the behavior of the market in which it operates, as well as certain economic factors. Actual results could differ from these estimates.
Management considers that deferred tax assets arising from temporary differences will be realized at the extent the contingencies and events are settled.
 
Based on estimated future taxable income, the expected recovery profile of the income tax and social contribution net operating loss carryforwards is as follows:
 
 
 
F-48

 
 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Note to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
 
2010
    -  
2011
    17,574  
2012
    18,270  
2013
    18,455  
2014
    33,927  
Thereafter
    25,621  
         
Total
    113,847  
 
The reconciliation of the statutory to effective tax rate is as follows:
 
   
2009
   
2008
   
2007
 
                   
Income before taxes on income and non controlling interest
    350,168       176,020       128,058  
Income tax calculated at the nominal rate – 34%
    (119,057 )     (59,847 )     (43,540 )
Net effect of subsidiaries taxed on presumed profit regime
    48,703       22,122       13,598  
Pre acquisition deferred income tax asset
    -       12,419       -  
Negative goodwill amortization
    (6,937 )     -       -  
Prior period income tax and social contribution tax losses
    183       3,946       6,124  
Tax loss carryfowards related to join-controlled subsidiaries of Gafisa and Tenda
    28,465       19,325       24,864  
Valuation Allowance over above tax loss carryfowards – AUSA and its subsidiaries
    (28,465 )     (19,325 )     (24,864 )
Stock option compensation
    (4,905 )     (10,088 )     (6,059 )
Other non-deductible items, net
    (13,393 )     (11,949 )     (495 )
                         
Income tax and social contribution expense
    (95,406 )     (43,397 )     (30,372 )
 
 
(a)
Adherence to the “Crisis Tax Recovery Program” (Crisis Refis)
 
On November 30, 2009, the Company and its subsidiaries Tenda, Alphaville and Gafisa Vendas adhered to the cash and installment payment of debits with the Federal Revenue Service and the Attorney-General Office of the National Treasury, in the so called “Crisis Refis”.
 
 
 
F-49

 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Note to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
 
The Company opted for the cash payment of tax debits amounting to R$ 17,304, of which R$ 10,438 in cash and R$ 6,866 by offsetting tax losses.
 
The subsidiaries Tenda, Alphaville and Gafisa Vendas opted for the installment payment of tax debits amounting to R$ 6,644, R$ 980 and R$ 192, recognizing gains of R$ 568, R$ 360 and R$70, respectively.
 
The consolidated gain of the Company and its subsidiaries with the adherence to Refis amounted to R$ 3,999.
 
(b)
Transitional Tax System
 
The Transitional Tax System (RTT) will be effective until enactment of the law that will address the tax effects of the new accounting methods, while seeking to maintain tax neutrality.
 
The system is optional for calendar years 2008 and 2009, as long as the following are observed: (i) the RTT must be applied to both 2008 and 2009, not only one calendar year; and (ii) the election of the RTT must be declared in the Federal Corporate Income Tax Return (DIPJ).
 
The Company opted for the RTT in 2008. Consequently, for income tax and social contribution on net income calculation purposes in 2009 and 2008, the Company used the prerogatives defined in the RTT.
 
 
17
Financial Instruments
 
The Company participates in operations involving financial instruments. Management of these instruments is made through operational strategies and internal controls aimed at liquidity, return and safety. The use of financial instruments with objective of hedge is made through a periodical analysis of exposure to the risk that the management intends to cover (exchange, interest rate, etc) which is approved by the Board of Directors for authorization and performance of the proposed strategy. The policy on control consists of permanently following up the contracted conditions in relation to the conditions prevailing in the market. The Company and its subsidiaries do not invest for speculation in derivatives or any other risky assets. The result from these operations is consistent with the policies and strategies devised by the Company’s management.
 
 
 
F-50

 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Note to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
 
The Company’s and its subsidiaries operations are subject to the risk factors described below:
 
(a)
Risk considerations
 
(i)
Credit risk
 
The Company restricts their exposure to credit risks associated with banks and cash and cash equivalents, investing in highly-rated financial institutions in short-term securities.
 
With regards to accounts receivable, the Company restricts its exposure to credit risks through sales to a broad base of clients and ongoing credit analysis. Additionally, there is no history of losses due to the existence of liens for the recovery of its products in the cases of default during the construction period.
 
Other than for Tenda, Company management did not deem necessary the recognition of a provision to cover losses for the recovery of receivables related to delivered real estate units. There was no significant concentration of credit risks related to clients for the periods presented.
 
(ii)
Currency risk
 
The Company adopts the policy of participating in operations involving derivative financial instruments with the objective of mitigating or eliminating currency risks, as described below.
In 2009, the Company had derivative financial instruments, settled in that same year, with the objective of hedging against fluctuations in foreign exchange rates.
 
In the years ended December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007, the amounts of R$ 1,234, R$ 80,895 and R$ 5,857, respectively,  related to the net positive result from the swap operations of currency and interest rates was recognized in Financial income (expenses), matching the results of these operations with the fluctuation in foreign currencies in the Company's balance sheet.
 
The nominal value of the swap contracts was R$ 200,000 on December 31, 2008 and 2007. The swap transactions described below were settled in the year ended December 31, 2009.The unrealized gains (losses) of these operations at December 31, 2008 and 2007 are as follows (Note 10):
 
 
 
F-51

 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Note to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
 
   
Reais
 
Percentage
 
Net unrealized gains
(losses) from derivative
instruments
 
                 
Rate swap contracts -
 
Nominal
 
Original
                   
(US Dollar and Yen for CDI)
 
value
 
index
Swap
 
2009
   
2008
   
2007
 
                             
Banco ABN Amro Real S.A.
    100,000  
Yen + 1.4
105% of CDI
    -       53,790       733  
Banco Votorantim S.A.
    100,000  
US Dollar + 7
104% of CDI
    -       32,962       5,124  
                                     
      200,000           -       86,752       5,857  
 
The estimated fair value of derivative financial instruments contracted by the Company was determined based on information available in the market and specific evaluation methodologies. However, considerable judgment was necessary for interpreting market data to produce the estimated fair value of each transaction. Accordingly, the estimates above do not necessarily indicate the actual amounts to be realized upon the financial settlement of these transactions.
 
(iii)
Interest rate risk
 
It arises from the possibility that the Company earns gains or incur losses because of fluctuations in the interest rates of its financial assets and liabilities. Aiming to mitigate this kind of risk, the Company seeks to diversify funding in terms of fixed and floating rates. The interest rates on loans, financing and debentures are disclosed in Notes 10 and 11. The interest rates contracted on financial investments are disclosed in Note 4. Accounts receivable from real estate units delivered, as disclosed in Note 5, are subject to annual interest rate of 12%, appropriated on pro rata basis.
 
(iv)
Capital structure risk (or financial risk)
 
It arises from the choice between own (capital contribution and retained earnings) and third-party capital that the Company makes to finance its operations. In order to mitigate liquidity risks and optimize the weighted average cost of capital, the Company and its subsidiaries permanently monitor the levels of indebtedness according to the market standards and the fulfillment of indices (covenants) provided for in loan, finance and debenture contracts.
 
The subsidiary Tenda operates in the low cost entry-level segment, for which funding is provided by a special financing program tailored to meet the customer´s credit needs, based on lower interest rates and longer tenures-.  Tenda´s sales  are tied to Caixa Econômica Federal (Federal Savings and Loans Government Bank – “CEF) financing programs, which support the entry-level segment. . Any modification to CEF financing
 
 
 
F-52

 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Note to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
 
terms and conditions may adversely affect the performance of the low cost entry-level segment.
 
(b)
Valuation of financial instruments
 
The main financial instruments receivable and payable are described below, as well as the criteria for their valuation.
 
(i)
Cash and cash equivalents
 
The market value of these assets does not differ significantly from the amounts presented on the balance sheets (Note 4). The contracted rates reflect usual market conditions.
Investment funds in which the Company has an exclusive interest make transactions with derivatives, among others. As mentioned in Note 4, the amount accounted for investment funds is recorded at market value.
 
(ii)
Loans and financing and debentures
 
Loans and financing are recorded based on the contractual interest rates of each operation, except for loans denominated in foreign currency, which are stated at fair value as contra-entry to results. Interest rate estimates for contracting operations with similar terms and amounts are used for the determination of market value. The terms and conditions of loans and financing and debentures obtained are presented in Notes 10 and 11. The fair value of the other loans and financing, recorded based on the contractual interest of each operation, does not significantly differ from the amounts presented in the financial statements.

18
Related Parties

(a)
Transactions with related parties

Current account
 
2009
   
2008
   
2007
 
                   
Condominiums and consortia
                 
Alpha 4
    (2,260 )     (466 )     265  
Consórcio Ezetec & Gafisa
    24,289       9,341       -  
Consórcio Eztec Gafisa
    (8,217 )     (9,300 )     2,293  
Cond. Constr. Empres. Pinheiros
    3,064       2,132       (86 ) )
Condomínio Parque da Tijuca
    (347 )     235       339 )
Condomínio em Const. Barra Fir
    (46 )     (46 )     (100 )
Civilcorp
    4,602       791       -  
Condomínio do Ed. Barra Premiu
    105       105       -  
Consórcio Gafisa Rizzo
    (794 )     (273 )     (454 )
Evolução Chácara das Flores
    7       7       7  
Condomínio Passo da Pátria II
    569       569       569  
Cond. Constr. Palazzo Farnese
    (17 )     (17 )     (17 )
 
 
 
 
F-53

 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Note to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 

Current account
 
2009
   
2008
   
2007
 
                   
Alpha 3
    (2,611 )     (214 )     546  
Condomínio Iguatemi
    3       3       3  
Consórcio Quintas Nova Cidade
    36       36       36  
Consórcio Ponta Negra
    2,488       3,838       5,476  
Consórcio Sispar & Gafisa
    8,075       1,995       1,198  
Cd. Advanced Ofs Gafisa-Metro
    (1,027 )     (417 )     (130 )
Condomínio Acqua
    (3,894 )     (2,629 )     (257 )
Cond. Constr. Living
    (1,790 )     1,478       (488 )
Consórcio Bem Viver
    (361 )     5       149  
Cond. Urbaniz. Lot. Quintas Rio
    (4,836 )     (486 )     (73 )
Cond. Constr. Homem de Melo
    83       83       11  
Consórcio OAS Gafisa - Garden
    (2,375 )     (1,759 )     1,504  
Cond. de Constr. La Traviata
    (540 )     -       298  
Cond. em Constr. Lacedemonia
    57       57       57  
Evolução New Place
    (673 )     (665 )     (610 )
Consórcio Gafisa Algo
    722       711       683  
Columbia Outeiro dos Nobres
    (153 )     (153 )     (155 )
Evolução - Reserva do Bosque
    12       5       -  
Evolução - Reserva do Parque
    53       122       118  
Consórcio Gafisa & Bricks
    656       (26 )     30  
Cond. Constr. Fernando Torres
    136       135       135  
Cond. de Const. Sunrise Reside
    354       18       18  
Evolução Ventos do Leste
    117       159       160  
Consórcio Quatro Estações
    (1,328 )     (1,340 )     (1,400 )
Cond. em Const. Sampaio Viana
    951       951       951  
Cond. Constr. Monte Alegre
    1,456       1,456       1,433  
Cond. Constr. Afonso de Freitas
    1,675       1,674       1,672  
Consórcio New Point
    1,182       1,472       1,413  
Evolução - Campo Grande
    612       618       44  
Condomínio do Ed. Pontal Beach
    (817 )     43       98  
Consórcio OAS Gafisa - Garden
    2,110       430       585  
Cond. Constr. Infra Panamby
    (145 )     (483 )     (1,408 )
Condomínio Strelitzia
    (1,035 )     (851 )     (762 )
Cond. Constr. Anthuriun
    2,194       4,319       4,723  
Condomínio Hibiscus
    2,675       2,715       2,869  
Cond. em Constr. Splendor
    1,813       (1,848 )     (1,933 )
Condomínio Palazzo
    (1,504 )     793       (1,055 )
Co nd. Constr. Doble View
    (3,937 )     (1,719 )     336  
Panamby - Torre K1
    318       887       1,366  
Condomínio Cypris
    (1,793 )     (1,436 )     (666 )
Cond. em Constr. Doppio Spazio
    (2,592 )     (2,407 )     (1,739 )
Consórcio
    9,441       2,493       2,063  
Consórcio Planc e Gafisa
    798       270       115  
Consórcio Gafisa & Rizzo (SUSP)
    1,649       1,239       -  
Consórcio Gafisa OAS - Abaeté
    34,121       3,638       -  
Cond do Clube Quintas do Rio
    1       1       -  
Cons. Oas-Gafisa Horto Panamby
    (14,864 )     9,349       412  
Consórcio OAS e Gafisa - Horto Panamby
    5,845       (27 )     -  
Consórcio Ponta Negra - Ed Marseille
    (6,142 )     (1,033 )     -  
Consórcio Ponta Negra - Ed Nice
    (3,505 )     (4,687 )     -  
Manhattan Square
    2,841       600       -  
Cons. Eztec Gafisa Pedro Luis
    (11,925 )     (3,589 )     -  
Consórcio Planc Boa Esperança
    1,342       603       -  
Consórcio Gafisa OAS- Tribeca
    (15,042 )     (144 )     -  
Consórcio Gafisa OAS- Soho
    16,701       (167 )     -  
Consórcio Gafisa & GM
    (77 )     (40 )     -  
Consórcio Ventos do Leste
    (1 )     (1 )     (1 )
Bairro Novo Cotia
    9,506       (6,137 )     -  
Bairro Novo Camaçari
    1,259       (2,585 )     -  
Bairro Novo Fortaleza
    -       2       -  
Bairro Novo Nova Iguaçu
    -       (330 )     -  
Bairro Novo Cia. Aeroporto
    -       (55 )     -  
Consórcio B. Novo Ap Goiania
    -       (210 )     -  
Consórcio B. Novo Campinas
    -       (261 )     -  
Cyrela Gafisa SPE Ltda.
    -       -       3,384  
SCP Gafisa
    -       -       (878 )
                         
      49,270       9,577       23,147  
 

 
F-54

 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Note to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)


 
Current account
 
2009
   
2008
   
2007
 
                   
Condominium and Consortia
                       
Gafisa SPE 10 S.A.
    7,508       2,051       76  
Gafisa Vendas I. Imob. Ltda.
    2,384       2,384       -  
Projeto Alga
    (25,000 )     (25,000 )     (25,000 )
Others
    (351 )     -       -  
                         
      (15,459 )     (20,565 )     (24,924 )
                         
SPEs
                       
FIT Resid. Empreend. Imob. Ltda.
    -       12,058       -  
Ville Du Soleil
    -       1,968       -  
Cipesa Empreendimentos Imob.
    (650 )     (398 )     -  
The House
    -       80       -  
Gafisa SPE 46 Empreend. Imob.
    225       8,172       (11 )
Gafisa SPE 40 Empr. Imob. Ltda.
    290       1,288       806  
Blue II Plan. Prom e Venda Lt.
    (6,295 )     911       -  
Saí Amarela S.A.
    199       (1,138 )     (902 )
Gafisa SPE-49 Empr. Imob. Ltda.
    (2,787 )     (2 )     (2 )
Gafisa SPE-35 Ltda.
    (1,387 )     (129 )     (127 )
Gafisa SPE 38 Empr. Imob. Ltda.
    -       109       198  
Lt Incorporadora SPE Ltda.
    (513 )     (527 )     (93 )
Res. das Palmeiras Inc. SPE Lt.
    501       1,246       657  
Gafisa SPE 41 Empr. Imob. Ltda.
    -       1,534       293  
Dolce Vitabella Vita SPE S.A.
    (133 )     32       30  
Saira Verde Empreend. Imob. Lt.
    577       214       25  
Gafisa SPE 22 Ltda.
    (272 )     630       600  
Gafisa SPE 39 Empr. Imob. Ltda.
    1,722       (304 )     (189 )
DV SPE SA
    7       (571 )     (574 )
Gafisa SPE 48 Empreend. Imob.
    1,260       159       123  
Gafisa SPE-53 Empr. Imob. Ltda.
    35       (94 )     1  
Jardim II Planej. Prom. Vda. Ltda.
    (9,152 )     (2,990 )     (2,986 )
Gafisa SPE 37 Empreend. Imob.
    (5,555 )     (398 )     (137 )
Gafisa SPE-51 Empr. Imob. Ltda.
    829       810       398  
Gafisa SPE 36 Empr. Imob. Ltda.
    -       (1,205 )     (353 )
Gafisa SPE 47 Empreend. Imob.
    (2 )     146       17  
Sunplace SPE Ltda.
    606       415       415  
Sunshine SPE Ltda.
    (562 )     1,135       1,401  
Gafisa SPE 30 Ltda.
    (5,721 )     (1,217 )     (1,628 )
Gafisa SPE-50 Empr. Imob. Ltda.
    736       (221 )     169  
Tiner Campo Belo I Empr. Imob.
    (174 )     6,971       -  
Gafisa SPE-33 Ltda.
    (685 )     2,321       775  
Jardim I Planej. Prom. Vda. Ltda.
    889       6,662       6,556  
Verdes Praças Inc. Imob. Spe. Lt.
    -       (38 )     (50  
Gafisa SPE 42 Empr. Imob. Ltda.
    (168 )     64       2  
Península I SPE SA
    457       (1,267 )     (1,300 )
Península 2 SPE SA
    (3,914 )     865       881  
Blue I SPE Ltda.
    (2,846 )     74       9  
Gafisa SPE-55 Empr. Imob. Ltda.
    (349 )     (2 )     1  
Gafisa SPE 32
    (119 )     (2,304 )     -  
Cyrela Gafisa SPE Ltda.
    -       2,834       -  
Unigafisa Partipações SCP
    490       1,040       -  
Villagio Panamby Trust SA
    205       749       3,262  
Diodon Participações Ltda.
    -       13,669       -  
Gafisa SPE 44 Empreend. Imobili.
    50       175       53  
JTR Jatiuca Trade Residence
    -       1,218       -  
Gafisa SPE 65 Empreend. Imob. Ltd.
    (74 )     321       128  
Gafisa SPE-72
    -       1       -  
Gafisa SPE 52 Empreend. Imob. Ltd.
    (3 )     42       2  
GPARK Árvores
    (7 )     -       -  
Gafisa SPE-32 Ltda.
    -       2,220       909  
Terreno Ribeirão/Curupira 1
    -       1,360       -  
Consórcio Ponta Negra
    -       (95 )     -  
Gafisa SPE-71
    (258 )     124       -  
Gafisa SPE-73
    -       1       -  
Gafisa SPE 69 Empreendimentos
    -       (72 )     -  
Gafisa SPE-74 Emp. Imob. Ltda.
    (2,277 )     1       -  
Gafisa SPE 59 Empreend. Imob. Ltda.
    (5 )     1       1  
Gafisa SPE-67 Emp. Ltda.
    -       1       -  
Gafisa SPE 68 Empreendimentos
    (21 )     1       -  
 
 
 
 
F-55

 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Note to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 

Current account
 
2009
   
2008
   
2007
 
                   
Gafisa SPE-76 Emp. Imob. Ltda.
    (33 )     24       -  
Gafisa SPE-77 Emp. Imob. Ltda.
    (47 )     3,289       -  
Gafisa SPE-78 Emp. Imob. Ltda.
    (144 )     1       -  
Gafisa SPE-79 Emp. Imob. Ltda.
    (3 )     1       -  
Gafisa SPE 70 Empreendimentos
    (746 )     (746 )     -  
Gafisa SPE 61 Empreendimento I
    (18 )     (12 )     -  
SCP Gafisa
    -       (878 )     -  
Gafisa SPE-75 Emp Imob Ltda
    (355 )     -       -  
Gafisa SPE-80 Emp Imob Ltda
    (2 )                
Gafisa SPE 85 Emp. Imob. Ltda.
    (265 )     (96 )     -  
Gafisa SPE 86
    (14 )     -       -  
Gafisa SPE-83 Emp Imob Ltda
    (400 )     -       -  
Gafisa SPE-87 Emp Imob Ltda
    (52 )     -       -  
Gafisa SPE-88 Emp Imob Ltda
    66       -       -  
Gafisa SPE-90 Emp Imob Ltda
    (280 )     -       -  
Gafisa SPE 84
    -       381       -  
Gafisa SPE-77 Empr. Ltda.
    (27 )     1,463       -  
Gafisa SPE-91 Emp Imob Ltda
    (188 )     -       -  
Angelo Agostini
    1       -       -  
Gafisa SPE-92 Emp Imob Ltda
    (109 )     -       -  
Reserva Spazio Natura
    (210 )     -       -  
Mario Covas SPE Empreendimento
    -       (208 )     19  
Imbui I SPE Empreendimento Imo.
    -       -       1  
Acedio SPE Empreend. Imob. Ltda.
    -       2       1  
Maria Inês SPE Empreend. Imob.
    -       (2 )     1  
Gafisa SPE 64 Empreendimento I
    -       (50 )     1  
FIT Jd. Botânico SPE Empr. Imob.
            -       1  
Cipesa Empreendimentos Imobili.
    (12 )     -       (17 )
Bairro Novo Empreend. Imobil. SA
    -       -       3,630  
Abv - Gardênia
    -       -       (65 )
Gafisa Vendas I. Imob. Ltda.
    -       -       (129 )
Blue II Plan. Prom. e Venda Lt.
    -       -       (743 )
Condomínio Strelitzia
    -       -       10,254  
FIT Roland Garros Empr. Imb. Ltd.
    -       -       291  
FIT Resid. Empreend. Imob. Ltda.
    -       -       (2,570 )
FIT 01 SPE Empreend. Imob. Ltda.
    -       -       1  
FIT 02 SPE Empreend. Imob. Ltda.
    -       -       1  
FIT 03 SPE Empreend. Imob. Ltda.
    -       -       1  
Others
    -       2       (4,739 )
                         
      (37,689 )     61,821       15,299  
                         
Others
                       
Camargo Corrêa Des. Imob. S.A.
    917       916       (16 )
Genesis Desenvol. Imob. S.A.
    (216 )     (216 )     (277 )
Empr. Incorp. Boulevard SPE Lt.
    56       56       56  
Cond. Const. Barra First Class
    31       31       31  
Klabin Segall S.A.
    532       532       532  
Edge Incorp. e Part. Ltda.
    146       146       146  
Multiplan Plan. Particip. e Ad.
    100       100       100  
Administ. Shopping Nova América
    90       90       (11 )
Ypuã Empreendimentos Imob.
    200       4       -  
Cond. Constr. Jd. Des. Tuiliere
    (124 )     (124 )     (124 )
Rossi AEM Incorporação Ltda.
    3       3       3  
Patrimônio Constr. e Empr. Ltda.
    307       307       307  
Camargo Corrêa Des. Imob. S.A.
    (46 )     39       -  
Condomínio Park Village
    (88 )     (107 )     (115 )
Boulevard Jardins Empr. Incorp.
    (89 )     (89 )     (623 )
Rezende Imóveis e Construções
    809       809       802  
São José Constr. e Com. Ltda.
    543       543       543  
Condomínio Civil Eldorado
    276       276       276  
Tati Construtora Incorp. Ltda.
    286       286       286  
Columbia Engenharia Ltda.
    431       431       431  
Civilcorp Incorporações Ltda.
    4       4       -  
Waldomiro Zarzur Eng. Const. Lt.
    1,801       1,801       1,801  
Rossi Residencial S.A.
    431       431       431  
RDV 11 SPE Ltda.
    (749 )     (781 )     (781 )
Jorges Imóveis e Administrações
    1       1       -  
Camargo Corrêa Des. Imob. S.A.
    (661 )     (673 )     -  

 
 
 
F-56

 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Note to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 

Current account
 
2009
   
2008
   
2007
 
                   
Camargo Corrêa Des. Imob. S.A.
    (323 )     (323 )     -  
Patrimônio Const. Empreend. Ltda.
    155       155       155  
Alta Vistta Maceió (controle)
    1       2,318       -  
Forest Ville (OAS)
    814       807       -  
Garden Ville (OAS)
    278       276       -  
JTR - Jatiuca Trade Residence
    4,796       880       -  
Acquarelle (Controle)
    81       1       -  
RIV Pta Negra - Ed. Nice
    1,834       353       -  
Palm Ville (OAS)
    343       185       -  
Art. Ville (OAS)
    322       180       -  
Oscar Freire Open View
    (464 )     -       -  
Open View Galeno De Almeida
    (207 )     -       -  
Conj Comercial New Age
    4,646       -       -  
Carlyle RB2 AS
    (4,041 )     -       -  
Partifib P. I. Fiorata Lt
    (430 )     -       -  
Concord. Incorp. Imob. S/C Ltda.
    -       -       11  
Guarapiranga – Lírio
    -       -       446  
Others
    (1,696 )     30       (4 )
                         
      11,100       9,678       4,406  
                         
Total asset balance
    7,222       60,511       17,928  
 
(a)
The nature of related party operations is described in Note 7.

19
Profit sharing

The Company has a profit sharing plan that entitles its employees to participate in the distribution of profits of the Company that is tied to a stock option plan, the payment of dividends to shareholders and the achievement of specific targets, established and agreed-upon at the beginning of each year. At December 31, 2009, the Company recorded a provision for profit sharing amounting to R$ 28,237 in the caption of General and administrative expenses.
 
20
Management compensation

The amounts recorded in General and administrative expenses referring to the compensation of the Company’s Management members are as follows:

   
2009
   
2008
   
2007
 
                   
Board of Directors
    975       916       867  
Board of Executive Officers
    2,365       3,231       4,649  
                         
      3,340       4,147       5,516  
 
 
 
F-57

 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Note to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
 
The total annual amount to be distributed among the Company’s Management members for the year ended on December 31, 2009, as fixed and variable compensation is up to R$ 7,775, according to the shareholders’ meeting on April 30, 2009.
 
21
Insurance
 
The Company has insurance policies against engineering risk, barter guarantee, guarantee for the completion of the work and civil liability related to unintentional personal damages caused to third parties and material damages to tangible assets, as well as against fire hazards, lightning strikes, electrical damages, natural disasters and gas explosion. The contracted coverage is considered sufficient by management to cover possible risks involving its assets and/or responsibilities. In view of their nature, the risk assumptions made are not included in the scope of the audit of the financial statements. Accordingly, they were not audited by our independent public accountants.
 
22        Segment Information
 
Beginning in 2007, following the acquisition, formation and merger of the entities Alphaville, FIT Residencial, Bairro Novo and Tenda, the Company's chief executive officer assesses segment information on the basis of different business corporate segments and economic data rather than geographic regions of its operations.
 
The segments in which the Company operates are the following: Gafisa for ventures targeted at high and medium income; Alphaville for platted lots; and Tenda for ventures targeted at affordable entry level income.
 
The Company's chief executive officer, who is responsible for allocating resources among the businesses and monitoring their progress, uses economic present value data, which is derived from a combination of historical and forecasted operating results. The Company provides below a measure of historical profit or loss, selected segment assets and other related information for each reporting segment.
 
This information is gathered internally and used by management to develop economic present value estimates, provided to the chief executive officer for making operating decisions, including the allocation of resources among segments. The information is derived from the statutory accounting records which are maintained in accordance with the accounting practices adopted in Brazil. The reporting segments do not separate operating expenses, total assets and depreciation. No revenues from an individual client represented more than 10% of net sales and/or services.
 
 
 
F-58

 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Note to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
 
    2009  
                         
   
Gafisa S.A. (i)
   
Tenda
   
Alphaville
   
Total
 
Net operating revenue
    1,757,195       988,444       276,707       3,022,346  
Operating costs
    (1,297,036 )     (671,629 )     (175,097 )     (2,143,762 )
                                 
Gross profit
    460,159       316,815       101,610       878,584  
                                 
Gross margin - %
    26.2       32.1       36.7       29.1  
                                 
                                 
Depreciation and amortization
    (19,455 )     (13,874 )     (841 )     (34,170 )
Amortization of gain on partial sale for FIT Residential
    169,394       -       -       169,394  
Financial expenses
    (191,926 )     (35,679 )     (12,967 )     (240,572 )
Financial income
    92,946       32,042       4,578       129,566  
Tax expenses
    (65,509 )     (21,929 )     (7,968 )     (95,406 )
                                 
Net income  for the year
    151,104       38,670       23,766       213,540  
                                 
Receivables from clients (current and non-current)
    2,338,464       1,203,001       235,181       3,776,646  
Properties for sale (current and non-current)
    1,114,339       478,520       155,598       1,748,457  
Other assets
    1,366,999       695,357       100,864       2,163,220  
                                 
Total assets
    4,819,802       2,376,878       491,643       7,688,323  
 
(i)
Includes all subsidiaries, except Tenda and, Alphaville.
 
    2008  
                                     
   
Gafisa S.A. (i)
   
Tenda (ii)
   
Alphaville
   
FIT
Residencial (iii)
   
Bairro
Novo
   
Total
 
                                     
Net operating revenue
    1,214,562       163,897       249,586       78,467       33,892       1,740,404  
Operating costs
    (847,617 )     (111,920 )     (167,043 )     (60,082 )     (27,739 )     (1,214,401 )
                                                 
Gross profit
    366,945       51,977       82,543       18,385       6,153       526,003  
                                                 
Gross margin - %
    30.2       31.7       33.1       23.4       18.2       30.2  
                                                 
                                                 
Depreciation and amortization
    (43,268 )     (4,213 )     (861 )     (3,448 )     (845 )     (52,635 )
Amortization of gain on partial sale for FIT Residential
    41,008       -       -       -       -       41,008  
Financial expenses
    (86,954 )     (2,789 )     (5,087 )     69       (278 )     (95,039 )
Financial income
    92,000       5,505       3,858       1,416       75       102,854  
Tax expenses (revenues)
    (61,732 )     28,842       (7,101 )     (3,406 )     -       (43,397 )
                                                 
Net income (loss) for the year
    103,650       15,685       21,081       (22,263 )     (8,232 )     109,921  
                                                 
Receivables from clients (current and long-term)
    1,377,689       565,576       174,096       -       1,183       2,118,544  
Properties for sale
    1,340,554       549,989       135,173       -       3,260       2,028,976  
Other assets
    915,648       428,465       39,585       -       7,640       1,391,338  
                                                 
Total assets
    3,633,891       1,544,030       348,854       -       12,083       5,538,858  
 
 
 
F-59

 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Note to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
 
(i)
Includes all subsidiaries, except Tenda, Alphaville, FIT Residencial and Bairro Novo.
(ii)
Includes the result for the period of 10 months and 21 days of FIT Residencial.
(iii)
Includes the result for the period of 2 months and 10 days of Tenda. Thereafter FIT Residencial was merged into Tenda.
 
                           
2007
 
                               
   
Gafisa S.A. (*)
   
Alphaville
   
FIT
Residencial
   
Bairro Novo
   
Total
 
                               
Net operating revenue
    1,004,418       192,700       7,169       -       1,204,287  
Operating costs
    (726,265 )     (136,854 )     (4,877 )     -       (867,996 )
                                         
Gross profit
    278,153       55,846       2,292       -       336,291  
                                         
Gross margin - %
    27.7       29.0       32.0       -       27.9  
                                         
                                         
Depreciation and amortization
    (34,435 )     (872 )     (273 )     (3,116 )     (38,696 )
Financial expenses
    (30,496 )     (4,565 )     (222 )     (8 )     (35,291 )
Financial income
    63,152       694       73       -       63,919  
Tax expenses (revenues)
    (24,591 )     (5,617 )     (164 )     -       (30,372 )
                                         
                                         
Net income (loss) for the year
    91,941       14,994       (11,282 )     (4,013 )     91,640  
                                         
Receivables from clients
(current and long-term)
    873,228       96,718       1,698       -       971,644  
Properties for sale
    878,137       96,195       45,548       2,399       1,022,279  
Other assets
    922,201       56,727       26,349       5,585       1,010,862  
                                         
Total assets
    2,673,566       249,640       73,595       7,984       3,004,785  
 
(*)
Includes all subsidiaries, except Alphaville, FIT Residencial and Bairro Novo.
 
23
Subsequent Events
 
On February 22, 2010, the split of our common shares was approved in the ratio of one existing share to two newly-issued shares, thus increasing the number of shares from 167,077,137 to 334,154,274.
 
In March 2010, the Company completed an initial public offering of common shares, resulting in a capital increase of R$ 1,063,750 with the issue of 85,100,000 shares, comprising 46,634,420 shares in Brazil and 38,465,580 ADSs.
 
In May 2010, the Company approved the acquisition of the total amount of shares issued by Shertis Empreendimentos e Participações S.A., which main asset
 
 
 
F-60

 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Note to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
 
comprises 20% of the capital stock of Alphaville Urbanismo S.A. (AUSA). The acquisition of shares has the purpose of making viable the implementation of the Second Phase of the schedule for investment planned in the Investment Agreement and other Covenants, signed between the Company and Alphaville Participações S.A. (Alphapar) on October 2, 2006, thus increasing the interest of Gafisa in the capital stock of AUSA to 80%. As a result of the acquisition of shares, Shertis was converted into a wholly-owned subsidiary of Gafisa, with the issue of 9,797,792 new common shares to Alphapar, former shareholder of Shertis, thus resulting in an increase in capital amounting to R$ 20,282.
 
In September 2010, the Company prepaid the fourth placement of simple debentures of the Second Program. The repurchase of the debentures was made upon the payment of R$154,217, taking into consideration that such payment amount was determined based on the unit face value of debentures plus the interest payable.
 
In October 2010, the Company prepaid the first series of the sixth placement of simple debentures. The repurchase of the first series debentures was made upon the payment of R$162,858, taking into consideration that such payment amount was determined based on the unit face value of debentures plus the interest payable, calculated on pro rata basis, plus premium, pursuant to Clause 4.12.5 of its Indenture. The first series debentures will be cancelled by the Company.
 
In November 2010, the Company obtained approval for its eighth placement of nonconvertible simple debentures, in the amount of R$ 300,000, in two series, the first maturing on October 15, 2015, and the second on October 15, 2016.
 
On June 27, 2011, the Company and its subsidiaries entered into a Definitive Assignment of Real Estate Receivables Agreement - CCI. The purpose of said Assignment Agreement is the definitive assignment by the Assignor to the benefit of the Assignee. The assignment relates to a portfolio comprising pre-selected residential real estate receivables performed and to be performed arising out of Gafisa and its subsidiaries. The assigned portfolio of receivables amounts to R$203,915 in exchange for cash, at the transfer date, discounted to present value, for R$171,694, recorded in the heading “Payables to venture partners and other – Credit Assignment.”
 
As part of the funding through issuance of Certificates of Bank Credit– CCB, the Company and subsidiary AUSA entered into a paid beneficial interest agreement in connection with 100% of the preferred shares in SPE-89 Empreendimentos Imobiliários S.A. and Alphaville Ribeirão Preto Empreendimentos Imobiliários S.A., for a period of six years, having raised R$ 45,000 and R$ 35,000, respectively. Recorded based on amortized cost using the effective transaction rate.
 
 
 
F-61

 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Note to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
 
In the process of convergence of accounting practices adopted in Brazil into the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), several pronouncements, interpretations and guidance were issued over 2009, with mandatory application for the years ending December 2010 onwards and the financial statements for 2009 to be disclosed together with those for 2010 for comparison purposes.
 
First-time adoption of the International Financial Reporting Standards as of December 31, 2010
 
Until December 31, 2009 the Company’s individual and consolidated financial statements had been prepared in accordance with the accounting practices adopted in Brazil, the supplementary rules of CVM, the technical pronouncements of CPC issued through December 31, 2008, and the provisions contained in the Brazilian Corporation Law, the basis of the accounting practices adopted in Brazil.
 
The Company prepared its opening balance sheet on the transition date  January 1, 2009, and, therefore, applied the mandatory exceptions and certain optional exemptions from retrospective application, as established in the technical pronouncements, interpretations and guidelines issued by the CPC, and approved by CVM, to the Company’s individual financial statements.  The consolidated financial statements were prepared in accordance with the accounting practices adopted in Brazil, which comprise the rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission (CVM), and the pronouncements, interpretations and guidelines of the Accounting Pronouncements Committee (CPC), and are in compliance with the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) adopted in Brazil, including the Guideline OCPC 04 - Application of the Technical Interpretation ICPC 02 to the Brazilian Real Estate Development Entities – regarding the revenue recognition, and the respective costs and expenses arising from real estate development operations over the construction progress (complete percentage method). CPC 37 (R1) requires that an entity develops accounting policies based on the standards and interpretations of CPC, and the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) in effect at the closing date of its first individual and consolidated financial statements, and that these policies be applied on the transition date and during all periods presented in the first financial statements prepared in accordance with the Standards issued by CPC and IFRS, as approved in Brazil, the Company having adopted all pronouncements, guidelines and interpretations of the CPC issued until December 31, 2010.
CPC 37 (R1) allowed companies to apply certain optional exemptions.  The Company analyzed all optional exemptions, the result of which is presented below:
 
 
(i)
Mandatory exceptions for business combinations: The Company applied CPC 15 from the year beginning on January 1, 2010, with retrospective application only for the immediately prior year, beginning on January 1, 2009;
 
 
 
F-62

 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Note to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
 
 
(ii)
Exemption for presentation of fair value of property, plan and equipment as deemed cost: The Company opted for not stating its property, plan and equipment at the transition date at fair value, but to maintain the previously estimated cost;
 
 
(iii)
Exemption for measurement of compound financial instruments: The Company does not have any transactions subject to this standard.
 
 
(iv)
Effects of changes in foreign exchange rates and translation of financial statements: This standard does not apply to the Company’s operations.
 
The following exemptions are not applicable to the Company’s operations and do not impact the financial statements on the first-time adoption date:
 
 
(i)
Employee benefits CPC 22: The Company does not have any private pension plans or other benefits that are characterized as defined benefit plan;
 
 
(ii)
Insurance contracts CPC 11: The standard is not applicable to the Company’s operations;
 
 
(iii)
Service concession arrangements ICPC 01: The Company does not have any utilities concession operations.
 
In addition to optional exemptions, CPC 37 (R1) also expressly prohibits the adjustments of certain transactions in the first adoption, because it would require the management to carry out analysis of past conditions after the actual result of the respective transactions. The mandatory exceptions comprise the following:
 
 
(i)
Derecognition of financial assets and financial liabilities: The Company did not make any retrospective adjustments to its financial assets and liabilities, for purposes of the first adoption, since there was no difference from the previous accounting practice.
 
 
(ii)
Hedge accounting: The hedge transactions existing in 2009 followed the accounting practices according to the standard issued by CPC at the transition date. The Company does not apply hedge accounting for derivatives.
 
 
(iii)
Changes in estimates: The estimates adopted on transition to CPC are consistent with those adopted by the previous accounting criteria.
 
 
(iv)
Non-controlling interest: The profit or loss for the period and each component of other comprehensive income (directly recognized in the equity) are attributed to the Company’s owners and to the non-controlling interest. The total comprehensive income is attributed to the Company’s owners and to the non-controlling interests, whether such profit or loss cause the non-controlling interest to be negative.
 
 
 
F-63

 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Note to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
 
 
       Tenda capital contribution
 
On March 10, 2011, Tenda shareholders approved a capital contribution by using credits of R$210,304, related to the Future Capital Contributions carried out by the Company until December 31, 2010. The issue of 74,260 new book-entry common shares, with no par value, was fully subscribed for by the Company.
 
24
Supplemental Information - Pro Forma Consolidated Financial Information
 
Unaudited condensed pro forma consolidated selected financial information for 2008 and 2007, which assume the acquisition of Tenda (Note 8) had occurred as of the beginning of each fiscal year is as follows:
 
   
2008
   
2007
 
    (Unaudited)     (Unaudited)  
             
Net operating revenue
    2,061,384       1,443,338  
Net income
    45,570       84,166  
Shares outstanding at the end of the year (in thousands)
    129,963       129,452  
Earnings per thousand shares outstanding at the end of the year - R$
    0.35       0.65  
 
This pro forma statement has been prepared for comparative purposes only and is not intended to be indicative of what the Company's results would have been had the acquisition occurred at the beginning of the periods presented or the results which may occur in the future.
 
25
Supplemental Information - Summary of Principal
Differences between Brazilian GAAP and US GAAP
 
(a)
Description of the GAAP differences
 
The Company's accounting policies comply with, and its consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with Brazilian GAAP. At December 31, 2008,
 
 
 
F-64

 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Note to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
 
the Company has retroactively applied the changes in Brazilian GAAP introduced by the newly formed CPC and the provisions of Law 11638/2007 as from January 1, 2006 (Note 2(a)).
 
The financial information under US GAAP reflects the retrospective adoption of the standard regarding Noncontrolling Interests in Consolidated Financial Statements as of and for the years ended December 31, 2008 and 2007. This standard clarifies that a noncontrolling interest in a consolidated subsidiary is an ownership interest in the consolidated entity that should be reported within equity in the consolidated financial statements, as shown in the consolidated balance sheets and in the consolidated statements of shareholders’ equity. Net income and comprehensive income are reported in the consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income at the consolidated amounts, which include the amounts attributable to the Company’s shareholders and the noncontrolling interest.
 
A summary of the Company's principal accounting policies under Brazilian GAAP that differ significantly from US GAAP is set forth below.
 
On July 1, 2009, the United States Financial Accounting Standards Board (the “FASB”) issued the FASB Accounting Standards Codification (the “ASC” or “Codification”), which became the single source of authoritative non-SEC US GAAP for non governmental entities. The FASB no longer issues new standards in the form of Statements, FASB Staff Positions, or EITF Abstracts. New US GAAP standards are issued in the form of an Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”), which includes revisions to the Codification. ASU’s are not authoritative in their own right; only the content in the Codification itself, as revised by the FASB, is authoritative. United States Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) rules and interpretive releases are also authoritative for SEC registrants, including the Company.
 
(i)
Principles of consolidation
 
Under Brazilian GAAP, the consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Gafisa S.A. and those of all its subsidiaries listed in Note 8. The proportional consolidation method is used for investments in jointly-controlled investees, which are all governed by shareholders' agreements; accordingly, the assets, liabilities, revenues and costs are consolidated based on the proportion of the equity interest held in the capital of the corresponding investee.
 
Under US GAAP, because such investments provide substantive participating rights granted to the noncontrolling shareholder, they preclude the Company from consolidating the entities. Accordingly, for purposes of US GAAP these investments are accounted for on the equity method of accounting.
 
 
 
F-65

 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Note to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
 
Under US GAAP, proportional consolidation is permitted only in limited circumstances, including for the construction sector. Accordingly, for purposes of US GAAP the remaining investments are accounted for on the equity method of accounting. Although these differences in GAAP do not affect the Company's net income or shareholders' equity, the line items in the consolidated balance sheet and statement of income are affected.
 
(ii)
Cash equivalents and marketable securities
 
Brazilian GAAP does not consider the maturity date to determine if a financial instrument should be classified as cash equivalent or a marketable security.  For US GAAP all highly liquid investments with a maturity of three months or less from the date of purchase are considered to be cash equivalent.
 
The Company has designated its marketable securities as trading for US GAAP purposes.  For Brazilian GAAP purposes such financial instruments are classified as cash equivalents.  For both BR and US GAAP, these changes in fair value are recorded through income.
 
(iii)
Revenue recognition
 
Under Brazilian GAAP, real estate development and retail land sales revenues, costs and related expenses are recognized using the percentage-of-completion method of accounting,  by project ,measuring progress towards completion in terms of actual costs incurred versus total budgeted expenditures for each stage of a development. Land is treated as a portion of budgeted construction costs and is appropriated proportionally to development. Under the percentage-of-completion method of accounting, revenues for work completed are recognized prior to receipt of actual cash proceeds or vice-versa. Revenues starts to be recognized under the percentage-of-completion, when the Company is no longer able to cancel the launched project, after the sales period established by law.
 
Under US GAAP for sale of individual units in a building the Company follows the guidance of ASC 360-20-40-50 to recognize the sale by the percentage-of-completion method, only when the individual units in condominium projects are sold separately and all the following criteria are met:
 
a. Construction is beyond a preliminary stage: Construction is not beyond a preliminary stage if engineering and design work, execution of construction contracts, site clearance and preparation, excavation, and completion of the building foundation are incomplete.
 
 
 
F-66

 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Note to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
 
b. The buyer is committed to the extent of being unable to require a refund except for non delivery of the unit.
 
c. Sufficient units have already been sold to assure that the entire property will not revert to rental property.
 
d. Sales prices are collectible.
 
e. Aggregate sales proceeds and costs can be reasonably estimated.
 
Collectability of the sales price is demonstrated by the buyer’s commitment to pay for the property, and there is a reasonable likelihood that the Company will collect the receivable.  which in turn is supported by substantial initial and continuing investments. When determining if he buyer´s initial and continuing investments are adequate, the potentially refundable amount, through judicial or other means, is considered determined  based on contractual termination clauses, is excluded, pursuant to USGAAP ASC 360.20.40, This standard requires amounts potentially refundable to a customer to be excluded from the initial and continuing investment test required by ASC 306.20.20, applicable prospectively as from January 1, 2008.
 
Under US GAAP for retail land sales of lots that are subdivisions of large tracts of land the Company recognize the sale by the percentage-of-completion method following ASC 976 605-25-4 and 25-6 – Retail Land, which criteria are as follows:
 
 
a.
The period of cancellation with refund has expired;
 
b.
Cumulative payments equal or exceed 10 percent;
 
c.
Receivables are collectible;
 
d.
Receivables are not subject to subordination;
 
e.
There has been progress on improvements. The project's improvements have progressed beyond preliminary stages, and there are indications that the work will be completed according to plan;
 
f.
Development is practical. There is a reasonable expectation that the land can be developed for the purposes represented and the properties will be useful for those purposes at the end of the normal payment period.
 
 
(iv)
Capitalized interest
 
Under Brazilian GAAP and US GAAP - ASC 835-20 – Capitalization Interest (formerly FAS 34) the Company capitalizes interest as a part of the historical cost of acquiring or construction of assets. If an asset requires a period of time in which to carry out the activities necessary to bring it to that condition and location, the interest cost incurred during that period as a result of expenditures for the asset is a part of the historical cost of acquiring or construction of the asset intended for sale that are constructed as separate and discrete projects. The Company capitalizes interest at the date of acquisition of the land, if there is any activity in progress.
 
 
 
F-67

 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Note to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
 
Before 2006 the Company capitalized interest under BR GAAP only for the loans directly attributed to an ongoing project of construction of a real estate venture. From 2006 for USGAAP purposes, the capitalization of interest was recorded as a weighted-average of the total loans that the Company had for the years ended of the financial statements. Due to the fact above a difference of GAAP was created for the projects that exist in 2006. The GAAP difference is amortizing year to year based on the sales and conclusion of the projects for which the interests were capitalized.
 
For purposes of the US GAAP shareholders' equity reconciliation, R$ 5,771 was adjusted as at December 31, 2009 and 2008 and R$ 15,128 as at December 31, 2007. For the purposes of the US GAAP net income reconciliation, R$ (9,357) and R$ (32,544) were adjusted for the years ended December 31, 2008 and 2007.
 
(v)
Stock option plan
 
Under Brazilian GAAP, the rights to acquire shares granted to employees and executive officers under the stock options plan were recorded as an expense as from January 1, 2006, the transition date for the adoption of Law 11638/2007. Previously, under Brazilian GAAP, the stock option plans did not result in any expense being recorded. The purchase of the stock by the employees is recorded as an increase in capital stock for the amount of the purchase price. Under Law 11638/2007 and the accounting guidance provided by CPC No. 10, the stock option plans are treated as equity awards and measured at fair value at the grant date, no further adjustments are made at the balance sheet dates to reflect changes in fair values.
 
Under US GAAP, beginning in 2006, the Company adopted the new US GAAP standard for Share-based Payment. As the awards are indexed to the IGP-M plus annual interest of 3%, the employee share options have been accounted for as liability awards under the terms of US GAAP. The liability-classified awards are remeasured at fair value through the statement of income at each reporting period until settlement. Remeasurement of liability awards can either result in the recognition of additional, or the reversal of compensation expense. The fair value of employee share options and similar instruments is estimated using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model for the years ended December 31, 2008 and 2007 (Note 25(c) (ii)), and thereafter using the Binomial and Monte Carlo models.
 
For purposes of the US GAAP net income (loss) and shareholders' equity reconciliations, stock option compensation income (expenses) of R$ 7,194, R$ 53,819 and R$ 22,684 for the years ended December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007, comprised by (i) a reversal of stock option expenses recognized under Brazilian GAAP of R$14,427, R$26,138 and R$17,820 for the years ended December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007, respectively; and (ii) a reversal (expense) of stock option compensation expense under
 
 
 
F-68

 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Note to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
 
US GAAP of R$(7,233); R$27,681 and R$4,864 for the years ended December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007, respectively. A reduction of equity of R$ 3,939, R$ 2,221 and R$ 29,356 was recorded at December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007.
 
(vi)
Earnings per share
 
Under Brazilian GAAP, net income per share is calculated based on the number of shares outstanding at the balance sheet date. Brazilian GAAP does not require a retroactive adjustment for stock split.
 
Under US GAAP,  the presentation of earnings per share is required for public companies, including earnings per share from continuing operations and net income per share on the face of the income statement, and the per share effect of changes in accounting principles, discontinued operations and extraordinary items either on the face of the income statement or in a note. A dual presentation is required: basic and diluted. Computations of basic and diluted earnings per share data should be based on the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the period and all dilutive potential shares outstanding during each period presented, respectively.

 
On February 22, 2010, a stock split of our common shares was approved, giving effect to the split of one existing share into two new issued shares, increasing the number of then outstanding shares from 167,077,137 to 334,154,274. As required by US GAAP, all information relating to the numbers of shares and ADSs have been adjusted retroactively to reflect the stock split on February 22, 2010.
 
The Company has issued employee stock options (Note 15.2), the dilutive effects of which are reflected in diluted earnings per share by application of the "treasury stock method". Under the treasury stock method, earnings per share are calculated as if options were exercised at the beginning of the period, or at time of issuance, if later, and as if the funds received were used to purchase the Company's own stock. When the stock options' exercise price was greater than the average market price of shares, diluted earnings per share are not affected by the stock options. Under US GAAP, potentially dilutive securities are not considered in periods where there is a loss as the impact would be anti dilutive. For the year ended December 31, 2009, 1,960,250 potentially dilutive stock options were not considered.
 
The table below presents the determination of net income available (loss allocated) to Common shareholders and weighted average Common shares outstanding used to calculate basic and diluted earnings (loss) per share.
 
 
 
F-69

 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Note to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
 
 
   
2009 as
originally presented
   
Restatement
adjustments
   
2009 as restated
 
                   
Basic numerator
                 
Dividends proposed
    50,716       -       50,716  
U.S. GAAP undistributed earnings (loss)
    (87,394 )     (365,995 )     (453,389 )
                         
Allocated U.S. GAAP undistributed earnings (loss) available for Common shareholders
    (36,678 )     (365,995 )     (402,673 )
                         
Basic denominator (in thousands of shares)
                       
Weighted-average number of shares (i)
    267,174       267,174       267,174  
                         
Basic earnings (loss) per share – U.S. GAAP - R$
    (0.1373 )     (1.3699 )     (1.5072 )
                         
Diluted numerator
                       
Dividends proposed
    50,716       -       50,716  
U.S. GAAP undistributed earnings (loss)
    (87,394 )     (365,995 )     (453,389 )
                         
Allocated U.S. GAAP undistributed earnings (loss) available for Common shareholders
    (36,678 )     (365,995 )     (402,673 )
                         
Diluted denominator (in thousands of shares)
                       
Weighted-average number of shares (i)
    267,174       267,174       267,174  
Stock options
    -       -       -  
                         
Diluted weighted-average number of shares
    267,174       267,174       267,174  
                         
Diluted earnings (loss) per share – U.S. GAAP - R$
    (0.1373 )     (1.3699 )     (1.5072 )
 
 
   
2008 as
originally
presented
   
Restatement
adjustments
   
2008 as restated
 
                   
Basic numerator
                 
Dividends proposed
    26,104       -       26,104  
U.S. GAAP undistributed earnings (loss)
    273,554       (26,849 )     246,705  
                         
Allocated U.S. GAAP undistributed earnings (loss) available for Common shareholders
    299,658       (26,849 )     272,809  
                         
Basic denominator (in thousands of shares)
                       
Weighted-average number of shares (i)
    259,341       259,341       259,341  
                         
Basic earnings (loss) per share – U.S. GAAP - R$
    1.1555       (0.1035 )     1.0519  
                         
Diluted numerator
                       
Dividends proposed
    26,104       -       26,104  
U.S. GAAP undistributed earnings (loss)
    273,554       (26,849 )     246,707  
                         
Allocated U.S. GAAP undistributed earnings (loss) available for Common shareholders
    299,658       (26,849 )     272,809  
 
 
 
 
F-70

 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Note to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
 
   
2008 as
originally
presented
   
Restatement
adjustments
   
2008 as restated
 
                   
Diluted denominator (in thousands of shares)
                       
Weighted-average number of shares (i)
    259,341       259,341       259,341  
Stock options
    956       956       956  
                         
Diluted weighted-average number of shares
    260,297       260,297       260,297  
                         
Diluted earnings (loss) per share – U.S. GAAP - R$
    1.1512       (0.1032 )     1.0485  
 
 
   
2007 as
originally
presented
   
Restatement
adjustments
   
2007 as restated
 
                   
Basic numerator
                 
Dividends proposed
    26,981       -       26,981  
U.S. GAAP undistributed earnings (loss)
    36,481       (32,892 )     3,590  
                         
Allocated U.S. GAAP undistributed earnings (loss) available for Common shareholders
    63,462       (32,892 )     30,570  
                         
Basic denominator (in thousands of shares)
                       
Weighted-average number of shares (i)
    252,063       252,063       252,063  
                         
Basic earnings (loss) per share – U.S. GAAP - R$
    0.2518       (0.1305 )     0.1213  
                         
Diluted numerator
                       
Dividends proposed
    26,981       -       26,981  
U.S. GAAP undistributed earnings (loss)
    36,481       (32,892 )     3,590  
                         
Allocated U.S. GAAP undistributed earnings (loss) available for Common shareholders
    63,462       (32,892 )     30,570  
                         
Diluted denominator (in thousands of shares)
                       
Weighted-average number of shares (i)
    252,063       252,063       252,063  
Stock options
    1,154       1,154       1,154  
                         
Diluted weighted-average number of shares
    253,217       253,217       253,217  
                         
Diluted earnings (loss) per share – U.S. GAAP - R$
    0.2506       (0.1299 )     0.1207  
 
 
(i)
All share amounts have been adjusted retrospectively to reflect the 1:2 stock split approved by the shareholders’ meeting on February 22, 2010.
 
 
 (vii)
Business combinations
 
Under Brazilian GAAP, goodwill arises from the difference between the amount paid and the Brazilian GAAP book value (normally also the tax basis) of the net assets acquired. This goodwill is normally attributed to the difference between the book value and the market value of assets acquired or justified based on expectation of future
 
 
 
F-71

 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Note to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
 
profitability and is amortized over the remaining useful lives of the assets or up to ten years. As indicated in Note 3 (n), effective January 1, 2009, goodwill is no longer amortized under Brazilian GAAP. Negative goodwill arises under Brazilian GAAP when the book value of assets acquired exceeds the purchase consideration; negative goodwill is not generally amortized but is realized upon disposal of the investment, except when it is based on future results. For US GAAP purpose, when a business combination process generates negative goodwill, this amount is allocated first to non-current assets acquired and any remaining amount is recognized as an extraordinary gain. Additionally, investments in affiliates, including the corresponding goodwill on the acquisition of such affiliates are tested, at least, annually for impairment.
 
Under US GAAP, fair values are assigned to acquired assets and liabilities in business combinations, including identifiable assets. Any residual amount is allocated to goodwill. Goodwill is not amortized but, instead, is assigned to an entity's reporting unit and tested for impairment at least annually. The differences in relation to Brazilian GAAP arise principally from the measurement of the consideration paid under US GAAP using the fair value of shares and put options issued, and the effects of amortization which are not recorded for US GAAP purposes (goodwill amortization is also no longer recorded for Brazilian GAAP purposes effective January 1, 2009).
 
For Brazilian GAAP purposes, the net balance of goodwill at December 31, 2009 was R$ 195,088 (2008 – R$ 195,296 and 2007 – R$ 207,400), which was being amortized to income over a period of up to 10 years until December 31, 2008; negative goodwill at December 31, 2009 was R$ 9,408 (2008 – R$ 18,522 and 2007 - R$ 32,223) which was classified as "Negative Goodwill on acquisition of subsidiaries"; and the negative goodwill on the Tenda acquisition of R$ 169,394 was classified at "Deferred gain on sale of investment" at December 31, 2008.
 
For US GAAP purposes, the total net balance of goodwill at December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007 was R$ 31,416.
 
(a)
Tenda transaction

Under Brazilian GAAP, the acquisition was consummated on October 21, 2008. As part of the acquisition of a controlling interest in Tenda, the Company contributed the net assets of FIT Residencial amounting to R$ 411,241, acquiring 60% of the shareholders' equity of Tenda (book value of the 60% interest representing an investment in net assets of R$ 621,643), which had a total shareholders' equity book value of R$ 1,036,072.
 
 
 
F-72

 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Note to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
 
Under Brazilian GAAP, the sale of the 40% ownership interest in FIT Residencial to Tenda shareholders in exchange for the Tenda shares generated negative goodwill of R$ 210,402, reflecting the gain on the sale of the interest in FIT Residencial. Through December 31, 2009, this negative goodwill was amortized over the average construction period (through delivery of the units) of the real estate ventures of FIT Residencial at October 21, 2008. During the year ended December 31, 2009, the Company amortized the remaining total amount of R$ 169,394 of the negative goodwill, represented by the gain on partial sale of Fit Residencial. From October 22 to December 31, 2008 under Brazilian GAAP, the Company amortized R$ 41,008 of the negative goodwill, represented by the gain on the partial sale of Fit Residencial.

Under US GAAP, the Company recorded the transfer of Fit Residencial as a partial sale to the noncontrolling shareholders of Tenda and a gain of R$ 205,527 was recorded in the net income for the year ended December 31, 2008. For purposes of the reconciliation of net income from Brazilian GAAP to US GAAP, the Company also reversed the amortization of the deferred gain under Brazilian GAAP of R$ 169,394 (R$41,008 for the period from October 22, 2008 through December 31, 2008). The recognition of gain upon exchange of 40% ownership interest in FIT Residencial for 60% ownership interest in Tenda is presented as follows:
 
Tenda purchase consideration
    367,703  
FIT Residencial US GAAP book value (40%)
    155,554  
         
      212,149  
 
Under US GAAP, the total cost of the acquisition has been allocated to the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed based on their respective fair values. Acquired intangible assets include, R$ 73,038 assigned to existing development contracts, which are amortized over the estimated useful lives up to 5 years. For the years ended December 31, 2009 and 2008, the amounts of R$ 11,851 and R$ 2,337 were amortized, respectively. At December 31, 2009, accumulated amortization was R$ 14,188, and the remaining net book value of R$ 58,850 will be amortized ratably through October 2013. And R$ 54,741 was assigned to registered trademarks, which were determined to have indefinite useful lives, and are not amortized, but are tested for impairment at least annually.
 
 
 
F-73

 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Note to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
 
The fair value allocation on the assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the acquisition date are as follows:
 
   
Fair value - %
 
             
   
At 100
   
At 60
 
             
Current assets
    539,741       323,845  
Long-term receivables
    252,453       151,472  
Properties for sale - non current
    174,168       104,501  
Intangible assets
    42,449       25,469  
Other assets
    101,191       60,714  
                 
Total assets acquired
    1,110,002       666,001  
                 
Total liabilities assumed
    (497,164 )     (298,298 )
                 
Net assets acquired
    612,838       367,703  
 
As mentioned in Note 1, on December 30, 2009, the shareholders of Gafisa and Tenda approved the merger by Gafisa of total outstanding shares issued by Tenda. Because of the merger, Tenda became a wholly-owned subsidiary of Gafisa on this date.
 
(b)
Alphaville transaction
 
On October 2, 2006, the Company signed an agreement to acquire 100% of the capital of Alphaville, a company which develops and sells residential lots throughout Brazil. This transaction was consummated on January 8, 2007 and was approved by the Brazilian anti-trust authority (CADE) on June 18, 2007 without any restriction. The Company initially acquired 60% of Alphaville's shares for R$ 198,400, of which R$20,000 was paid in cash and the remaining R$ 178,400 in the Company's own shares. In connection with the acquisition, the Company issued 6,358,616 new Common shares with a book value of R$ 134,029 which were contributed in full settlement of the amount due in shares as part of the purchase consideration. For purpose of determining the purchase consideration, the fair value of these shares was based on the average BM&FBOVESPA quoted stock price over a thirty day period prior to the date the agreement was signed. The Company has a commitment to purchase the remaining 40% of Alphaville's capital, not yet measurable and consequently not recorded, that will be based on a fair value appraisal of Alphaville prepared at the future acquisition dates. The acquisition agreement provides that the Company has a commitment to purchase the remaining 40% of Alphaville (20% in 2010 and the remaining 20% in 2012) in cash or shares, at the Company's sole discretion. On March 8, 2010, the Company announced the increase of its participation in Alphaville’s capital
 
 
 
F-74

 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Note to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
 
in 20%, as per the purchase agreement.  The acquisition of 20% of Alphaville’s capital corresponds to an amount of R$ 126,490 which will be paid based on issuance of 9,797,792 common shares (after the effect of the February 22, 2010 stock split) of Gafisa’s capital.
 
Under US GAAP, the total cost of the acquisition has been allocated to the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed based on their respective fair values. Goodwill, none of which is deductible for tax purposes, and other intangibles recorded in connection with the acquisition totaled R$ 4,052 and R$ 184,656, respectively.
 
Under US GAAP, acquired intangible assets include, R$ 168,072 assigned to existing development contracts, which is being amortized as developments are sold and R$ 16,583 assigned to registered trademarks, which were determined to have indefinite useful lives, and are not amortized, but are tested for impairment at least annually.
 
The fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the acquisition date are as follows:
 
   
Fair value - %
 
             
   
At 100
   
At 60
 
             
Current assets
    69,371       41,623  
Long-term receivables
    73,478       44,087  
Other assets
    17,379       10,427  
Intangible assets
    307,760       184,656  
                 
Total assets acquired
    467,988       280,793  
                 
Total liabilities assumed
    (144,064 )     (86,438 )
                 
Net assets acquired
    323,924       194,355  
 
For the year ended December 31, 2009, the Company amortized R$ 16,786 (2008 – R$ 19,185 and 2007 - R$ 2,917) of the fair value assigned in the purchase price allocation. At December 31, 2009, accumulated amortization was R$ 38,888 and the remaining net book value of R$ 97,400 is being amortized as incurred.
 
 (c)
Cipesa transaction
 
On October 26, 2007, the Company acquired 70% of Cipesa. The Company and Cipesa formed a new company, Cipesa Empreendimentos Imobiliários Ltda. ("Nova
 
 
 
F-75

 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Note to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
 
Cipesa"), in which Gafisa has 70% of the capital and Cipesa has 30%. Gafisa contributed to Nova Cipesa R$ 50,000 in cash and acquired shares of Cipesa in Nova Cipesa in the amount of R$ 15,000 payable over one year. Additionally, Cipesa is entitled to receive from the Company a variable portion of 2% of the Total Sales Value ("VGV") of the projects launched by Nova Cipesa through 2014, not to exceed R$ 25,000, totaling the acquisition amount of R$ 90,000.
 
Under US GAAP, the total cost of the acquisition has been allocated to the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed based on their respective fair values. Goodwill, none of which is deductible for tax purposes, and inventory recorded in connection with the acquisition totaled R$ 24,091 and R$ 51,597, respectively.
 
The fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the acquisition date are as follows:
 
   
Fair value - %
 
             
   
At 100
   
At 70
 
             
Current assets
    96,675       67,673  
Other assets
    8       5  
                 
Total assets acquired
    96,683       67,678  
                 
Total liabilities assumed
    (2,527 )     (1,769 )
                 
Net assets acquired
    94,156       65,909  
 
(d)
Redevco transaction
 
Through November 2007, the Company held interests in investees together with Redevco through special purpose entities, as follow: Blue I (66.67%), Blue II (50%), Jardim Lorean (50%) and Sunplace (50%). In November 2007, the Company acquired the remaining interests in each entity for R$ 40,000.
 
Under US GAAP, the total cost of the acquisition has been allocated to the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed based on their respective fair values. Negative goodwill for those entities totaled R$ 11,434, which was allocated as a pro rata reduction to the acquired assets. This negative goodwill results primarily from market and business conditions, in which the fair value assigned mainly to inventories and receivables exceeded the respective acquisition cost.
 
The combined fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the acquisition date are as follows:
 
 
 
F-76

 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Note to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
 
   
Combined
fair value
at 100%
 
       
Current assets
    139,983  
Long-term receivables
    16,813  
Other assets
    170  
         
Total assets acquired
    156,966  
         
Total liabilities assumed
    (76,745 )
         
Net assets acquired
    80,221  
 
(viii)
Fair value option for financial liabilities

Under Brazilian GAAP, pursuant to CPC No. 14, the Company elected to apply the "fair value option" for certain working capital loans since 2007.

US GAAP permits companies to choose to measure many financial instruments and certain other items at fair value in order to mitigate volatility in reported earnings caused by measuring related assets and liabilities differently without having to apply complex hedge accounting provisions. The Company adopted the new USGAAP standard at January 1, 2008 and elected to adopt the fair value option for working capital loans denominated in foreign currency (Note 10). The difference in relation to Brazilian GAAP arises from the adoption date for the fair value measurement. For purposes of the US GAAP shareholders' equity and net income reconciliation, R$ 207 was adjusted as at and for the year ended December 31, 2007, and was reversed in the net income reconciliation for the year ended December 31, 2008

(ix)
Classification of balance sheet line items

Under Brazilian GAAP, the classification of certain balance sheet items is presented differently from US GAAP. The Company has recast its consolidated balance sheet under Brazilian GAAP to present a condensed consolidated balance sheet in accordance with US GAAP (Note 25(d)(i)). The reclassifications are summarized as follows:

·
Under US GAAP, the proportional consolidation of investees and subsidiaries is eliminated and in its place the associated companies are presented using the
 
 
 
F-77

 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Note to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 

 
equity method of accounting and controlled subsidiaries are fully consolidated presenting their respective noncontrolling interests.
 
 
·
Under Brazilian GAAP financial instruments with maturity dates of three months or greater are presented as cash equivalents.  For US GAAP purposes these financial instruments are presented in a separate caption as marketable securities.

 
·
Under Brazilian GAAP, restricted cash is presented as cash equivalent in the balance sheet.  For US GAAP purposes, restricted cash is presented separately outside of cash equivalents.

 
·
Under BR GAAP accounts receivable present value adjustment and monetary variation are recorded in the operating revenue. For US GAAP purpose the realization of accounts receivable present value adjustment and monetary variation are classified in the financial income/expense.

 
·
For purposes of US GAAP, the sale of receivables is not considered a true sale, if the entities do not meet the pre-requisites of a qualifying special purpose entity, as defined by US GAAP. These receivables from clients continue to be reported as receivable balances. The cash proceeds received from the transfer of the receivables are presented as a liability. For purpose of the presentation of the balance sheet, R$ 11,410, R$12,843 and R$ 22,390 were adjusted for US GAAP as at December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007, reflecting an increase in receivables from clients, which is offset by an increase of a liability.

 
·
Under Brazilian GAAP, the deferred gain recorded on the acquisition of the Diodon receivables portfolio is recorded on the balance sheet in Negative goodwill on acquisition of subsidiaries. Under US GAAP, the gain is treated as a component of the fair value of the assets acquired.
 
 
·
Under Brazilian GAAP certain court-mandated escrow deposits made into escrow are netted against the corresponding contingency provisions. For purposes of US GAAP, as these do not meet the right of offset criteria, such deposits are presented as assets and not netted against liabilities.
 
·
Under Brazilian GAAP, debt issuance costs are netted against the loan balance, whereas under US GAAP such costs are presented net of accumulated amortization, as deferred expenses in current and non-current assets.

·
Under Brazilian GAAP, deferred income taxes are not netted and assets are shown
 
 
 
F-78

 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Note to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 

 
separately from liabilities. For US GAAP purposes, deferred tax assets and liabilities are netted and classified as current or non-current based on the classification of the underlying temporary difference.
 
·
Under Brazilian GAAP, noncontrolling interests are recorded as noncontrolling interests shown separately from equity. For US GAAP purposes, noncontrolling interests are reported within equity of noncontrolling interests in the consolidated financial statements.

(x)
Classification of statement of income line items

Under Brazilian GAAP, in addition to the issues noted above, the classification of certain income and expense items is presented differently from US GAAP. The Company has recast its statement of income prepared under the Brazilian GAAP to present a condensed consolidated statement of income (loss) in accordance with US GAAP (Note 25(d)(ii)). The reclassifications are summarized as follows:

·
Brazilian listed companies are required to present the investment in jointly-controlled associated companies on the proportional consolidation method. For purposes of US GAAP, the Company has eliminated the effects of the proportional consolidation and reflected its interest in the results of investees on a single line item (Equity in results) in the recast consolidated statement of income (loss) under US GAAP.
 
·
Interest income and interest expense, together with other financial charges, are displayed within operating income in the statement of income presented in accordance with Brazilian GAAP. Such amounts have been reclassified to non-operating income and expenses in the condensed consolidated statement of income (loss) in accordance with US GAAP.

·
The net income differences between Brazilian GAAP and US GAAP (Note 25(b)(i)) were incorporated in the statement of income (loss) in accordance with US GAAP.

·
Under Brazilian GAAP, noncontrolling interests are recorded and displayed as a reduction of income before noncontrolling interests in arriving at net income. For US GAAP purposes, noncontrolling interests are reported as a reduction of net income in arriving at net income attributable to Gafisa.


 
F-79

 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Note to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 

(b)
Reconciliation of significant differences between
Brazilian GAAP and US GAAP

(i)
Net income
 
 
 
 
Note
 
2009
(restated)
 
2008
(restated)
 
2007
(restated)
 
                 
Net income under Brazilian GAAP
   
213,540
 
109,921
 
91,640
 
Revenue recognition - net operating revenue
25(a)(iii)
 
(1,611,056
)
 (232,186
)
(240,335
)
Revenue recognition - operating costs
25(a)(iii)
 
981,935
 
168,009
 
144,201
 
Amortization of capitalized interest
25(a)(iv)
 
-
 
(9,357
)
(32,544
)
Stock compensation (expense) reversal
25(a)(v)
 
7,194
 
53,819
 
22,684
 
Reversal of goodwill amortization of Alphaville
25(a)(vii)
 
-
 
10,734
 
7,500
 
Reversal of negative goodwill amortization of Redevco and Tenda
25(a)(vii)
 
(178,508
)
(53,819
)
-
 
Gain on the transfer of FIT Residencial
25(a)(vii)
 
-
 
212,149
 
-
 
Business Combination of Tenda and Redevco
25(a)(vii)
 
(2,973
)
(1,543
)
-
 
Business Combination of Alphaville
25(a)(vii)
 
(16,786
)
(19,185
)
(2,917
)
Fair value option of financial liabilities
25(a)(viii)
 
-
 
(207
)
207
 
Reversal of provision contracts terminated
   
13,826
 
11,197
 
-
 
Other, net
   
49
 
(4,420
)
370
 
Reclassification of non controlling interest
   
30,178
 
34,031
 
-
 
Noncontrolling interests on adjustments above
   
36,188
 
6,839
 
1,994
 
Tenda’s share issuance cost
   
11,072
     
-
 
Deferred income tax on adjustments above
   
112,669
 
(13,174
)
37,770
 
                 
Net income (loss) attributable to Gafisa under US GAAP
   
(402,672
)
272,809
 
30,570
 
                 
Net income attributable to the noncontrolling interests under US GAAP
   
30,368
 
17,485
 
15,236
 
                 
Net income (loss) under US GAAP
   
(372,305
)
290,294
 
45,806
 
 
 
 
 
F-80

 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Note to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
 
 
Note
 
2009
(restated)
 
2008
(restated)
 
2007
(restated)
 
                 
Weighted-average number of shares outstanding in the year (in thousands) (i)
               
Common shares
   
267,174
 
259,341
 
252,063
 
Earnings (loss) per share
               
Common (i)
               
Basic
   
(1.35072
)
1.0519
 
0.1213
 
Diluted
   
(1.5072
)
1.0485
 
0.1207
 
Reconciliation from US GAAP net income (loss) attributable to Gafisa to US GAAP net income (loss) available to Common shareholders
               
US GAAP net income (loss)
   
(402,672
)
272,809
 
30,570
 
       
 
       
US GAAP net income (loss) available to Common shareholders (basic and diluted earnings)
   
(402,672
)
272,809
 
30,570
 
 
(i)
All share amounts have been adjusted retrospectively to reflect the 1 for 2 share split on February 22, 2010.
 
(ii)
Shareholders' equity
 
   
Note
 
2009
(restated)
 
2008
(restated)
 
2007
(restated)
 
                   
Shareholders' equity under Brazilian GAAP
     
2,325,634
 
1,612,419
 
1,498,728
 
Revenue recognition - net operating revenue
 
25(a)(iii)
 
(2,647,360
)
(1,036,304)
 
(291,655
)
Revenue recognition - operating costs
 
25(a)(iii)
 
1,651,904
 
669,969
 
185,813
 
Capitalized interest
 
25(a)(iv)
 
99,897
 
99,897
 
99,897
 
Amortization of capitalized interest
 
25(a)(iv)
 
(94,126
)
(94,126
)
(84,769
)
Liability-classified stock options
 
25(a)(v)
 
(3,939
)
(2,221
)
(29,356
)
Receivables from clients
 
25(a)(ix)
 
11,410
 
12,843
 
22,390
 
Liability assumed
 
25(a)(ix)
 
(11,410
)
(12,843
)
(22,390
)
Financial liability
 
25(a)(viii)
 
-
 
-
 
207
 
Reversal of goodwill amortization of Alphaville
 
25(a)(vii)
 
18,234
 
18,234
 
7,500
 
Reversal of negative goodwill amortization of Redevco and Tenda
 
25(a)(vii)
 
(232,327
)
(53,819
)
-
 
Gain on the transfer of FIT Residencial
 
25(a)(vii)
 
212,149
 
212,149
 
-
 
Business Combination – Tenda and Redevco
 
25(a)(vii)
 
78,744
 
81,717
 
-
 
Business Combination – Alphaville
 
25(a)(vii)
 
(38,888
)
(22,102
)
(2,917
)
   Reclassification of non controlling interests
     
64,209
 
34,031
     
Other, net
     
24,429
 
11,407
 
(339
)
Noncontrolling interests on adjustments above
     
56,425
 
20,237
 
185
 
Deferred income tax on adjustments above
     
225,889
 
113,220
 
23,972
 
                   
Gafisa shareholders' equity under US GAAP
     
1,740,874
 
1,664,709
 
1,407,266
 
                   
Noncontrolling interests under US GAAP
     
16,087
 
431,425
 
50,074
 
                   
Total shareholders’ equity under US GAAP
     
1,756,961
 
2,096,134
 
1,457,340
 
 
 
 
F-81

 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Note to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
 
Condensed changes in total shareholders'
equity under US GAAP
 
   
2009
(restated)
   
2008
(restated)
   
2007
(restated)
 
                   
At beginning of the year
    2,096,134       1,457,341       796,301  
Capital increase, net of issuance expenses
    9,736       7,671       476,159  
Capital increase – Alphaville
    -       -       134,029  
Sale of treasury shares
    82,046       -       -  
Net income (loss) attributable to Gafisa
    (402,673 )     272,809       30,570  
Tenda’s shares issuance cost
    (11,072 )                
Minimum mandatory dividend
    (50,716 )     (26,104 )     (26,981 )
Additional 2006 dividends
    -       -       (50 )
Noncontrolling interests
    (17,210 )     384,417       47,312  
                         
At end of the year
    1,756,961       2,096,134       1,457,340  
 
   
2009 (restated)
 
             
   
Gafisa
   
Non controlling
interests
 
             
At beginning of the year
    1,664,709       431,425  
Capital increase, net of issuance expenses
    9,736       -  
Merger of Tenda’s shares
    448,844       (448,844 )
Sale of treasury shares
    82,046       -  
Net income (loss)
    (402,673 )     30,368  
Tenda’s shares issuance cost
    (11,072 )     -  
Minimum mandatory dividend
    (50,716 )     -  
Other, net
    -       3,138  
                 
At end of the year
    1,740,874       16,087  

 
 
F-82

 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Note to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
 
Condensed shareholders' equity
under US GAAP

   
2009
(restated)
   
2008
(restated)
   
2007
(restated)
 
                   
Shareholders' equity
                 
Common shares, comprising 333,554,788 shares outstanding (2008 - 259,925,092; 2007 - 258,904,242)
    1,586,184       1,199,498       1,191,827  
Treasury shares
    (1,731 )     (14,595 )     (14,595 )
Appropriated retained earnings
    156,421       479,806       148,257  
Unappropriated retained earnings
    -       -       81,777  
                         
Total Gafisa shareholders’ equity
    1,740,874       1,664,706       1,407,266  
                         
Noncontrolling interests
    16,087       431,425       50,074  
                         
Total shareholders’ equity
    1,756,961       2,096,134       1,457,340  

 (c)
US GAAP supplemental information

(i)
Recent US GAAP accounting pronouncements

The Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) recently issued a number of Statements of Financial Accounting Standards and interpretations; the standards and interpretations described below have not had or are not expected to have a material impact on the financial position and results of operations of the Company, unless otherwise indicated.

(a)
Accounting pronouncements adopted
 
In December 2007, the FASB issued a new standard on accounting for business combinations, which replaced a prior standard. This statement retains the fundamental requirements of the prior standard that the acquisition method of accounting (which was called the purchase method) be used for all business combinations and for an acquirer to be identified for each business combination. This statement defines the acquirer as the entity that obtains control of one or more businesses in the business combination and establishes the acquisition date as the date that the acquirer achieves control. The prior standard did not define the acquirer, although it included guidance on identifying the acquirer, as does this Statement. This statement’s scope is broader than that of the prior standard, which applied only to business combinations in which control was obtained by transferring consideration.
 
 
 
F-83

 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Note to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
 
The result of applying this prior guidance on recognizing and measuring assets and liabilities in a step acquisition was to measure them at a blend of historical costs and fair values, a practice that provided less relevant, representationally faithful, and comparable information than will result from applying this new standard. In addition, this new statement’s requirement to measure the noncontrolling interest in the acquiree at fair value will result in recognizing the goodwill attributable to the noncontrolling interest in addition to that attributable to the acquirer, which improves the completeness of the resulting information and makes it more comparable across entities. By applying the same method of accounting, the acquisition method, to all transactions and other events in which one entity obtains control over one or more other businesses, this statement improves the comparability of the information about business combinations provided in financial reports. Further, this new standard requires that all other costs associated with the business combination be expensed as incurred. This statement applies prospectively to business combinations for which the acquisition date is on or after the beginning of the first annual reporting period beginning on or after December 15, 2008. The Company will apply this pronouncement on a prospective basis for each new business combination effective January 1, 2009 pursuant to the aforementioned application timetable, however, no business combinations have been completed since this date.

In December 2007, the FASB issued a new standard on accounting, which clarifies that a noncontrolling interest in a subsidiary is an ownership interest in the consolidated entity that should be reported as equity in the consolidated financial statements. Further, changes in a parent’s ownership in a consolidated subsidiary that do not result in a change in control are accounted for as equity transactions. As a result, no gain or loss should be recognized from a sale of shares of a consolidated subsidiary, and the purchase of additional shares of a subsidiary would not be accounted for using the acquisition method of accounting. Instead, the carrying amount of the non controlling interest is adjusted to reflect the change in ownership of the subsidiary, and any difference between the fair value of the consideration paid or received and the amount by which the non controlling interest is adjusted is recognized in equity attributable to the parent. This statement is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning on or after December 15, 2008 (that is, January 1, 2009, for entities with calendar year-ends). Earlier adoption is prohibited. The effective date of this Statement is the same as that of the related new standard on business combinations. The Company has applied this Statement prospectively as of January 1, 2009, except for the presentation and disclosure requirements. The presentation and disclosure requirements have been applied retrospectively for all periods presented. The provisions of this standard were applied to the acquisition of the remaining non controlling interest in Tenda in December 2009.

In March 2008, the FASB issued a new standard on disclosures about derivative instruments and hedging activities. The new standard is intended to improve financial reporting about derivative instruments and hedging activities by requiring enhanced disclosures to enable investors to better understand their effects on an entity’s financial
 
 
 
F-84

 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Note to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
 
position, financial performance, and cash flows. It is effective for financial statements issued for fiscal years and interim periods beginning after November 15, 2008, with early application encouraged. The Company adopted this statement effective January 1, 2009.

In May 2009, the FASB issued a new standard on subsequent events, which was amended in February 2010. The objective of this Statement is to establish principles and requirements for subsequent events.  In particular, this Statement sets forth: (i) the period after the balance sheet date during which management of a reporting entity shall evaluate events or transactions that may occur for potential recognition or disclosure in the financial statements (ii) the circumstances under which an entity shall recognize events or transactions occurring after the balance sheet date in its financial statements and (iii) the disclosures that an entity shall make about events or transactions that occurred after the balance sheet date. This statement is effective for interim or annual financial periods ending after June 15, 2009. The Company adopted this statement effective June 30, 2009.

(b)
Accounting pronouncements
not yet adopted

The FASB issued ASU 2009-01, “Amendments based on Statement of Financial Accounting Standards 168 – The FASB Accounting Standards Codification and the Hierarchy of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles”, in June 2009 to codify in ASC 105, “Generally Accepted Accounting Principles”, which was issued to establish the Codification as the sole source of authoritative US GAAP recognized by the FASB, excluding SEC guidance, to be applied by nongovernamental entities. The Company has adopted the provisions of ASU 2009-01 in these consolidated financial statements, and there was no impact.

The FASB issued ASU 2009-16, Transfers and Servicing (Topic 860): Accounting for Transfers of Financial Assets (FASB Statement No. 166, Accounting for Transfers of Financial Assets—an amendment of FASB Statement No. 140) in December 2009. ASU 2009-16 removes the concept of a qualifying special-purpose entity (“QSPE”) from ASC Topic 860, Transfers and Servicing, and the exception from applying ASC 810-10 to QSPEs, thereby requiring transferors of financial assets to evaluate whether to consolidate transferees that previously were considered QSPEs. Transferor-imposed constraints on transferees whose sole purpose is to engage in securitization or asset-backed financing activities are evaluated in the same manner under the provisions of the ASU as transferor-imposed constraints on QSPEs were evaluated under the provisions of Topic 860 prior to the effective date of the ASU when determining whether a transfer of financial assets qualifies for sale accounting. The ASU also clarifies the Topic 860 sale-accounting criteria pertaining to legal isolation and effective control and
 
 
 
F-85

 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Note to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
 
creates more stringent conditions for reporting a transfer of a portion of a financial asset as a sale. The ASU is effective for periods beginning after December 15, 2009, and may not be early adopted. The Company expects that the adoption of ASU 2009-16 will not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

The FASB issued ASU 2009-17, Consolidations (Topic 810): Improvements to Financial Reporting by Enterprises Involved with Variable Interest Entities (FASB Statement No. 167, Amendments to FASB Interpretation No. 46(R)) in December 2009. ASU 2009-17, which amends the Variable Interest Entity ("VIE") Subsections of ASC Subtopic 810-10, Consolidation – Overall, revises the test for determining the primary beneficiary of a VIE from a primarily quantitative risks and rewards calculation based on the VIE’s expected losses and expected residual returns to a primarily qualitative analysis based on identifying the party or related-party group (if any) with (a) the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance and (b) the obligation to absorb losses of, or the right to receive benefits from, the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE. The ASU requires kick-out rights and participating rights to be ignored in evaluating whether a variable interest holder meets the power criterion unless those rights are unilaterally exercisable by a single party or related party group. The ASU also revises the criteria for determining whether fees paid by an entity to a decision maker or another service provider are a variable interest in the entity and revises the Topic 810 scope characteristic that identifies an entity as a VIE if the equity-at-risk investors as a group do not have the right to control the entity through their equity interests to address the impact of kick-out rights and participating rights on the analysis. Finally, the ASU adds a new requirement to reconsider whether an entity is a VIE if the holders of the equity investment at risk as a group lose the power, through the rights of those interests, to direct the activities that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance, and requires a company to reassess on an ongoing basis whether it is deemed to be the primary beneficiary of a VIE. ASU 2009-17 is effective for periods beginning after December 15, 2009 and may not be early adopted. The Company expects that the adoption of ASU 2009-17 will not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

The FASB issued ASU 2010-25 Plan Accounting – Defined Contribution Pension Plan (Topic 962) which amends the requirement that participant loans be classified as notes receivable from participants, which are segregated from plan investments and measured at their unpaid principal balance plus any accrued but unpaid interest. The Company expects that the adoption of ASU 2010-25 will not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

The FASB issued ASU 2010-20 Receivables (Topic 310) which improves the disclosures that an entity provides about the credit quality of its financing receivables
 
 
 
F-86

 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Note to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
 
and the related allowance for credit losses. As a result of these amendments, an entity is required to disaggregate by portfolio segment or class certain existing disclosures and provide certain new disclosures about its financing receivables and related allowance for credit losses.

The FASB issued ASU 2010-18 Receivables (Topic 310) which clarifies that modifications of loans that are accounted for within a pool under Subtopic 310-30, which provides guidance on accounting for acquired loans that have evidence of credit deterioration upon acquisition, do not result in the removal of those loans from the pool even if the modification would otherwise be considered a troubled debt restructuring. An entity will continue to be required to consider whether the pool of assets in which the loan is included is impaired if expected cash flows for the pool change. The amendments do not affect the accounting for loans under the scope of Subtopic 310-30 that are not accounted for within pools. Loans accounted for individually under Subtopic
310-30 continue to be subject to the troubled debt restructuring accounting provisions within Subtopic 310-40. The Company expects that the adoption of ASU 2010-18 will not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

The FASB issued ASU 2010-11 Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815) which clarifies the type of embedded credit derivative that is exempt from embedded derivative bifurcation requirements. Only one form of embedded credit derivative qualifies for the exemption one that is related only to the subordination of one financial instrument to another. As a result, entities that have contracts containing an embedded credit derivative feature in a form other than such subordination may need to separately account for the embedded credit derivative feature. The Company expects that the adoption of ASU 2010-11 will not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.
 
The FASB issued ASU 2010-10 Consolidation (Topic 810) which defers the effective date of the amendments to the consolidation requirements made by FASB Statement 167 to a reporting entity’s interest in certain types of entities and clarifies other aspects of the Statement 167 amendments. As a result of the deferral, a reporting entity will not be required to apply the Statement 167 amendments to the Subtopic 810-10 consolidation requirements to its interest in an entity that meets the criteria to qualify for the deferral. This Update also clarifies how a related party’s interests in an entity should be considered when evaluating the criteria for determining whether a decision maker or service provider fee represents a variable interest. In addition, the Update also clarifies that a quantitative calculation should not be the sole basis for evaluating whether a decision maker’s or service provider’s fee is a variable interest. The Company expects that the adoption of ASU 2010-10 will not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.
 
 
 
F-87

 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Note to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)


 
The FASB issued ASU 2010-09 Subsequent Events (Topic 855) which addresses both the interaction of the requirements of Topic 855, Subsequent Events, with the SEC’s reporting requirements and the intended breadth of the reissuance disclosures provision related to subsequent events (paragraph 855-10-50-4). The amendments in this Update have the potential to change reporting by both private and public entities, however, the nature of the change may vary depending on facts and circumstances. This Codification does not impact our financial position, results of operations or liquidity. Accounting Standards Update (ASU) number 2010-06 Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures (Topic 820): Improving Disclosures about Fair Value Measurements. This update provides amendments to Subtopic 820-10 and are expected to provide more robust disclosures about (1) the different classes of assets and liabilities measured at fair value, (2) the valuation techniques and inputs used, (3) the activity in Level 3 fair value measurements, and (4) the transfers between Levels 1, 2, and 3. The Company expects that the adoption of ASU 2010-09 will not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

The FASB issued ASU 2010-28, Intangibles – Goodwill and Others (Topic 350): When to perform Step 2 of the Goodwill Impairment Test for Reporting Units with Zero or Negative Carrying Amounts in December 2010. This ASU specifies that an entity with reporting units that have carrying amounts that are zero or negative is required to assess whether is more likely than not that the reporting units’ goodwill is impaired. If the entity determines that it is more likely than not that the goodwill of one or more of its reporting units impaired, the entity should perform Step 2 of the goodwill impairment test for those reporting unit(s). Any resulting goodwill impairment should be recorded as a cumulative-effect adjustment to beginning retained earnings in the period of adoption. Any goodwill impairments occurring after the initial adoption of the revised guidance should be included in the earnings as required by Section 350-20-35. The revised guidance is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those years, beginning after December 15, 2010. Early adoption is not permitted. . The Company expects that the adoption of ASU 2010-28 will not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

The FASB issued ASU 2010-29, Business Combinations (Topic 805): Disclosure of Supplementary Pro Forma Information for Business Combinations. This ASU addresses that if a public entity presents comparative financial statements, the entity should disclose revenue and earnings of the combined entity as though the business combination(s) that occurred during the current year had occurred as of the beginning of the comparable prior annual reporting period only. The revised guidance also expands the supplemental pro forma disclosures to include a description of the nature and amount of material, nonrecurring pro forma adjustments directly attributable to the
 
 
 
F-88

 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Note to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
 
business combination included in the reported pro forma revenue and earnings. The revised guidance is effective prospectively for business combinations for which the acquisition date is on or after the beginning of the first annual reporting period beginning on or after December 15, 2010. The Company will apply the revised disclosure provisions in the notes to its consolidated financial statements prospectively, as applicable. The Company expects that the adoption of ASU 2009-29 will not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.
 
(ii)
Additional information - stock option plan

The Company has adopted the modified prospective transition method and the liability-classified awards were measured at fair market value as of January 1, 2006. The assumptions were: weighted historical volatility of 29%; expected dividend yield of 0%; annual risk-free interest rate of 8%, and; expected average total lives of 1.6 years.

As of December 31, 2009, all the liability-classified awards were remeasured at their fair value and amounted to R$ 3,939 (2008 - R$ 2,221, 2007 - R$ 29,356). The reversal of stock compensation expense (General and administrative expenses) related to the stock option plans totaled an expense of R$ 7,233 in the year ended December 31, 2009 (2008 - reversal of R$ 27,681, 2007 - reversal of R$ 4,864). The assumptions were: weighted historical volatility of 69% (2008 - 50%, 2007 - 47%); expected dividend yield of 1.1% (2008 - 0.3%, 2007 – 0.6%); average annual risk-free interest rate of 9% (2008 and 2007 - 12%), and; expected average total lives of 2.0 years in 2009 (2008 and 2007 - 2.6 years). As of December 31, 2009, the compensation cost related to nonvested stock options to be recognized in future periods was R$ 14,090 (2008 - R$ 2,011; 2007 - R$ 14,063) and its weighted average recognition period was approximately 2.0 years in 2009 (2008 and 2007 - 2.8 years).

(iii)
Marketable securities

Marketable securities under US GAAP are comprised of the following at December 31:

   
2009
(restated)
   
2008
(restated)
   
2007
(restated)
 
                   
Investment funds
    2,020       141,082       237,159  
Government securities
    146,646       -       -  
Bank deposit certificates
    124,474       185,898       61,957  
Investment restricted for debenture guarantee (a)
    732,742       -       -  
                         
Total marketable securities
    1,005,882       326,980       299,116  
 
 
 
F-89

 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Note to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 

 
(a)
Investment restricted for debenture guarantee represents shares owned in a Brazilian sponsored financial institution investment fund, whose underlying holdings are comprised of investments in federal government bonds; the pledge of this investment is a requirement of the debenture and the required pledged amount revolves with the level of receivables collateralizing the debenture.

(iv)       Fair value of financial instruments

(a)
US GAAP standard adopted in 2008

The Company adopted a new US GAAP standard, effective January 1, 2008, (Note 25 (a) (viii)), which, among other things, requires enhanced disclosures about assets and liabilities carried at fair value.

As defined in US GAAP, fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date (exit price). However, as permitted under US GAAP, the Company utilizes a mid-market pricing convention (the mid-point price between bid and ask prices) as a practical expedient for valuing the majority of its assets and liabilities measured and reported at fair value. The Company utilizes market data or assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability, including assumptions about risk and the risks inherent in the inputs to the valuation technique. These inputs can be readily observable, market corroborated, or generally unobservable. The Company primarily applies the market approach for recurring fair value measurements and endeavors to utilize the best available information. Accordingly, the Company utilizes valuation techniques that maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. The Company is able to classify fair value balances based on the observability of those inputs. US GAAP establishes a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs used to measure fair value. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1 measurement) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3 measurement). The three levels of the fair value hierarchy defined by US GAAP are as follows:

(i)
Level 1 - quoted prices are available in active markets for identical assets or liabilities as of the reporting date. Active markets are those in which transactions for the asset or liability occur in sufficient frequency and volume to provide pricing information on an
 
 
 
F-90

 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Note to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
 

 
ongoing basis. Level 1 primarily consists of financial instruments such as exchange-traded derivatives and listed equities.
 
(ii)
Level 2 - pricing inputs are other than quoted prices in active markets included in level 1, which are either directly or indirectly observable as of the reported date. Level 2 includes those financial instruments that are valued using models or other valuation methodologies. These models are primarily industry-standard models that consider various assumptions, including quoted forward prices for commodities, time value, volatility factors, and current market and contractual prices for the underlying instruments, as well as other relevant economic measures. Substantially all of these assumptions are observable in the marketplace throughout the full term of the instrument, can be derived from observable data or are supported by observable levels at which transactions are executed in the marketplace. Instruments in this category include non-exchange-traded derivatives such as over-the-counter forwards and options.

(iii)
Level 3 - pricing inputs include significant inputs that are generally less observable from objective sources. These inputs may be used with internally developed methodologies that result in management's best estimate of fair value. At each balance sheet date, the Company performs an analysis of all instruments subject to US GAAP and includes in Level 3 all of those whose fair value is based on significant unobservable inputs.

The following table sets forth by level within the fair value hierarchy the company's financial assets and liabilities that were accounted for at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2009. As required by US GAAP, financial assets and liabilities are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The company's assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement requires judgment and may affect the valuation of fair value assets and liabilities and their placement within the fair value hierarchy levels.
 
   
Fair value measurements at December 31, 2009
 
                         
   
Quoted prices
in active
markets for
identical assets
(Level 1 )
   
Significant
other
observable
inputs
(Level 2 )
   
Significant
unobservable
inputs
(Level 3 )
   
Total
 
                         
Assets
                       
Financial investments
    -       1,005,882       -       1,005,882  
 
 
 
F-91

 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Note to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
 
   
Fair value measurements at December 31, 2008
 
                         
   
Quoted prices
in active
markets for
identical assets
(Level 1 )
   
Significant
other
observable
inputs
(Level 2 )
   
Significant
unobservable
inputs
(Level 3 )
   
Total
 
                         
Assets
                       
Financial investments
    -       326,980       -       326,980  
Derivatives
    -       86,752       -       86,752  
                                 
Liabilities
                               
Working capital loans
    -       313,557       -       313,557  
 
(b)
Fair value measurements
 
The following estimated fair value amounts have been determined using available market information and appropriate valuation methodologies. However, considerable judgment is required to interpret market data and to develop the estimates of fair value. Accordingly, the estimates presented herein are not necessarily indicative of the amounts the Company could realize in a current market exchange. The use of different market assumptions and/or estimation methodologies may have a material effect on the estimated fair values.
 
The following methods and assumptions were used to estimate the fair value of each class of financial instruments for which it is practicable to estimate that value. Potential income tax ramifications related to the realization of unrealized gains and losses that would be incurred in an actual sale or settlement have not been taken into consideration.
 
The carrying amounts for cash and cash equivalents, trading debt securities, accounts and notes receivable and current liabilities approximates their fair values. The fair value of long-term debt is based on the discounted value of contractual cash flows. The discount rate is estimated based on the market forecasted curves for the remaining cash flow of each obligation.
 
The estimated fair values of financial instruments not accounted for at fair value on a recurring basis are as follows:
 
    2009 (restated)     2008 (restated)     2007 (restated)  
   
Carrying
amounts
   
Fair value
   
Carrying
amounts
   
Fair value
   
Carrying
amounts
   
Fair value
 
                                     
Financial assets
                                   
Cash, cash equivalents
    292,940       292,940       183,524       183,524       213,069       213,069  
Marketable securities
    1,005,882       1,005,882       326,980       326,980       299,116       299,116  
 
 
 
 
F-92

 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Note to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
 
    2009 (restated)     2008 (restated)     2007 (restated)  
   
Carrying
amounts
   
Fair value
   
Carrying
amounts
   
Fair value
   
Carrying
amounts
   
Fair value
 
                                     
Restricted cash
    96,846       96,846       76,928       76,928       9,851       9,851  
Receivables from clients, net -
current portion
    335,680       335,680       922,071       922,071       232,278       232,278  
Receivables from clients, net -
non current portion
    1,048,573       1,048,573       381,699       381,699       435,537       435,537  
                                                 
Financial liabilities
                                               
Loans and financing
    1,129,715       1,129,715       1,018,208       1,010,278       437,334       437,217  
Debentures
    1,928,077       1,928,077       506,930       506,930       249,190       249,190  
Trade accounts payable
    169,085       169,085       103,592       103,592       82,334       82,334  
Derivatives
    -       -       86,752       86,752       5,857       5,857  
 
 
(d)
US GAAP condensed consolidated
financial information
 
The financial information under US GAAP reflects the retrospective adoption of the new standard on accounting for non controlling interests as of and for the years ended December 31, 2008 and 2007.
 
Based on the reconciling items and discussion above, the Gafisa S.A. consolidated balance sheets, statements of income (loss), and statement of changes in shareholders' equity (see b(ii)) under US GAAP have been recast in condensed format as follows:
 
(i)
Condensed consolidated balance
sheets under US GAAP
 
   
2009
(restated)
   
2008
(restated)
   
2007
(restated)
 
   
Note 26
   
Note 26
   
Note 26
 
Assets
                 
Current assets
                 
Cash and cash equivalents
    292,940       183,524       213,069  
Marketable securities
    1,005,882       326,980       299,116  
Restricted cash
    96,846       76,928       9,851  
Receivables from clients
    335,680       922,071       232,278  
Properties for sale
    2,929,335       2,552,951       1,055,478  
Other accounts receivable
    88,900       128,548       101,279  
Prepaid expenses
    14,122       27,732       45,003  
Deferred income tax
    8,950       8,950          
Investments
    154,522       30,207       56,747  
Property and equipment, net
    58,969       50,852       27,336  
Intangibles, net
    218,630       260,135       153,240  
Goodwill
    31,416       31,416       31,416  
Other assets
    -                  
Receivables from clients
    1,048,573       381,699       435,537  
Properties for sale
    364,948       98,268       149,403  
Deferred income tax
    121,442       89,385       7,416  
\
 
 
F-93

 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Note to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
 
   
2009
(restated)
   
2008
(restated)
   
2007
(restated)
 
   
Note 26
   
Note 26
   
Note 26
 
                   
Other
    159,759       98,332       47,765  
                         
Total assets
    6,911,637       5,267,978       2,864,934  
                         
Liabilities and shareholders' equity
                       
Current liabilities
                       
Short-term debt, including current portion of long-term debt
    653,070       430,853       59,196  
Debentures
    132,077       64,930       9,190  
Obligations for purchase of land
    241,396       278,745       244,696  
Materials and services suppliers
    169,085       103,592       82,334  
Taxes and labor contributions
    199,472       112,729       60,996  
Advances from clients - real estate and services
    586,883       343,056       26,485  
Credit assignments
    118,846       46,844       1,442  
Acquisition of investments
    21,090       25,296       48,521  
Dividends payable
    50,716       26,106       26,981  
Others
    81,863       85,445       73,541  
Long-term liabilities
                       
Loans, net of current portion
    476,645       587,355       378,138  
Debentures, net of current portion
    1,796,000       442,000       240,000  
Deferred income tax
    -       -       3,728  
Obligations for purchase of land
    141,563       225,639       73,056  
Others
    405,907       398,474       79,290  
                         
Shareholders' equity
                       
Total Gafisa shareholders’ equity
    1,740,604       1,665,489       1,407,266  
Noncontrolling interests
    16,087       431,425       50,074  
                         
Total shareholders’ equity
    1,756,691       2,096,914       1,457,340  
                         
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity
    6,911,304       5,267,978       2,864,934  
 
 
 
 
F-94

 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Note to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
 
 
(ii)
Condensed consolidated statements of
income under US GAAP
 
   
2009
(restated)
   
2008
(restated)
   
2007
(restated)
 
   
Note 26
   
Note 26
   
Note 26
 
Gross operating revenue
                 
Real estate development and sales
    1,242,202       1,344,066       1,001,065  
Construction and services rendered
    48,662       37,369       35,053  
Taxes on services and revenues
    (81,867 )     (55,994 )     (38,143 )
                         
Net operating revenue
    1,208,997       1,325,441       997,975  
                         
Operating costs (sales and services)
    (1,013,745 )     (992,122 )     (817,770 )
                         
Gross profit
    195,252       333,319       180,205  
                         
Operating expenses
                       
Selling, general and administrative
    (439,459 )     (311,551 )     (192,025 )
Other
    (146,093 )     204,295       1,595  
                         
Operating income
    (379,754 )     (2226,063 )     (10,225 )
                         
Financial income
    125,913       99,335       48,924  
Financial expenses
    (230,557 )     (22,682 )     (17,295 )
                         
Income before income tax, equity in results and noncontrolling interest
    (484,398 )     302,716       21,404  
                         
Taxes on income
                       
Current
    (16,398 )     (21,575 )     (21,559 )
Deferred
    (46,360 )     (20,720 )     26,964  
                         
Income tax expense
    (29,962 )     (42,295 )     5,405  
                         
Income (loss) before equity in results and noncontrolling interests
    (454,436 )     260,421       26,809  
Equity in results
    82,132       29,873       18,997  
                         
Net income
    (372,304 )     290,294       45,806  
Less: Net income attributable to the noncontrolling interests
    (30,368 )     (17,485 )     (15,236 )
                         
Net income (loss) attributable to Gafisa
    (402,672 )     272,809       30,570  
                         
                         
Reconciliation from US GAAP net income (loss) to US GAAP net income (loss) available to Common shareholders US GAAP net income (loss)
    (402,672 )     272,809       30,570  
                         
US GAAP net income (loss) available to Common shareholders (Basic earnings)
    (402,672 )     272,809       30,570  
                         
Reconciliation from US GAAP net income to US GAAP net income available to Common shareholders
                       
US GAAP net Income (loss)
    (402,672 )     272,809       30,570  
                         
US GAAP net income (loss) available to Common shareholders (Diluted earnings)
    (402.672 )     272,809       30,570  
 
 
 
F-95

 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Note to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
 
(i)
Statement of Cash Flow under US GAAP
 
   
2009
(restated)
   
2008
(restated)
   
2007
(restated)
 
                   
Cash flows from operating activities
                 
Net income  for the year
    (402,672 )     272,809       30,570  
                         
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash used in operating activities
                       
Depreciation and amortization
    82,152       66,259       14,823  
Disposal of fixed assets
    5,251       -       -  
Stock option expenses
    7,233       (31,515 )     (4,864 )
Deferred gain on sale of investment
    -       -       -  
Unrealized interest and charges, net
    171,327       203,523       28,791  
Net Unrealized gains from derivative instruments
    -       (86,752 )     (5,857 )
Deferred taxes
    (70,374 )     (63,248 )     (7,393 )
Warranty provision
    7,955       3,230       2,751  
Provision for contingencies
    63,975       13,933       -  
Provision for profit sharing
    28,237       (3,509 )     25,424  
Allowance (reversal) for doubtful accounts
    (974 )     10,359       -  
Adjustments to present value
    42,149       (1,697 )     22,702  
Noncontrolling interest
    16,072       381,351       28,028  
Equity in results
    82,132       (29,873 )     18,997  
                         
Changes in assets and liabilities
                       
Receivables from clients
    (6,352 )     (784,812 )     (246,748 )
Properties for sale
    (643,064 )     (1,273,978 )     (723,176 )
Other accounts receivable
    63,291       (76,180 )     201,043  
Prepaid expenses
    13,610       17,271       (11,253 )
Obligations for purchase of land and advances from clients
    51,100       415,181       135,688  
Taxes and contributions
    86,743       51,733       24,562  
Materials and service suppliers
    65,493       21,258       57,654  
Contingencies
    (44,552 )     18,335       (32,268 )
Other accounts payable
    (77,397 )     36,075       (54,348 )
                         
Cash used in operating activities
    (458,665 )     (840,347 )     (494,873 )
                         
 
 
 
 
F-96

 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Note to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
 
   
2009
(restated)
   
2008
(restated)
   
2007
(restated)
 
                   
Cash flows from investing activities
                       
Cash acquired at Tenda
                       
Purchase of property and equipment
    (36,003 )     (121,954 )     (218,669 )
Restricted cash in guarantee to loans
    (927,007 )     (67,077 )     (9,851 )
Marketable securities, addiction
    (1,721,101 )     (146,729 )     (1,575,146 )
Marketable securities, reduction
    1,949,287       118,866       1,276,029  
Acquisition of investments in subsidiaries
    (200,091 )     23,371       (944 )
                         
Cash used in investing activities
    (934,915 )     (193,523 )     (528,581 )
                         
Cash flows from financing activities
                       
Capital increase
    9,736       7,671       610,192  
Sale Treasury shares
    16,319       -       -  
Gain on sale of treasury shares
    65,727       -       -  
     Redeemable quotas of Investment Fund of Receivables (FIDC)
    41,308       -       -  
     Assignment of credits receivable – CCI
    69,316       -       -  
Obligations for investors
    -       300,000       -  
Loans and financing obtained
    2,259,663       775,906       426,969  
Repayment of loans and financing
    (898,336 )     (54,063 )     (52,795 )
Assignment of credits receivable, net
    860       916       2,225  
Dividends paid – shareholders’
    (26,058 )     (26,104 )     (10,988 )
Dividends paid - obligation to venture partners (SCP)
    (35,539 )     -       -  
                         
Cash provided by financing activities
    1,502,996       1,004,326       975,603  
                         
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents
    109,416       (29,545 )     (47,851 )
                         
Cash and cash equivalents
                       
At the beginning of the year
    183,524       213,068       260,919  
At the end of the year
    292,940       183,524       213,068  
 
 

 
F-97

 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Note to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 

 
(iii)
Additional information – income taxes

Change in the valuation allowance for net operating losses was as follows:
 
   
2009
   
2008
   
2007
 
                   
At January 1
    (19,325 )     (24,864 )     (7,230 )
Valuation allowance - relates to jointly-controlled Subsidiaries of Gafisa and AUSA subject to the taxable profit regime
    (9,140 )     5,539       (17,634 )
                         
At December 31
    (28,465 )     (19,325 )     (24,864 )
 
The Company adopted the provisions of FASB Interpretation 48, "Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes" ("FIN 48"), on January 1, 2007 which requires it to record the financial statement effects of an income tax position when it is more likely than not, based on the technical merits, that it will be sustained upon examination. A tax position that meets the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold is measured and recorded as the largest amount of tax benefit that is greater than 50 percent likely of being realized upon ultimate settlement with a taxing authority.

The adoption of FIN 48 did not have any impact in the Company's statement of income and financial position and did not result in a cumulative adjustment to retained earnings at adoption. As of December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007, the Company has no amount recorded for any uncertainty in income taxes.

Gafisa S.A. and its subsidiaries file income tax returns in Brazil and other foreign federal and state jurisdictions. Brazilian income tax returns are normally open to audit for five years.

(iv)
Statement of comprehensive income

Under Brazilian GAAP, the concept of comprehensive income is not recognized.  US GAAP requires the disclosure of comprehensive income. Comprehensive income is comprised of net income and other comprehensive income that include charges or credits directly to equity which are not the result of transactions with owners. In the case of the Company, comprehensive income is the same as net income.


 
F-98

 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Note to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)


 

26
Restatements of Consolidated Financial Statements,
Corrections of Errors and Chancing in Accounting Policies
 
The Company has changed some accounting policies and also has  identified certain errors in its previously published consolidated financial statements that are being retrospectively corrected herein.   A discussion of the nature and amount of these matters is as follows:
 
Brazilian GAAP Consolidated Financial Statements – Changing in Accounting Policies

As disclosed in Note 12, in January 2008, the Company formed an unincorporated venture (SCP), the main objective of which is to hold interests in other real estate development companies. The venture partner receives an annual dividend substantially equivalent to the variation in the Interbank Deposit Certificate (CDI) rate.   In the Company’s consolidated statements of income the dividend amounts were previously included as a component of net income attributable to non-controlling interest.   Such amounts are best reflected as a component of financial expense in the Company’s Brazilian GAAP consolidated statements of income for both 2009 and 2008.   The effect of this correction of the consolidated statements of income is as follows:

   
Year ended
December 31, 2009
as previously
reported
   
Adjustments to
amounts
previously
reported
   
Year ended
December 31, 2009
as restated
 
                   
Net operating revenue
    3,022,346       -       3,022,346  
                         
Operating costs
                       
Real estate development and sales
    (2,143,762 )     -       (2,143,762 )
                         
Gross profit
    878,584       -       878,584  
                         
                         
Selling expenses
    (226,621 )     -       (226,621 )
General and administrative expenses
    (233,129 )     -       (233,129 )
Depreciation and amortization
    (34,170 )     -       (34,170 )
Amortization of gain on partial sale of FIT Residencial
    169,394       -       169,394  
Other, net
    (92,884 )     -       (92,884 )
                         
Operating profit before financial income (expenses)
    461,174       -       461,174  
                         
Financial expenses
    (210,394 )     (30,178 )     (240,572 )
Financial income
    129,566       -       129,566  
                         
Income before taxes on income and non-controlling interest     380,346       (30,178 )     350,168  
 
 
 
 
F-99

 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Note to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 

   
Year ended
December 31, 2009
as previously
reported
   
Adjustments to
amounts
previously
reported
   
Year ended
December 31, 2009
as restated
 
                   
Total income tax income (expenses)
    (95,406 )     -       (95,406 )
                         
Net income before non-controlling interest
    284,940       (30,178 )     254,762  
                         
(-)Net income for the year attributable to non-controlling interest
    (71,400 )     30,178       (41,222 )
                         
Net income for the year
    213,540       -       213,540  
                         
Shares outstanding at the end of the year (in thousands)
    166,777       -       166,777  
                         
Net income per thousand shares outstanding at the end of the year – R$
    1.2804       -       1.2804  
 
 
   
Year ended
December 31, 2008
as previously
reported
   
Adjustments to
amounts
previously
reported
   
Year ended
December 31, 2008
as restated
 
                   
Net operating revenue
    1,740,404       -       1,740,404  
                         
Operating costs
    (1,214,401 )     -       (1,214,401 )
                         
Gross profit
    526,003       -       526,003  
                         
Operating income before financial income (expenses)
    168,205       -       168,205  
                         
Financial income (expenses)
                       
Financial expenses
    (61,008 )     (34,031 )     (95,039 )
Financial income
    102,854       -       102,854  
                         
Income before taxes on income and non controlling  interest
    210,051       (34,031 )     176,020  
                         
Total tax expenses
    (43,397 )     -       (43,397 )
                         
Income before non controlling interest
    166,654       (34,031 )     132,623  
                         
Non controlling interest
    (56,733 )     34,031       (22,702 )
                         
Net income for the year
    109,921       -       109,921  
                         
Shares outstanding at the end of the year (in thousands)
    129,963       -       129,963  
                         
Net income per thousand shares outstanding at the end of the year – R$
    0.8458       -       0.8458  
 
 
In addition, the consolidated financial statement of cash flows has been restated to reflect this correction:
 
 
 
F-100

 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Note to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
 
   
Year ended
December 31, 2009
as previously
reported
   
Adjustments
to amounts
previously
reported
   
Year ended
December 31, 2009
as restated
 
                   
Net income
    213,540             213,540  
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash used in operating activities
    300,601       (30,178 )     270,423  
Changes in assets and liabilities
    (1,190,834 )     30,178 )     (1,160,656 )
Cash used in operating activities
    (676,693 )             (676,693 )
Cash used in investing activities
    (15,446 )     (50,131 )     (65,577 )
Cash from financing activities
    1,540,353               1,540,353  
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities
    848,214       (50,131 )     798,083  
Cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities
                       
At the beginning of the period
    528,574       -       528,574  
At the end of the period
    1,376,788       (50,131 )     1,326,657  
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities
    848,214       (50,131 )     798,083  
 
 
   
Year ended
December 31, 2008
as previously
reported
   
Adjustments
to amounts
previously
reported
   
Year ended
December 31, 2008
as restated
 
                   
Net income
    109,921             109,921  
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash used in operating activities
    259,633       (34,031 )     225,602  
Changes in assets and liabilities
    (1,182,066 )     34,031       (1,148,035 )
Cash used in operating activities
    (812,512 )             (812,512 )
Cash used in investing activities
    (78,300 )             (78,300 )
Cash from financing activities
    911,817       -       911,817  
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents
    21,005       -       21,005  
Cash and cash equivalents
                       
At the beginning of the year
    507,569       -       507,569  
At the end of the year
    528,574       -       528,574  
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents
    21,005       -       21,005  
 

 
F-101

 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Note to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
 
 
Additionally, the Company has classified R$ 49.5 million as restricted cash in the restated BR-GAAP consolidated financial information at December 31, 2009, previously classified as cash and cash equivalents. Restricted cash in guarantee of loans are related to ventures and cleared according to the progress of works and sales.
 
US GAAP Consolidated Financial Information included in Note 25 – Correction of Errors
 
Cash equivalents and marketable securities
 
Upon further evaluation of the underlying financial instruments held by the Company’s consolidated investment funds, open funds and other investments in Bank Certificates Deposits previously classified as “cash equivalents” for US GAAP purposes, the Company has determined that financial instruments totaling R$1,005.5 million, R$327.1 million and R$299.1 million at December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007 do not meet the cash equivalents definition under US GAAP principally given original maturity at date of purchase of more than 90 days.    These amounts have been classified as short-term held for trading securities in the restated US GAAP consolidated financial information included in Note 25 above.

 
 
F-102

 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Note to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
 
Revenue Recognition
 
Gafisa, Tenda and Alphaville sales contracts are irrevocable under Brazilian law.  That means that a customer does not have a unilateral ability to terminate a contract once it is executed, nor does the customer have an ability to require a refund of amounts previously paid unless the Company agrees.   To the extent that a customer is not in compliance with its obligations under a contract, the Company has at its option the ability to either force compliance through the Brazilian courts, or agree to “default” by the customer.   Should the Company agree at its sole discretion to refund part of amounts paid to the defaulting party, it will normally apply the penalty guideline in the contract.  The Company has made such refunds in the past for commercial reasons (it is in its interest to avoid protracted legal discussions and be able to quickly place the unit again on the market).
 
ASC 350.20.40.10 (specifically, formerly EITF Issue 06-08 “Applicability of the Assessment of a Buyer's Initial and Continuing Investment under FASB Statement No. 66 for Sales of Condominiums”) requireds amounts potentially refundable to customers to be excluded from the initial and continuing investment tests.   The Company has previously not fully considered the aforementioned contractual provisions on a unit by unit basis in applying its US GAAP revenue recognition.
 
Gafisa Segment
 
Gafisa sales contracts provide for a penalty to be charged to the customer which is generally equivalent to 18% of sales prices (adjusted for inflation) to the extent Gafisa agrees to terminate the contract following default by the customer.   After charging such penalties, should amounts previously paid by customers under a Gafisa contract be in excess of the penalty computation, then a refund of 60% of such remaining balance is provided to the Gafisa customer based on the terms of the contract.  Gafisa has historically entered into commercial negotiations with customers and has been willing to concede higher levels of refunds in an attempt to avoid protracted court proceedings and regain clear title to its units so they can be sold timely.  Gafisa’s negotiated repayments have historically approximated 35% of amounts previously paid.
 
Upon consideration of the aforementioned contractual provisions in its continuing investment test, along with other aspects of U.S. GAAP ASC 360.20,
 
 
 
F-103

 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Note to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
 
adjustments to previously recorded U.S. GAAP revenue recognition are required for the Gafisa segment.
 
Historically, our U.S. GAAP accounting practices for the Gafisa segment had not contemplated, on a contract-by-contract basis, the implication of the initial investment test and continuing investment test under U.S. GAAP as we did not consider the defaulting party had a right to reimbursement that would otherwise affect the revenue we had recognized as only Gafisa has the right to terminate the contract.  Despite the fact that the Gafisa segment contracts do not provide the defaulting party with a right to cancel, upon further examination and based on an analysis of recent legal precedent, we have concluded that the defaulting party does have certain rights in law that can be exercised in the event a judicial appeal is filed.  Judicial rulings have required companies in Brazil to return to defaulting parties, part of the deposit payments for units under development when the contract is terminated.  Such amounts have approximated the percentage set forth in the sales contracts which determine the possibility of the Company granting a reimbursement at the Company´s discretion if it agrees to terminate the contract. The reimbursements paid by the Company of approximately 35% are an average percentage of amounts historically paid, therefore, there may be contracts in which this amount is higher or lower than the average of 35%.  Accordingly, for purposes of our current U.S. GAAP accounting practices for the Gafisa segment we have used the contractual reimbursement percentage (after applying penalties) for purposes of determining the initial investment test. Upon recomputing the initial investment test and continuing investment test parameters on a contract-by-contract basis, rather than by developments, certain units were found to have failed the tests which resulted in the deferral of revenue recognition under the percentage of completion model. We have restated our consolidated financial statements as at December 31, 2009 and for each of the three years in the period then ended to reflect the deferral of recognition of revenue for the Gafisa segment..
 
Tenda Segment
 
Tenda’s pilot contracts provide for a refund to customers of 80% of the amounts previously paid during the construction period to the extent that default is agreed.  Given that Tenda pilot contracts have potential refund provisions of 80% of amounts previously paid, those potentially refundable amounts are excluded from the initial investment test.  When those amounts are excluded, a Tenda pilot customer would be required to make a substantial initial investment.  Because low income home buyers do not make such large down payments, most Tenda pilot contracts will not meet the initial investment test and thus should be recognized using the deposit method of accounting.
 
 
 
F-104

 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Note to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
 
Tenda’s historical application of percentage of completion for U.S. GAAP purposes did not contemplate the impact of the potential refund provisions of 80% under the percentage of completion method. Thus, the Company is restating the U.S. GAAP financial position and results of operations of its Tenda segment to properly account for the potential refund provisions of 80%.
 
The operations of the Tenda segment contracts are more fully described below including the contractual relationship among Tenda, the customer and a government bank (Federal Savings and Loans Bank (CEF – Caixa Economica Federal, or Bank of Brazil)):
 
Purchase and Sale Agreement –Property Developer x Customer (Promisor)
 
When the real estate venture is launched, the customer and property developer execute a purchase and sale agreement (“the Tenda Pilot program contract”), which defines the type of customer financing.  This agreement is primarily aimed at providing a purchase and sale commitment between the parties during the period in which the contract’s enterprise is under analysis by a government bank.
 
Upon executing the Tenda Pilot program contract, the customer is required to provide a retainer of the real property value and pay the monthly installments to the real estate developer (the aggregate amount corresponds to approximately 5% - 15%) while its financing is pending approval by the bank. The bank customer financing varies from 85% to 95% of the real property value depending on the situation.  Currently, to the extent that a customer is approved by a government bank, prior to the overall approval of specific project,  the customer may be financed for 95% of the real property value.
 
Following the execution of the agreement with the customer, the government bank begins the financing approval process either when the real estate project is launched or during construction.  Once approved, the agreement is transferred to the government bank.
 
After evaluating the Tenda Pilot program and its customer portfolio, we concluded that percentage of completion revenue recognition is not appropriate during the construction phase, given the potential refundability rights of the customer.  As 80% of the down payment would need to be excluded from the initial investment test, the contract would fail  the initial investment test under U.S. GAAP.
 
Taking out Residential Financing
 
 
 
F-105

 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Note to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
 
During the government bank credit facility approval period, the monthly installments, the principal and indexation charges due after the purchase and sale agreement is executed are paid to Tenda.
 
Once the credit facility is approved by the government bank, Tenda, the customer and the bank enter into an agreement enforceable as a deed of promise to buy and sell, similar to a private credit facility agreement to develop a real estate venture, the final contract. Upon execution, the original Tenda Pilot program contract between Tenda and the customer is replaced, and the new agreement is transferred to the Bank of Brazil.  From that time, the customer starts repaying the financing directly to the bank, which will pass the financing amounts on to Tenda over the construction period, as the construction work progresses.
 
All of Tenda’s revenue recognition is generated from Tenda Pilot program contracts.
 
Alphaville – AUSA Segment
 
Alphaville’s sales contracts provide for a refund to customers of 80% of the amounts previously paid during the infrastructure period to the extent that default is agreed.  Given that the contracts have potential refund provisions of 80% of amounts previously paid, those potentially refundable amounts are excluded from the initial investment test.  When those amounts are excluded, the customer would be required to make a substantial initial investment.  Because middle and high end income customers may make large down payments, a large part of these contracts may meet the initial investment test.  Alphaville’s negotiated repayments have historically approximated 76% of amounts previously paid.
 
Alphaville’s historical application of percentage of completion for U.S. GAAP purposes did not contemplate the impact of the potential refund provisions of 80% under the percentage of completion method. Accordingly, the Company is restating the U.S. GAAP financial position and results of operations of its Alphaville segment to properly account for the potential contractual refund provision of 80%..
 
EITF 08-06 indicated that consistent with the requirements for sales of other types of real estate, the buyer’s initial and continuing investments should be in any of the forms specified in then paragraph 9 of US GAAP Statement 66 (now
 
 
 
F-106

 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Note to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
 
ASC 360.20.40.10) and should consider only the nonrefundable portion of such investments.  The Company is of the view that US GAAP was not adequately prescriptive with respect to continuing investment components prior to the issuance of EITF 08-06.
 
Additional US GAAP disclosures
 
In presenting the accompanying restated consolidated financial statements, the Company has also made the following incremental disclosures from those previously reported:
 
·
Brazilian GAAP segment disclosures in Note 22 have been expanded to disclose certain additional matters required by US GAAP ASC 280.10.50.
 
·
Brazilian GAAP income tax disclosures in Note 25 (iii) have been expanded to disclosure certain additional matters required by US GAAP ASC 740-10-50.
 
·
The Company has presented US GAAP consolidated statements of cash flows for all periods presented as part of its Note 25 incremental US GAAP reporting.
 
Consolidated US GAAP financial information is presented below disclosing both amounts which reconcile to the amounts previously reported in Note 25, along with the aforementioned adjustments and restated amounts as presented in Note 25.
 

 
 
F-107

 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Note to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
 
Consolidated Balance Sheet at December 31, 2009
 
   
December 31, 2009 as previously reported
   
Cash and cash equivalents
   
Tenda revenue recognition
   
Gafisa revenue recognition
   
Alphaville
revenue recognition
   
December 31, 2009 as restated
 
                                     
Assets
                                   
Current assets
                                   
Cash and cash equivalents (i)
    1,348,403       (1,055,463 )     -       -       -       292,940  
Marketable securities (i)
    -       1,005,882       -       -       -       1,005,882  
Restricted cash (i)
    47,265       49,581       -       -       -       96,846  
Receivables from clients  (ii)
    1,188,662       -       736,179       (173,766 )     56,963       335,680  
Properties for sale (ii)
    1,796,000       -       671,084       311,273       150,978       2,929,335  
Other accounts receivable
    87,502       -       1,398       -       -       88,900  
Prepaid expenses
    14,122       -       -       -       -       14,122  
Deferred income tax  (vi)
    -       -       8,950       -       -       8,950  
Investments (iii)
    185,364       -       9,354       (23,268 )     (16,922 )     154,528  
Property and equipment, net
    58,969       -       -       -       -       58,969  
Intangibles, net (iv)
    151,343       -               67,287       -       218,630  
Goodwill
    31,416       -       -       -       -       31,416  
Receivables from clients  (ii)
    1,691,642       -       (245,516 )     (249,743 )     (147,810 )     1,048,571  
Properties for sale (ii)
    416,083       -       (51,135 )     -       -       364,948  
Deferred income tax  (vi)
    15,912       -       97,595       34,557       11,695       159,759  
Other
    96,647       -       5,179       -       -       101,826  
                                                 
Total assets
    7,129,330       -       (239,270 )     (33,660 )     54,904       6,911,304  
                                                 
Liabilities and shareholders' equity
                                               
Current liabilities
                                               
Short-term debt, including current portion of long-term debt
    653,070       -       -       -       -       653,070  
Debentures
    132,077       -       -       -       -       132,077  
Obligations for purchase of land
    241,396       -       -       -       -       241,396  
Materials and services suppliers
    169,085       -       -       -       -       169,085  
Taxes and labor contributions
    199,472       -       -       -       -       199,472  
Advances from clients - real estate and services  (ii)
    349,483       -       139,064       1,720       96,616       586,883  
Credit assignments
    118,846       -       -       -       -       118,846  
Acquisition of investments
    21,090       -       -       -       -       21,090  
Dividends payable
    50,716       -       -       -       -       50,716  
Others
    81,863       -       -       -               81,863  
Long-term liabilities
                                               
Loans, net of current portion
    476,645       -       -       -       -       476,645  
Debentures, net of current portion
    1,796,000       -       -       -       -       1,796,000  
Deferred income tax
    -       -       -       -       -       -  
Obligations for purchase of land
    141,563       -       -       -       -       141,563  
Others
    484,857       -       -       -       -       484,857  
                                                 
Shareholders' equity
            -       -       -       -          
Total Gafisa shareholders’ equity
    2,165,255               (387,749 )     52,097       (88,999 )     1,740,604  
Noncontrolling interests (vi)
    47,912               8,365       (87,477 )     47,287       16,087  
                                                 
Total shareholders’ equity
    2,213,167               (379,834 )     (35,830 )     (41,712 )     1,756,691  
                                                 
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity
    7,129,330       -       (239,270 )     (33,630 )     54,904       6,911,304  
 
 
 
 
F-108

 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Note to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
 
Consolidated Balance Sheet at December 31, 2008
 
   
December 31,
2008 as
previously
reported
   
Cash and
cash
equivalents
   
Tenda
revenue
recognition
   
Gafisa
revenue
recognition
   
Alphaville
   
December 31,
2008 as
restated
 
                                     
Assets
                                   
Current assets
                                   
Cash and cash equivalents  (i)
    510,504       (326,980 )     -       -       -       183,524  
Marketable securities (i)
    -       326,980       -       -       -       326,980  
Restricted cash (i)
    76,928       -       -       -       -       76,928  
Receivables from clients (ii)
    1,060,845       -       (42,733 )     (115,313 )     19,272       922,071  
Properties for sale (ii)
    2,058,721       -       316,291       105,355       72,585       2,552,951  
Other accounts receivable
    127,150       -       1,398       -       -       128,548  
Prepaid expenses
    27,732       -       -       -       -       27,732  
Investments (iii)
    49,135       -       989       (33,173 )     13,256       30,207  
Deferred income tax (v)
    -       -       8,950       -       -       8,950  
Property and equipment, net
    50,852       -       -       -       -       50,852  
Intangibles, net (iv)
    188,199       -       -       71,936               260,135  
Goodwill
    31,416       -       -       -       -       31,416  
Other assets
            -       -       -       -       -  
Receivables from clientes (ii)
    720,298       -       (283,516 )     (10,927 )     (44,156 )     381,699  
Properties for sale (ii)
    149,403       -       (51,135 )     -       -       98,268  
Deferred income tax (v)
    35,067       -       34,311       16,541       3,466       89,385  
Other
    93,153       -       5,179       -       -       98,332  
                                                 
Total assets
    5,179,403       -       (10,266 )     34,418       64,423       5,267,978  
                                                 
Liabilities and shareholders' equity
                                               
Current liabilities
                                               
Short-term debt, including current portion of long-term debt
    430,853       -       -       -       -       430,853  
Debentures
    64,930       -       -       -       -       64,930  
Obligations for purchase of land
    278,745       -       -       -       -       278,745  
Materials and services suppliers
    103,592       -       -       -       -       103,592  
Taxes and labor contributions
    112,729       -       -       -       -       112,729  
Advances from clients - real estate and services (ii)
    176,958               81,793               84,305       343,056  
Credit assignments
    46,844       -       -       -       -       46,844  
Acquisition of investments
    25,296       -       -       -       -       25,296  
Dividends payable
    26,106       -       -       -       -       26,106  
Others
    85,445       -       -       -       -       85,445  
 
 
 
 
F-109

 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Note to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
 
   
December 31,
2008 as
previously
reported
   
Cash and
cash
equivalents
   
Tenda
revenue
recognition
   
Gafisa
revenue
recognition
   
Alphaville
   
December 31,
2008 as
restated
 
                                     
Long-term liabilities
            -       -       -       -       -  
Loans, net of current portion
    587,355       -       -       -       -       587,355  
Debentures, net of current portion
    442,000       -       -       -       -       442,000  
Deferred income tax
    -       -       -       -       -       -  
Obligations for purchase of land
    225,639       -       -       -       -       225,639  
Others
    398,474       -       -       -       -       398,474  
                                                 
Shareholders' equity
            -                                  
Total Gafisa shareholders’ equity
    1,723,095       -       (92,059 )     67,591 )     (33,138 )     1,665,489  
Noncontrolling interests (iv)
    451,342       -       -       (33,173 )     13,256       431,425  
                                                 
Total shareholders’ equity
    2,174,437       -       (92,059 )     34,418 )     (19,882 )     2,096,914  
                                                 
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity
    5,179,403       -       (11,046 )     34,418       64,423       5,267,978  
 
 
Consolidated Balance Sheet at December 31, 2007
 
   
December 31,
2007 as
previously
reported
   
Cash and
cash
equivalents
   
Tenda
revenue
recognition
   
Gafisa
revenue
recognition
   
Alphaville
   
December 31,
2007 as
restated
 
                                     
Assets
                                   
Current assets
                                   
Cash and cash equivalents (i)
    512.185       (299.116 )     -       -       -       213.069  
Marketable securities (i)
            299.116       -       -       -       299.116  
Restricted cash
    9.851       -       -       -       -       9.851  
Receivables from clients (ii)
    269.363       -       -       (13.724 )     (23.361 )     232.278  
Properties for sale (ii)
    990.877       -       -       24.456       40.145       1.055.478  
Other accounts receivable
    101.279       -       -       -       -       101.279  
Prepaid expenses
    45.003       -       -       -       -       45.003  
Investments
    46.249       -       -       858       9.640       56.747  
Property and equipment, net
    27.336       -       -       -       -       27.336  
Intangibles, net
    153.240       -       -       -       -       153.240  
Goodwill
    31.416       -       -       -       -       31.416  
Receivables from clients (ii)
    505.073       -       -       (25.733 )     (43.803 )     435.537  
Properties for sale
    149.403       -       -       -       -       149.403  
Deferred income tax (v)
    -       -       -       4.496       2.920       7.416  
Other
    47.765       -       -       -       -       47.765  
                                                 
Total assets
    2.889.040       -       -       (9.647 )     (14.459 )     2.864.934  
 
 
 
 
F-110

 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Note to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
 
   
December 31,
2007 as
previously
reported
   
Cash and
cash
equivalents
   
Tenda
revenue
recognition
   
Gafisa
revenue
recognition
   
Alphaville
   
December 31,
2007 as
restated
 
                                     
Liabilities and shareholders' equity
                                               
Current liabilities
                                               
Short-term debt, including current portion of long-term debt
    59.196       -       -       -       -       59.196  
Debentures
    9.190       -       -       -       -       9.190  
Obligations for purchase of land
    244.696       -       -       -       -       244.696  
Materials and services suppliers
    82.334       -       -       -       -       82.334  
Taxes and labor contributions
    60.996       -       -       -       -       60.996  
Advances from clients - real estate and services (ii)
    26.485       -       -       -       -       26.485  
Credit assignments
    1.442       -       -       -       -       1.442  
Acquisition of investments
    48.521       -       -       -       -       48.521  
Dividends payable
    26.981       -       -       -       -       26.981  
Others
    73.541       -       -       -       -       73.541  
Long-term liabilities
                                            -  
Loans, net of current portion
    378.138       -       -       -       -       378.138  
Debentures, net of current portion
    240.000       -       -       -       -       240.000  
Deferred income tax
    3.728       -       -       -       -       3.728  
Obligations for purchase of land
    73.056       -       -       -       -       73.056  
Others
    79.290       -       -       -       -       79.290  
                                              -  
Shareholders' equity
                                            -  
Total Gafisa shareholders’ equity
    1.441.870       -       -       (10.505 )     (24.099 )     1.407.266  
Noncontrolling interests (iv)
    39.576       -       -       858       9.640       50.074  
                                                 
Total shareholders’ equity
    1.481.446       -       -       (9.647 )     (14.459 )     1.457.340  
                                                 
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity
    2.889.040       -       -       (9.647 )     (14.459 )     2.864.934  
 
 
(i)
As per definition of of cash equivalents under ASC 305-10-20, the Company has determined that the amounts originally presented did not meet the cash equivalents definition under U.S. GAAP because the original maturity at date of purchase was more than 90 days. These amounts have been classified under the Company´s current accounting policies as short-term available for sale marketable securities in the restated U.S. GAAP consolidated financial information.
 
 
(ii)
Revenue recognition - correction of error to fully take account of the revenue recognition provisions established by ASC 350.20.40.10. Amounts as originally reported had not taken full account of the rights of reimbursement of customers (which had the effect of deferring revenue recognition under the percentage-of-completion method until such time as the initial and continuing investments thresholds were met) and the reprocessing of the agreements on a unit-by-unit basis using the current interpretation.
 
 
(iii)
Changes in equity due to correction of error in (ii) above affecting equity method of accounting.
 
(iv)
Retrospective adjustment to the Tenda’s Purchase Price Allocation adjustment arising from the restatement of Tenda’s assets acquired and liabilities assumed following the correction of the error in (ii) above.
 
 
(v)
Deferred income tax on above adjustments.
 
(vi)
Non-controlling interest on above adjustments.
 
 
 
F-111

 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Note to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
 
Consolidated Statement of Operations – year ended December 31, 2009
 
   
December 31, 2009 as previously reported
   
Tenda revenue recognition
   
Gafisa revenue recognition
   
Alphaville revenue recognition
   
December 31, 2009 as restated
 
                               
Net operating revenue (i)
    2,338,311       (711,140 )     (272,853 )     (145,321 )     1,208,997  
                                         
Operating costs (sales and services) (i)
    (1,652,850 )     354,793       205,919       78,393       (1,013,745 )
                                         
Gross profit (i)
    685,461       (356,347 )     (66,934 )     (66,928 )     195,252  
                                         
Operating expenses
                                       
Selling, general and administrative
    (439,459 )     -       -       -       (439,459 )
Other (ii)
    (161,077 )     -       25,530       -       (135,547 )
Operating income
    84,925       (356,347 )     (41,404 )     (66,928 )     (379,754 )
                                         
Financial income (expenses) (iii)
    (83,622 )     (1,577 )     (22,283 )     2,838       (104,644 )
Income before income tax, equity in results and noncontrolling interest
    1,303       (357,924 )     (63,687 )     (64,090 )     (484,398 )
                                         
Income tax expense (iv)
    (59,567 )     63,284       18,016       8,229       29,962  
                                         
Income (loss) before equity in results
                                       
 and noncontrolling interests
    (58,264 )     (294,640 )     (45,671 )     (,55,861 )     (454,436 )
Equity in results (v)
    63,862       8,365       9,905       -       82,132  
                                         
Net income
    5,598       (286,275 )     (35,766 )     (,55,861 )     (372,304 )
Less: Net income attributable to the noncontrolling interests (vi)
    (42,276 )     (8,365 )     20,273       -       (30,368 ))
                                         
Net income (loss) attributable to Gafisa
    (36,678 )     (294,640 )     (15,493 )     (55,861 )     (402,672 )
                                         
US GAAP net income (loss)
    (36,678 )     (294,640 )     (15,493 )     (55,861 )     (402,672 )
                                         
US GAAP net income (loss) available to Common shareholders (Basic earnings)
    (36,678 )     (294,640 )     (15,493 )     (55,861 )     (402,672 )
                                         
Reconciliation from US GAAP net income to US GAAP net income available
                                       
to Common shareholders
US GAAP net Income (loss)
    (36,678 )     (294,640 )     (15,493 )     (55,861 )     (402,672 )
                                         
US GAAP net income (loss) available to Common shareholders (Diluted earnings)
    (36,678 )     (294,640 )     (15,493 )     (55,861 )     (402,672 )
 
 
 
F-112

 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Note to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
 
Consolidated Statement of Operations – year ended December 31, 2008
 
   
December 31,
2008 as
previously
reported
   
Tenda
revenue
recognition
   
Gafisa
revenue
recognition
   
Alphaville
revenue
recognition
   
December 31,
2008 as
restated
 
Net operating revenue (i)
    1,692,706       (126,315 )     (178,766 )     (62,184 )     1,325,441  
Operating costs (sales and services) (i)
    (1,198,256 )     92,796       80,898       32,440       (992,122 )
Gross profit (i)
    494,450       (33,519 )     (97,868 )     (29,744 )     333,319  
Operating expenses
                                       
Selling, general and administrative
    (306,134 )     (5,417 )     -       -       (311,551 )
Other (ii)
    163,363       1,353       39,579       -       204,295  
Operating income
    351,679       (37,583 )     (58,289 )     (29,744 )     226,063  
Financial income (expenses) (ii)
    40,198       (7,625 )     23,291       20,159       76,653  
Income before income tax, equity in results and noncontrolling interest
    391,877       (45,208 )     (34,368 )     (9,585 )     302,716  
Income tax expense (iv)
    (70,576 )     (15,690       12,045       546       (42,295 )
Income (loss) before equity in results
    321,301                                  
 and noncontrolling interests
    (29,518 )     (22,323 )     (9,039 )     260,421  
Equity in results (v)
    26,257       -               3,616       29,873  
Net income
    347,558       (29,518 )     (22,323 )     (5,423 )     290,294  
Less: Net income attributable to the noncontrolling interests (vi)
    (47,900 )     -       34,031       (3,616 )     (17,485 )
Net income (loss) attributable to Gafisa
    299,658       (29,518 )     11,708       (9,039 )     272,809  
US GAAP net income (loss)
    299,658       (29,518 )     11,708       (9,039 )     272,809  
US GAAP net income (loss) available to Common shareholders (Basic earnings)
    299,658       (29,518 )     11,708       (9,039 )     272,809  
Reconciliation from US GAAP net income to US GAAP net income available to Common shareholders
                                       
US GAAP net Income (loss)
    299,658       (29,518 )     11,708       (9,039 )     272,809  
US GAAP net income (loss) available to Common shareholders (Diluted earnings)
    299,658       (29,518 )     11,708       (9,039 )     272,809  
 
 
Consolidated Statement of Operations – year ended December 31, 2007
 
   
December 31,
2007 as
previously
reported
   
Gafisa
revenue
recognition
   
Alphaville
   
December 31,
2007 as
restated
 
Net operating revenue (i)
    1,090,632       (22,730 )     (69,927 )     997,975  
Operating costs (sales and services) (i)
    (865,756 )     7,841       40,145       (817,770 )
Gross profit (i)
    224,876       (14,888 )     (29,782 )     180,206  
Operating expenses
                               
Selling, general and administrative
    (192,025 )     -       -       (192,025  
Other
    1,595       -       -       1,595  
Operating income
    34,446       (14,888 )     (29,782 )     (10,224 )
Financial income (expenses) (iii)
    27,243       1,623       2,763       31,629  
Income before income tax, equity in results and noncontrolling interest
    61,689       (13,265 )     (27,019 )     21,405  
Income tax expense (iv)
    (1,988 )     4,473       2,920       5,405  
Income (loss) before equity in results and noncontrolling interests
    59,701       (8,793 )     (24,099 )     26,809  
Equity in results (v)
    8,499       858       9,640       18,997  
Net income
    68,200       (7,935 )     (14,459 )     45,806  
Less: Net income attributable to the noncontrolling interests (vi)
    (4,738 )     (858 )     (9,640 )     (15,236 )
 

 
F-113

 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Note to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
 
   
December 31,
2007 as
previously
reported
   
Gafisa
revenue
recognition
   
Alphaville
   
December 31,
2007 as
restated
 
Net income (loss) attributable to Gafisa
    63,462       (8,793 )     (24.099 )     30,570  
US GAAP net income (loss)
    63,462       (8,793 )     (24,099 )     30,570  
US GAAP net income (loss) available to Common shareholders (Basic earnings)
    63,462       (8,793 )     (24,099 )     30,570  
Reconciliation from US GAAP net income to US GAAP net income available to Common shareholders
                               
US GAAP net Income (loss)
    63,462       (8,793 )     (24,099 )     30,570  
US GAAP net income (loss) available to Common shareholders (Diluted earnings)
    63,462       (8,793 )     (24,099 )     30,570  
(i) Revenue recognition – correction of error to fully take account of the revenue recognition provisions established by ASC 350.20.40.10. Amounts as originally reported had not taken full account of the rights of reimbursement of customers (which had the effect of deferring revenue recognition under the percentage-of-completion method until such time as the initial and continuing investments thresholds were met) and the reprocessing of the agreements on a unit-by-unit basis using the current interpretation and Reversal of Tenda’s contract termination provision which had historically been recorded as a means of deferring revenue and which was found to be insufficient and replaced by the current revenue recognition deferral adjustment above.
 
(ii) Retrospective adjustment to the Tenda’s Purchase Price Allocation adjustment arising from the restatement of Tenda´s assets acquired and liabilities assumed following the correction of the error in (1) above.
 
(iii) Revision of non-controlling interest to financial expenses. The Company formed an unincorporated venture (SCP) in 2008 to hold interests in other real estate development companies. Upon further examination, this transaction was determined to be characteristic of a debt instrument rather than an equity investment. The results of the venture were originally presented as part of non-controlling interest amounts and were revised to financial expenses to reflect the Company´s current accounting practices.
 
(iv) Deferred income tax on above adjustments.
 
(v) Changes in equity due to correction of error in (1) above affecting equity method of accounting.
 
(vi) Non-controlling interest on above adjustments.
 
*          *          *
 
 
 
F-114
 
 
 

 
 
 
PART B
DRAFT 2010 20-F
TABLE OF CONTENTS


 
 
Page
 
Introduction
1
Presentation of Financial and Other Information
1
Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements
3
Part I
5
Item 1.
Identity of Directors, Senior Management and Advisers
5
Item 2.
Offer Statistics and Expected Timetable
5
Item 3.
Key Information
5
Item 4.
Information on the Company
26
Item 4A.
Unresolved Staff Comments
64
Item 5.
Operating and Financial Review and Prospects
64
Item 6.
Directors, Senior Management and Employees
97
Item 7.
Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions
112
Item 8.
Financial Information
113
Item 9.
The Offer and Listing
119
Item 10.
Additional Information
123
Item 11.
Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk
144
Item 12.
Description of Securities Other Than Equity Securities
145
Part II
146
Item 13.
Defaults, Dividend Arrearages and Delinquencies
146
Item 14.
Material Modifications to the Rights of Security Holders and Use of Proceeds
146
Item 15.
Controls and Procedures
146
Item 16.
[Reserved]
146
Item 16A.
Audit Committee Financial Expert
146
Item 16B.
Code of Business Conduct and Ethics
147
Item 16C.
Principal Accountant Fees and Services
147
Item 16D.
Exemptions from the Listing Standards for Audit Committees
148
Item 16E.
Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers
148
Item 16F.
Change in Registrant’s Certifying Accountant
148
Item 16G.
Corporate Governance
149
Part III
 
149
Item 17.
Financial Statements
149
Item 18.
Financial Statements
149
Item 19.
Exhibits
150
     
Financial Statements   F-1
 
 
 
B-i

 
 
INTRODUCTION
 
In this annual report, references to “Gafisa,” “we,” “our,” “us,” “our company” and “the company” are to Gafisa S.A. and its consolidated subsidiaries (unless the context otherwise requires). In addition, the term “Brazil” refers to the Federative Republic of Brazil, and the phrase “Brazilian government” refers to the federal government of Brazil. All references to “real,” “reais” or “R$” are to the Brazilian real, the official currency of Brazil, and all references to “U.S. dollar,” “U.S. dollars” or “US$” are to U.S. dollars, the official currency of the United States. References to “Brazilian GAAP” are to generally accepted accounting principles in Brazil and references to “US GAAP” are to generally accepted accounting principles in the United States. All references to “American Depositary Shares” or “ADSs” are to Gafisa’s American Depositary Shares, each representing two common shares.
 
 
PRESENTATION OF FINANCIAL AND OTHER INFORMATION
 
Financial Information
 
We maintain our books and records in reais. Our financial statements were prepared in accordance with Brazilian GAAP, which are based on:
 
 
·
Brazilian Law No. 6,404/76, as amended by Brazilian Law No. 9,457/97, Brazilian Law No. 10,303/01, Brazilian Law No. 11,638/07 and Brazilian Law No. 12,431/11, which we refer to hereinafter as “Brazilian corporate law;”
 
 
·
the rules and regulations of the Brazilian Securities Commission (Comissão de Valores Mobiliários), or the “CVM”; and
 
 
·
the accounting standards issued by the Brazilian Federal Accounting Council (Conselho Federal de Contabilidade), or the “CFC” and the Accounting Standards Committee (Comitê de Pronunciamentos Contábeis), or the “CPC.”
 
Brazilian corporate law was amended by Law No. 11,638 dated December 28, 2007 in order to facilitate the convergence from Brazilian GAAP into International Financial Reporting Standards, or “IFRS,”, and thereafter, the CPC issued several new accounting standards that progressively adapted Brazilian GAAP to IFRS. Our Brazilian GAAP financial statements as of and for the years ended December 31, 2007 and 2006 reflect changes introduced by Law 11,638/07 and the new accounting standards issued by the CPC in 2008, which we retroactively applied beginning on January 1, 2006. The Brazilian Central Bank and the CVM set 2010 as the deadline for final convergence and adoption of IFRS, for the consolidated financial statements of financial institutions and publicly-held companies.
 
Our unaudited financial statements as of and for the years ended December 31, 2010 and 2009 have been prepared in accordance with Brazilian GAAP.
 
Through December 31, 2009, our financial statements were prepared in accordance with Brazilian GAAP in effect at the time (“Prior Brazilian GAA”).  We elected January 1, 2009 as a transition date to full adoption of the new CPC standards and amended certain accounting practices in the Brazilian GAAP financial statements in effect on December 31, 2009.  Our financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2009 have been restated to reflect these adjustments.  In preparing these financial statements, we have applied: (1) Guideline OCPC 04 – Application of the Technical Interpretation of ICPC 02 to the Brazilian Real Estate Development Entities – regarding revenue recognition, and the respective costs and expenses arising from real estate development operations over the course of the construction period (percentage of completion method), and (2) CPC 37 (R1), which  requires that an entity develops accounting policies based on the standards and interpretations of the CPC.  We have adopted all pronouncements, guidelines and interpretations of the CPC issued through December 31, 2010.  Consequently, our consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with the new Brazilian GAAP, which allows revenue recognition on a percentage of completion basis for construction companies (i.e., revenue is recorded in accordance with the percentage of financial evolution of the construction project), and are therefore not
 
 
 
B-1

 
 
 
compliant with IFRS as issued by IASB, which require revenue recognition on a delivery basis (i.e., revenue is recorded upon transferring the ownership risks and benefits to the purchaser of real estate, usually after the construction is completed and the unit is delivered).  We understand that the IASB continues to consider alternatives to its current revenue recognition principles applicable to construction companies and we continue to follow developments as proposed by the CPC and other accounting standards bodies in other jurisdictions.
 
Reconciliations and descriptions of the effect of the transition to the new Brazilian GAAP are provided in Note 3 to our unaudited financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report.
 
Brazilian GAAP differs in significant respects from US GAAP and IFRS. The notes to our financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report contain a reconciliation of shareholders’ equity and net income from Brazilian GAAP to US GAAP. Unless otherwise indicated, all financial information of our company included in this annual report is derived from our Brazilian GAAP financial statements.
 
Our financial statement presentation included in this annual report on Form 20-F is not is compliance with SEC rules and regulations in that financial information for 2008 is presented based on Prior Brazilian GAAP.  Accordingly, the financial information presented for 2010 and 2009 is not comparative with the financial information presented for 2008.
 
Our consolidated financial statements reflect income statement and balance sheet information for all of our subsidiaries, and also separately disclose the interest of noncontrolling shareholders. With respect to our jointly-controlled entities, in accordance with the shareholders agreements, we consolidate income statement and balance sheet information relating to those entities in proportion to the equity interest we hold in the capital of such investees for Brazilian GAAP purposes.
 
Market Information
 
Certain industry, demographic, market and competitive data, including market forecasts, used in this annual report were obtained from internal surveys, market research, publicly available information and industry publications. We have made these statements on the basis of information from third-party sources that we believe are reliable, such as the Brazilian Property Studies Company (Empresa Brasileira de Estudos de Patrimônio), or the “EMBRAESP,” the Association of Managers of Real Estate Companies (Associação de Dirigentes de Empresas do Mercado Imobiliário), or the “ADEMI,” the Getulio Vargas Foundation (Fundaçao Getulio Vargas), or the “FGV,” the National Bank of Economic and Social Development (Banco Nacional de Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social), or “BNDES,” the Real Estate Companies’ Union (Sindicato das Empresas de Compra, Venda, Locação e Adminsitração de Imóveis Residenciais e Comerciais), or the “SECOVI,” the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística), or the “IBGE” and the Brazilian Central Bank (Banco Central do Brasil), or the “Central Bank,” among others. Industry and government publications, including those referenced here, generally state that the information presented therein has been obtained from sources believed to be reliable, but that the accuracy and completeness of such information is not guaranteed. Although we have no reason to believe that any of this information or these reports are inaccurate in any material respect, such information has not been independently verified by us. Accordingly, we do not make any representation as to the accuracy of such information.
 
Rounding and Other Information
 
Some percentages and certain figures included in this annual report have been subject to rounding adjustments. Accordingly, figures shown as totals in certain tables in this annual report may not be an arithmetic aggregation of the figures that precede them.
 
In this annual report, all references to “contracted sales” are to the aggregate amount of sales resulting from all agreements for the sale of units (including residential communities and land subdivisions) entered into during a certain period, including new units and units in inventory. Further, in this annual report we use the term “value of launches” as a measure of our performance. Value of launches is not a GAAP measurement. Value of launches, as used in this annual report, is calculated by multiplying the total numbers of units in a real estate development by the average unit sales price.
 
 
 
B-2

 
 
 
All references to “potential sales value” are to our estimates of the total amount obtained or that can be obtained from the sale of all launched units of a certain real estate development, calculated by multiplying the number of units in a development by the sale price of the unit. Investors should be aware that our potential sales value may not be realized or may significantly differ from the amount of contracted sales, since the total number of units actually sold may be lower than the number of units launched and/or the contracted sales price of each unit may be lower than the launching price.
 
In addition, we present information in square meters in this annual report. One square meter is equal to approximately 10.76 square feet.
 
 
CAUTIONARY STATEMENT REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
 
The statements contained in this annual report in relation to our plans, forecasts, expectations regarding future events, strategies, and projections, are forward-looking statements which involve risks and uncertainties and which are therefore not guarantees of future results. Our estimates and forward-looking statements are mainly based on our current expectations and estimates on projections of future events and trends, which affect or may affect our businesses and results of operations. Although we believe that these estimates and forward-looking statements are based upon reasonable assumptions, they are subject to several uncertainties and are made in light of information currently available to us. Our estimates and forward-looking statements may be influenced by the following factors, among others:
 
 
·
government interventions, resulting in changes in the economy, taxes, rates or regulatory environment;
 
 
·
changes in the overall economic conditions, including employment levels, population growth and consumer confidence;
 
 
·
changes in real estate market prices and demand, estimated budgeted costs and the preferences and financial condition of our customers;
 
 
·
demographic factors and available income;
 
 
·
our ability to repay our indebtedness and comply with our financial obligations;
 
 
·
our ability to arrange financing and implement our expansion plan;
 
 
·
our ability to compete and conduct our businesses in the future;
 
 
·
changes in our business;
 
 
·
inflation and interest rate fluctuations;
 
 
·
changes in the laws and regulations applicable to the real estate market;
 
 
·
government interventions, resulting in changes in the economy, taxes, rates or regulatory environment;
 
 
·
other factors that may affect our financial condition, liquidity and results of our operations; and
 
 
·
other risk factors discussed under “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors.”
 
The words “believe,” “may,” “will,” “estimate,” “continue,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “expect” and similar words are intended to identify estimates and forward-looking statements. Estimates and forward-looking statements speak only as of the date they were made, and we undertake no obligation to update or to review any estimate and/or forward-looking statement because of new information, future events or other factors. Estimates and forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties and are not guarantees of future performance. Our future results may differ materially from those expressed in these estimates and forward-looking statements. In light of the risks and uncertainties described above, the estimates and forward-looking statements discussed in this annual report
 
 
 
B-3

 
 
 
might not occur and our future results and our performance may differ materially from those expressed in these forward-looking statements due to, inclusive of, but not limited to, the factors mentioned above.
 

 
B-4

 

 
PART I
 
ITEM 1.            IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISERS
 
Not applicable.
 
ITEM 2.           OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE
 
Not applicable.
 
ITEM 3.           KEY INFORMATION
 
A.      Selected Financial Data
 
The following selected financial data have been derived from our consolidated financial statements. The selected financial data as of and for the years ended December 31, 2010 and 2009 have been derived from our unaudited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report. The selected financial data as of and for the years ended December 31, 2008, 2007 and 2006 have been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements that are not included in this annual report.
 
Our financial statements are prepared in accordance with Brazilian GAAP, which differs in significant respects from US GAAP. For a discussion of the significant differences relating to these consolidated financial statements and a reconciliation of net income and shareholders’ equity from Brazilian GAAP to US GAAP, see notes to our unaudited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report.  See also “Presentation of Financial and Other Information.”
 
This financial information should be read in conjunction with our unaudited consolidated financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this annual report.
 
The following table sets forth financial information as of and for the years ended December 31, 2010 and 2009 and have been prepared in accordance with Brazilian GAAP in effect as of December 31, 2010.  Certain information below is presented in accordance with US GAAP.
 
   
As of and for the year ended December 31,
 
   
2010(1)
   
2009 as restated (1)
 
   
(in thousands except per share, per ADS and
operating data)(3)
 
Consolidated Income Statement Data:
           
Brazilian GAAP:
           
Net operating revenue
  R$ 3,720,860     R$ 3,022,346  
Operating costs
    (2,634,556 )     (2,143,762 )
Gross profit
    1,086,304       878,584  
Operating expenses, net
    (525,307 )     (586,804 )
Financial income (expenses), net
    (82,118 )     (111,006 )
Income before taxes on income and noncontrolling interest
    478,879       180,774  
Taxes on income
    (38,899 )     (37,812
Noncontrolling interest
    (23,930 )     (41,222
Net income
    416,050       101,740  
Share and ADS data(2):
               
Per common share data—R$ pre share:
               
Earnings per share—Basic
    1.0088       0.3808  
Earnings per share—Diluted
    1.0010       0.3780  
Weighted average number of shares outstanding—in thousands
    412,434       267,174  
Dividends and interest on shareholders’ equity declared
    98,812       50,716  
Earnings per share—R$ per share
    0.9655       0.6100  
Number of common shares outstanding as at end of period
    430,915,889       166,777,934  
 
 
 
 
 
B-5

 
 
 
   
As of and for the year ended December 31,
 
   
2010(1)
   
2009 as restated (1)
 
   
(in thousands except per share, per ADS and
operating data)(3)
 
Earnings per ADS—R$ per ADS (3)
    1.9310       1.2200  
 
Net operating revenue
    2,709,579       1,208,997  
Operating costs
    (2,119,096 )     (1,013,745 )
Gross profit
    590,483       195,252  
Operating expenses, net
    (554,455 )     (585,552 )
Financial income (expenses), net
    (108,628 )     (104,644 )
Income before income taxes, equity in results and noncontrolling interest
    (72,599 )     (484,398 )
Taxes on income
    75,650       29,962  
Equity in results
    1,832       82,132  
               
Net income (loss)
    4,883       (372,304 )
Less: Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests
    24,247       (30,368 )
Net income (Loss) attributable to Gafisa (4)
    29,130       (402,672  
                 
Per share and ADS data(2):
               
Per common share data—R$ per share:
               
Earnings (loss) per share—Basic
    0.1936       (1.5072 )
Earnings (loss) per share—Diluted
    0.1928       (1.5072 )
Weighted average number of shares outstanding – in thousands
    412,434       267,174  
Dividends declared and interest on shareholders’ equity
    98,812       50,716  
Per ADS data—R$ per ADS(3):
               
Earnings (loss) per ADS—Basic (3)
    0.3872       (3.0144 )
Earnings (loss) per ADS—Diluted (3)
    0.3856       (3.0144 )
Weighted average number of ADSs outstanding – in thousands
    206,217       133,587  
Dividends and interest on shareholders’ equity declared
    98,812       50,716  
                 
Consolidated Balance Sheet Data:
               
Brazilian GAAP:
               
Cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities
  R$ 1,201,148     R$ 1,424,053  
Current and non-current properties for sale
    2,067,166       1,748,457  
Working capital(5)
    4,110,557       2,912,205  
Total assets
    9,549,554       7,736,709  
Total debt(6)
    3,290,109       3,122,132  
Total shareholders’ equity
    3,783,669       2,384,181  
                 
US GAAP:
               
Cash and cash equivalents
    1,138,547       1,395,668  
Current and non-current properties for sale
    4,007,350       3,294,283  
Working capital(4)
    3,094,406       2,518,157  
Total assets
    8,326,947       6,911,304  
Total debt(5)
    3,100,375       3,057,092  
Total Gafisa shareholders’ equity
    2,773,455       1,740,604  
Noncontrolling interests
    33,179       16,087  
Total shareholders’ equity
    2,806,634       1,756,691  
                 
Consolidated Cash Flows provided by (used in):
               
Brazilian GAAP
               
Operating activities
    (1,091,052 )     (692,084 )
Investing activities
    122,888       (762,164 )
Financing activities
    931,606       1,555,745  
Operating data:                
Number of new developments
    127       69  
 
 
 
B-6

 
 
 
 
   
As of and for the year ended December 31,
 
   
2010(1)
   
2009 as restated (1)
 
   
(in thousands except per share, per ADS and
operating data)(3)
 
Potential sales value(7)
    4,491,835       2,301,224  
Number of units launched(8)
    22,233       10,795  
Launched usable area (m2)(9)
    3,008,648       1,415,110  
Sold usable area (m2)(9)
    1,690,160       1,378,177  
Units sold
    20,744       22,012  

(1)
Our Brazilian GAAP financial statements as of and for the years ended December 31, 2010 and 2009 reflect the initial adoption of new Brazilian GAAP standards, which we retroactively applied beginning on January 1, 2009.  The Brazilian GAAP financial information was restated to correct the accounting treatment for net income attributable to non-controlling interest related to an unincorporated venture to financial expenses. Our US GAAP financial information was restated to correct the accounting for revenue recognition, retrospective adjustment to Tenda’s purchase price allocation adjustment arising from the restatements of Tenda’s assets acquired and liabilities assumed following the correction of the revenue recognition error, revision of the classification of non-controlling interest to financial expenses, and deferred tax effects on the adjustments.  See Item 5B. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects – Liquidity and Capital Resources – US GAAP Reconciliation and US GAAP Operating Trends and Note 26 in our consolidated financial statements.
 
(2)
On February 22, 2010, a stock split of our common shares was approved, giving effect to the split of one existing share into two new issued shares, increasing the number of shares from 167,077,137 to 334,154,274. All Brazilian GAAP and US GAAP information relating to the numbers of shares and ADSs have been adjusted retroactively to reflect the share split on  February 22, 2010. All Brazilian GAAP and US GAAP earnings per share and ADS amounts have been adjusted retroactively to reflect the share split on February 22, 2010.
 
(3)
Earnings per ADS is calculated based on each ADS representing two common shares.
 
(4)
The following table sets forth reconciliation from US GAAP net income to US GAAP net income available to common shareholders:
 
   
As of and for the year ended December 31,
 
   
2010
   
2009
 
Reconciliation from US GAAP net income (loss) attributable to Gafisa to US GAAP net income available to common shareholders (Basic):
           
US GAAP net income (loss) (Basic)
    79,832       (402,672 )
US GAAP net income (loss) available to common shareholders (Basic earnings)
    79,832       (402,672 )
Reconciliation from US GAAP net income (loss) attributable to Gafisa to US GAAP net income available to common shareholders (Diluted):
               
US GAAP net income (loss)
    79,832       (402,672 )
US GAAP net income (loss) available to common shareholders (Diluted earnings)
    79,832       (402,672 )

*
Pursuant to EITF Topic D-42 “The Effect on the Calculation of Earnings per Share for the Redemption or Induced Conversion of Preferred Stock,” following the exchange of Class A for Class G Preferred shares, the excess of the fair value of the consideration transferred to the holders of the preferred stock over the carrying amount of the preferred stock in the balance sheet was subtracted from net income to arrive at net earnings available to common shareholders in the calculation of earnings per share. For purposes of displaying earnings per share, the amount is treated in a manner similar to the treatment of dividends paid to the holders of the preferred shares. The conceptual return or dividends on preferred shares are deducted from net earnings to arrive at net earnings available to common shareholders.
 
(5)
Working capital equals current assets less current liabilities.
 
(6)
Total debt comprises loans, financings and short term and long term debentures. Amounts exclude loans from real estate development partners.
 
(7)
Potential sales value is calculated by multiplying the number of units sold in a development by the unit sales price.
 
(8)
The units delivered in exchange for land pursuant to swap agreements are not included.
 
(9)
One square meter is equal to approximately 10.76 square feet.
 
 
 
B-7

 
 
 
The following table sets forth financial information as of and for the years ended December 31, 2008, 2007 and 2006 and have been prepared in accordance with Brazilian GAAP in effect at such time.  See “Presentation of Financial and Other Information.”  Significant changes were introduced to Brazilian GAAP in 2010 which were applied retroactively to January 1, 2009 but not to prior periods.  Therefore the financial information as of and for the years as of ended December 31, 2008, 2007 and 2006 is not comparable to the financing information as of  and for the years ended December 31, 2010 and 2009.  Certain information below is presented in accordance with US GAAP.
 
   
As of and for the year ended December 31,
 
   
2008(1)
   
2007(1)
   
2006(1)
 
   
(in thousands except per share, per ADS and operating data)(2)
 
Consolidated Income Statement Data:
                 
Brazilian GAAP:
                 
Gross operating revenue
  R$ 1,805,468     R$ 1,251,894     R$ 681,791  
Net operating revenue
    1,740,404       1,204,287       648,158  
Operating costs
    (1,214,401 )     (867,996 )     (464,766 )
Gross profit
    526,003       336,291       183,392  
Operating expenses, net
    (357,798 )     (236,861 )     (118,914 )
Financial income (expenses), net
    41,846       28,628       (11,943 )
Income before taxes on income and noncontrolling interest
    210,051       128,058       52,535  
Taxes on income
    (43,397 )     (30,372 )     (8,525 )
Noncontrolling interest
    (56,733 )     (6,046 )      
Net income
    109,921       91,640       44,010  
Share and ADS data(2):
                       
Per common share data—R$ pre share:
                       
Earnings (loss) per share—Basic
                 
Earnings (loss) per share—Diluted
                 
Weighted average number of shares outstanding—in thousands
                 
Dividends and interest on shareholders’ equity declared
    26,104       26,981       10,938  
Earnings per share—R$ per share
    0.8458       0.7079       0.4258  
Number of common shares outstanding as at end of period
    129,962,546       129,452,121       103,369,950  
Earnings per ADS—R$ per ADS (3)
    1.6916       1.4158       0.8516  
US GAAP as restated:
                       
Net operating revenue
    1,325,441       1,090,632       674,740  
Operating costs
    (992,122 )     (865,756 )     (503,172 )
Gross profit
    333,319       224,876       171,568  
Operating expenses, net
    (107,256 )     (190,430 )     (139,188 )
Financial income (expenses), net
    76,653       27,243       4,022  
Income before income taxes, equity in results and noncontrolling interest
    302,716       61,689       36,402  
Taxes on income
    (42,295 )     (1,988 )     (11,187 )
Equity in results
    29,873       8,499       894  
Cumulative effect of a change in an accounting principle:
                (157 )
Net income
    290,294       68,200       25,952  
Less: Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests
    (17,485 )     (4,738 )     (1,125 )
Net income attributable to Gafisa (4)
    272,809       63,462       24,827  
                         
Per share and ADS data(2):
                       
Per preferred share data—R$ per share:
                       
Earnings per share—Basic
                0.0759  
Earnings per share—Diluted
                0.0749  
Weighted average number of shares outstanding – in thousands
                3,402  
Per common share data—R$ per share:
                       
Earnings per share—Basic
    1.0519       0.2518       0.1244  
Earnings per share—Diluted
    1.0485       0.2506       0.1229  
 
 
 
B-8

 
 
 
   
As of and for the year ended December 31,
 
   
2008(1)
   
2007(1)
   
2006(1)
 
   
(in thousands except per share, per ADS and operating data)(2)
 
Weighted average number of shares outstanding – in thousands
    259,341       252,063       197,592  
Dividends declared and interest on shareholders’ equity
    26,104       26,981       10,938  
Per ADS data—R$ per ADS(3):
                       
Earnings per ADS—Basic (3)
    2.1039       0.5036       0.2487  
Earnings per ADS—Diluted (3)
    2.0969       0.5013       0.2458  
Weighted average number of ADSs outstanding – in thousands
    129,671       126,032       98,796  
Dividends and interest on shareholders’ equity declared
    26,104       26,981       10,938  
                         
Balance sheet data:
                       
Brazilian GAAP:
                       
Cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities
  R$ 605,502     R$ 517,420     R$ 266,159  
Current and non-current properties for sale
    2,028,976       1,022,279       486,397  
Working capital(5)
    2,448,305       1,315,406       926,866  
Total assets
    5,538,858       3,004,785       1,558,590  
Total debt(6)
    1,552,121       695,380       295,445  
Total shareholders’ equity
    1,612,419       1,498,728       807,433  
                         
US GAAP:
                       
Cash and cash equivalents
    510,504       512,185       260,919  
Current and non-current properties for sale
    2,651,219       1,140,280       483,411  
Working capital(5)
    2,710,088       1,295,176       788,351  
Total assets
    5,267,978       2,889,040       1,633,886  
Total debt(6)
    1,525,138       686,524       289,416  
Total Gafisa shareholders’ equity
    1,665,489       1,441,870       795,251  
Noncontrolling interests
    431,425       39,576       1,050  
Total shareholders’ equity
    2,096,914       1,481,446       796,301  
                         
Consolidated Cash flow provided by (used in):
                       
Brazilian GAAP
                       
Operating activities
    (812,512 )     (451,929 )     (271,188 )
Investing activities
    (78,300 )     (149,290 )     (25,609 )
Financing activities
    911,817       842,629       429,065  
                         
Operating data:
                       
Number of new developments
    64       53       30  
Potential sales value(7)
    2,763,043       2,235,928       1,005,069  
Number of units launched(8)
    10,963       10,315       3,052  
Launched usable area (m2)(9) (10)
    1,838,000       1,927,821       407,483  
Sold usable area (m2)(9) (10)
    1,339,729       2,364,173       357,723  
Units sold
    11,803       6,120       3,049  

(1)
Our Brazilian GAAP financial statements as of and for the years ended December 31, 2007 and 2006 reflect the changes introduced by Law 11,638/07 and the new accounting standards issued by the CPC in 2008, which we retroactively applied beginning on January 1, 2006.  The Brazilian GAAP financial information was restated to correct the accounting treatment for net income attributable to non-controlling interest related to an unincorporated venture to financial expenses. Our US GAAP financial information was restated to correct the accounting for revenue recognition, retrospective adjustment to Tenda’s purchase price allocation adjustment arising from the restatements of Tenda’s assets acquired and liabilities assumed following the correction of the revenue recognition error, revision of the classification of non-controlling interest to financial expenses, and deferred tax effects on the adjustments.  See Item 5B. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects – Liquidity and Capital Resources – US GAAP Reconciliation and US GAAP Operating Trends and Note 26 in our consolidated financial statements.
 
 
 
B-9

 
 
 
(2)
On January 26, 2006, all our preferred shares were converted into common shares. On January 27, 2006, a stock split of our common shares was approved, giving effect to the split of one existing share into three newly issued shares, increasing the number of shares from 27,774,775 to 83,324,316. All US GAAP information relating to the numbers of shares and ADSs have been adjusted retroactively to reflect the share split on January 27, 2006. All US GAAP earnings per share and ADS amounts have been adjusted retroactively to reflect the share split on January 27, 2006. Brazilian GAAP earnings per share and ADS amounts have not been adjusted retroactively to reflect the share split on January 27.
 
(3)
Earnings per ADS is calculated based on each ADS representing two common shares.
 
(4)
The following table sets forth reconciliation from US GAAP net income to US GAAP net income available to common shareholders:
 
   
As of and for the year ended December 31,
 
   
2008
   
2007
   
2006
 
Reconciliation from US GAAP net income (loss) attributable to Gafisa to US GAAP net income available to common shareholders (Basic):
                 
US GAAP net income (Basic)
    272,809       63,462       24,827  
Undistributed earnings for Preferred Shareholders (Basic earnings)
                (258 )
US GAAP net income available to common shareholders (Basic earnings)
    272,809       63,462       24,569  
Reconciliation from US GAAP net income attributable to Gafisa to US GAAP net income available to common shareholders (Diluted):
                       
US GAAP net income
    272,809       63,462       24,827  
Undistributed earnings for Preferred Shareholders (Diluted earnings)
                (259 )
US GAAP net income available to common shareholders (Diluted earnings)
    272,809       63,462       24,568  
 
(5)
Working capital equals current assets less current liabilities.
 
(6)
Total debt comprises loans, financings and short term and long term debentures. Amounts exclude loans from real estate development partners.
 
(7)
Potential sales value is calculated by multiplying the number of units sold in a development by the unit sales price.
 
(8)
The units delivered in exchange for land pursuant to swap agreements are not included.
 
(9)
One square meter is equal to approximately 10.76 square feet.
 
(10)
Does not include data for FIT, Tenda and Bairro Novo.
 
Exchange Rates
 
All transactions involving foreign currency in the Brazilian market, whether carried out by investors resident or domiciled in Brazil or investors resident or domiciled abroad, must now be conducted on the consolidated exchange market through institutions authorized by the Central Bank and subject to the rules of the Central Bank.
 
The Central Bank has allowed the real to float freely against the U.S. dollar since January 15, 1999. Since the beginning of 2001, the Brazilian exchange market has been increasingly volatile, and, until early 2003, the value of the real declined relative to the U.S. dollar, primarily due to financial and political instability in Brazil and Argentina. According to the Central Bank, in 2005, 2006 and 2007, however, the period-end value of the real appreciated in relation to the U.S. dollar 13.4%, 9.5% and 20.7%, respectively. In 2008, the period-end value of the real depreciated in relation to the U.S. dollar by 24.2%. In 2009, the period-end value of the real appreciated in relation to the U.S. dollar by 34.2%. In 2010, the real appreciated by 4.3% against the U.S. dollar. On December 31, 2010, the period-end real/U.S. dollar exchange rate was R$1.666 per US$1.00. In 2011, the real depreciated by 11.2% against the U.S. dollar.  On December 31, 2010, the period-end real/U.S. dollar exchange rate was R$1.8758 per US$1.00. Although the Central Bank has intervened occasionally to control unstable movements in the foreign exchange rates, the exchange market may continue to be volatile as a result of this instability or other
 
 
 
B-10

 
 
 
factors, and, therefore, the real may substantially decline or appreciate in value in relation to the U.S. dollar in the future.
 
The following table shows the selling rate, expressed in reais per U.S. dollar (R$/US$), for the periods and dates indicated.
 
   
Period-end
   
Average for
period(1)
   
Low
   
High
 
   
(per U.S. dollar)
 
Year Ended:
                       
December 31, 2007
  R$ 1.771     R$ 1.793     R$ 1.762     R$ 1.823  
December 31, 2008
    2.337       2.030       1.559       2.500  
December 31, 2009
    1.741       2.062       1.702       2.422  
December 31, 2010
    1.665       1.759       1.655       1.880  
December 31, 2011
    1.876       1.718       1.535       1.902  
Month Ended:
                               
July 2011
    1.556       1.559       1.535       1.583  
August 2011
    1.590       1.594       1.555       1.633  
September 2011
    1.854       1.753       1.604       1.902  
October 2011
    1.689       1.787       1.689       1.886  
November 2011
    1.811       1.810       1.727       1.894  
December 2011
    1.876       1.829       1.783       1.876  
January 2012 (through January 12) 
 
1.787
   
1.828
   
1.787
   
1.868
 

(1)
Average of the lowest and highest rates in the periods presented.
 
Source: Central Bank.
 
On January 12, 2012, the selling rate was R$1.787 to US$1.00. The real/dollar exchange rate fluctuates and, therefore, the selling rate at January 12, 2012 may not be indicative of future exchange rates.
 
B.   Capitalization and Indebtedness
 
Not applicable.
 
C.   Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds
 
Not applicable.
 
D.   Risk Factors
 
This section is intended to be a summary of the more detailed discussion included elsewhere in this annual report. Our business, results of operations, financial condition or prospects could be adversely affected if any of these risks occurs, and as a result, the trading price of our common shares and ADSs could decline. The risks described below are those known to us and those that we currently believe may materially affect us.
 
Risks Relating to Our Business and to the Brazilian Real Estate Industry
 
Our business, results of operations, financial condition and the market price of our common shares or the ADSs may be adversely affected by weaknesses in general economic, real estate and other conditions.
 
The residential homebuilding and land development industry is cyclical and is significantly affected by changes in general and local economic conditions, such as:
 
 
·
employment levels;
 
 
·
population growth;
 
 
 
B-11

 
 
 
 
·
consumer demand, confidence, stability of income levels and interest rates;
 
 
·
availability of financing for land home site acquisitions and the availability of construction and permanent mortgages;
 
 
·
inventory levels of both new and existing homes;
 
 
·
supply of rental properties; and
 
 
·
conditions in the housing resale market.
 
Furthermore, the market value of undeveloped land, buildable lots and housing inventories held by us can fluctuate significantly as a result of changing economic and real estate market conditions. If there are significant adverse changes in economic or real estate market conditions, we will have to sell homes at a loss or hold land in inventory longer than planned.
 
For example, in 2008, the global financial crisis adversely impacted Brazil’s gross domestic product resulting in a decrease in both the number of developments launched and the rate of sales of our units. Worldwide financial market volatility may also adversely impact government plans for the Brazilian real estate industry, which may have a material adverse effect on our business, our financial condition and results of operations.
 
The Brazilian real estate industry is highly competitive and fragmented. We compete with several developers on the basis of land availability and location, price, funding, design, quality, and reputation as well as for partnerships with other developers. Because our industry does not have high barriers to entry, new competitors, including international companies working in partnership with Brazilian developers, may enter into the industry, further intensifying this competition. Some of our current potential competitors may have greater financial and other resources than we do. Furthermore, a significant portion of our real estate development and construction activity is conducted in the states of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, areas where the real estate market is highly competitive due to a scarcity of properties in desirable locations and the relatively large number of local competitors. If we are not able to compete effectively, our business, our financial condition and the results of our operations could be adversely affected.
 
Problems with the construction and timely completion of our real estate projects, as well as third party projects for which we have been hired as a contractor, may damage our reputation, expose us to civil liability and decrease our profitability.
 
The quality of work in the construction of our real estate projects and the timely completion of these projects are major factors that affect our reputation, and therefore our sales and growth. We may experience delays in the construction of our projects or there may be defects in materials and/or workmanship. Any defects could delay the completion of our real estate projects, or, if such defects are discovered after completion, expose us to civil lawsuits by purchasers or tenants. These factors may also adversely affect our reputation as a contractor for third party projects, since we are responsible for our construction services and the building itself for five years. Construction projects often involve delays in obtaining, or the inability to obtain, permits or approvals from the relevant authorities. In addition, construction projects may also encounter delays due to adverse weather conditions, natural disasters, fires, delays in the provision of materials or labor, accidents, labor disputes, unforeseen engineering, environmental or geological problems, disputes with contractors and subcontractors, unforeseen conditions at construction sites, disputes with surrounding landowners, or other events. In addition, we may encounter previously unknown conditions at or near our construction sites that may delay or prevent construction of a particular project. If we encounter a previously unknown condition at or near a site, we may be required to correct the condition prior to continuing construction and there may be a delay in the construction of a particular project. The occurrence of any one or more of these problems in our real estate projects could adversely affect our reputation and our future sales.
 
We may incur construction and other development costs for a project that exceeds our original estimates due to increases over time in interest rates, real estate taxes or costs associated with materials and labor, among others. We may not be able to pass these increased costs on to purchasers. Construction delays, scarcity of skilled workers,
 
 
 
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default and or bankruptcy of third party contractors, cost overruns and adverse conditions may also increase project development costs. In addition, delays in the completion of a project may result in a delay in the commencement of cash flow, which would increase our capital needs.
 
Our inability to acquire adequate capital to finance our projects could delay the launch of new projects and adversely affect our business.
 
We expect that the continued expansion and development of our business will require significant capital, including working capital, which we may be unable to obtain on acceptable terms, or at all, to fund our capital expenditures and operating expenses, including working capital needs. We may fail to generate sufficient cash flow from our operations to meet our cash requirements. Furthermore, our capital requirements may vary materially from those currently planned if, for example, our revenues do not reach expected levels or we have to incur unforeseen capital expenditures and make investments to maintain our competitive position. If this is the case, we may require additional financing sooner than anticipated, or we may have to delay some of our new development and expansion plans or otherwise forgo market opportunities. Future borrowing instruments such as credit facilities are likely to contain restrictive covenants, particularly in light of the recent economic downturn and unavailability of credit, and/or may require us to pledge assets as security for borrowings under those facilities. Our inability to obtain additional capital on satisfactory terms may delay or prevent the expansion of our business, which would have an adverse effect on our business. As of December 31, 2010, our net debt level and obligations to venture partners was in excess of R$2,469 million: our cash and cash equivalents was in excess of R$1,201 million and our total debt was R$3,290 million and obligations to venture partners was R$0.4 million.
 
Changing market conditions may adversely affect our ability to sell our property inventories at expected prices, which could reduce our margins and adversely affect the market price of our common shares or the ADSs.
 
We must constantly locate and acquire new tracts of land for development and development home sites to support our homebuilding operations. There is a lag between the time we acquire land for development or development home sites and the time that we can bring the properties to market and sell homes. As a result, we face the risk that demand for housing may decline, costs of labor or materials may increase, interest rates may increase, currencies may fluctuate and political uncertainties may occur during this period and that we will not be able to dispose of developed properties at expected prices or profit margins or within anticipated time frames or at all. Significant expenditures associated with investments in real estate, such as maintenance costs, construction costs and debt payments, cannot generally be reduced if changes in the economy cause a decrease in revenues from our properties. The market value of property inventories, undeveloped tracts of land and desirable locations can fluctuate significantly because of changing market conditions. In addition, inventory carrying costs (including interest on funds unused to acquire land or build homes) can be significant and can adversely affect our performance. Because of these factors, we may be forced to sell homes and other real properties at a loss or for prices that generate lower profit margins than we anticipate. We may also be required to make material write-downs of the book value of our real estate assets in accordance with Brazilian and US GAAP if values decline. The occurrence of any of these factors may adversely affect our business and results of operations.
 
We are subject to risks normally associated with permitting our purchasers to make payments in installments; if there are higher than anticipated defaults or if our costs of providing such financing increase, then our profitability could be adversely affected.
 
As is common in our industry, we and the special purpose entities, or “SPEs,” in which we participate permit some purchasers of the units in our projects to make payments in installments. As a result, we are subject to the risks associated with this financing, including the risk of default in the payment of principal or interest on the loans we make as well as the risk of increased costs for the funds raised by us. In addition, our term sales agreements usually bear interest and provide for an inflation adjustment. If the rate of inflation increases, the loan payments under these term sales agreements may increase, which may lead to a higher rate of payment default. If the default rate among our purchasers increases, our cash generation and, therefore, our profitability could be adversely affected.
 
In the case of a payment default after the delivery of financed units, Brazilian law provides for the filing of a collection claim to recover the amount owed or to repossess the unit following specified procedures. The collection
 
 
 
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of overdue amounts or the repossession of the property is a lengthy process and involves additional costs. It is uncertain that we can recover the full amount owed to us or that if we repossess a unit, we can re-sell the unit at favorable terms or at all.
 
The affordable entry-level segment is strongly dependent on the availability of financing, including from the Minha Casa, Minha Vida program and from CEF. The scarcity of financing, the increase in interest rates, the reduction in financing terms, share of financing per unit and subsidies or any other modification in other financing terms and conditions may adversely affect the performance of the affordable entry-level segment.
 
If we or the SPEs in which we participate fail to comply with or become subject to more onerous government regulations, our business could be adversely affected.
 
We and the SPEs in which we participate are subject to various federal, state and municipal laws and regulations, including those relating to construction, zoning, soil use, environmental protection, historical sites, consumer protection and antitrust. We are required to obtain, maintain and renew on a regular basis permits, licenses and authorizations from various governmental authorities in order to carry out our projects. We strive to maintain compliance with these laws and regulations. If we are unable to achieve or maintain compliance with these laws and regulations, we could be subject to fines, project shutdowns, cancellation of licenses and revocation of authorizations or other restrictions on our ability to develop our projects, which could have an adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, our contractors and subcontractors are required to comply with various labor and environmental regulations and tax and other regulatory obligations. Because we are secondary obligors to these contractors and subcontractors, if they fail to comply with these regulations or obligations, we may be subject to penalties by the relevant regulatory bodies.
 
Regulations governing the Brazilian real estate industry as well as environmental laws have tended to become more restrictive over time. We cannot assure you that new and stricter standards will not be adopted or become applicable to us, or that stricter interpretations of existing laws and regulations will not be promulgated. Furthermore, we cannot assure you that any such more onerous regulations would not cause delays in our projects or that we would be able to secure the relevant permits and licenses. Any such event may require us to spend additional funds to achieve compliance with such new rules and therefore make the development of our projects more costly, which can adversely affect our business and the market price of our common shares or the ADSs.
 
Scarcity of financing and/or increased interest rates could cause a decrease in the demand for real estate properties, which could negatively affect our results of operations, financial condition and the market price of our common shares or the ADSs.
 
The scarcity of financing and/or an increase in interest rates or in other indirect financing costs may adversely affect the ability or willingness of prospective buyers to purchase our products and services, especially prospective low income buyers. A majority of the bank financing obtained by prospective buyers comes from the Housing Financial System (Sistema Financeiro de Habitação), or “SFH,” which is financed by funds raised from savings account deposits. The Brazilian Monetary Council (Conselho Monetário Nacional), or the “CMN,” often changes the amount of such funds that banks are required to make available for real estate financing. If the CMN restricts the amount of available funds that can be used to finance the purchase of real estate properties, or if there is an increase in interest rates, there may be a decrease in the demand for our residential and commercial properties and for the development of lots of land, which may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 
We and other companies in the real estate industry frequently extend credit to our clients. As a result, we are subject to risks associated with providing financing, including the risk of default on amounts owed to us, as well as the risk of increased costs of funding our operations. An increase in inflation would raise the nominal amounts due from our clients, pursuant to their sales agreements, which may increase their rates of default. If this were to occur, our cash generation and, therefore, our operating results may be adversely affected. In addition, we obtain financings from financial institutions at different rates and subject to different indexes and may be unable to match our debt service requirements with the terms of the financings we grant to our clients. The mismatch of rates and terms between the funds we obtain and the financings we grant may adversely affect us.
 
 
 
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Some of our subsidiaries use significant funding from the home financing programs of the CEF, including the Minha Casa, Minha Vida program, and, as a result, are subject to institutional and operating changes in the CEF and enhance customer risk profiles associated with clients eligible for these programs.
 
The CEF has several home financing programs for the low-income segment, which are used by Construtora Tenda S.A., or Tenda, to fund its activities. The CEF is a state-owned financial institution and is subject to political influence, which may change the availability or the terms of the home financing programs. The cancelation, suspension, interruption or a significant change in such programs may affect our growth estimates and our business. Furthermore, the suspension, interruption or slowdown in the CEF’s activities to approve projects, grant financing to our clients and evaluate construction process, among other activities, may adversely impact our business, financial position, results of operations and the market price of our common shares and ADSs.
 
Also, in March 2009, the Brazilian government announced the creation of a public housing program called “Minha Casa, Minha Vida,” with an announcement in 2010 of a second phase of the program from 2011 until 2014, that aims to finance two million houses, twice as much as was financed in the first phase of the program. The Program aims to reduce the housing deficit in Brazil, which as of 2010 was estimated to be 5.5 million houses. The program calls for government investment of more than R$30 billion in the first phase and more than R$72 billion during the second phase, to be made through financing available from Caixa Econômica Federal, or the “CEF”, and is focused on building one million houses for families with monthly incomes of up to ten times the minimum wage. Under the second phase of this  program, 800 thousand houses will be built for families with monthly incomes of three to ten times the minimum wage, which are our target clients through our Tenda brand. This program offers, among other things, long-term financing, lower interest rates, greater share of the property financed to the client, subsidies based on income level, lower insurance costs and the creation of a guarantor fund to refinance debt in case of unemployment.
 
Financing to the affordable entry-level segment is primarily made available through the CEF. Any changes in such financing would force us to seek new sources of financing and the availability of funds under similar conditions is limited, which would have an adverse effect on our results of operations.
 
The real estate industry is dependent on the availability of credit, especially in the affordable entry-level segment.
 
One of our main strategies is to expand our operations to the affordable entry-level segment in which clients are strongly dependent on bank financing to purchase homes. This financing may not be available on favorable terms to our clients, or at all. Changes in the Real Estate Financing System (Sistema de Financiamento Imobiliário), or “SFI”, and in the SFH rules, the scarcity of available resources or an increase in interest rates may affect the ability or desire of such clients to purchase homes, consequently affecting the demand for homes. These factors would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 
Because we recognize sales revenue from our real estate properties under the percentage of completion method of accounting under Brazilian GAAP as generally adopted by construction companies and under US GAAP, when we meet the conditions specified by the respective accounting standards, an adjustment in the cost of a development project may reduce or eliminate previously reported revenue and income.
 
We recognize revenue from the sale of units in our properties based on the percentage of completion method of accounting, which requires us to recognize revenue as we incur the cost of construction. Total cost estimates are revised on a regular basis as the work progresses, and adjustments based upon such revisions are reflected in our results of operations in accordance with the method of accounting used. To the extent that these adjustments result in an increase, a reduction or an elimination of previously reported income, we will recognize a credit to or a charge against income, which could have an adverse effect on our previously reported revenue and income.
 
 
 
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Our participation in SPEs creates additional risks, including potential problems in our financial and business relationships with our partners.
 
We invest in SPEs with other real estate developers and construction companies in Brazil. The risks involved with SPEs include the potential bankruptcy of our SPE partners and the possibility of diverging or inconsistent economic or business interests between us and our partners. If an SPE partner fails to perform or is financially unable to bear its portion of the required capital contributions, we could be required to make additional investments and provide additional services in order to make up for our partner’s shortfall. In addition, under Brazilian law, the partners of an SPE may be liable for certain obligations of an SPE, including with respect to tax, labor, environmental and consumer protection laws and regulations. These risks could have an adverse effect on us.
 
We may experience difficulties in finding desirable land tracts and increases in the price of land may increase our cost of sales and decrease our earnings.
 
Our continued growth depends in large part on our ability to continue to acquire land and to do so at a reasonable cost. As more developers enter or expand their operations in the Brazilian home building industry, land prices could rise significantly and suitable land could become scarce due to increased demand, decreased supply or both. A resulting rise in land prices may increase our cost of sales and decrease our earnings. We may not be able to continue to acquire suitable land at reasonable prices in the future, which could adversely affect our business.
 
The market value of our inventory of undeveloped land may decrease, thus adversely affecting our results of operations.
 
We own tracts of undeveloped land that are part of our inventory for future developments. We also intend to increase our inventory and acquire larger tracts of land. The market value of these properties may significantly decrease from the acquisition date to the development of the project as a result of economic downturns or market conditions, which would have an adverse effect on our results of operations.
 
Increases in the price of raw materials and fixtures may increase our cost of sales and reduce our earnings.
 
The basic raw materials and fixtures used in the construction of our homes include concrete, concrete block, steel, aluminum, bricks, windows, doors, roof tiles and plumbing fixtures. Increases in the price of these and other raw materials, including increases that may occur as a result of shortages, duties, restrictions, or fluctuations in exchange rates, could increase our cost of sales. Any such cost increases could reduce our earnings and adversely affect our business.
 
If we are not able to implement our growth strategy as planned, or at all, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.
 
We plan to grow our business by selectively expanding to meet the growth potential of the Brazilian residential market. We believe that there is increasing competition for suitable real estate development sites. We may not find suitable additional sites for development of new projects or other suitable expansion opportunities.
 
We anticipate that we will need additional financing to implement our expansion strategy and we may not have access to the funding required for the expansion of our business or such funding may not be available to us on acceptable terms. We may finance the expansion of our business with additional indebtedness or by issuing additional equity securities. We could face financial risks and covenant restrictions associated with incurring additional indebtedness, such as reducing our liquidity and access to financial markets and increasing the amount of cash flow required to service such indebtedness, or associated with issuing additional stock, such as dilution of ownership and earnings.
 
There are risks for which we do not have insurance coverage or the insurance coverage we have in place may not be sufficient to cover damages that we may suffer.
 
We maintain insurance policies with coverage for certain risks, including damages arising from engineering defects, fire, landslides, storms, gas explosions and civil liabilities stemming from construction errors. We believe
 
 
 
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that the level of insurance we have contracted for accidents is consistent with market practice. However, there can be no assurance that such policies will always be available or provide sufficient coverage for certain damages. In addition, there are certain risks that may not be covered by such policies, such as damages resulting from war, force majeure or the interruption of certain activities and, therefore any requirement to pay amounts not covered by our insurance may have a negative impact on our business and our results of operations. Furthermore, we are required to pay penalties and other fines whenever there is delay in the delivery of our units, and such penalties and fines are not covered by our insurance policies.
 
Moreover, we cannot guarantee that we will be able to renew our current insurance policies under favorable terms, or at all. As a result, insufficient insurance coverage or our inability to renew existing insurance policies could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
 
Our level of indebtedness could have an adverse effect on our financial health, diminish our ability to raise additional capital to fund our operations and limit our ability to react to changes in the economy or the real estate industry.
 
As of December 31, 2010, our total debt was R$3.67 billion and our short-term debt was R$824 million. In addition, as of December 31, 2010, our cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities available was R$1.2 billion and our net debt represented 65.3% of our shareholders’ equity including the noncontrolling interest. Our indebtedness has variable interest rates. A hypothetical 1% adverse change in interest rates would have had an annualized unfavorable impact of approximately R$36.7 million on our earnings and cash flows, based on the net debt level as of December 31, 2010.
 
Our level of indebtedness could have important negative consequences for us. For example, it could:
 
 
·
require us to dedicate a large portion of our cash flow from operations to fund payments on our debt, thereby reducing the availability of our cash flow to fund working capital, capital expenditures and other general corporate purposes;
 
 
·
increase our vulnerability to adverse general economic or industry conditions;
 
 
·
limit our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in our business or the industry in which we operate;
 
 
·
limit our ability to raise additional debt or equity capital in the future or increase the cost of such funding;
 
 
·
restrict us from making strategic acquisitions or exploring business opportunities; and
 
 
·
place us at a competitive disadvantage compared to our competitors that have less debt.
 
We may not be successful in managing and integrating the businesses and activities of Alphaville, Cipesa and Tenda.
 
We have acquired controlling stakes in three Brazilian real estate companies: (1) Alphaville Urbanismo S.A., one of the largest residential community development companies in Brazil; (2) Cipesa Empreendimentos Imobiliários S.A., one the leading homebuilder in the State of Alagoas; and (3) Construtora Tenda S.A., a residential homebuilder with a focus on the affordable entry-level segment. However, we may not be successful in managing and integrating these companies, which could adversely affect our business.
 
Failures or delays by our third party contractors may adversely affect our reputation and business and expose us to civil liability.
 
We engage third party contractors to provide services for our projects. Therefore, the quality of work in the construction of our real estate projects and the timely completion of these projects may depend on factors that are beyond our control, including the quality and timely delivery of building materials and the technical skills of the outsourced professionals. Such outsourcing may delay the identification of construction problems and, consequently,
 
 
 
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the correction of such problems. Any failures, delays or defects in the services provided by our third party contractors may adversely affect our reputation and relationship with our clients, which would adversely affect our business and results of operations.
 
Unfavorable judicial or administrative decisions may adversely affect us.
 
We currently are, and may be in the future, defendants in several judicial and administrative proceedings related to civil, labor and tax matters. We cannot assure you that we will obtain favorable decisions in such proceedings, that such proceedings will be dismissed, or that our provisions for such proceedings are sufficient in the event of an unfavorable decision. Unfavorable decisions that impede our operations, as initially planned, or that result in a claim amount that is not adequately covered by provisions in our balance sheet, may adversely affect our business and financial condition.
 
We may be held responsible for labor liabilities of our third party contractors.
 
We may be held responsible for the labor liabilities of our third party contractors and obligated to pay for fines imposed by the relevant authorities in the event that our third party contractors do not comply with applicable legislation. As of December 31, 2010, we had a total of R$91.5 million of labor liabilities and provisions for such liabilities in the amount of R$23.8 million. 86% of the labor claims were commenced by employees of our third party contractors. An adverse result in such claims would cause an adverse effect on our business.
 
Failure to keep members of our senior management and/or our ability to recruit and retain qualified professionals may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 
Our future success depends on the continued service and performance of our senior management and our ability to recruit and retain qualified professionals. None of the members of our senior management are bound to long-term labor contracts or non-compete agreements and there can be no assurance that we will successfully recruit and retain qualified professionals to our management as our business grow. The loss of any key professionals or our inability to recruit or retain qualified professionals may have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 
Changes in Brazilian GAAP due to its migration towards IFRS may adversely affect our results.
 
Brazilian corporate law was amended by Law No. 11,638 dated December 28, 2007 in order to facilitate the convergence from Brazilian GAAP to IFRS, and thereafter, the CPC issued several new accounting standards that progressively adapted Brazilian GAAP to IFRS.
 
Through December 31, 2009, our financial statements were prepared in accordance with Brazilian GAAP in effect at the time.  We elected January 1, 2009 as a transition date to full adoption of the new Brazilian GAAP as generally adopted by construction companies in Brazil, and amended certain accounting practices in the Brazilian GAAP financial statements.  Our financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2009 have been restated to reflect these adjustments.  As the prior period Brazilian GAAP financial statements were not adjusted to the new Brazilian GAAP as generally adopted by construction companies in Brazil, these financial statements are not comparable to the financial statements as at and for the years ended December 31, 2010 and 2009 (restated). Guideline OCPC 04 - Application of the Technical Interpretation ICPC 02 to the Brazilian Real Estate Development Entities and CPC 37 have been applied in preparing the financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2010 and 2009 (restated).
 
Certain matters related to the meaning and application of the continuous transfer of the risks, benefits and control over the real estate unit sales are under consideration by the International Financial Reporting Interpretation Committee or “IFRIC.” The results of this consideration may cause us to revise our accounting practices related to the recognition of our revenues.
 
There can be no assurance that these modifications will not materially and adversely affect our financial statements, on a retrospective or prospective basis, in particular the recognition of our revenues and related costs and
 
 
 
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our financial position and results of operations and impact the comparability of our financial statements for future periods with our financial statements presented herein and our financial covenants as defined in our credit facilities.
 
Material weaknesses identified in our internal control over financial reporting could result in a material misstatement in our financial statements as well as result in our inability to file periodic reports within the timeframes required by federal securities laws, which could have a material adverse effect on our business and stock price.
 
We are required to design, implement and maintain effective controls over financial reporting. A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of a company’s annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.
 
In connection with the preparation of our consolidated financial statements as of and for the years ended December 31, 2010 and 2009, we identified material weaknesses regarding classification in cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities and contractual provision in revenue recognition in our internal control over financial reporting.
 
Failure to remediate any identified deficiencies in internal control could cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations. The rules of the SEC require that we file periodic reports containing our financial statements within a specified time following the completion of annual fiscal periods. Any failure by us to timely file our periodic reports with the SEC may result in a number of adverse consequences that could materially and adversely affect our business, including, without limitation, potential action by the SEC against us, shareholder lawsuits, delisting of our stock and general damage to our reputation.
 
Risks Relating to Brazil
 
Brazilian economic, political and other conditions, and Brazilian government policies or actions in response to these conditions, may negatively affect our business and results of operations and the market price of our common shares or the ADSs.
 
The Brazilian economy has been characterized by frequent and occasionally extensive intervention by the Brazilian government and unstable economic cycles. The Brazilian government has often changed monetary, taxation, credit, tariff and other policies to influence the course of the Brazilian economy. For example, the government’s actions to control inflation have at times involved setting wage and price controls, blocking access to bank accounts, imposing exchange controls and limiting imports into Brazil. We have no control over, and cannot predict, what policies or actions the Brazilian government may take in the future.
 
Our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects, as well as the market prices of our common shares or the ADSs, may be adversely affected by, among others, the following factors:
 
 
·
exchange rate movements;
 
 
·
exchange control policies;
 
 
·
expansion or contraction of the Brazilian economy, as measured by rates of gross domestic product, or “GDP;”
 
 
·
inflation;
 
 
·
tax policies;
 
 
·
other economic, political, diplomatic and social developments in or affecting Brazil;
 
 
·
interest rates;
 
 
 
 
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·
energy shortages;
 
 
·
liquidity of domestic capital and lending markets; and
 
 
·
social and political instability.
 
Uncertainty over whether the Brazilian government may implement changes in policy or regulations may contribute to economic uncertainty in Brazil and to heightened volatility in the Brazilian securities markets as well as securities issued abroad by Brazilian issuers. As a result, these uncertainties and other future developments in the Brazilian economy may adversely affect us and our business and results of operations and the market price of our common shares and the ADSs.
 
Inflation, and government measures to curb inflation, may adversely affect the Brazilian economy, the Brazilian securities market, our business and operations and the market prices of our common shares or the ADSs.
 
At times in the past, Brazil has experienced high rates of inflation. According to the General Market Price Index (Índice Geral de Preços—Mercado), or “IGP-M”, inflation rates in Brazil were  3.8% in 2006, 7.8% in 2007, 9.8% in 2008, (1.7)% in 2009 and 11.3% in 2010. In addition, according to the Expanded Consumer Price Index (Índice de Preços ao Consumidor Ampliado), or “IPCA,” Brazilian consumer price inflation rates were 3.1% in 2006, 4.5% in 2007, 5.9% in 2008, 4.3% in 2009 and 5.9% in 2010. Our term sales agreements usually provide for an inflation adjustment linked to the INCC. The INCC increased by 6.2% in 2007, 11.9% in 2008, 3.14% in 2009 and 7.77% in 2010. The Brazilian government’s measures to control inflation have often included maintaining a tight monetary policy with high interest rates, thereby restricting availability of credit and reducing economic growth. Inflation, actions to combat inflation and public speculation about possible additional actions have also contributed materially to economic uncertainty in Brazil and to heightened volatility in the Brazilian securities markets.
 
Brazil may experience high levels of inflation in future periods. Periods of higher inflation may slow the rate of growth of the Brazilian economy, which could lead to reduced demand for our products in Brazil and decreased net sales. Inflation is also likely to increase some of our costs and expenses, which we may not be able to pass on to our customers and, as a result, may reduce our profit margins and net income. In addition, high inflation generally leads to higher domestic interest rates, and, as a result, the costs of servicing our reais-denominated debt may increase, resulting in lower net income. Inflation and its effect on domestic interest rates can, in addition, lead to reduced liquidity in the domestic capital and lending markets, which could affect our ability to refinance our indebtedness in those markets. In addition, increases in inflation rates would increase the outstanding debt of our customers, which could increase default levels and affect our cash flows. Any decline in our net operating revenue or net income and any deterioration in our financial condition would also likely lead to a decline in the market price of our common shares and the ADSs.
 
Social, political and economic events and the perception of risks, especially in other emerging economies, may adversely affect the Brazilian economy, and consequently, our business, financial condition, results of operations and the market price of our securities.
 
The Brazilian capital markets are influenced by the Brazilian market and economic conditions and, to a certain extent, by the conditions in other Latin American countries and other emerging market countries. Investors’ reactions to developments in certain countries may have an adverse effect on the market value of the securities of Brazilian issuers. Crises in other Latin American and emerging market countries normally trigger a significant outflow of funds and the reduction of foreign investment in Brazil. For example, in 2001 Argentina announced a moratorium on its public debt after a recession and a period of political instability, which affected investor perceptions towards the Brazilian capital markets for many years. Crises in other Latin American and emerging market countries may diminish investor interest in the securities of Brazilian issuers, including ours, which could negatively affect the market price of our common shares.
 
The market for securities issued by Brazilian companies is influenced, to a varying degree, by international economic and market conditions generally, especially in the United States. The prices of shares traded on the
 
 
 
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BM&FBOVESPA have been historically affected by the fluctuation of interest rates and stock exchange indexes in the United States. Events in other countries or capital markets could have an adverse effect on the price of our shares, which could make it more difficult for us to access the capital markets and obtain financing on acceptable terms in the future, or at all.
 
Fluctuations in interest rates may have an adverse effect on our business and the market prices of our common shares and the ADSs.
 
The Central Bank establishes the basic interest rate target for the Brazilian financial system by reference to the level of economic growth of the Brazilian economy, the level of inflation and other economic indicators. Debts of companies in the real estate industry, including ours, are subject to the fluctuation of market interest rates, as established by the Central Bank. Should such interest rates increase, the costs relating to the service of our debt obligations would also increase.
 
As of December 31, 2010 our indebtedness was denominated in reais and subject to Brazilian floating interest rates, such as the Reference Interest Rate (Taxa Referencial), or “TR,” and the Interbank Deposit Certificate Rate (Certificado de Depósito Interbancário), or “CDI rate.” Any increase in the TR rate or the CDI rate may have an adverse impact on our financial expenses, our results of operations and on the market price of our common shares or the ADSs. We are not a party to any hedging instruments with respect to our indebtedness.
 
Restrictions on the movement of capital out of Brazil may adversely affect your ability to receive dividends and distributions on the ADSs and on our common shares, or the proceeds of any sale of our common shares.
 
Brazilian law permits the Brazilian government to impose temporary restrictions on conversions of Brazilian currency into foreign currencies and on remittances to foreign investors of proceeds from their investments in Brazil whenever there is a serious imbalance in Brazil’s balance of payments or there are reasons to expect a pending serious imbalance. The Brazilian government last imposed remittance restrictions for approximately six months in 1989 and early 1990. The Brazilian government may take similar measures in the future. Any imposition of restrictions on conversions and remittances could hinder or prevent holders of our common shares or the ADSs from converting into U.S. dollars or other foreign currencies and remitting abroad dividends, distributions or the proceeds from any sale in Brazil of our common shares. Exchange controls could also prevent us from making payments on our U.S. dollar-denominated debt obligations and hinder our ability to access the international capital markets. As a result, exchange controls restrictions could reduce the market prices of our common shares and the ADSs.
 
Changes in tax laws may increase our tax burden and, as a result, adversely affect our profitability.
 
The Brazilian government regularly implements changes to tax regimes that may increase our and our customers’ tax burdens. These changes include modifications in the rate of assessments and, on occasion, enactment of temporary taxes, the proceeds of which are earmarked for designated governmental purposes. In April 2003, the Brazilian government presented a tax reform proposal, which was mainly designed to simplify tax assessments, to avoid internal disputes within and between the Brazilian states and municipalities, and to redistribute tax revenues. The tax reform proposal provided for changes in the rules governing the federal Social Integration Program (Programa de Integração Social), or “PIS,” the federal Contribution for Social Security Financing (Contribuição para Financiamento da Seguridade Social), or “COFINS,” the state Tax on the Circulation of Merchandise and Services (Imposto Sobre a Circulação de Mercadorias e Serviços), or “ICMS,” and other taxes. The effects of these proposed tax reform measures and any other changes that result from enactment of additional tax reforms have not been, and cannot be, quantified. However, some of these measures, if enacted, may result in increases in our overall tax burden, which could negatively affect our overall financial performance.
 
 
 
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Risks Relating to Our Common Shares and the ADSs
 
International economic and market conditions, especially in the United States, may adversely affect the market price of the ADSs.
 
The market for securities issued by Brazilian companies is influenced, to a varying degree, by international economic and market conditions generally. Because our ADSs are listed on the New York Stock Exchange, or the “NYSE,” adverse market conditions and economic and/or political crises, especially in the United States, such as the subprime mortgage lending crisis in 2007 and 2008 and the financial and credit crises in 2008, have at times resulted in significant negative impacts on the market price of our ADSs. Despite the fact that our clients, whether financed by us or by Brazilian banks through resources obtained in the local market, are not directly exposed to the mortgage lending crisis in the United States, there are still uncertainties as to whether such crisis may indirectly affect homebuilders worldwide. The uncertainties generated by the subprime crisis may affect the market prices of our ADSs and could also make it more difficult for us to access the capital markets and finance our operations in the future on acceptable terms or at all.
 
Developments and the perception of risks in other countries, especially emerging market countries, may adversely affect the market prices of our common shares and the ADSs.
 
The market for securities issued by Brazilian companies is influenced, to varying degrees, by economic and market conditions in other emerging market countries, especially other Latin American countries. Although economic conditions are different in each country, the reaction of investors to developments in one country may cause the capital markets in other countries to fluctuate. Developments or adverse economic conditions in other emerging market countries have at times resulted in significant outflows of funds from, and declines in the amount of foreign currency invested in, Brazil. For example, in 2001, after a prolonged recession, followed by political instability, Argentina announced that it would no longer continue to service its public debt. The economic crisis in Argentina negatively affected investors’ perceptions of Brazilian securities for several years. Economic or political crises in Latin America or other emerging markets may significantly affect perceptions of the risk inherent in investing in the region, including Brazil.
 
The Brazilian economy is also affected by international economic and general market conditions, especially economic and market conditions in the United States. Share prices on the São Paulo Stock Exchange (BM&F Bovespa S.A. — Bolsa de Valores Mercadorias e Futuros), or the “BM&FBOVESPA,” for example, have historically been sensitive to fluctuations in U.S. interest rates as well as movements of the major U.S. stock indexes, particularly in the current worldwide economic downturn. Developments in other countries and securities markets could adversely affect the market prices of our common shares and the ADSs and could also make it more difficult for us to access the capital markets and finance our operations in the future on acceptable terms or at all.
 
The relative volatility and the lack of liquidity of the Brazilian securities market may adversely affect you.
 
The Brazilian securities market is substantially smaller, less liquid, more concentrated and more volatile than major securities markets in the United States. This may limit your ability to sell our common shares and the common shares underlying your ADSs at the price and time at which you wish to do so. The BM&FBOVESPA, the only Brazilian stock exchange, had a market capitalization of approximately US$ 1.546 trillion as of December 31, 2010 and an average daily trading volume of US$3.693 billion for 2010. In comparison, the NYSE had a domestic market capitalization of US$13.394 trillion (excluding funds and non-U.S. companies) as of December 31, 2010 and an average daily trading volume of approximately US$82.1 billion for 2010.
 
There is also a large concentration in the Brazilian securities market. The ten largest companies in terms of market capitalization represented 55.3% of the aggregate market capitalization of the BM&FBOVESPA as of December 31, 2010. The top ten stocks in terms of trading volume accounted for 53.2% of all shares traded on the BM&FBOVESPA in 2010. Gafisa’s average daily trading volume on the BM&FBOVESPA and in the NYSE in 2010 were US$30.6 million and US$31.9 million, respectively.
 
 
 
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Shares eligible for future sale may adversely affect the market value of our common shares and the ADSs.
 
Certain of our shareholders have the ability, subject to applicable Brazilian laws and regulations and applicable securities laws in the relevant jurisdictions, to sell our shares and the ADSs. We cannot predict what effect future sales of our shares or ADSs may have on the market price of our shares or the ADSs. Future sales of substantial amounts of such shares or the ADSs, or the perception that such sales could occur, could adversely affect the market prices of our shares or the ADSs.
 
The economic value of your investment in our company may be diluted.
 
We may need additional funds in the future, and as a result, we may issue additional common shares and/or convertible securities. Any additional funds obtained by such a capital increase may dilute your interest in our company. We may acquire the remaining 20% of Alphaville’s shares that we currently do not own through the issuance of new shares, which we intend to complete by 2012. As a result of these new issuances of shares, you may experience additional dilution of your investment in our company. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—A. History and Development of the Company.”
 
Holders of our common shares or the ADSs may not receive any dividends or interest on shareholders’ equity.
 
According to our by-laws, we must generally pay our shareholders at least 25% of our annual net profit as dividends or interest on shareholders’ equity, as calculated and adjusted under the Brazilian corporate law method. This adjusted net profit may used to absorb losses or for the payment of statutory participation on profits to debenture holders, employees or members of our management, which would ultimately reduce the amount available to be paid as dividends or interest on shareholders’ equity. Additionally, the Brazilian corporate law allows a publicly traded company like us to suspend the mandatory distribution of dividends in any particular year if our board of directors informs our shareholders that such distributions would be inadvisable in view of our financial condition or cash availability. For 2003, 2004 and 2005, we did not distribute dividends. In 2007, we distributed dividends for fiscal year 2006 in the total amount of R$11.0 million, or R$0.10 per share (without giving effect to the stock split of one existing share into two newly issued shares approved at our shareholders’ meeting held on February 22, 2010 and excluding shares held in treasury). In April 2008, our shareholders approved the distribution of dividends for the fiscal year 2007 in the amount of R$27.0 million, or R$0.21 per share (without giving effect to the stock split of one existing share into two newly issued shares approved at our shareholders’ meeting held on February 22, 2010 and excluding shares held in treasury), which were fully paid to our shareholders on April 29, 2008. On April 30, 2009, our shareholders approved the distribution of dividends for the fiscal year 2008 in the amount of R$26.1 million, or R$0.20 per share (without giving effect to the stock split of one existing share into two newly issued shares approved at our shareholders’ meeting held on February 22, 2010 and excluding shares held in treasury), which was fully paid to our shareholders on December 18, 2009. On April 27, 2010, our shareholders approved the distribution of dividends for the fiscal year 2009 in the amount of R$50.7 million, or R$0.12 per share (giving effect to the stock split of one existing share into two newly issued shares approved at our shareholders’ meeting held on February 22, 2010 and excluding shares held in treasury), which was fully paid to our shareholders on December 15, 2010. Based on the results of the fiscal year 2010, on April 29, 2011, our shareholders approved the distribution of a dividend in the amount of R$98.8 million, or R$0.23 per share, which were fully paid to our shareholders on December 28, 2011. See “Item 8. Financial Information—A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information—Dividend Policy.”
 
Holders of ADSs may find it difficult to exercise voting rights at our shareholders’ meetings.
 
Holders of ADSs may exercise voting rights with respect to our common shares represented by ADSs only in accordance with the terms of the deposit agreement governing the ADSs. Holders of ADSs will face practical limitations in exercising their voting rights because of the additional steps involved in our communications with ADS holders. For example, we are required to publish a notice of our shareholders’ meetings in specified newspapers in Brazil. Holders of our common shares will be able to exercise their voting rights by attending a shareholders’ meeting in person or voting by proxy. By contrast, holders of ADSs will receive notice of a shareholders’ meeting from the ADR depositary following our notice to the depositary requesting the depositary to do so. To exercise their voting rights, holders of ADSs must instruct the ADR depositary on a timely basis. This
 
 
 
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voting process necessarily will take longer for holders of ADSs than for holders of our common shares. Common shares represented by ADSs for which no timely voting instructions are received by the ADR depositary from the holders of ADSs shall not be voted.
 
Holders of ADSs also may not receive the voting materials in time to instruct the depositary to vote the common shares underlying their ADSs. In addition, the depositary and its agents are not responsible for failing to carry out voting instructions of the holders of ADSs or for the manner of carrying out those voting instructions. Accordingly, holders of ADSs may not be able to exercise voting rights, and they will have little, if any, recourse if the common shares underlying their ADSs are not voted as requested.
 
No single shareholder or group of shareholders holds more than 50% of our capital stock, which may increase the opportunity for alliances between shareholders as well as conflicts between them.
 
No single shareholder or group of shareholders holds more than 50% of our capital stock. There is no guidance in Brazilian corporate law for publicly-held companies without an identified controlling shareholder. Due to the absence of a controlling shareholder, we may be subject to future alliances or agreements between our shareholders, which may result in the exercise of a controlling power over our company by them. In the event a controlling group is formed and decides to exercise its controlling power over our company, we may be subject to unexpected changes in our corporate governance and strategies, including the replacement of key executive officers. Additionally, we may be more vulnerable to a hostile takeover bid. The absence of a controlling group may also jeopardize our decision-making process as the minimum quorum required by law for certain decisions by shareholders may not be reached and, as a result, we cannot guarantee that our business plan will be affected. Any unexpected change in our management team, business policy or strategy, any dispute between our shareholders, or any attempt to acquire control of our company may have an adverse impact on our business and result of operations.
 
Holders of ADSs will not be able to enforce the rights of shareholders under our by-laws and Brazilian corporate law and may face difficulties in protecting their interests because we are subject to different corporate rules and regulations as a Brazilian company.
 
Holders of ADSs are not direct shareholders of our company and are unable to enforce the rights of shareholders under our by-laws and Brazilian corporate law.
 
Our corporate affairs are governed by our by-laws and Brazilian corporate law, which differ from the legal principles that would apply if we were incorporated in a jurisdiction in the United States, such as the State of Delaware or New York, or elsewhere outside Brazil. Although insider trading and price manipulation are crimes under Brazilian law, the Brazilian securities markets are not as highly regulated and supervised as the U.S. securities markets or the markets in some other jurisdictions. In addition, rules and policies against self-dealing or for preserving shareholder interests may be less well-defined and enforced in Brazil than in the United States and certain other countries, which may put holders of the ADSs at a potential disadvantage. Corporate disclosures also may be less complete or informative than for a public company in the United States or in certain other countries.
 
Holders of ADSs may face difficulties in serving process on or enforcing judgments against us and other persons.
 
We are a corporation organized under the laws of Brazil, and all of our directors and executive officers and our independent public accountants reside or are based in Brazil. Most of the assets of our company and of these other persons are located in Brazil. As a result, it may not be possible for holders of ADSs to effect service of process upon us or these other persons within the United States or other jurisdictions outside Brazil or to enforce against us or these other persons judgments obtained in the United States or other jurisdictions outside Brazil. Because judgments of U.S. courts for civil liabilities based upon the U.S. federal securities laws may be enforced in Brazil only if certain conditions are met, holders may face greater difficulties in protecting their interests in the case of actions by us or our directors or executive officers than would shareholders of a U.S. corporation.
 
 
 
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Changes in Brazilian tax laws may have an adverse impact on the taxes applicable to a disposition of the ADSs.
 
According to Law No. 10,833 of December 29, 2003, the disposition of assets located in Brazil by a non-resident to either a Brazilian resident or a non-resident is subject to taxation in Brazil, regardless of whether the disposition occurs outside or within Brazil. Thus, gains arising from a disposition of our common shares by a non-resident of Brazil to another non-resident of Brazil are subject to income tax.
 
Our interpretation of Law No. 10,833 is that ADSs should not be regarded as assets located in Brazil. Accordingly, the disposition of our ADSs by a non-resident to either a Brazilian resident or a non-resident should not be subject to taxation in Brazil. However, in the event that a disposition of our ADSs is considered a disposition of assets located in Brazil, this tax law could result in the imposition of withholding taxes on the disposition of our ADSs by a non-resident of Brazil. We are not aware of precedents on the application of Law No. 10,833 to ADSs and, accordingly, we are unable to predict whether Brazilian courts would apply it to a disposition of our ADSs by a non-resident of Brazil. See “Item 10. Additional Information—E. Taxation—Brazilian Tax Considerations—Gains.”
 
Any gain or loss recognized by a U.S. Holder (as defined in “Item 10. Additional Information—E. Taxation—Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations”) would be treated as U.S. source gain or loss for all foreign tax credit purposes. U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisers as to whether the Brazilian tax on gain would be creditable against the holder’s U.S. federal income tax on foreign-source income from other sources.
 
Judgments of Brazilian courts with respect to our common shares will be payable only in reais.
 
If proceedings are brought in the courts of Brazil seeking to enforce our obligations in respect of the common shares, we will not be required to discharge our obligations in a currency other than reais. Under Brazilian exchange control limitations, an obligation in Brazil to pay amounts denominated in a currency other than reais may be satisfied in Brazilian currency only at the exchange rate, as determined by the Central Bank, in effect on the date the judgment is obtained, and such amounts are then adjusted to reflect exchange rate variations through the effective payment date. The then, prevailing exchange rate may not afford non-Brazilian investors with full compensation for any claim arising out of or related to our obligations under our common shares or the ADSs.
 
Holders of ADSs may be unable to exercise preemptive rights with respect to our common shares underlying the ADSs.
 
Holders of ADSs will be unable to exercise the preemptive rights relating to our common shares underlying ADSs unless a registration statement under the U.S. Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the “Securities Act,” is effective with respect to those rights or an exemption from the registration requirements of the Securities Act is available. We are not obligated to file a registration statement with respect to the shares relating to these preemptive rights or to take any other action to make preemptive rights available to holders of ADSs. We may decide, in our discretion, not to file any such registration statement. If we do not file a registration statement or if we, after consultation with the ADR depositary, decide not to make preemptive rights available to holders of ADSs, those holders may receive only the net proceeds from the sale of their preemptive rights by the depositary, or if they are not sold, their preemptive rights will be allowed to lapse.
 
An exchange of ADSs for common shares risks loss of certain foreign currency remittance and Brazilian tax advantages.
 
The ADSs benefit from the certificate of foreign capital registration, which permits Citibank N.A., as depositary, to convert dividends and other distributions with respect to our common shares into foreign currency, and to remit the proceeds abroad. Holders of ADSs who exchange their ADSs for common shares will then be entitled to rely on the depositary’s certificate of foreign capital registration for five business days from the date of exchange. Thereafter, they will not be able to remit non-Brazilian currency abroad unless they obtain their own certificate of foreign capital registration, or unless they qualify under Resolution CMN 2,689, which entitles certain investors to buy and sell shares on Brazilian stock exchanges without obtaining separate certificates of registration.
 
 
 
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If holders of ADSs do not qualify under Resolution CMN 2,689, they will generally be subject to less favorable tax treatment on distributions with respect to our common shares. There can be no assurance that the depositary’s certificate of registration or any certificate of foreign capital registration obtained by holders of ADSs will not be affected by future legislative or regulatory changes, or that additional Brazilian law restrictions applicable to their investment in the ADSs may not be imposed in the future.
 
A portion of the compensation of our officers and members of the senior management is paid in form of stock options, which could tie their interest to the market price of our shares and ADSs.
 
We have established stock option plans for our officers and members of our senior management. Potential benefits under the stock option plans are tied to the appreciation of the market price of our shares and ADSs.
 
As a result, our compensation policy may influence our officers and members of the senior management and their interest to the market price of our shares and ADSs, which may conflict with the interests of our shareholders. Our officers and members of the senior management may be influenced to focus on short-term rather than long-term results because a significant portion of their compensation is tied to our results and the market price of our shares and ADSs. See “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—E. Share Ownership—Stock Option Plans” in this annual report.
 
ITEM 4.           INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY
 
A.    History and Development of the Company
 
General
 
Gafisa S.A. is a corporation organized under the laws of Brazil. We were incorporated on November 12, 1996 for an indefinite term. Our registered and principal executive offices are located at Av. Nações Unidas No. 8,501, 19th floor, 05425-070, São Paulo, SP, Brazil, and our general telephone and fax numbers are + 55 (11) 3025-9000 and + 55 (11) 3025-9348, respectively.
 
We are a leading diversified national homebuilder serving all demographic segments of the Brazilian market. Established over 56 years ago, we have completed and sold more than 1,000 developments and constructed over 12 million square meters of housing under the Gafisa brand, which we believe is more than any other homebuilder in Brazil. Recognized as one of the foremost professionally-managed homebuilders, we are also one of the best-known brands in the real estate development market, enjoying a reputation among potential homebuyers, brokers, lenders, landowners, and competitors for quality, consistency and professionalism. Our brands include Tenda, which serves the affordable entry-level housing segments, Gafisa, which offers a variety of residential options to the mid to higher income segments and Alphaville, which focuses on the identification, development and sale of high quality residential communities. In addition, we provide construction services to third parties.
 
Our core business is the development of high-quality residential units in attractive locations. For the year ended December 31, 2010, approximately 48% of the value of our launches was derived from high and mid high-level residential developments under the Gafisa brand. We are also engaged in the development of land subdivisions, also known as residential communities, representing approximately 16% of the value of our launches under the Alphaville brand, and affordable entry-level housing, which represents approximately 36% of the value of our launches under the Tenda brand. In addition, we provide construction services to third parties.
 
We are one of Brazil’s most geographically-diversified homebuilders and currently operate in more than 140 cities, including São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Salvador, Fortaleza, Natal, Curitiba, Belo Horizonte, Manaus, Porto Alegre and Belém, across 23 states and the Federal District. Many of these developments are located in markets where few large competitors currently operate. For the year ended December 31, 2010, approximately 47% of the value of our launches were derived from our operations outside the states of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro.
 
 
 
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Our common shares are listed on the BM&FBOVESPA under the symbol “GFSA3” and the ADSs are listed on the NYSE under the symbol “GFA.”
 
Our agent for services of process in the United States is National Corporate Research, Ltd. located at 10 East 40th Street, 10th floor, New York, NY 10016.
 
Historical Background and Recent Developments
 
Gomes de Almeida Fernandes Ltda., or “GAF,” was established in 1954 in the city of Rio de Janeiro with operations in the real estate markets in the cities of Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo. In December 1997, GP Investimentos S.A. and its affiliates, or “GP,” entered into a partnership with the shareholders of GAF to create Gafisa S.A. In 2004, as a result of a corporate restructuring, GP assumed a controlling position in our company. In 2005, an affiliate of Equity International Management, LLC, or “Equity International,” acquired approximately 32% of our company through a capital contribution. In February 2006, we concluded our initial public offering in Brazil, resulting in a public float of approximately 47% of our total share capital at the conclusion of the offering.
 
In September 2006, we created Gafisa Vendas Intermediação Imobiliária Ltda., or “Gafisa Vendas,” to function as our internal sales division in the state of São Paulo and in February 2007, we created a branch of Gafisa Vendas in Rio de Janeiro, or “Gafisa Vendas Rio,” to function as our internal sales division in the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro.
 
In October 2006, we entered into an agreement with Alphaville Participações S.A. to acquire 100% of Alphaville Urbanismo S.A., or “Alphaville,” one of the largest residential community development companies in Brazil in terms of units and square meters, focused on the identification, development and sale of high quality residential communities in the metropolitan regions throughout Brazil targeted at upper and upper-middle income families. On January 8, 2007, we successfully completed the acquisition of 60% of Alphaville’s shares for R$198.4 million, of which R$20 million was paid in cash and the remaining R$178.4 million was paid in exchange for 6.4 million common shares of Gafisa. The acquisition agreement provided for the purchase of the remaining 40% in two phases: 20% was purchased in 2010 for R$126.5 million and the remaining 20% will be purchased in 2012, either in cash or shares issued by us, at our sole discretion.  Alphaville is operating as one of our subsidiaries based in the city of Barueri, within the metropolitan region of São Paulo.
 
As provided for in our 2006 acquisition agreement with Alphaville Participações S.A., we expect to acquire the remaining shares of Alphaville, representing 20% of its total voting capital, by March, 2012.  The price at which we will make this acquisition will be determined based on a valuation to be performed by an investment bank and we have the discretion to pay the purchase price in cash or our common shares.
 
On March 17, 2007, we concluded our initial public offering of common shares in the United States, resulting in a public float of 78.6% of our total share capital at the conclusion of the offering. Upon completion of the offering, entities related to Equity International and GP controlled 14.2% and 7.3% of our total capital stock, respectively. In June 2007, Brazil Development Equity Investments, LLC, a company affiliated with GP, sold its remaining stake in our company (7.1% of our capital stock at the time).
 
On March 15, 2007, we created a new wholly-owned subsidiary, Fit Residencial Empreendimentos Imobiliários Ltda., or “FIT,” for the development, construction and management of lower and lower-middle income residential projects. On October 21, 2008, Gafisa and Tenda concluded a business combination in which FIT was merged into Tenda. The purpose of the merger was to consolidate the activities of FIT and Tenda in the lower-income segment in Brazil focused on developing real estate units with an average price of less than R$200,000. As a result of the business combination, Gafisa became the owner of 60.0% of the total and voting capital stock of Tenda. On December 30, 2009, the shareholders of Gafisa and Tenda approved a corporate restructuring to consolidate Gafisa’s noncontrolling share ownership in Tenda. The restructuring was accomplished by exchanging all of the remaining Tenda shares not held by Gafisa into Gafisa shares.  As a result of the restructuring, Tenda became a wholly-owned subsidiary of Gafisa. On October 26, 2007, Gafisa acquired 70% of Cipesa Engenharia S.A., a leading homebuilder in the State of Alagoas at the time.
 
 
 
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On October 1, 2010, Equity International sold its remaining stake in our company and as a result, we do not have any shareholders holding over 5.0% of our shares.
 
Capital Expenditures
 
In 2008, we invested R$63.1 million in property and equipment, primarily information technology equipment, software, expenses for the construction of sales stands, facilities, model apartments and related furnishings and new office facilities in Rio de Janeiro and in São Paulo. Our main investments during the period were the construction of sales stands, which totaled R$35.5 million, investments in information technology equipment and software, which totaled R$3.7 million, in office facilities, which totaled R$4.2 million and the implementation of the enterprise application software SAP, which totaled R$2.0 million.
 
In 2009, we invested R$45.1 million in property and equipment, primarily information technology equipment, software, expenses for the construction of sales stands, facilities, model apartments and related furnishings and new office facilities in São Paulo. Our main investments during the period were the construction of sales stands, which totaled R$23.2 million, investments in information technology equipment and software, which totaled R$4.9 million, in office facilities, which totaled R$7.6 million and the SAP implementation, which totaled R$5.0 million.
 
In 2010, we invested R$63.5 million in property and equipment, primarily information technology equipment, software, expenses for the construction of sales stands, facilities, model apartments and related furnishings and new office facilities in São Paulo. Our main investments during the period were the construction of sales stands, which totaled R$43.4 million, investments in information technology equipment and software, which totaled R$10.8 million, in construction equipment, which totaled R$4.4 million and in machine and equipment, which totaled R$3.9 million.
 
Our capital expenditures are all made in Brazil and are usually funded by local debt capital markets. We currently do not have any significant capital expenditures in progress.
 
B.    Business Overview
 
General Overview
 
We believe we are one of Brazil’s leading homebuilders. Over the last 50 years, Gafisa has been recognized as one of the foremost professionally-managed homebuilders, having completed and sold more than 980 developments and constructed over 11 million square meters of housing, which we believe is more than any other residential development company in Brazil. We believe our brands “Gafisa,” “Alphaville,” and “Tenda” are well-known brands in the Brazilian real estate development market, enjoying a reputation among potential homebuyers, brokers, lenders, landowners and competitors for quality, consistency and professionalism.
 
Our core business is the development of high-quality residential units in attractive locations. For the year ended December 31, 2010, approximately 48% of the value of our launches was derived from high and mid high-level residential developments under the Gafisa brand. We are also engaged in the development of land subdivisions, also known as residential communities, representing approximately 16% of the value of our launches under the Alphaville brand, and affordable entry-level housing, which represents approximately 36% of the value of our launches under the Tenda brand. In addition, we provide construction services to third parties.
 
We are one of Brazil’s most geographically-diversified homebuilders currently operating in more than 140 municipalities, including São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Salvador, Fortaleza, Natal, Curitiba, Belo Horizonte, Manaus, Porto Alegre and Belém, across 23 states and the Federal District, which represents approximately 90% of the national population and approximately 90% of the gross domestic product as of December 31, 2010. Many of these developments are located in markets where few large competitors currently operate. For the year ended December 31, 2010 approximately 47% of the value of our launches were derived from our operations outside the states of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro.
 
 
 
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Our Markets
 
We are present in more than 140 municipalities, including Ananindeua, Aracajú, Barueri, Bauru, Belém, Belford Roxo, Belo Horizonte, Betim, Brasília, Camaçari, Campina Grande, Campinas, Campo Grande, Caruaru, Caxias do Sul, Contagem, Cotia, Cuiabá, Curitiba, Diadema, Duque de Caxias, Fortaleza, Foz do Iguaçú, Goiânia, Governador Valadares, Gramado, Gravataí, Jandira, João Pessoa, Juiz de Fora, Lauro de Freitas, Londrina, Macaé, Maceió, Manaus, Mossoró, Natal, Niterói, Nova Iguaçu, Nova Lima, Petrópolis, Piracicaba, Porto Alegre, Porto Velho, Recife, Resende, Ribeirão Preto, Rio das Ostras, Rio de Janeiro, Sabará, Salvador, Santos, São Bernardo do Campo, São Gonçalo, São José dos Campos, São Luis, São Paulo, São Vicente, Sobradinho, Sorocaba, Suzano, Teresina, Uberlândia, Vila Velha and Vitória, across 23 states and the Federal District throughout Brazil.
 
Our Real Estate Activities
 
Our real estate business includes the following activities:
 
 
·
developments for sale of:
 
 
·
residential units;
 
 
·
land subdivisions (also known as residential communities), and
 
 
·
commercial buildings;
 
 
·
construction services to third parties; and
 
 
·
sale of units through our brokerage subsidiaries, Gafisa Vendas and Gafisa Vendas Rio, jointly referred to as “Gafisa Vendas.”
 
The table below sets forth our sales from new developments generated for each of our real estate activities and as a percentage of total real estate amount generated during the periods presented:
 
   
For year ended December 31,
 
   
2010
   
2010
   
2009 (1)
   
2009
   
2008(2)
   
2008
 
   
(in thousands
of R$)
   
(% of total)
   
(in thousands
of R$)
   
(% of total)
   
(in thousands
of R$)
   
(% of total)
 
Residential buildings
    3,751,242       83.1       1,726,399       73.9       1,829,780       80.4  
Land subdivisions
    740,592       16.4       419,512       17.6       405,678       17.8  
Commercial
    0       0.0       155,313       6.5       3,100       0.1  
Pre-sales
    4,491,835       99.5       2,301,224       98.0       2,238,558       98.4  
Construction services
    24,289       0.5       47,999       2.0       37,268       1.6  
Total real estate sales
    4,516,124       100.0       2,386,831       100.0       2,275,826       100.0  

(1)
Consolidates all sales of Tenda since January 1, 2009.
 
(2)
Includes sales of Tenda since October 22, 2008.
 
 
 
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Developments for Sale
 
The table below provides information on our developments for sale activities during the periods presented:
 
   
As of and for year ended December 31,
 
   
2010
   
2009
   
2008
 
   
(in thousands of R$, unless otherwise stated)
 
São Paulo
                 
Potential sales value of units launched(1)
    1,537,604       804,937       918,156  
Developments launched
    26       11       13  
Usable area (m2)(2) 
    336,599       157,755       288,028  
Units launched(3)
    3,335       1,490       2,301  
Average sales price (R$/m2)(2) 
    4,568       5,102       3,188  
Rio de Janeiro
                       
Potential sales value of units launched(1)
    158,953       95,955       443,516  
Developments launched
    5       3       8  
Usable area (m2)(2) 
    36,075       19,015       196,189  
Units launched(3)
    285       436       837  
Average sales price (R$/m2)(2)(4) 
    4,406       5,046       2,261  
Other States
                       
Potential sales value of units launched(1)
    458,766       363,628       551,728  
Developments launched
    21       13       15  
Usable area (m2)(2) 
    221,745       138,503       163,610  
Units launched(3)
    1,504       1,487       1,811  
Average sales price (R$/m2)(2)(4) 
    2,068       2,625       3,372  
Total Gafisa
                       
Potential sales value of units launched(1)
    2,155,323       1,264,520       1,913,400  
Developments launched
    52       27       36  
Usable area (m2)(2) 
    594,419       314,898       647,827  
Units launched(3)
    5,124       3,413       4,949  
Average sales price (R$/m2)(2)(4) 
    3,626       4,016       2,954  
Alphaville
                       
Potential sales value of units launched(1)
    740,592       419,512       312,515  
Developments launched
    15       10       11  
Usable area (m2)(2) 
    1,705,121       1,039,434       956,665  
Units launched(3)
    3,607       2,096       1,818  
Average sales price (R$/m2)(2)(4) 
    434       403       327  
Tenda(5)(6)
                       
Potential sales value of units launched(1)
    1,595,919       617,191       1,448,325  
Developments launched
    77       31       85  
Usable area (m2)(2) 
    709,106              
Units launched(3)
    13,502       5,286       18,515  
Average sales price (R$/m2)(2)(4) 
    2,251              
FIT(7)
                       
Potential sales value of units launched(1)
                496,147  
Developments launched
                16  
Usable area (m2)(2) 
                 
Units launched(3)
                3,759  
Average sales price (R$/m2)(2)(4) 
                 
Bairro Novo(8)
                       
Potential sales value of units launched(1)
                25,311  
Developments launched
                1  
Usable area (m2)(2) 
                16,487  
Units launched(3)
                325  
Average sales price (R$/m2)(2)(4) 
                1,535  
 
 
 
B-30

 
 
 
 

(1)
Potential sales value is calculated by multiplying the number of units sold in a development by the unit sales price.
 
(2)
One square meter is equal to approximately 10.76 square feet.
 
(3)
The units delivered in exchange for land pursuant to swap agreements are not included.
 
(4)
Average sales price per square meter excludes the land subdivisions. Average sales price per square meter (including land subdivisions and excluding Tenda’s ventures) was R$1,259, R$1,369 and R$1,225 in 2010, 2009 and 2008, respectively.
 
(5)
Because Tenda launched very few units in 2008, we believe the full impact of the merger was not reflected until 2009.
 
(6)
On December 30, 2009, the shareholders of Gafisa and Tenda approved a corporate restructuring to consolidate Gafisa’s noncontrolling share ownership in Tenda. The restructuring was accomplished by exchanging all of the remaining Tenda shares not held by Gafisa into Gafisa shares (merger of shares). As a result of the restructuring, Tenda became a wholly-owned subsidiary of Gafisa.
 
(7)
FIT was merged into Tenda on October 21, 2008.
 
(8)
On February 27, 2009, Gafisa and Odebrecht entered into an agreement to terminate the partnership created in February 2007 for the development, construction and management of large scale, low income residential projects with more than 1,000 units each. Gafisa withdrew from Bairro Novo, terminating the Shareholders’ Agreement then effective between Gafisa and Odebrecht. Therefore Gafisa is no longer a partner in Bairro Novo. The ongoing real estate ventures that were being jointly developed by the parties were separated as follows: Gafisa continued developing the Bairro Novo Cotia real estate venture and Odebrecht continued developing the other real estate ventures of the dissolved partnership, in addition to the operations of Bairro Novo. Further, on June 29, 2009, Gafisa sold its equity participation in the company developing the Bairro Novo Cotia real estate venture to Tenda.
 
Our developments for sale are divided into three broad categories: (1) residential buildings, (2) land subdivisions, and (3) commercial buildings.
 
Overview of Residential Buildings
 
In the residential buildings category, we develop three main types of products: (1) luxury buildings targeted at upper-income customers; (2) buildings targeted at middle-income customers; and (3) affordable entry-level housing targeted at lower-income customers. Quality residential buildings for middle- and upper-income customers are our core products and we have developed them since our inception. A significant portion of our residential developments is located in São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro where we have held a leading position over the past five years based upon area of total construction. However, beginning in 2006, we began our national expansion to pursue highly profitable opportunities in residential buildings outside these cities. For the year ended December 31, 2010, approximately 47% of the value of our launches were derived from our operations outside the states of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro and therefore these states are responsible for more than 50% of our operations
 
Luxury Buildings
 
Luxury buildings are a high margin niche. Units usually have over 180 square meters of private area, at least four bedrooms and three parking spaces. Typically, this product is fitted with modern, top-quality materials designed by brand-name manufacturers. The development usually includes swimming pools, gyms, visitor parking, and other
 
 
 
B-31

 
 
 
amenities. Average price per square meter generally is higher than approximately R$7,000. Luxury building developments are targeted to families with monthly household incomes in excess of approximately R$20,000.
 
The table below sets forth our luxury building developments launched between January 1, 2008 and December 31, 2010:
 
Project Description
 
Year Launched
 
Gafisa Participation (%)
   
Usable Area (m2) (1) (2)
   
Completion
Year
   
Number of
Units (2)
   
Units Sold (%)
(As of December 31, 2010)
 
Fradique Coutinho - MOSAICO
 
2010
    100       6,058       2012       62       96  
Smart Perdizes
 
2010
    100       7,310       2013       82       62  
Smart Vila Mariana
 
2010
    100       6,542       2013       74       100  
Anauá
 
2010
    80       11,395       2012       25       70  
Zenith - It Fase 3
 
2010
    100       8,464       2013       24       26  
Vistta Laguna
 
2010
    80       15,000       2012       93       36  
Lumière
 
2010
    100       6,701       2013       25       0  
iGLOO
 
2010
    50       4,544       2013       80       93  
Lorian Qd2A
 
2010
    100       34,429       2013       131       0  
Verdemar – Phase 2
 
2009
    100       12,593       2011       77       34  
Centro Empresarial Madureira
 
2009
    100       5,836       2011       195       86  
Supremo Ipiranga
 
2009
    100       13,904       2012       108       99  
Sorocaba
 
2009
    100       7,046       2012       81       93  
Vistta Santana
 
2009
    100       27,897       2012       179       95  
The Place
 
2009
    80       5,984       2012       176       77  
Magno
 
2009
    100       8,686       2012       34       100  
Paulista Corporate
 
2009
    100       5,615       2011       97       97  
London Ville
 
2009
    100       18,768       2012       195       62  
Vision Brooklin
 
2009
    100       20,536       2012       266       97  
IT Style
 
2009
    100       16,208       2013       204       91  
Horto – Phase 2
 
2008
    50       22,298       2011       92       97  
Costa Maggiore
 
2008
    50       9,386       2010       60       92  
Alphaville Barra da Tijuca
 
2008
    65       170,010       2011       259       73  
Chácara Sant’Anna
 
2008
    50       30,517       2011       158       99  
Details
 
2008
    100       7,802       2011       38       96  
Quintas do Pontal
 
2008
    100       21,915       2010       91       42  
Laguna di Mare
 
2008
    80       17,454       2011       146       82  
Nouvelle
 
2008
    100       5,367       2012       12       84  
MontBlanc
 
2008
    80       30,479       2011       112       48  
Manhattan Square – Phase 1 Com
 
2008
    50       25,804       2011       716       40  
Reserva Laranjeiras
 
2008
    100       11,740       2010       108       100  

(1)
One square meter is equal to approximately 10.76 square feet.
 
(2)
Values for 100% of the building development.
 

Middle Income Buildings
 
Buildings targeted at middle-income customers have accounted for the majority of our sales since our inception. Units usually have between 90 and 180 square meters of private area, three or four bedrooms and two to three underground parking spaces. Buildings are usually developed in large tracts of land as part of multi-building developments and, to a lesser extent, in smaller lots in attractive neighborhoods. Average price per square meter ranges from approximately R$2,000 to R$7,000. Developments in Rio de Janeiro tend to be larger due to the large tracts of land available in Barra da Tijuca. Middle-income building developments are tailored to customers with monthly household incomes between approximately R$5,000 and R$20,000.
 
The table below sets forth our middle-income building developments launched between January 1, 2008 and December 31, 2010:
 
 
 
B-32

 
 
Project Description
 
Year Launched
 
Gafisa Participation (%)
   
Usable Area (m2) (1) (2)
   
Completion
Year
   
Number of
Units (2)
   
Units Sold (%)
(As of December 31, 2010)
 
Weekend (Vitória Régia)
 
2010
    100       15,004       2013       37       44  
Reserva Ecoville
 
2010
    50       38,455       2012       256       65  
Pq Barueri Cond Clube F2A - Sabiá
 
2010
    100       15,101       2013       171       34  
Alegria - Fase2B
 
2010
    100       14,599       2012       139       62  
Pátio Condomínio Clube - Harmony
 
2010
    100       10,370       2012       96       67  
Mansão Imperial - Fase 2b
 
2010
    100       19,210       2012       89       61  
Golden Residence
 
2010
    100       6,377       2012       78       70  
Riservato
 
2010
    100       4,078       2012       42       78  
Pateo Mondrian (Mota Paes)
 
2010
    100       16,012       2012       115       80  
Jatiuca - Maceió - AL - Fase 2
 
2010
    50       4,256       2011       48       19  
Grand Park Varandas - FI
 
2010
    50       14,654       2013       188       100  
Canto dos Pássaros_Parte 2
 
2010
    80       7,428       2012       112       16  
Grand Park Varandas - FII
 
2010
    50       12,242       2013       150       100  
Grand Park Varandas - FIII
 
2010
    50       8,965       2013       114       100  
JARDIM DAS ORQUIDEAS
 
2010
    50       20,811       2012       204       98  
JARDIM DOS GIRASSOIS
 
2010
    50       2,100       2012       300       98  
Pátio Condomínio Clube - Kelvin
 
2010
    100       10,370       2012       96       53  
Vila Nova São José QF
 
2010
    100       10,771       2012       152       36  
CWB 34 - PARQUE ECOVILLE Fase1
 
2010
    50       18,326       2013       204       63  
GRAND PARK - GLEBA 05 - F4A
 
2010
    50       6,085       2013       74       89  
Barão de Teffé - Fase1
 
2010
    100       14,479       2013       142       96  
Jardins da Barra Lote 3
 
2010
    50       15,470       2013       222       99  
Luis Seraphico
 
2010
    100       29,990       2013       233       46  
Barão de Teffé - Fase 2
 
2010
    100       12,742       2013       124       83  
Parque Ecoville Fase 2A
 
2010
    50       22,354       2013       202       17  
GRAND PARK - GLEBA 05 - F4B
 
2010
    50       6,085       2013       75       75  
Igloo
 
2010
    80       -       2012       184       100  
Quadra C13 - direita - Jardim Goiás com outorga
 
2010
    100       11,073       2013       111       9  
Pq Barueri Cond Clube F2B - Rouxinol
 
2010
    100       15,101       2013       171       37  
GRAND PARK - GLEBA 05 - F4C
 
2010
    50       6,085       2013       89       28  
PA14 - SINDICATO - Fase 1
 
2010
    80       21,002       2013       158       27  
Euclides da Cunha 2
 
2010
    100       14,345       2013       174       65  
BOM RETIRO F1
 
2010
    100       22,393       2013       252       80  
BOM RETIRO F2
 
2010
    100       22,393       2013       252       66  
Prime - Gleba 6 - F1
 
2010
    50       25,714       2013       222       51  
Allegro
 
2010
    85       13,493       2013       169       5  
Horizonte - Stake Aqcuisition
 
2010
    20       1,501       2011       29       100  
Parc Paradiso - Stake Aqcuisition
 
2010
    5       2,321       2011       32       97  
Reserva Ibiapaba - Stake Aqcuisition
 
2010
    20       11,932       2013       263       97  
The Place - Stake Aqcuisition
 
2010
    20       5,984       2012       21       77  
Privilege - Stake Aqcuisition
 
2010
    20       12,938       2011       194       95  
Carpe Diem - Niterói - Stake Aqcuisition
 
2010
    20       10,012       2011       116       63  
Brink – Phase 2 – Campo Limpo
 
2009
    100       8,576       2010       95       96  
Alegria – Phase 2
 
2009
    100       14,599       2011       139       87  
Canto dos Pássaros
 
2009
    80       5,942       2011       90       74  
Grand Park - Parque Árvores - Seringueira(1)
 
2009
    50       2,788       2011       39       99  
Vila Nova São José – Phase 1 – Metropolitan
 
2009
    100       10,370       2011       96       66  
Grand Park - Parque Árvores - Salgueiro(1)
 
2009
    50       2,788       2011       39       100  
Brotas
 
2009
    50       9,404       2012       185       100  
Grand Park Árvores – Bambu
 
2009
    50       2,788       2011       39       99  
PA 11 - Reserva Ibiapaba – Phase 1
 
2009
    80       11,932       2012       211       97  
Acupe – BA
 
2009
    50       6,053       2012       99       96  
Reserva Ibiapaba – Phase 2 (2)
 
2009
    80       5,966       2012       106       97  
Parque Maceió – Phase 2
 
2009
    50       7,239       2011       126       78  
Vista Patamares
 
2009
    50       12,442       2012       168       80  
City Park Exclusive
 
2009
    50       4,390       2011       75       68  
 
 
B-33

 
 
Project Description
 
Year Launched
 
Gafisa Participation (%)
   
Usable Area (m2) (1) (2)
   
Completion
Year
   
Number of
Units (2)
   
Units Sold (%)
(As of December 31, 2010)
 
Stake Aquisition Horizonte
 
2009
    80       1,501       2010       6       100  
Stake Aquisition Parc Paradiso
 
2009
    95       2,321       2010       22       97  
Stake Aquisition Carpe Diem – Belem
 
2009
    80       1,395       2011       9       73  
Stake Aquisition Mistral
 
2009
    80       1,485       2011       20       97  
Stake Aquisition Reserva Bosque Resort – Phase 1
 
2009
    80       3,321       2011       27       97  
Stake Aquisition Reserva Bosque Resort – Phase 2
 
2009
    80       3,360       2011       28       89  
Mistral
 
2009
    80       1,856       2011       25       97  
Reserva do Bosque - Lauro Sodré – Phase 2
 
2009
    100       4,200       2011       35       89  
Parque Barueri
 
2008
    50       58,437       2012       677       74  
Brink - Campo Limpo – Phase 1
 
2008
    100       17,280       2010       191       95  
Patio Condominio Clube – Phase 1A
 
2008
    100       20,741       2011       192       78  
Mansão Imperial – Phase 1
 
2008
    100       18,778       2011       87       78  
Alegria - Mãe dos Homens – Phase 1
 
2008
    100       29,199       2011       278       84  
Dubai
 
2008
    50       19,316       2011       240       51  
Reserva do Bosque – Phase 1
 
2008
    100       4,151       2011       34       97  
Ecolive
 
2008
    100       12,255       2011       122       99  
Manhattan Square - Res 2
 
2008
    50       28,926       2011       270       20  
Manhattan Square - Res 3
 
2008
    50       37,879       2011       621       22  
Reserva Santa Cecília
 
2008
    100       8,350       2010       92       30  
Terraças Tatuapé
 
2008
    100       14,386       2011       105       96  
Barueri II – Phase 1
 
2008
    100       58,437       2011       677       74  
Carpe Diem - Belém – Pará
 
2008
    70       13,951       2011       90       73  
Grand Park - Parque das Águas – Phase 2
 
2008
    50       12,960       2011       150       56  
Nova Petropolis
 
2008
    100       41,182       2011       300       75  
Terraças Alto da Lapa
 
2008
    100       24,525       2010       192       96  
Raízes Granja Viana
 
2008
    50       18,022       2010       73       57  
Magnific
 
2008
    100       10,969       2010       31       59  
Carpe Diem – Itacoatiara
 
2008
    80       12,667       2010       116       63  
London Green – Phase 2
 
2008
    100       15,009       2010       140       95  

(1)
One square meter is equal to approximately 10.76 square feet.
 
(2)
Values for 100% of the building development.
 
Affordable Entry-Level Developments
 
Affordable entry-level housing consists of building and house units. Units usually have between 42 to 60 square meters of indoor private area and two to three bedrooms. Average price per square meter ranges from approximately R$1,500 to R$2,000. Affordable entry-level housing developments are tailored to families with monthly household incomes between approximately R$1,600 and R$5,000.
 
As part of our strategy of expanding our foothold in the affordable entry-level residential market, on March 15, 2007 we incorporated a wholly-owned subsidiary, FIT, to focus exclusively on this market. The principal emphasis of FIT was on five standardized residential developments in the peripheries of large metropolitan regions. Financing for FIT’s developments primarily came from CEF, and such financing was structured so that customers paid low monthly installments without increasing our credit risk.
 
On October 21, 2008, Gafisa and Tenda concluded a business combination in which Gafisa’s wholly-owned subsidiary FIT was merged into Tenda. The purpose of the merger was to consolidate the activities of FIT and Tenda in the lower-income sector in Brazil and to develop real estate units with an average value of less than R$200,000. As a result of the business combination, Gafisa received 60.0% of the total and voting capital stock of Tenda and FIT was merged into Tenda. Because Tenda launched very few units in 2008, we believe the full impact of the merger was not reflected in Gafisa’s results of operations until 2009.
 
 
 
B-34

 
 
 
On December 30, 2009, the shareholders of Gafisa and Tenda approved a corporate restructuring to consolidate Gafisa’s noncontrolling share ownership in Tenda. The restructuring was accomplished by exchanging all of the remaining Tenda shares not held by Gafisa into Gafisa shares. As a result of the restructuring, Tenda became a wholly-owned subsidiary of Gafisa.
 
The table below sets forth our affordable entry-level housing developments launched by us between January 1, 2008 and December 31, 2010:
 
Project Description
 
Year Launched
 
Gafisa Participation (%)
   
Usable Area (m2) (1) (2)
   
Completion
Year
   
Number of
Units (2)
   
Units Sold (%)
(As of December 31, 2010)
 
Grand Ville das Artes - Monet Life IV
 
2010
    100       2,983       2010       56       87  
Grand Ville das Artes - Matisse Life IV
 
2010
    100       2,983       2010       60       93  
Fit Nova Vida - Taboãozinho
 
2010
    100             2010       137       99  
São Domingos (Fase Única)
 
2010
    100       13,376       2011       192       93  
Espaço Engenho III (Fase Única)
 
2010
    100       9,919       2011       197       99  
Portal do Sol Life IV
 
2010
    100       3,188       2010       64       94  
Grand Ville das Artes - Matisse Life V
 
2010
    100       5,966       2010       120       75  
Grand Ville das Artes - Matisse Life VI
 
2010
    100       5,966       2012       120       80  
Grand Ville das Artes - Matisse Life VII
 
2010
    100       4,972       2012       100       90  
Residencial Buenos Aires Tower
 
2010
    100       6,518       2011       88       100  
Tapanã - Fase I (Condomínio I)
 
2010
    100       14,460       2012       274       62  
Tapanã - Fase I (Condomínio III)
 
2010
    100       8,676       2011       164       54  
Estação do Sol - Jaboatão I
 
2010
    100       9,749       2012       159       75  
Fit Marumbi Fase II
 
2010
    100       24,266       2010       335       89  
Carvalhaes - Portal do Sol Life V
 
2010
    100       4,883       2010       96       72  
Florença Life I
 
2010
    100       8,731       2010       199       71  
Cotia - Etapa I Fase V
 
2010
    100       11,929       2012       272       98  
Fit Jardim Botânico Paraiba - Stake Acquisition
 
2010
    100             2011       155       81  
Coronel Vieira Lote Menor (Cenário 2)
 
2010
    100       7,951       2012       158       97  
Portal das Rosas
 
2010
    100       8,158       2011       132       100  
Igara III
 
2010
    100       14,704       2012       240       21  
Portal do Sol - Fase 6
 
2010
    100       3,199       2011       64       62  
Grand Ville das Artes - Fase 9
 
2010
    100       6,709       2011       120       31  
Gran Ville das Artes - Fase 8
 
2010
    100       5,590       2011       100       54  
Vale do Sol Life
 
2010
    100       3,976       2012       79       85  
Engenho Life IV
 
2010
    100       9,919       2012       197       68  
Residencial Club Cheverny
 
2010
    100       28,215       2012       384       48  
Assunção Life
 
2010
    100       30,347       2012       440       89  
Residencial Brisa do Parque II
 
2010
    100       5,678       2012       105       43  
Portal do Sol Life VII
 
2010
    100       3,199       2011       64       45  
Vale Verde Cotia F5B
 
2010
    100       5,182       2011       116       95  
San Martin
 
2010
    100       9,242       2011       132       98  
Brisas do Guanabara
 
2010
   
Cancelled
     
Cancelled
   
Cancelled
     
Cancelled
     
Cancelled
 
Jd. Barra - Lote 4
 
2010
    50       13,027       2012       300       100  
Jd. Barra - Lote 5
 
2010
    50       9,683       2012       224       100  
Jd. Barra - Lote 6
 
2010
    50       9,683       2012       224       100  
ESTAÇÃO DO SOL TOWER - Fase 2
 
2010
    100       9,763       2011       160       81  
Assis Brasil Fit Boulevard
 
2010
    70       19,170       2012       319       29  
Cesário de Melo II - San Marino
 
2010
    100       8,731       2012       199       87  
Parque Arvoredo - F1
 
2010
    100       24,154       2013       360       80  
GVA 10 a 14
 
2010
    100       31,307       2012       559       56  
Portal do Sol - Consolidado
 
2010
    100       22,391       2011       448       100  
Flamboyant Fase 1
 
2010
    100       14,536       2013       264       38  
Assunção Fase 3
 
2010
    100       10,412       2012       158       89  
Viver Itaquera (Agrimensor Sugaya)
 
2010
    100       11,123       2012       199       28  
 
 
 
B-35

 
 
Project Description
 
Year Launched
 
Gafisa Participation (%)
   
Usable Area (m2) (1) (2)
   
Completion
Year
   
Number of
Units (2)
   
Units Sold (%)
(As of December 31, 2010)
 
Estudo Firenze Life
 
2010
    100       11,855       2012       240       100  
Villagio Carioca - Cel Lote Maior
 
2010
    100       11,927       2012       237       46  
ICOARACI - Stake Acquisition
 
2010
    10             2012       294       62  
FIT COQUEIRO I - Stake Acquisition
 
2010
    100             2011       60       100  
FIT COQUEIRO II - Stake Acquisition
 
2010
    100             2011       48       100  
FIT MIRANTE DO PARQUE - Stake Acquisition
 
2010
    30             2011       420       100  
MIRANTE DO LAGO - Stake Acquisition
 
2010
    15             2011       134       100  
Alta Vista
 
2010
    100             2011       160       84  
Estudo Bosque dos Pinheiros
 
2010
    100       8,440       2012       118       77  
Cassol F2a
 
2010
    100       12,077       2013       180       58  
Araçagy - F1
 
2010
    50       38,584       2013       372       92  
Vista Club (Estrada de Itapecerica)
 
2010
    100       7,314       2013       157       43  
Estudo PORTO BELLO
 
2010
    100       13,144       2012       256       40  
Vivendas do Sol
 
2010
    100       18,977       2012       400       9  
Colubandê Life
 
2010
    100       7,197       2012       160       26  
Mirante do Lago F3
 
2010
    100       13,298       2013       180       4  
Estudo Residencial Germânia Life F1
 
2010
    100       22,023       2012       340       12  
Estudo Arpoador
 
2010
    100       14,906       2012       218       48  
Jardins do Horto
 
2010
    100       17,090       2013       328       40  
São Matheus II
 
2010
    100       7,453       2012       160       40  
Estudo Ananindeua
 
2010
    80       22,286       2012       540       10  
FELICITÁ F1
 
2010
    100       9,017       2013       126       69  
FELICITÁ F2
 
2010
    100       9,017       2013       126       77  
FELICITÁ F3
 
2010
    100       9,017       2013       126       13  
Estudo Vila Atlântico
 
2010
    100       7,071       2012       128       47  
Araçagy - F2
 
2010
    50       14,469       2013       280       92  
Guaianazes Life
 
2010
    100       8,849       2012       168       30  
Vivai - Stake Acquisition
 
2010
    100             2012       64       86  
Mirante do Lago F2 - Stake Acquisition
 
2010
    15             2011       703       59  
MIRANTE DO LAGO - Stake Acquisition
 
2010
    15             2011       703       100  
ICOARACI - Stake Acquisition
 
2010
    10             2012       294       62  
FIT MIRANTE DO PARQUE - Stake Acquisition
 
2010
    10             2011       420       100  
Vila Real Life - Sitio Cia
 
2009
    100       10,603       2011       178       99  
FIT Giardino – Phase 1
 
2009
    80       10,864       2011       259       18  
FIT Icoaraci
 
2009
    80       6,540       2011       294       54  
Le Grand Vila Real Tower
 
2009
    100       1,588       2011       92       100  
Green Park Life Residence
 
2009
    100       1,282       2012       220       91  
Vermont Life
 
2009
    100       932       2011       192       100  
FIT Dom Jaime - Bosque dos Passaros
 
2009
    100       6,466       2011       364       54  
Bairro Novo – Phase 3
 
2009
    100       26,111       2010       448       100  
Bariloche
 
2009
    100       1,457       2011       80       100  
Mirante do Lago – Phase 2A
 
2009
    70       8,664       2011       188       63  
Parma
 
2009
    100       5,717       2010       36       100  
Marumbi – Phase 1
 
2009
    100       29,989       2011       335       46  
Bosque das Palmeiras
 
2009
    100       2,098       2011       144       100  
Residencial Club Gaudi Life
 
2009
    100       1,165       2011       300       99  
Tony - Passos – Phase 1 - Recanto das Rosas
 
2009
    100       932       2012       240       80  
Residencial Jardim Alvorada
 
2009
    100       1,165       2011       180       99  
FIT Bosque Itaquera
 
2009
    100       15,558       2012       256       94  
FIT Lago dos Patos
 
2009
    100       14,888       2011       140       99  
Cotia – Phase 4 - Stage I
 
2009
    100       4,256       2010       96       100  
Clube Garden – Mônaco
 
2009
    100       11,441       2011       186       100  
Vivenda do Sol I
 
2009
    100       1,165       2010       200       98  
Parque Green Village
 
2009
    100       221       2011       176       97  
Fit Marodin – Jardins
 
2009
    70       15,432       2011       171       64  
 
 
 
B-36

 
 
Project Description
 
Year Launched
 
Gafisa Participation (%)
   
Usable Area (m2) (1) (2)
   
Completion
Year
   
Number of
Units (2)
   
Units Sold (%)
(As of December 31, 2010)
 
 Mirante do Lago – Phase 2B
 
2009
    70       7,368       2011       310       53  
Residencial Monet Life - Le Grand Villa das Artes
 
2009
    100       1,165       2011       200       89  
Cotia – Phase 4 - Etapa II
 
2009
    100       9,930       2010       224       97  
Portal do Sol Life I
 
2009
    100       2,354       2012       64       78  
Portal do Sol Life II
 
2009
    100       2,354       2012       64       55  
Portal do Sol Life III
 
2009
    100       2,354       2012       64       83  
Residencial Monet II (Grand Ville das Artes – Phase 3)
 
2009
    100       4,937       2011       120       76  
Residencial Santo Andre Life II
 
2008
    100       932       2011       49       74  
Residencial Curuca
 
2008
    100       1,215       2009       160       98  
Residencial Portal Do Sol
 
2008
    100       16,389       2012       282       100  
Residencial Das Flores
 
2008
    100       1,165       2010       156       100  
Residencial Colina Verde
 
2008
    100       1,165       2011       200       100  
Residencial Spazio Felicitta
 
2008
    100       1,905       2011       180       99  
Residencial Parque Ipe
 
2008
    100       1,049       2010       77       100  
Residencial Clube Vivaldi
 
2008
    100       1,165       2011       174       94  
Residencial Monaco
 
2008
    100       1,384       2012       233       100  
Residencial Vila Nova Life
 
2008
    100       1,165       2011       108       94  
Residencial Brisa Do Parque
 
2008
    100       2,752       2010       53       100  
Residencial Villaggio Do Jockey II
 
2008
    100       2,488       2011       188       100  
Residencial Jardim Girassol II
 
2008
    100       3,089       2010       520       93  
Residencial Parque Romano
 
2008
    100       1,107       2011       362       100  
Residencial Santana Tower I
 
2008
    100       1,694       2011       448       98  
Residencial Santana Tower II
 
2008
    100       1,694       2012       448       88  
Residencial Salvador Life I
 
2008
    100       1,165       2010       280       100  
Residencial Salvador Life II
 
2008
    100       1,165       2010       180       100  
Residencial Salvador Life III
 
2008
    100       1,165       2011       480       93  
Residencial Vila Mariana Life
 
2008
    100       291       2010       92       100  
Residencial Villa Rica Life
 
2008
    100       641       2010       220       89  
Residencial Ciro Faraj
 
2008
    100       4,235       2009       71       100  
Residencial Parque Lousa
 
2008
    100       17,718       2011       302       83  
Le Grand Orleans Tower
 
2008
    100       5,929       2011       112       94  
Residencial Bela Vista
 
2008
    100       4,242       2008       101       89  
Residencial Marata
 
2008
    100       19,583       2011       400       90  
Parque Toulouse Life
 
2008
    100       932       2010       192       100  
Residencial Parque Das Aroeiras Life
 
2008
    100       932       2010       240       84  
Residencial Monte Carlo I
 
2008
    100       2,964       2010       92       100  
Residencial Chacaras Bom Jesus Life
 
2008
    100       932       2011       143       25  
Residencial Arvoredo Life
 
2008
    100       932       2009       14       100  
Residencial Sao Francisco Life
 
2008
    100       1,165       2010       80       100  
Residencial Betim Life
 
2008
    100       932       2011       108       100  
Residencial Portinari Tower
 
2008
    100       7,199       2011       136       100  
Residencial Madri Life I
 
2008
    100       932       2011       160       100  
Residencial Madri Life II
 
2008
    100       932       2011       160       100  
Residencial Bahamas Life
 
2008
    100       1,165       2010       40       100  
Residencial Napole Life
 
2008
    100       1,165       2011       140       100  
Residencial San Pietro Life
 
2008
    100       2,797       2010       172       87  
Residencial Boa Vista
 
2008
    100       2,214       2010       38       92  
Residencial Villa Bella
 
2008
    100       301       2009       16       100  
 
 
 
B-37

 
 
Project Description
 
Year Launched
 
Gafisa Participation (%)
   
Usable Area (m2) (1) (2)
   
Completion
Year
   
Number of
Units (2)
   
Units Sold (%)
(As of December 31, 2010)
 
Residencial Bologna Life
 
2008
    100       1,049       2010       306       100  
Residencial Chacara Das Flores
 
2008
    100       1,165       2011       120       100  
Residencial Las Palmas Life
 
2008
    100       8,160       2011       131       96  
Residencial Arezzo Life
 
2008
    100       6,994       2011       120       100  
Residencial Di Stefano Life
 
2008
    100       6,994       2011       120       100  
Residencial Vermont Life
 
2008
    100       11,190       2011       192       100  
Residencial Piedade Life
 
2008
    100       23,080       2010       1008       97  
Residencial Jangadeiro Life
 
2008
    100       10,491       2010       180       98  
Residencial Atelie Life
 
2008
    100       6,563       2010       108       100  
Residencial Cidades Do Mundo Life
 
2008
    100       8,392       2009       144       100  
Nova Marica Life
 
2008
    100       21,603       2012       468       94  
Casa Blanca Life
 
2008
    100       9,325       2011       154       96  
Residencial Malaga Garden
 
2008
    100       15,246       2009       300       98  
Residencial Gibraltar Garden
 
2008
    100       15,246       2009       300       97  
Espaco Engenho Life I
 
2008
    100       4,663       2010       80       100  
Espaco Engenho Life II
 
2008
    100       4,604       2010       79       96  
Moinho Life
 
2008
    100       12,065       2011       207       1  
America Life
 
2008
    100       8,101       2011       139       94  
Porto Life
 
2008
    100       4,663       2011       76       96  
Residencial Mondrian Life
 
2008
    100       36,369       2011       624       97  
Residencial Parque Arboris Life
 
2008
    100       13,056       2011       214       80  
Residencial Daltro Filho
 
2008
    100       9,325       2009       160       98  
Residencial Bartolomeu De Gusmao
 
2008
    100       15,154       2008       260       100  
Residencial Papa Joao XXIII
 
2008
    100       13,056       2011       224       96  
Residencial Vivendas Do Sol II
 
2008
    100       11,657       2010       200       96  
Residencial Juscelino Kubitschek I
 
2008
    100       9,325       2011       160       76  
Residencial Juscelino Kubitschek II
 
2008
    100       15,154       2011       260       85  
Residencial Figueiredo II
 
2008
    100       12,822       2010       220       95  
Residencial Figueiredo I
 
2008
    100       12,822       2011       220       99  
Parque Baviera Life
 
2008
    100       29,142       2011       500       84  
FIT Vila Allegro
 
2008
    50       35,804       2011       298       100  
FIT Terra Bonita
 
2008
    51       5,736       2011       304       37  
Città Lauro de Freitas
 
2008
    50       17,778       2010       304       100  
FIT Coqueiro - Stake Acquisition
 
2008
    20       35,614       2010       570       100  
FIT Mirante do Lago – Phase 1
 
2008
    70       33,947       2011       461       70  
FIT Mirante do Parque
 
2008
    60       42,259       2011       420       90  
FIT Palladium
 
2008
    70       19,498       2010       229       100  
FIT Parque Lagoinha I
 
2008
    75       12,712       2010       212       41  
FIT Planalto
 
2008
    100       34,682       2010       472       96  
FIT Jardim Botânico Paraiba
 
2008
    50       23,689       2011       310       78  
FIT Parque Maceió
 
2008
    50       29,474       2010       470       52  
FIT Cristal
 
2008
    70       11,278       2011       154       96  
FIT Vivai
 
2008
    90       37,427       2011       640       96  
Città Itapoan
 
2008
    50       27,775       2010       374       100  
FIT Novo Osasco
 
2008
    100       17,331       2011       296       99  

(1)
One square meter is equal to approximately 10.76 square feet.
 
(2)
Values for 100% of the building development.
 
 
 
B-38

 
 
 
Land Subdivisions under our Gafisa Brand
 
In 2001, we started developing residential land subdivisions for sale upon which residential buildings can be developed. Land subdivisions under our Gafisa brand are usually smaller than our Alphaville residential communities and do not include some of the facilities available in our Alphaville residential communities, such as various amenities, shopping centers and schools. We usually provide the infrastructure for a given land subdivision planning such as the electric, water and sewage systems, paved streets, and common recreational areas. Our land subdivisions are typically located in affluent suburban areas close to major highways leading to the states of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. A typical lot has between 250 and 1,500 square meters. Average price per square meter ranges from approximately R$150 to R$800. We target clients with monthly household incomes in excess of approximately R$5,000 for these land subdivisions.
 
The table below sets forth our land subdivision developments launched between January 1, 2008 and December 31, 2010:
 
 
 
Project Description
 
 
Year Launched
 
Gafisa
Participation (%)
   
Usable Area
(m2) (1) (2)
   
Completion
Year
   
Number of
Units (2)
   
Units Sold (%)
(as of December
 31, 2010)
 
Alta Vista - Fase 2
 
2010
    50       168,299       2012       236       488  
Alphaville Barra da Tijuca
 
2008
    65       133,251       2011       251       100  

(1)
One square meter is equal to approximately 10.76 square feet.
 
(2)
Values for 100% of the building development.
 
Land Subdivisions under our Alphaville Brand
 
On January 8, 2007, we successfully completed the acquisition of 60.0% of our subsidiary Alphaville, a development company focused on the identification, development and sale of high quality residential communities in the metropolitan regions throughout Brazil targeted at upper and upper-middle income families. Following this acquisition, our new residential communities are sold exclusively under the Alphaville brand. On April 19, 2010, we concluded the negotiation for the acquisition of an additional 20% of Alphaville’s shares. In addition, we will acquire the remaining 20% of Alphaville’s shares that we currently do not own in 2012.
 
The Alphaville brand was created in the 1970s when the first Alphaville community was developed in the cities of Barueri and Santana do Paranaíba in the metropolitan region of São Paulo. Beginning in the 1990s, Alphaville developed residential communities in several other cities in Brazil, such as Campinas, Goiânia, Curitiba, Londrina, Maringá, Salvador, Fortaleza, Belo Horizonte, Natal, Gramado, Manaus, Cuiabá, Campo Grande, São Luis and Rio de Janeiro.
 
Whenever we develop a new Alphaville community, we provide all the basic civil works for supporting the construction on the lots, such as electrical, telephone and data communications cabling, hydraulic (water and sewer) mains and treatment facilities, landscaping and gardening, lighting and paving of the streets and driveways and security fencing. In most Alphaville communities, we also build a social and sports club for the residents, with soccer, golf and tennis fields, jogging and bicycle tracks, saunas, swimming pools, ballrooms, restaurants and bars, and other facilities. In addition, most Alphaville projects have a shopping center where residents can shop for clothes and groceries. Additionally, whenever we develop a new Alphaville community far from large urban centers, we seek to assist in establishing schools near the community by forming partnerships with renowned educational institutions. Throughout our Alphaville communities, we also seek to stimulate the local economy by drawing new businesses to that area.
 
We believe that the maintenance of a development’s quality is essential. For this reason, we impose on every Alphaville community a series of building and occupancy standards that are more rigorous than those required by applicable local legislation. Every Alphaville community has an Alphaville association formed by us before delivery of the community starts, and is funded by maintenance fees paid by the residents. The purpose of the association is
 
 
 
B-39

 
 
 
to allow community involvement in the management and maintenance of the premises and to ensure orderly and harmonious relationships among the residents.
 
Upon completion of a sale, a purchaser of an Alphaville property will receive, along with the purchase and sale contract, documentation that sets out the regulations on land use and occupancy, and these will serve as private zoning regulations that are binding on the resident. These regulations set forth, among other things, the maximum number of floors allowed in an Alphaville building, the minimum number of meters between buildings and land coverage limits, thereby maintaining the uniformity and quality of the Alphaville properties.
 
The table below sets forth our residential communities launched between January 1, 2008 and December 31, 2010:
 
 
Project Description
 
Year Launched
 
Gafisa
Participation
(%)
   
Usable Area
(m2) (1) (2)
   
Completion
Year
   
Number of
Units (2)
   
Units Sold (%) (as of December 31, 2010)
 
Alphaville Ribeirão Preto 1
2010
    60       182,253       2012       352       92  
Alphaville Mossoró 2
2010
    53       35,417       2012       93       27  
Alphaville Ribeirão Preto 2
2010
    60       99,078       2012       182       21  
Alphaville Brasília
2010
    34       112,807       2012       170       87  
Alphaville Alphaville Jacuhy 3
2010
    65       103,995       2012       168       100  
Alphaville Brasília Terreneiro
2010
    13       44,579       2012       67       87  
Living Solution Burle Marx
2010
    100       1,537       2011       5       100  
Alphaville Teresina
2010
    79       283,223       2012       589       97  
Alphaville Belém 1
2010
    73       168,159       2012       337       81  
Alphaville Belém 2
2010
    72       136,696       2012       289       42  
Terras Alpha Petrolina
2010
    75       117,241       2012       366       96  
Terras Alpha Foz do Iguaçu 2
2010
    74       120,320       2012       342       16  
Reserva Porto Alegre
2010
    92       8,075       2012       19       4  
Alphaville Porto Velho
2010
    76       291,741       2012       631       14  
Alphaville Caruaru
2009
    70       79,253       2011       172       100  
Alphaville Granja
2009
    33       65,360       2011       110       100  
Alphaville Votorantim 2
2009
    30       59,166       2011       51       87  
Conceito A Rio das Ostras
2009
    100       12,354       2011       106       65  
Alphaville Capina Grande
2009
    53       91,504       2011       205       45  
Alphaville Porto Alegre
2009
    64       258,991       2011       429       87  
Alphaville Piracicaba
2009
    63       112,351       2011       216       100  
Alphaville Gravataí 2
2009
    64       91,040       2011       225       51  
Alphaville Costa do Sol 3
2009
    58       234,966       2011       293       67  
Terras Alpha Foz do Iguaçu
2009
    27       34,269       2011       104       89  
Alphaville Jacuhy II
2008
    65       177,981       2010       330       84  
Alphaville Cuiabá II
2008
    60       150,896       2010       424       100  
Alphaville João Pessoa
2008
    100       61,782       2010       124       100  
Alphaville Rio Costa do Sol II
2008
    58       349,186       2010       366       100  
Alphaville Manaus II
2008
    62.5       166,938       2010       335       96  
Alphaville Litoral Norte II
2008
    66       150,813       2010       391       91  
Alphaville Manaus Comercial
2008
    60       48,252       2010       42       93  
Alphaville Barra da Tijuca
2008
    65       173,251       2011       251       100  
Alphaville Votorantim
2008
    30       246,315       2010       472       87  
Alphaville Mossoró
2008
    70       65,912       2010       170       98  

(1)
One square meter is equal to approximately 10.76 square feet.
 
(2)
Values for 100% of the building development.
 
 
 
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The table below discloses the projects that were completed in 2010 or in prior years and where the number of units sold as of December 31, 2010 was less than 90%.
 
Project Description
 
 
Units Sold (%) (as of
December
31, 2010)
Grand Ville das Artes - Monet Life IV (a)
 
87
Grand Ville das Artes - Matisse Life V (b)
 
75
Fit Marumbi Fase II (c)
 
89
Carvalhaes - Portal do Sol Life V (d)
 
72
Florença Life I (e)
 
71
Residencial Parque Das Aroeiras Life (f)
 
84
Residencial San Pietro Life (g)
 
87
FIT Parque Lagoinha I (h)
 
41
FIT Parque Maceió (i)
 
52
London Green – Phase 2 (j)
 
67
Quintas do Pontal (k)
 
27
Brink - Campo Limpo – Phase 1 (l)
 
62
Reserva Santa Cecília (m)
 
25
Raízes Granja Viana (n)
 
37
Magnific (o)
 
64
Carpe Diem – Itacoatiara (p) 
 
53

(a)
Grand Ville das Artes - Monet Life IV.  This development was 100.0% completed at December 31, 2010 at which time only 87.0% of the units had been sold. According to the Company’s then-existing business plan, this development’s selling forecast indicated sales of the unsold units within a short time period with sales value higher than the accumulated cost. As of November 30, 2011, 95.6% of the units were sold. The Company currently has no reason to believe that the carrying value of this property is greater than its market value.
 
(b)
Grand Ville das Artes - Matisse Life V.  This development was 100.0% completed at December 31, 2010 and only 75.0% of the units had been sold. According to the Company’s then-existing business plan, this development’s selling forecast indicated sales of the unsold units within a short time period with sales value higher than the accumulated cost. As of November 30, 2011, 86.9% of the units had been sold. The Company currently has no reason to believe that the carrying value of this property is greater than its market value.
 
(c)
Fit Marumbi Fase II.  This development was 100.0% completed at December 31, 2010 and only 89.0% of the units had been sold. According to the Company’s then-existing business plan, this development’s selling forecast indicated sales of the unsold units within a short time period with sales value higher than the accumulated  cost. As of November 30, 2011, 86.3% of the units had been sold, a decrease in relation to 2010, due to certain contract terminations during the period. The Company currently has no reason to believe that the carrying value of this property is greater than its market value.
 
(d)
Carvalhaes - Portal do Sol Life V.  According to the Company’s then-existing business plan, this development’s selling forecast indicated sales of the unsold units within a short time period with sales value higher than the accumulated  cost. As of November 30, 2011, 91.6% of the units had been  sold. The Company currently has no reason to believe that the carrying value of this property is greater than its market value.
 
(e)
Florença Life I.  According to the Company’s then-existing business plan, this development’s selling forecast indicated sales of the unsold units within a short time period with sales value higher than the accumulated  cost. As of November 30, 2011, 64.6% of the units had been sold, a decrease in relation to 2010, due to certain contract terminations during the period. The Company currently has no reason to believe that the carrying value of this property is greater than its market value.
 
(f)
Residencial Parque Das Aroeiras Life.  According to the Company’s then-existing business plan, this development’s selling forecast indicated sales of the unsold units within a short time period with sales value higher than the accumulated  cost. As of November 30, 2011, 69.5% of the units had been sold, a decrease in relation to 2010, due to certain contract terminations during the period. The Company currently has no reason to believe that the carrying value of this property is greater than its market value.
 
 
 
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(g)
Residencial San Pietro Life.  According to the Company’s then-existing business plan, this development’s selling forecast indicated sales of the unsold units within a short time period with sales value higher than the accounted cost. As of November 30, 2011, 98.2% of the units were sold. The Company currently has no reason to believe that the carrying value of this property is greater than its market value.
 
(h)
FIT Parque Lagoinha I.  According to the Company’s then-existing business plan, this development’s selling forecast indicated sales of the unsold units within a short time period with sales value higher than the accumulated  cost. As of November 30, 2011, 98.5% of the units had been  sold. The Company currently has no reason to believe that the carrying value of this property is greater than its market value.
 
(i)
FIT Parque Maceió. According to the Company’s then-existing business plan, this development’s selling forecast indicated sales of the unsold units within a short time period with sales value higher than the accumulated  cost. As of November 30, 2011, 81.3% of the units had been  sold. The Company currently has no reason to believe that the carrying value of this property is greater than its market value.
 
(j)
London Green – Phase 2.  According to the Company’s then-existing business plan, this development’s selling forecast indicated sales of the unsold units within a short time period with sales value higher than the accumulated  cost. As of November 30, 2011, 97.7% of the units had been  sold. The Company currently has no reason to believe that the carrying value of this property is greater than its market value.
 
(k)
Quintas do Pontal.  Quintas do Pontal was 99.85% completed at November 30, 2011 and 72.4% of the units were sold until that date. This project originally had 115 units and during 2011, after a debris flow that destroyed part of the development structure, the Company decided to build only 91 units.  Due to the aforementioned issue, the the development was not available for selling during a period of time.  According to the Company´s intention, to be considered in the 2012 business plan, this development´s selling forecast indicated sales of the unsold units until December 31, 2012.
 
(l)
Brink - Campo Limpo – Phase 1.  According to the Company’s then-existing business plan, this development’s selling forecast indicated sales of the unsold units within a short time period with sales value higher than the accumulated  cost. As of November 30, 2011, 96.2% of the units had been  sold. The Company currently has no reason to believe that the carrying value of this property is greater than its market value.
 
(m)
Reserva Santa Cecília.  As of November 30, 2011, 44.8% of the units had been sold, since the development has faced competition from developments built by the Company’s competitors. The Company currently has no reason to believe that the carrying value of this property is greater than its market value.
 
(n)
Raízes Granja Viana.  According to the Company’s development’s selling forecast indicated sales of the unsold units until December 31, 2012 period with sales value higher than the accumulated  cost. As of November 30, 2011, 68.8% of the units had been  sold.. The Company currently has no reason to believe that the carrying value of this property is greater than its market value.
 
(o)
Magnific.  According to the Company’s then-existing business plan, this development’s selling forecast indicated sales of the unsold units until December 31, 2012. This development is a luxury building and the sale’s velocity is lower than the commum ones. . As of November 31, 2011, 74.1% of the units had been  sold. The Company currently has no reason to believe that the carrying value of this property is greater than its market value.
 
(p)
Carpe Diem – Itacoatiara.  According to the Company’s then-existing business plan, this development’s selling forecast indicated sales of the unsold units within a short time period with sales value higher than the accumulated  cost. As of November 31, 2011, 76.4% of the units had been  sold. The Company currently has no reason to believe that the carrying value of this property is greater than its market value.
 
Commercial Buildings
 
In 2009, we launched four commercial buildings:  Centro Empresarial Madureira, Paulista Corporate, Reserva Eco Office Life and Global Offices. As of December 31, 2010 we had four commercial buildings under development for sale: Sunplaza Personal Office and Icaraí Corporate, both in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Manhattan Wall Street in Salvador and JTR in Maceió.
 
In 2010, we did not launch any commercial buildings.
 
 
 
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Construction Service
 
We provide construction services to third parties, building residential and commercial projects for some of the most well-known developers in Brazil. This practice allows us to benchmark our construction costs, facilitates our access to new constructions materials, techniques and service providers such as architects and sub-contractors, and provides larger economies of scale. Third-party construction services are a significant, less volatile source of revenues, which does not require us to allocate capital. Our principal construction services clients are large companies, many of them developers that do not build their own projects. As of December 31, 2010 our principal construction services clients were Fibra Empreendimentos Imobiliários S.A., Helbor LM Investimentos Imobiliários Ltda., Incons Champagnat Empreendimento Imobiliário SPE Ltda, Incons Curitiba Empreendimento Imobiliário SPE Ltda., MBigucci Villa Reggio Empreendimentos Imobiliários Ltda, SDI Desenvolvimento Imobiliário Ltda, Tanguá Patrimonial Ltda and Concivil Construtora e Incorporadora Ltda. We also provide construction services on certain developments where we retain an equity interest.
 
The table below sets forth the real estate building developments we have constructed exclusively for third parties between January 1, 2008 and December 31, 2010:
 
Project
 
First Year of
Construction
 
Client
 
Type of Project
Residencial Helbor Spazio Vita
2010
LM Investimentos Imobiliários Ltda
Residential
Edifício Monde Champagnat
2010
Incons Champagnat Empreendimento Imobiliário SPE Ltda
Residential
Essenza
2010
Villa Reggio Empreendimentos Imobiliários Ltda
Residential
Neosuperquadra
2010
Tanguá Patrimonial Ltda
Residential/
Commercial
New Age
2009
Incols Curitiba Empreedimentos Imobiliários SPE
Residential
Duetto Volare
2009
Fibra Empreendimentos Imobiliários
Residential
Duetto Fioratta
2009
Fibra Empreendimentos Imobiliários
Residential
Carlyle  (RB2)
2009
Fibra Empreendimentos Imobiliários
Commercial
RB2
2009
Fibra Empreendimentos Imobiliários
Commercial
Acqua Faria Lima
2009
SDI Desenvolvimento Imobiliário Ltda
Commercial
Open View (Oscar Freire)
2008
Grupo Sisan
Residential
Open View (Oscar Freire)
2008
Grupo Sisan
Residential

The table below sets forth the real estate developments we have constructed for third parties, in which we also have an equity interest, between January 1, 2008 and December 31, 2010:
 
 
Project
 
 
First Year of
Construction
 
Gafisa
Participation
(%)
 
 
Partner
 
 
Type of
Project
Igloo Alphaville
 
2010
    50  
BKO
 
Residential
Reserva Ecoville Residencial
 
2010
    50  
Agre
 
Residential
Panamby Ribeirão Preto
 
2010
    55  
Stefani Nogueira
 
Residential
Grand Park Prime
 
2010
    50  
Franere
 
Residential
Grand Park Varandas
 
2010
    50  
Franere
 
Residential
Vistta Patamares
 
2010
    50  
OAS Empreendimentos Imobiliários Ltda.
 
Residential
City Park Exclusive
 
2010
    50  
OAS Empreendimentos Imobiliários Ltda.
 
Residential
City Park Brotas
 
2010
    50  
OAS Empreendimentos Imobiliários Ltda.
 
Residential
City Park Acupe
 
2010
    50  
OAS Empreendimentos Imobiliários Ltda.
 
Residential
Manhattan Square – Phase 1 (Wall Street)
 
2009
    50  
OAS Empreendimentos Imobiliários Ltda.
 
Commercial
Chácara Santanna
 
2009
    50  
Monza Incoporadora
 
Residential
Montblanc
 
2009
    80  
Yuny
 
Residential
Carpe Diem RJ
 
2009
    80  
Mattos & Mattos
 
Residential
Mistral
 
2009
    80  
Premiun
 
Residential
Reserva do Bosque
 
2009
    80  
GM
 
Residential
Ecoville
 
2009
    50  
Abyara Empreendimentos Imobiliários Ltda
 
Residential
Enseada das Orquideas
 
2008
    80  
Yuny
 
Residential
 
 
 
 
B-43

 
 
 
Project
 
 
First Year of
Construction
 
Gafisa
Participation
(%)
 
 
Partner
 
 
Type of
Project
Evidence
 
2008
    50  
Park Empreendimentos Ltda.
 
Residential
Art Ville
 
2008
    50  
OAS Empreendimentos Imobiliários Ltda.
 
Residential
Palm Ville
 
2008
    50  
OAS Empreendimentos Imobiliários Ltda.
 
Residential
Grand Park - Park das Águas – Phase 1
 
2008
    50  
Franere
 
Residential
Grand Park - Park Árvores – Phase 1
 
2008
    50  
Franere
 
Residential
Privilege
 
2008
    80  
Mattos & Mattos
 
Residential
Horizonte
 
2008
    80  
Premiun
 
Residential
Horto Panamby
 
2008
    50  
OAS Empreendimentos Imobiliários Ltda.
 
Residential
 
Sale of Units Through Our Brokerage Subsidiaries
 
In September 2006, we created a new subsidiary, Gafisa Vendas, to function as our internal sales division in the state of São Paulo. In February 2007, we created another new subsidiary, Gafisa Vendas Rio, to function as our internal sales division in the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro. These wholly-owned subsidiaries promote sales of our projects in the states of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro and focus their efforts on: (1) launches – our internal sales force focuses on promoting launches of our developments; however, we also use outside brokers, thus creating what we believe to be a healthy competition between our sales force and outside brokers; (2) inventory – Gafisa Vendas and Gafisa Vendas Rio each have a team focused on selling units launched in prior years; and (3) web sales – Gafisa Vendas and Gafisa Vendas Rio each have a sales team dedicated to internet sales as an alternative source of revenues with lower costs.
 
Our Clients
 
Our clients consist of development and construction service clients. Development clients are those who purchase units in our developments. As of December 31, 2010, our development-client database was comprised of more than 110,000 individuals. We currently have approximately 78,990 active clients. Our construction-services clients are large companies, many of them developers that do not build their own projects. As of December 31, 2010, we had, among our main construction services clients, the following companies: Fibra Empreendimentos Imobiliários S.A., Helbor LM Investimentos Imobiliários Ltda., Incons Champagnat Empreendimento Imobiliário SPE Ltda, Incons Curitiba Empreendimento Imobiliário SPE Ltda., MBigucci Villa Reggio Empreendimentos Imobiliários Ltda, SDI Desenvolvimento Imobiliário Ltda, Tanguá Patrimonial Ltda and Concivil Construtora E Incorporadora Ltda. No individual client represents more than 5% of our revenues from residential developments or construction services.
 
 
 
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Our Operations
 
The stages of our development process are summarized in the diagrams below:
 
Land Acquisition
 
We use results from our extensive market research to guide our land reserves strategy and process. Our marketing and development teams monitor market fundamentals and trends. We have developed a sophisticated database to support our search for and analysis of new investment opportunities. Key decision factors used by our management for land acquisition and new developments include location, type of product to be developed, expected demand for the new developments, current inventory of units in the region and acquisition cost of the land.
 
Whenever we identify an attractive tract of land, we first conduct a study of the project to define the most appropriate use of the space. Afterwards, the basic design of the project enters the economic feasibility study stage, where we consider preliminary revenues and expenses associated with the project. This study will determine project profitability. We collect and analyze information on demand, competition, construction budget, sales policy and funding structure to ensure economic viability of the new development. We then initiate a legal due diligence of the property to identify liens, encumbrances and restrictions, potential solutions to such issues and the relevant costs. Before acquiring the land, we conduct a thorough due diligence process including an environmental review. Each decision to acquire land is analyzed and approved by our investment committee. See “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—C. Board Practices” elsewhere in this annual report for further information on the activities of our committees and boards.
 
We seek to finance land acquisition through barter transactions, in which we grant the seller a certain number of units to be built on the land or a percentage of the proceeds from the sale of units in such development. As a result, we reduce our cash requirements and increase our returns. In the event we cannot do so or in order to obtain better terms or prices, we acquire land for cash, alone or in partnership with other developers. We purchase land both for immediate development and for inventory.
 
As of December 31, 2010, we had an inventory of 177 land parcels in which we estimate we could develop a total of 92.882 residential units with a sales value of R$18.1 billion, of which 40% represents land acquired through barter transactions. The table below sets forth the breakdown of our land reserves by location and by the type of development.
 
 
 
B-45

 
 
 
   
Gafisa
   
Alphaville
   
Tenda
 
   
Future Sales
(% Gafisa)
   
% Bartered
   
Future Sales
(% Gafisa)
   
% Bartered
   
Future Sales
(% Gafisa)
   
% Bartered
 
Land bank - Per geographic location:
 
(in thousands of
reais)
         
(in thousands of reais)
         
(in thousands of reais)
       
São Paulo
    3,996,995       34.4       1,422,664       96.9       1,350,498       53.7  
Rio de Janeiro
    910,472       42.8       648,220       98.7       867,060       39.0  
Other states
    3,337,992       42.9       3,151,636       96.7       2,368,896       34.8  
Total
    8,245,459       38.7       5,222,520       97.0       4,586,453       42.4  
 
Project Design
 
In order to meet evolving preferences of our customers, we invest considerable resources in creating an appropriate design and marketing strategy for each new development, which includes determining the size, style and price range of units. Our staff, including engineers and marketing and sales professionals, works with recognized independent architects on the planning and design of our developments. Their activities include designing the interior and exterior, drafting plans for the execution of the project, and choosing the finishing construction materials. A team responsible for preparing the business plan and budget and assessing the financial viability for each of our projects is also involved. Simultaneously with the planning and design of our developments, we seek to obtain all the necessary licenses and regulatory approvals from local authorities, which usually takes three to twelve months in the case of our residential buildings and three years in the case of our residential communities.
 
Marketing and Sales
 
Our marketing efforts are coordinated by our internal staff of approximately 30 professionals. Our specialized team generally coordinates with several outsourced brokerage companies with a combined sales force of more than 5,000 representatives, monitoring such sales representatives in order to promote loyalty and ensure performance. Our marketing team is also responsible for gathering information on the needs and preferences of potential customers to provide guidance on our land acquisition and project design activities. Gafisa Vendas was created as our internal sales division and it currently consists of 160 sales consultants and 11 sales managers.
 
The creation of Gafisa Vendas was intended to establish a strategic channel for us to access our clients and to reduce our dependence on outside brokers for marketing. Because the sales force at Gafisa Vendas is trained to sell our products exclusively, we believe that it is able to focus on the sale of our developments, articulate the unique features of our development, manage our current customers and capture new customers more effectively. Gafisa Vendas was initially established in São Paulo in 2006 and opened a branch in Rio de Janeiro in 2007. In 2008 and 2009, Gafisa Vendas was our most successful sales team, responsible for approximately 34% and 40% of our sales in the states of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, respectively. In 2010, Gafisa Vendas was responsible for approximately 37% and 53% of our sales in the states of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, respectively.
 
We will continue to utilize independent real estate brokerage firms as we believe this provides a healthy competition between our internal sales force and outside brokers. Independent brokers provide us with a broad reach, access to a specialized and rich database of prospective customers, and flexibility to accommodate the needs of our diverse offering and clientele. In line with our results-oriented culture, we compensate brokers based on their profit contribution rather than on sales. Brokers are required to attend periodic specialized training sessions where they are updated on customer service and marketing techniques, competing developments, construction schedules, and marketing and advertising plans. We emphasize a highly transparent sales approach, as opposed to the traditional high-pressure techniques, in order to build customer loyalty and to develop a sense of trust between customers and us. At our showrooms, brokers explain the project and financing plans, answer questions and encourage customers to purchase or sign on to receive a visit or additional information.
 
We typically initiate our marketing efforts 30 days before the launch of a development. We normally have a showroom on or near the construction site, which includes a model unit furnished with appliances and furniture. We
 
 
 
B-46

 
 
 
leverage our reputation for quality, consistency, on-time delivery and professionalism to increase sales velocity. We have been successful with this strategy, usually selling approximately 60% of the units before construction starts.
 
Our subsidiary Alphaville has also been successful in its sales and marketing efforts. For example, in Vitória, Alphaville Jacuhy development with more than 700 lots, was 85% sold within 48 hours after launch; in João Pessoa, Paraiba, the sales team needed only five hours to sell all of its residential lots; in Barra da Tijuca, Rio de Janeiro, 90% of the Alphaville lots available (valued at R$150 million) were sold during the weekend of launch; and Alphaville Caruaru in Recife, Alphaville Teresina in Piaui, Alphaville Granja Viana in São Paulo, Alphaville Piracicaba and Ribeirão Preto, both cities in the State of São Paulo, were 100% sold in the same day of their launch. In Brasilia, Alphaville launched the first phase of a twenty million square meter urban development. All the 600 residential lots were sold within a few hours of launch.
 
We market our developments through newspapers, direct mail advertising and by distributing leaflets in neighboring areas, as well as through telemarketing and websites. In addition, on a quarterly basis, we publish the magazine “Gafisa Way” which is distributed to our customers and offers news on our most recent developments and progress updates on buildings under construction. The Alphaville developments also publish special magazines geared to their specific communities.
 
Tenda’s sales and marketing efforts are coordinated through 18 store fronts located across the principal metropolitan areas of the country. A direct sales force is trained to offer advice to first-time home buyers and to assist these buyers in finding the best financing solution. In addition, this sales force provides information on the benefits under the public housing program “Minha Casa, Minha Vida,” including the process of obtaining a mortgage through the CEF. Because the Tenda sales force is specially trained to provide information on the affordable entry-level segment, we believe that they are uniquely positioned to provide us with an advantage in this segment.
 
In addition to direct sales, Tenda markets its developments through telemarketing, which generates more than 28,000 calls per month and results in over 6,000 visits per month to its store fronts. Tenda also gathers information on its customers’ preferences to better tailor its marketing efforts and has implemented a customer relationship management department in order to improve its client satisfaction. Finally, Tenda focuses on improving its sales during the launch of a development using a specific strategy for each type of development. For example, with large developments, Tenda has successfully combined its direct sales force with independent real estate brokerage firms, and the increase in cost associated with such combined efforts was offset by the significant increase in sales during the initial months after launch.
 
Under Brazilian law, we may establish a term within and the conditions under which we are entitled to cancel the development. According to our regular purchase contracts, if we are not able to sell at least 60% of the units within 180 days of launching, we can cancel the development. Under those circumstances, we usually consider changing the project or selling the land, but, in any of those cases, we have to return the cash payment made by our customers adjusted for inflation but with no interest. Customers, however, are not entitled to other remedies. Over the last five years, we have only cancelled nine developments.
 
Construction
 
Gafisa has been engaged in the construction business for over 50 years. Our experience spans across the entire construction chain. Before engaging in each new project, we develop sketches and research and develop projects and plans to create the most appropriate product possible. Our standardized construction techniques and unique control system are designed to optimize productivity and minimize raw material losses. Our monitoring tools are available on our intranet where all employees regularly review costs and key performance indicators of each development such as actual versus budget comparisons, volume consumption for each raw material, and construction schedule.
 
We use strict quality control methods. We have developed proprietary procedure manuals that describe in significant detail each task of each stage of the construction project. These manuals are also used for the training sessions that we require all of our workers to attend. In addition, we keep quarterly records of projects delivered. The reviews focus on identifying problems in order to take corrective and preventive actions in projects underway
 
 
 
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and thus avoid costly repetition. We have adopted a quality management system that was certified for ISO 9002 by Fundação Bureau Veritas, from Universidade de São Paulo. In 2007, we received a certification from Programa Brasileiro de Qualidade e Produtividade do Habitat (PBQP-H), which is part of the Ministry of Cities. In addition, the Eldorado Business Tower building was certified as a Green Building, category Platinum, by the U.S. Green Building Council, which attests that it is environmentally sustainable, through the rational use of energy, natural lighting and pollution control and recycling. There are only three other buildings in the world that have achieved this category.
 
We invest in technology. Our research and development costs amounted to R$2.5 million, R$1.4 million and R$1.5 million in each of 2010, 2009 and 2008 respectively. We believe that we have pioneered the adoption of advanced construction techniques in Brazil such as dry wall and plane pre-stressed slabs, which present numerous advantages over traditional techniques. We also optimize costs by synchronizing our projects’ progress so as to coordinate the purchase of raw material and benefit from economies of scale. We have long-term arrangements with a number of suppliers which allow us to build our developments with quality, using brand name construction materials and equipment, and advanced technology. Moreover, our centralized procurement center enables us to achieve significant economies of scale in the purchase of materials and retention of services.
 
We do not own heavy construction equipment and we employ directly only a small fraction of the labor working on our sites. We generally act as a contractor, supervising construction while subcontracting more labor-intensive activities. Substantially all on-site construction is performed for a fixed price by independent subcontractors. We have policies in place in order to hire reputable, cost-oriented and reliable service providers that are in compliance with labor laws and have performed their work diligently and on time in the past. Hiring subcontractors instead of employing workers directly has some financial and logistical advantages. For instance, we do not need to incur fixed costs to maintain a specialized labor force even when they are not actively working at a construction site and we do not need to pay for frequent transfers of labor to different construction locations.
 
Our construction engineering group coordinates the activities of service providers and suppliers, monitors compliance with safety and zoning codes, and monitors completion of the project on a timely basis. We provide a five-year limited warranty covering structural defects in all our developments.
 
Risk Control
 
Our risk control procedures require that all of our projects be approved by our investment committee, which meets on a monthly basis, or more frequently on an as-needed basis, and consists of our chief executive officer and two members of our board of directors. Our investment committee carefully reviews the various studies conducted by us and described above. In addition, we have a board of officers, which meets monthly, and is in charge of overseeing and approving major decisions. See “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—E. Share Ownership” in this annual report.
 
Customer Financing
 
The table below sets forth the terms of customer financing we provide for each type of our developments:
 
 
Sales Term
 
Luxury
   
Middle Income
   
Affordable Entry-Level(1)
   
Land
Subdivisions (2)
 
Mortgage lending (delivery)
    40 %     80 %     60 %      
Caixa Econômica Federal
                40 %      
Gafisa 36 months
    35 %     10 %           45 %
Gafisa 60 months
    20 %     5 %           55 %
Gafisa 120 months
    5 %     5 %            

(1)
Includes Tenda developments.
 
(2)
Includes both Gafisa and Alphaville land subdivisions.
 
 
 
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Mortgages. In 2010, 72% of our sales value was financed by bank mortgages, where the customer paid us approximately 20% to 30% of the sales price of the property during the period of construction, and upon delivery of the property paid the balance of the sales price through a bank mortgage. We analyze the credit history of each customer at the time of sale to see if the customer would qualify for a bank mortgage based on banks’ standard credit rating policies. Although there is no assurance that the customer will qualify for a mortgage at the time of delivery, our analyses have been fairly successful in predicting whether the customer would qualify for a mortgage. The following table sets forth the credit limits established by mortgage sources available in Brazil:
 
 
Credit Lines
 
Typical Interest rate
 
Maximum
Home Value
   
Maximum Loan
Value
 
Mortgage portfolio (Carteira Hipotecária) or CH
≤ 12% annually + TR(1)
 
No limit
   
No limit
 
Housing Finance System (Sistema Financeiro da Habitação) or SFH
≤ 10% annually + TR
  R$ 500,000     R$ 450,000  
Government Severance Indemnity Fund for Employees (Fundo de Garantia sobre Tempo de Serviços) or FGTS
≤ 8.16% annually + TR
  R$ 130,000     R$ 130,000  

(1)
TR refers to the daily reference rate.
 
Mortgage financing for Tenda’s developments primarily comes from CEF. The financing is structured so that customers with monthly income of up to ten times the Brazilian minimum wage pay low monthly installments without increasing our credit risk because CEF assumes the credit risk of each customer. Additionally, Tenda is currently working with three private banks in addition to the CEF to provide financing for homebuyers with monthly income between three and 20 times the Brazilian minimum wage which was approximately R$510 as of December 31, 2010 with similar terms as the financing provided by the CEF.
 
Financing by Gafisa during construction. We finance some of our own sales during the construction period, with a down payment of 25-35% and financing of the balance through monthly installments up to the delivery of the unit.
 
Financing by Gafisa after delivery. In addition, we offer financing plans to prospective customers using our own capital, where we finance purchases for up to 120 months after the completion of the construction. For completed units we require a down payment of 30% and financing of the remaining balance with up to 120 monthly installments. For units under construction we require a down payment of 10% and provide financing of 25-35% with up to 30 monthly installments until the delivery of the unit and financing of the remaining 65-75% with up to 120 additional monthly installments. All of our financing plans are guaranteed by a conditional sale of the unit, with the transfer of the full property rights of the unit to the customer upon the full payment of the outstanding installments.
 
We have developed a strict credit policy in order to minimize risks. We take the following steps whenever we conduct a credit review process:
 
 
·
trained independent brokers interview each potential customer to collect personal and financial information and fill out a registration form;
 
 
·
registration forms are delivered, along with a copy of the property deed, to us and, if the bank providing the financing requests, to an independent company specialized in real estate credit scoring;
 
 
·
credit is automatically extended by us to the customer if his or her credit analysis is favorable. However, if the credit analysis report raises concerns, we will carefully review the issues and accept or reject the customer’s application depending on the degree of risk. To the extent financing is provided by a bank, such financial institution will follow their own credit review procedures; and
 
 
·
after approving the application, our staff accepts the down payment which is given as a deposit on the purchase of the unit.
 
 
 
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Sales contracts. Our sales contracts generally provide for adjustment of the sales price according to the INCC during construction and at an annual interest rate of 12% plus IGP-M over the receivables balance after a stated date in our sales contracts. We have historically experienced a low rate of customer default on our sales. In November 2011, our clients’ default level was 3.97% of our accounts receivable for Gafisa and 4.34% for Tenda. We attribute our low default rate to the fact that:  (1) we conduct database research on the socio-economic background of our prospective customers; (2) our agreements discourage default and cancellation of the purchase by imposing immediate penalty fees, interest and liquidated damages which are adjusted for inflation, and we retain approximately 60% (Gafisa), 20% (Tenda) and 20% (Alphaville)  of the total purchase price plus expenses incurred by us, which in general represents all or a substantial portion of the amount that the defaulted clients have already paid us; and (3) we offer several options to our customers if they experience financial difficulties, such as offering them a greater number of installment payments or exchanging the unit bought for a less expensive one. When a default occurs, we endeavor to renegotiate the outstanding loan with our customers before taking any legal action. We will only transfer title of the unit to a buyer after the release of the certificate of acceptance of occupancy by local authority and/or the full payment of all outstanding installments. We have decreased the percentage of mortgages that our customers obtain from us from approximately 33% in 2006 to 30% in 2010. This decrease reflects the growing interest of commercial banks in financing the Brazilian housing industry. See “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects — A. Operating Results — New Developments and Contracted Sales — Contracted Sales” for a discussion of the sales value of contracts cancelled by our customers and penalties paid in connection with such cancellations.
 
The table below sets forth the client’s default level breakdown segment.
 
   
Gafisa
   
Alphaville
   
Tenda
 
Default level by segment
    3.97 %     3.18 %     4.34 %

Cancelation of sales contracts. Gafisa and Tenda sales contracts are irrevocable under Brazilian law. That means that a customer does not have the unilateral ability to terminate a contract once it is executed, nor does the customer have an ability to require a refund of amounts previously paid unless we agree. To the extent that a customer is not in compliance with its obligations under a contract, we may at our option either force compliance through the Brazilian courts, or agree to a “default” by the customer. Should we agree at our sole discretion to refund part of amounts paid to the defaulting party, we will normally apply the penalty set forth in the contract.
 
In the event either we or the customer do not agree to enter into a commercial negotiation following a customer default there are two courses of action available:
 
 
1.
The first option is that we may seek to enforce the agreement in Court to collect the amount outstanding and effectively transfer ownership of the unit to the buyer.
 
 
2.
As provided in the contract and contemplated in Brazilian law we have the right to force the unit to be auctioned. When the unit is purchased in auction by a third party the proceeds from the auction are used in part to settle in full (including interest and penalties for late payments) the amount owed by the customer to Gafisa and the remaining balance is paid to the customer. When no third party is willing to acquire the unit in the auction, the title to the unit returns to Gafisa or Tenda without any disbursement, except for the auctioneers fees. Provisions in the Gafisa contract indicate that when such auction occurs it is without prejudice of the penalties set forth in this contract (meaning that the penalty provisions survive). Upon consultation, our legal counsel advised us that the customer has a right to request that amounts paid by him be returned after the contractual “penalty” has been deducted.
 
The table below provides the number and sales value of contracts terminated by customers for the periods presented:
 

 
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Year
 
2010
   
2009
   
2008
   
Segment
 
Number of contracts
   
Sales value (R$ thousands)
   
Number of
contracts
   
Sales value (R$ thousands)
   
Number of
contracts
   
Sales value (R$ thousands)
Gafisa
                                 
Contracted sales
    5,374       2,218,670       4,510       1,637,961       4,099       1,484,854  
Volume/Sales value of terminations
    (601 )     (244,353 )     (320 )     (127,886 )     (366 )     (139,442 )
Percentage
    11.2 %     10.1 %     7.1 %     7.8 %     8.9 %     9.4 %
Sales value, net of termination
    4,773       1,974,317       4,190       1,510,075       3,733       1,345,412  
                                                   
Tenda
                                                 
Contracted sales
    19,768       1,970,516       21,193       1,804,193       12,348       1,055,892  
Volume/Sales value of terminations
    (6,703 )     (537,391 )     (5,322 )     (443,089 )     (5,796 )     (462,635 )
Percentage
    33.4 %     27.0 %     25.1 %     24.6 %     46.9 %     43.8 %
Sales value net of terminations
    13,065       1,433,125       15,871       1,361,105       6,552       593,257  
                                                   
Alphaville
                                                 
Contracted sales
    3,056       630,755       2,230       402,599       1,621       310,343  
Volume/Sales value of terminations
    (150 )     (31,817 )     (279 )     (25,714 )     (103 )     (10,454 )
Percentage
    8.3 %     9.1 %     12.5 %     6.4 %     6.4 %     3.4 %
Sales value net of termination
    2,906       598,938       1,951       376,885       1,518       299,889  
                                                   
Total sales value net of termination
    20,744       4,006,380       22,012       3,248,065       11,803       2,238,558  

 
Receivables securitization. We release capital for new projects by seeking not to maintain receivables after our projects are completed. We have been active in the securitization market and we are capitalizing on an increasing investor demand for mortgage-backed securities. The securitization (mortgage-backed securities) market in Brazil is relatively new but we believe it is rapidly expanding. This expansion is helped significantly by recent development in Brazilian foreclosure laws.
 
With the growing availability of mortgages from commercial banks and the increasing liquidity of mortgage-backed securities (CRIs), we expect to further reduce our role as a financing provider to our customers. Our goal is to optimize our working capital by transferring the financing activities to securitization companies and banks.
 
Main Raw Materials and Suppliers
 
We purchase a wide variety of raw materials for our operations. Even though these raw materials have represented on average, over the last three years, approximately 34% of our total costs of development, aside from land, the only raw material that represents more than approximately 5% of our total costs is steel. Prices of some raw materials have significantly increased over the last two years at a rate much higher than inflation. The index that measures the fluctuation of construction costs, the INCC, increased 24.5% during the three year period ended December 31, 2010. During that same period, the IGP-M increased 20.1%, resulting in an increase in unit prices. We have been working on the development of new construction techniques and the utilization of alternative materials in order to reduce costs and improve our construction process with advanced technology.
 
We contract with major suppliers for the materials used in the construction of the buildings. We receive general pricing proposals from various suppliers of raw materials and select the proposal with the best terms and conditions for each development. In addition to pricing, we select our suppliers by the quality of their materials. We set forth specific minimum quality requirements for each construction project, and the chosen supplier must meet this quality requirement. The materials for our developments are readily available from multiple sources and, accordingly, we do not rely on any one supplier for our raw materials.
 
Our five largest suppliers in terms of volume are Gerdau Aços Longos S.A., Votorantim Cimentos Brasil Ltda., Supermix Concreto S.A., Cia. Brasileira de Concreto S.A. and Elevadores Otis Ltda.. In general terms, we purchase products for our construction based on the scheduled requirements, and we are given approximately 28 days to pay. The products we purchase generally come with a five-year warranty. We do not have any exclusive arrangements
 
 
 
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with our suppliers. We work closely with suppliers, enabling them to schedule their production in order to meet our demand or notify us in advance in the event they anticipate delays. We have good relationships with our suppliers and have experienced no significant construction delays due to shortages of materials in recent years. We do not maintain inventories of construction materials.
 
We achieve significant economies of scale in our purchases because we:
 
 
·
use standard construction techniques,
 
 
·
engage in a large number of projects simultaneously, and
 
 
·
have long-term relationships with our suppliers. We periodically evaluate our suppliers. In the event of problems, we generally replace the supplier or work closely with them to solve the problems.
 
Customer Service
 
In our industry, customer satisfaction is based in large part on our ability to respond promptly and courteously to buyers before, during and after the sale of our properties, including providing an owner’s guide.  We use innovative and personalized customer service techniques beginning with the initial encounter with a potential customer. We believe we were one of the first homebuilders in Brazil to introduce services such as breakfast for customers at construction sites and providing monthly photos to customers on the progress of the construction. These services are provided with the objective of educating customers on the progress of the construction and improving customers’ experience with the purchase of our units. Other customer service efforts include:
 
 
·
a dedicated outsourced call center with consultants and specialists trained to answer our customers’ inquiries;
 
 
·
the development of the “Gafisa Viver Bem” web portal, through which our customers can, for example, follow the project’s progress, alter their registration information, simulate unit designs and check their outstanding balances;
 
 
·
the development of the “Comunidade Alphaville” web portal, which aims to foster a sense of community among the residents of our residential communities; and
 
 
·
the development of the “Gafisa Personal Line,” through which buyers of certain units are able to customize their units in accordance with plans and finishing touches offered by Gafisa. Such options vary by development.
 
As part of our customer service program in our residential developments, we conduct pre-delivery inspections to promptly address any outstanding construction issues. Prior to the delivery of each unit, we maintain regular contact with the customer by sending the customer our magazine “Gafisa Way.”  We also conduct monitored inspections of our developments to allow buyers to gather more information from our technical personnel. In addition, we send a monthly status report on the construction of the unit. We conduct another evaluation of the customer’s satisfaction with his or her unit, as well as the customer’s experience with our sales personnel and our various departments (customer services, construction and title services) 18 months after the release of the certificate of acceptance of occupancy by the relevant local authority. We also provide a five-year limited warranty covering structural defects, which is required by Brazilian law.
 
We also promote a program called the “Alphaville Clubes – Lazer Brasil,” which allows owners of the Alphaville developments and other registered members to use the facilities of all Alphaville health and fitness clubs throughout the country. News on our Alphaville communities are posted on Alphaville’s website, which also contains documents and information related to each of our Alphaville developments exclusively for owners of Alphaville developments.
 
 
 
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Competition
 
The real estate market in Brazil is highly fragmented and competitive with low barriers to entry. The main competitive factors include price, financing, design, quality, reputation, reliability, meeting delivery expectations, partnerships with developers and the availability and location of land. Certain of our competitors have greater financial resources than we do, which could provide them an advantage over us in the acquisition of land using cash. In addition, some of our competitors have better brand recognition in certain regions, which could give them a competitive advantage in increasing the velocity of their sales. Because of our geographic diversification, we believe that we have access to different markets within Brazil that have different demand drivers.
 
Because of the high fragmentation of the markets in which we operate, no single developer or construction company is likely to obtain a significant market share. With the exception of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, where we face competition from major publicly-traded competitors, in other regions we generally face competition from small and medium-sized local competitors that are not as well-capitalized. We expect additional entrants, including foreign companies in partnership with Brazilian entities, into the real estate industry in Brazil, particularly the São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro markets.
 
The table below sets forth the most recent data available on our market share in the São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro markets:
 
São Paulo (1) – Gafisa’s Market Share
 
   
Year ended December 31,
 
Year
 
2010
   
2009
   
2008
 
   
(Launches in R$ million)
 
Local market
    20,935       12,718       17,365  
Gafisa(2)
    1,069       896       1,187  
Gafisa’s market share
    5.1 %     7.0 %     6.8 %

Source: EMBRAESP and SECOVI.
 
Rio de Janeiro (1) – Gafisa’s Market Share
 
   
Year ended December 31,
 
Year
 
2010
   
2009
   
2008
 
   
(Launches in R$ million)
 
Local market
    6,786       2,809       4,260  
Gafisa(2)
    159       85       629  
Gafisa’s market share
    2.3 %     3.0 %     14.8 %

Source: ADEMI.
 
(1)
Metropolitan region.
 
(2)
Gafisa stake.
 
We believe we are the leader in residential community developments. Our subsidiary Alphaville has a sizable and what we believe to be non-replicable land reserves, which will foster our future growth in the upcoming years.
 
Seasonality
 
Although the Brazilian real estate market is not generally seasonal, there are a few months of the year when the market slows down (January, February and July) each year. These months coincide with school vacations and result in the postponement of investment decisions. We are impacted similarly as the rest of the market during such periods.
 
 
 
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Subsidiaries
 
We carry out our real estate developments directly or through our subsidiaries or our jointly-controlled entities in partnership with third parties. As of December 31, 2010, we had 148 subsidiaries and 71 jointly-controlled entities under operations, all of such subsidiaries and jointly-controlled entities are incorporated as special purpose entities and headquartered in Brazil. Our subsidiaries and jointly-controlled entities operate exclusively in the real estate sector.
 
Many of our subsidiaries and joint-ventures are SPEs, many of which have been incorporated by us as joint ventures together with other real estate and construction companies in Brazil.  Of our 265 SPEs, 69% are wholly-owned by us and 12% are majority-owned by us, and we hold an interest of 50% or less in the remaining 19%.
 
Intellectual Property
 
Trademarks
 
Our trademarks are filed or registered in Brazil with the Brazilian Institute of Industrial Property (Instituto Nacional de Propriedade Industrial), or the “INPI,” which is the competent body for, among others, trademarks’ and patents’ registries in Brazil.  Besides, the trademark “Gafisa” is also registered before the competent agency for registering trademarks in the United States.
 
Currently, the registration process of a trademark takes approximately 30 to 36 months from the date of filing of the application until the definitive registration. From the date of filing of the application to the date of the definitive registration, the applicant has an expectation of right for the use of the trademark in connection with the products and services for which the trademark was applied for.
 
Each trademark registration is effective for a 10-year period and is renewable for equal and successive periods. The renewal of a trademark registration is granted upon request accompanied by payment of renewal fees during the final year of the trademark’s registration period or within the 6-month waiting period after its expiration. In case of non-payment, the registration is cancelled by INPI.
 
A trademark registration may be terminated in case (1) of expiration of its validity term; (2) the trademark owner or holder waives in whole or in part the rights granted by registration; (3) of forfeiture, or the applicant’s or the holder’s failure to use a registered trademark in connection with related goods or services for a period longer than five years; or (4) failure to appoint a Brazilian resident with powers to represent the applicant or holder in administrative or judicial proceedings, in cases where the applicant or the holder resides abroad.
 
As of the date of this annual report, we had approximately 221 pending trademark applications and 218 trademarks registered in Brazil with the INPI of which approximately (1) 68 pending applications and 136 registered trademarks refer to Alphaville, and (2) 37 pending applications and 7 registered trademarks refer to Tenda.
 
Our most significant trademark is “Gafisa,” which is duly registered with the INPI in the relevant market segment. Other relevant trademark we own, such as “Aphaville” and “Tenda,” are also registered with the INPI in several classes in connection with our daily activities.
 
Domain Name
 
As of the date of this annual report, we, together with our subsidiaries, were the owners of approximately 73 domain names including our and our subsidiaries’ principal websites. The term of each domain name registration is one year and is renewable for equal and successive periods. An annual fee payment is necessary for the maintenance of the domain name registrations. Other than non-payment of the annual fee, domain name registration may be cancelled by: (1) express waiver of the owner; (2) irregularities in the data form as requested by the respective agency; (3) non-compliance with applicable regulations; (4) judicial order; or (5) in the case of foreign companies, non-compliance with the obligation to initiate the company’s activities in Brazil. Our domain names will, unless renewed, expire between March 2011 and January 2020. We will seek to renew our domain names expiring in 2010, after evaluating their continuing applicability.
 
 
 
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Patents
 
We have no patents registered in our name.
 
Software Licenses
 
Most of the software we use in our daily business refers to common computer programs, such as Windows, SAP and AutoCAD. Additionally, we own all required licenses of use in connection with such software. The use of computer software without the acquisition of proper licenses is considered a felony subject to both criminal and civil liabilities, including the payment of fines and restrictions of future use of the applicable software.
 
Licenses
 
Under Brazilian laws, we are required to obtain a variety of licenses for each of our new developments. As of the date of this annual report, we have obtained all necessary licenses and permits to operate our business.
 
Insurance
 
We maintain insurance policies with leading Brazilian insurance companies, such as Allianz Seguros S.A., UBF Garantias & Seguros S.A., Itau Unibanco Seguros e J. Malluceli Seguros S.A., Fator Seguradora S.A. and Áurea Seguros S.A., with coverage for, among others, (1) potential risks arising from the commencement of construction, including property damages, business interruption, engineering risks, fire, falls, collapse, lightning, and gas explosion; (2) construction errors; (3) performance bonds; and (4) losses arising from damages or defense costs associated with litigation resulting from misconduct of directors and officer. Such insurance policies contain customary specifications, limits and deductibles. Additionally, we do not maintain any insurance policy for our properties after construction is completed.
 
According to Brazilian Federal Law, it is mandatory that homebuilders have insurance policies in force with coverage for, among others, damages and losses related to civil liabilities and performance bonds. Failure or default in contracting any compulsory insurance required by applicable legislation is subject to a penalty amounting to the higher amount between (1) twice the premium price of the insurance that should have been contracted; and (2) ten percent of the insured property value. Additionally, no operating authorization or license (or the renewal of any existing license) shall be granted to companies subject to compulsory insurance in default of the aforementioned obligations.
 
Our management believes that the insurance coverage for our properties is adequate and that our insurance policies are customary for our industry in Brazil and adequate for applicable regulations. Although no assurance can be given, we believe that the amount of insurance we carry will be sufficient to protect us from material loss in the future.
 
Regulatory Framework
 
Brazilian Government and Real Estate Sector Regulations.
 
The real estate sector is directly regulated by the Brazilian government and is indirectly impacted by the government’s regulations on the availability of credit. Regulations include development policies, zoning restrictions and environmental laws which can determine the availability of different products offered in the market. For example, city master plans restrict the types of real estate developments that can be constructed in a given area.
 
As a general rule, the NBCC requires that the transfer of title of real estate properties, as well as the assignment, transfer, change or waiver of rights on real estate properties, be carried out by means of a public deed, except in certain cases, such as when the Real Estate Finance System (Sistema Financeiro Imobiliario), or SFI, or the SFH, are involved. The intent of this rule is to increase the security of property transfers.
 
According to applicable law, transfer of real estate title is only deemed effective upon the registration of the transfer with the relevant Real Estate Registry Office. The procedure for the execution of public deeds and also the
 
 
 
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respective registration with the Real Estate Registry Office (Registro Imobiliário) is regulated by the Brazilian Law of Public Registers (Lei de Registros Públicos).
 
Real estate development
 
Real estate development activities are regulated by Law No. 4,591 of December 16, 1964, as amended, or Law No. 4,591. The main duties of a developer are to: (1) obtain all required construction approvals and authorizations from the proper authorities; (2) register the development with the Real Estate Registry Office (without registration, the developed units cannot be sold); (3) indicate in the preliminary documents the deadline for the developer to withdraw from the development; (4) indicate in all advertisements and sales contracts the registration number of the development with the Real Estate Registry Office; (5) oversee the construction of the project established by the contract which must be in accordance with the approval granted by the authorities; (6) deliver to the final owner the completed units, in accordance with the contractual specifications, and transfer to the final owner the title of the unit by signing the final sale deed; (7) assume sole responsibility for the delivery of the developed units to the respective purchasers; (8) assume sole responsibility in the event the construction of the unit is not in accordance with the advertisements and sale contracts; and (9) provide construction blueprints and specifications along with the joint ownership agreement to the proper Real Estate Registry Office. The final owner is obligated, in turn, to pay the price related to the cost of the land and the construction.
 
The construction of the real estate units may be contracted and paid for by the developer or by the final owners of the units. Brazilian law provides for two pricing methods in real estate development: (1) construction under contract and (2) construction under a system of management. In construction under contract, the contracting parties will either set a fixed price, stipulated before the construction begins, or agree on an adjustable price pegged to an index determined by the contracting parties. In construction under a system of management, an estimated price is agreed upon by the contracting parties, but no fixed final price is provided at the beginning of the construction process. The actual amount that purchasers of the units pay depends on the monthly costs of the developer or contractor.
 
Urban land subdivisions
 
Urban land subdivisions consist of subdivisions of urban land parcels into building lots and the construction of new roads and other infrastructure, and are regulated by Law No. 6,766 of December 19, 1979, or Law No. 6, 766. The Urban Land Subdivision Act governs urban land subdivisions and establishes, among other things, the planning and technical requirements for this form of land parceling and the obligations of the developers, and also provides for fines and sanctions in the event of violation of its provisions.
 
Under the Urban Land Subdivision Act, land subdivisions are intended for the creation of lots in urban areas or urban expansion zones, as defined by the planning director or approved by municipal law, and must comply with Law No. 6,766.
 
For the construction of land subdivisions, the developer must proceed through the following steps: (1) prior to developing the land subdivision plan, it must request the municipality in which the development will be located to issue directives on use policies specifically to the land, such as the delineation of lots, road and street systems and areas reserved for municipal or community properties; (2) pursuant to the directives issued by the municipality, it must develop a plan for the proposed land subdivision and present it to the municipality for approval, including the plans, designs, descriptions, and schedule for performance of the work, among other documents; and (3) after approval for the land subdivision project is obtained, it must be submitted for recording in the property registry of the appropriate Real Estate Registry Office within 180 days.
 
In addition to the approval of the project by the municipality in which the development will be located, the approval of other governmental bodies may be necessary in cases where the land subdivision: (1) is located in an area of particular interest, such as a protected cultural heritage site as defined by state or federal legislation; (2) is located in the boundary area of a city, belongs to more than one municipality, or is in a metropolitan region as defined in state or federal law; or (3) has an area greater than 1 million square meters, in which case the state where
 
 
 
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the development will be located will be responsible for reviewing and approving it prior to the approval by the municipality, and will also determine the regulations to which the development must be subject.
 
The legal requirements for the approval of the land subdivision by a municipality include: (1) the developer must preserve a percentage of the land used for residential communities as open spaces for public use and for municipal or community properties with the percentage determined by each municipal zoning code; (2) each lot must have a minimum area of 125 square meters and the distance between the building and the street must be at least five meters; and (3) the developer must reserve 15 meters of land on either side of running or still water and of strips of public domain land for roads and highways.
 
The Urban Land Subdivision Act also sets forth locations where subdivisions are not permitted, such as: (1) on wetlands and lands subject to flooding, until measures have been taken to assure water drainage; (2) on land that has been filled with material that is a public health hazard, unless previously cleaned up; (3) on land that has a slope equal to or greater than 30 degrees, unless the requirements of the appropriate authorities have been met; (4) on lands where geological conditions make buildings inadvisable; and (5) in ecological preserves or areas where pollution creates unacceptable sanitary conditions, until corrected.
 
In order to offer greater security to the property market, the Urban Land Subdivision Act prohibits the sale or promise of sale of any lot that is the result of a subdivision where the developer has not previously obtained approval by the appropriate municipality and the development has not been recorded with the respective Real Estate Registry Office. If any such lot is sold or contracted to be sold, the developer and any person or legal entity benefiting from such sale or promise of sale shall be jointly liable for the resulting damages to the purchaser and the public authorities.
 
Assets for Appropriation
 
Law No. 10,931 of August 2, 2004, provides for certain protection of real estate assets. Accordingly, such protected assets are segregated from other properties, rights and obligations of the developer, including other assets previously appropriated, and such appropriated assets can only be used to guarantee debts and obligations related to the respective development. The appropriated assets are considered bankruptcy free and will not be affected in the event of bankruptcy or insolvency of the developer. In the event of a bankruptcy or insolvency of the developer, joint ownership of the construction may be instituted by a resolution of the purchasers of the units or by judicial decision. The joint owners of the construction will decide whether the project will proceed or the assets appropriated will be liquidated. Developers may also opt to submit a project to appropriation in order to benefit from a special tax system. Under this system, land and objects built on the land, financial investments in the land, and any other assets and rights with respect to the land are considered to be protected for the benefit of the construction of that development and the delivery of the units to the final owners, and are thus separate from the remaining assets of the developer.
 
In addition, in order to encourage the use of the appropriation system, Laws No. 11,977 of July 7, 2009 and No. 12,024 of August 27, 2000, which granted tax benefits for the adoption of the system by reducing tax rates on appropriated assets from 7% to 6% and, in the case of the appropriated assets under the public housing program “Minha Casa, Minha Vida,” from 7% to 1%.
 
We have not yet utilized the appropriation system for any of our real estate developments. We prefer to use our subsidiaries and our jointly-controlled entities for each specific real estate development. Our subsidiaries and jointly-controlled entities allow us to borrow funds by segregating the credit risk taken on by the financial institutions.
 
Credit Policy Regulations
 
The real estate sector is highly dependent on the availability of credit in the market, and the Brazilian government’s credit policy significantly affects the availability of funds for real estate financing, thus influencing the supply of and demand for properties.
 
 
 
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Housing Finance System, or “SFH”
 
Law No. 4,380 of August 21, 1964, as amended, created the SFH to promote the construction and ownership of private homes, especially for low income earners. Financing resources under the SFH’s control are provided by the Government Severance Indemnity Fund for Employees (Fundo de Garantia por Tempo de Serviço), or “FGTS,” and from savings account deposits. The FGTS, created by Law No. 5,107 of September 13, 1966 and regulated by Law No. 8,036 of May 11, 1990, imposes a mandatory 8% employee payroll deduction on all employees in Brazil. Employees maintain FGTS accounts, which are similar to pension funds, and are allowed, among other things, to use the funds deposited in the accounts for the acquisition of real estate property under certain circumstances, as set forth by applicable law. CEF is the agency responsible for managing the funds deposited in the FGTS. In order to be eligible for the financing, the beneficiary must purchase a completed unit or unit under construction priced at up to R$500,000. In addition, the beneficiary shall (1) not own or be the committed purchaser of any residential real estate financed by SFH within Brazil; (2) not own or be the committed purchaser of, any real estate property built or under construction in both his or her current city of residence and the city where the beneficiary conducts his or her main activities; (3) reside for at least one year in the city where the property is located; (4) pay the FGTS; and (5) be registered for at least three years with the FGTS regime. The unemployed also have access to the FGTS to purchase real estate property provided that he still has funds on the FGTS account (where the 8% payroll deduction was deposited while employed).
 
Financings that originate from savings account deposits in the entities comprising the Brazilian Saving and Loan System (Sistema Brasileiro de Poupança e Empréstimo), or “SBPE,” are regulated by the Central Bank. Such financings can be obtained through the SFH, which is strictly regulated by the Brazilian government, or through the mortgage portfolio system, where banks are free to set the financing conditions. SFH financing offers fixed interest rates lower than the market rates, capped at 12% per year, and SFH financing contract terms vary, in general, between 15 and 30 years. The mortgage portfolio system financing offers market interest rates as determined by the financial institutions, generally varying between 12% and 14% per year.
 
CMN Resolution No. 3,932/2010 provides for the allocation of the funds deposited in savings accounts in the entities comprising SBPE and states that the following conditions must be met for SFH financing: (1) the maximum amount of the financing is R$450,000; (2) the maximum sales price for the financed unit is R$500,000; (3) the maximum actual cost to the borrower, which includes charges such as interest, fees and other financial costs, except insurance, may not exceed 12% per year; and (4) in the event of an outstanding balance at the end of the financing term, such term will be extended by half of the initial term.
 
SFH financings need to be secured by at least one of the following: (1) a first mortgage over the unit that is being financed; (2) a conditional sale over the unit that is being financed, as prescribed by Law No. 9,514 of November 20, 1997, as amended by Law No. 10,931 of August 2, 2004, or Law No. 9,514; (3) a first mortgage or conditional sale, as determined by Law No. 9,514, of other property of the borrower or a third party; or (4) some other guarantee, as established by the financing agent. SFH funds are only released upon the formalization of one of these methods of guaranteeing the loan.
 
The federal government has announced changes in the regulations on financing and construction in order to promote growth in the real estate market. Among the measures announced are: (1) financial institutions have the option to grant financing with previously fixed rates; (2) lenders have the option of excluding the TR index (Taxa Referencial) from the financing and applying only the limit of 12% per year; (3) allowing financing installment payments to be directly deducted from a borrower’s wage; (4) establishing a new credit program from CEF to real estate developers; and (5) reducing the Tax on Manufactured Products (Imposto sobre Produtos Industrializados), or “IPI,” for products utilized in the construction segment.
 
Mortgage portfolio
 
While a large portion of the funds in the deposits in saving accounts are allocated to SFH, some of the funds are allocated to loans granted at market rates. CMN Resolution No. 3,932/10 established that at least 65% of these deposits should be used for real estate financing, with a minimum of 80% of the financing going to housing loans
 
 
 
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under the SFH and the remaining balance for loans granted at market rates which are usually higher than in SFH loans, including mortgage portfolio used by banks for the concession of housing loans.
 
In early 2005 the Brazilian government took a number of measures to better regulate the use of the funds raised in savings account deposits in order to promote growth of the real estate sector, these measures included: (1) cancellation of payment to the Central Bank of funds not invested in real estate financing in January, February and March; (2) creation of a real estate interbank deposit market to allow financial institutions with excessive investments in real estate to trade with financial institutions that has capacity for more real estate credits; (3) increase of the operating limits of the SFH to units with a maximum sales price of R$500,000; (4) review of the factors used in the calculation guidelines of the SFH in order to stimulate financing for the acquisition of new real estate properties at a low cost, applicable as of January 1, 2005; and (5) authorization for the SFH to provide financing to legal entities for the construction of development projects for their employees, provided that such entities follow all SFH guidelines. These changes have significantly increased the funds available for investments in the Brazilian real estate sector.
 
Real Estate Finance System, or “SFI”
 
The SFI was created by Law No. 9,514 to establish assignment, acquisition and securitization criteria for real estate credits. The system seeks to develop primary (loans) and secondary (trading of securities backed by receivables) markets for the financing of real estate properties by creating advantageous payment conditions and special protection of creditors’ rights. The SFI supervises real estate financing transactions carried out by savings banks, commercial banks, investment banks, real estate credit portfolio banks, housing loan associations, savings and loan associations, mortgage companies and other entities authorized by the CMN to provide such financing. SFI real estate credits may be freely negotiated by the parties, under the following conditions: (1) the amount loaned and the related adjustments must be fully reimbursed; (2) interest must be paid at the rates established by the contract; (3) interest must be capitalized; and (4) borrowers must purchase life and permanent disability insurance.
 
Real estate sales, rental, or other real estate property financing in general, can be negotiated with non-financial institutions under the same conditions permitted by authorized entities under the SFI. In these cases, non-financial entities are authorized to charge capitalized interest rates greater than 12% per year.
 
The following types of guarantees are applicable to loans approved by the SFI: (1) mortgages; (2) fiduciary assignment of credit rights resulting from sales contracts; (3) guarantee of credit rights resulting from contracts of sale or promise of sale of property; and (4) conditional sale of real estate property.
 
Law No. 9,514 also reformed securitizations of real estate assets provisions, making them less expensive and more attractive. The securitization of credits in the context of the SFI is made through real estate securitization companies, non-financial institutions formed as joint stock companies whose objective is to acquire and securitize real estate credits. Funds raised by the securitizing companies can be made through the issuance of debentures or notes, or the creation of a new type of Real Estate Receivable Certificates (Certificados de Recebíveis Imobiliários), or “CRIs.” According to applicable law, CRIs are nominative credit securities issued exclusively by securitizing companies, backed by real estate credits, freely negotiated, and payable in cash. CRIs tend to have, among others, the following characteristics: they are issued in book-entry form, they may have fixed or floating interest rates and can be paid in installments, they may contain adjustment provisions, they are registered and traded through centralized systems of custody and financial settlement of private securities and they can be secured by the assets of the issuing company.
 
Minha Casa, Minha Vida program
 
Provisional Measure No. 459 enacted on March 25, 2009, converted into Law No. 11,977 enacted on July 7, 2009, amended by Law No. 12,249 enacted on June 11, 2010, created a public housing program called “Minha Casa, Minha Vida.” Provisional Measure No. 514 enacted on December 1, 2010, converted into Law No. 12,424 of June 16, 2011, modified the aforementioned legislation, which calls for government investment of more than R$30 billion and is focused on building one million houses for families with monthly incomes of up to ten times the
 
 
 
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minimum wage. Under this program, the government is authorized to finance families purchasing houses with assessed values between R$80,000 and R$170,000.
 
Municipal Legislation
 
Municipal planning is regulated by articles 182 and 183 of the Federal Constitution and by Law No. 10,257 of July 10, 2001 (Estatuto da Cidade), or Law No. 10,257. Law No. 10,257 provides, among other things, for the establishment of (1) rules for the parceling, use and occupation of urban tracts of land in each municipality for the collective welfare and environmental balance of the community; and (2) a master plan, which shall be reviewed every 10 years. The master plan is the guiding tool used to plan developments in the urban areas of each municipality and is used as a reference by all public and private agents acting within the municipality. It establishes the strategic goals and general guidelines for urban construction, the objectives and guidelines for differentiated areas of planning and the instruments for their deployment.
 
We set out below certain details of the laws governing the municipal planning of the two major cities in which we operate, São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro:
 
São Paulo municipality
 
City laws govern the zoning, construction, parceling, use and occupation of land in the municipality of São Paulo. They set forth technical and urban planning requirements for parceling, and provide that the division, subdivision or segregation of urban tracts of land are subject to the prior approval of the São Paulo municipal government. Moreover, the zoning laws describe the types of permissible uses for the land and their respective characteristics, by dividing São Paulo into areas of use with fixed locations, limits and boundaries. They also provide for fines and sanctions for noncompliance.
 
Municipal Law No. 13,430 of September 13, 2002, approved the master plan and created the Planning System of the municipality of São Paulo. In addition, Municipal Law No. 11,228 of June 25, 1992, approved the Code of Works and Construction, regulated by Decree 32,329 of September 23, 1992, which governs administrative and executive procedures and sets forth the rules to be followed in the planning, licensing, execution, maintenance and use of public works and construction within properties in the municipality of São Paulo, and provides for sanctions and fines applicable in cases of non-compliance with these rules.
 
Rio de Janeiro municipality
 
Decree 322 of March 3, 1976, of the municipality of Rio de Janeiro, and Decree “E” 3,800 of April 20, 1970, of the then State of Guanabara, jointly created the municipality’s Zoning Regulation, Land Parceling Regulation and Construction Regulation. These regulations control the use of the municipality land, including urban zoning, use of properties, development of construction sites and conditions for the use of each zone in the municipality. The Ten-Year Master Plan of the municipality, approved pursuant to Supplementary Law No. 111 of January 1, 2011, establishes rules and procedures related to urban policy of the municipality, determines guidelines, provides instruments for its execution and defines area policies and their related programs, aiming at meeting the social needs of the city.
 
Environmental Issues
 
We are subject to a variety of Brazilian federal, state and local laws and regulations concerning the protection of the environment, as described below. Applicable environmental laws may vary according to the development’s location, the site’s environmental conditions and the present and former uses of the site. These environmental laws may result in delays, cause us to incur substantial compliance and other costs, and prohibit or severely restrict project development. Before we purchase any real estate, we conduct investigations of all necessary and applicable environmental issues, including the possible existence of hazardous or toxic materials, as well as any inadequately disposed waste substances. During the investigations we also identify the existence of water wells and protected vegetation, observing the proximity of the real estate property to permanent preservation areas. We generally condition the real estate property acquisitions on obtaining the required regulatory approvals prior to closing.
 
 
 
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We have adopted certain practices to further our commitment to environmental protection and landscape development. Through our Selective Collection Project, we have partnered in environmental education initiatives with private and governmental entities, including non-governmental organizations. We provide training to all of our outsourced workers (before we begin work on any particular project), that focuses on the importance of preserving the environment and how to effectively collect, store and control materials for recycling. Our subsidiary Alphaville was given the “ECO Award” in 2006 and 2007 (by the American Chamber of Commerce), the “Top Ambiental Award” (Top Environmental Award) in 2007 and 2008 (by the Brazilian Association of Marketing and Sales Agents, in recognition for its environmentally responsible practices) and the “Top Social Award” in 2008 and 2009 (by the Brazilian Association of Marketing and Sales Agents, in recognition for its socially responsible practices). Our Eldorado Business Tower building is the fourth building in the world and the only building in Latin American, to be pre-certified by the U.S. Green Building Council as a Leed CS 2.0 Platinum building for leadership in energy and environmental design.
 
Environmental licenses and authorizations
 
Brazilian environmental policy requires environmental licenses and permits for the construction of real estate projects. Environmental licensing is required for both initial construction and alteration in existing developments, and the licenses must be periodically renewed. The Brazilian Institute of Environment and Renewable Natural Resources (Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis), or the IBAMA, is responsible for granting such licenses for projects with regional or national impact on the environment. In other cases, state or municipal environmental agencies are responsible for granting such environmental licenses.
 
The environmental licensing process is comprised of three stages: initial license, installation license and operational license. The licensing of activities that may impact the environment impacting activities (as determined by the competent environmental agency and according to the Environmental Impact Study and Environmental Impact Report (“EIA/RIMA”), requires environmental offset payments, to be invested in conservation units (e.g. national parks, biological reserves etc.), pursuant to Article 36 of Law No. 9,985/00.  The value of the environmental offset is established by the environmental agency conducting the licensing proceeding, according to the “ecosystem impact level” of the proposed activity, pursuant to Article 31-A of Federal Decree No. 6,848/09. Such value must be no greater than 0.5% of the project’s total costs and shall be proportional to the environmental impact of the activity.
 
The installation, operation or alteration of projects without proper and valid environmental licensing or the non-compliance with the conditions or technical requirements of the respective environmental licenses, may subject the violator to administrative sanctions that may range from fines (R$500 to R$10 million) to suspension of activities and, depending on the specific circumstances, criminal liability (of individuals and companies), pursuant to Law No. 9,605/98.
 
The construction, maintenance and sale of our projects may be hampered or halted by delays in the issuance of applicable licenses or even by failure to obtaining such licenses.
 
The construction of real estate developments often requires land moving activities, and in many cases, the cutting down of trees. These activities may require prior authorization of the relevant environmental authorities. As conditions to granting these authorizations, the relevant environmental authorities may require the licensees to plant new trees or acquire forests to repair the affected areas. The removal of vegetation without proper and valid authorization, or non-compliance with the authorization requirements, may subject the transgressor to civil liability (in case environmental damage occurs), administrative sanctions (such as fines) and, according to specific circumstances, criminal liability (of individuals and/or companies), pursuant to Law No. 9,605/98.
 
Waste disposal
 
The Brazilian “National Waste Management Policy” specifically regulates the handling of solid waste generated by the construction sector. Companies are required to present and have a solid waste management plan approved by state environmental agency and must comply with the conditions and obligations set forth in such plan. Failure to
 
 
 
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comply with such obligations may lead to civil (obligation to repair/indemnify in case of pollution), administrative (e.g. fines, suspension of activities etc.) and, according to specific circumstances, criminal liability.
 
Contaminated areas
 
We develop and construct projects in several states within Brazil. Each state has its Environmental Secretary and/or Environmental Agency. The São Paulo State Secretary of Environment (Secretaria de Estado do Meio Ambiente de São Paulo), or the “SMA”, and the State Environmental Agency of São Paulo (Companhia Ambiental do Estado de São Paulo), or “CETESB”, are the principal environmental regulatory entities of the State of São Paulo, and they have adopted procedures with regard to the management of contaminated areas, including the creation of environmental standards to preserve the quality of land and underground water. In addition, the Rio de Janeiro State Secretary of Environment (Secretaria de Estado do Meio Ambiente e Desenvolvimento Urbano do Rio de Janeiro) and the Rio de Janeiro State Environmental Agency, or “INEA”, also maintain quality standards established by CONAMA Resolutions. Other states have similar requirements. Non-compliance with the guidelines established by the environmental and health entities may result in criminal, as well as administrative penalties. Moreover, the owners of properties may be required to pay for costs relating to the clean-up of any contaminated soil or groundwater located in their properties, even if they did not cause the contamination.
 
Environmental liability
 
Article 225 of the Brazilian Federal Constitution, provides that “activities that are harmful to the environment shall subject violators, whether individuals or companies, to criminal and administrative sanctions, regardless of the obligation to repair the damage caused”. Therefore, the Brazilian Federal Constitution provided for environmental liability in three distinct fields: civil, administrative and criminal. As an example, payment of an administrative fine does not offer exemption from the duty to make reparations or indemnify for damages that might be caused by harmful conduct, nor does it offer exemption from possible criminal charges prompted by the event.
 
Civil environmental liability in Brazil is considered by case law as propter rem, that is, liability attaches to the real estate property. Therefore, whoever buys environmentally damaged land will succeed in the liability for the clean-up or recovery and for reparation of potential damage to third parties. Although this liability can be contractually allocated between the parties, it cannot be opposed either administratively or before third parties.
 
Under Brazilian civil law, Law No. 6,938/81 establishes strict liability for the recovery of environmental damages or, if not possible, compensation or indemnity for such damages, with joint and several liability established among all those directly or indirectly contributing to environmental degradation, regardless of the degree of participation in the damage. Each of those involved may be held liable for the full amount of the damages.
 
At the administrative level, environmental liability may be assigned through administrative sanctions imposed by the competent environmental entities, pursuant to Law No. 9,605/98 which “rules on the criminal and administrative sanctions deriving from conduct and activities that are harmful to the environment” and pursuant to Federal Decree No. 6,514/08 . These sanctions may include, among others: (1) fines of up to R$50 million, tailored to the economic capacity and track record of the offender, in addition to the severity of the facts and past performance, with the possibility of these fines being imposed at double or triple rates for repeated offenses; (2) suspension or interdiction of the activities of the respective enterprise; and (3) withdrawal of tax incentives and benefits. Administrative liability falls on the person engaged in the conduct described as an administrative offense.
 
Criminal liability is personal, arising directly from the unlawful conduct of the agent, with the crimes necessarily being specifically addressed in the law. Brazilian law allows criminal liability to be assigned to individual persons as well as corporate entities. When liability is assigned to the latter, the individual persons taking the decision that resulted in the criminal conduct (such as directors, officers, administrators, board members, members of technical entities, auditors, managers, agents or representatives) must also be penalized to the extent of their culpability. Moreover, Brazilian environmental legislation provides that the controlling legal entity can be found liable despite a limited liability legal status if this will assist in the recovery of damages.
 
 
 
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C.    Organizational Structure
 
The following chart shows our organizational structure for our principal subsidiaries, all of them incorporated in Brazil, as of December 31, 2010:
 
 
 
 
 
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For more information on our remaining subsidiaries and jointly-controlled entities, see “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Subsidiaries.” A list of our significant subsidiaries as determined in accordance with Rule 1-02(w) of Regulation S-X is being filed as Exhibit 8.1 to this annual report.
 
D.    Property, Plants and Equipment
 
We lease our headquarters located at Av. Nações Unidas No. 8,501, 19th floor, São Paulo, SP – Brazil. We also lease our branch office located at Avenida das Nações Unidas, 12.495, 9th and 10th floors, in São Paulo, SP- Brazil. Currently, we and our main subsidiaries leased approximately 14,000 square meters. We believe our current facilities are adequate for the full development of our operations.
 
Our properties for sale, including both completed and uncompleted units, are recorded as current assets at their cost of purchase and construction plus capitalized interest from project-specific financing, provided that it does not exceed their expected realizable value.
 
As of December 31, 2010, our property and equipment recorded on our balance sheet mainly consisted of sales stands, facilities, model apartments, computer equipment, vehicles and leasehold improvements, among others, the balance of which was R$80.9 million.
 
ITEM 4A.         UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
 
THE COMPANY HAS UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS TO WHICH THE COMPANY BELIEVES IT HAS APPROPRIATELY ADDRESSED IN THIS FILING AND ITS FILING OF THE 2009 FORM 20 – F/A.
 
ITEM 5.           OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS
 
A.    Operating Results
 
In 2010, we have retroactively applied new changes to Brazilian GAAP from January 1, 2009 to ensure consistency of presentation in our financial statements. All periods presented from January 1, 2009 have been modified to reflect such new accounting practices.
 
In 2008, we retroactively applied changes to Brazilian GAAP introduced by the CPC and the provisions of Brazilian Law No. 11,638/07 from January 1, 2006 to ensure consistency of presentation in our financial statements. All periods presented as from January 1, 2006 have been modified to reflect such new accounting practices.
 
Following the acquisition, formation and incorporation of the entities Alphaville, FIT and Bairro Novo in 2007 and following the merger of FIT into Tenda in 2008, our financial results for 2007 and 2008 included the results of the following segments: Gafisa S.A., Alphaville, Tenda, FIT (merged with Tenda in October 2008) and Bairro Novo. Further, following Gafisa’s withdrawal from Bairro Novo and the exchange of all the remaining Tenda shares not held by Gafisa into Gafisa shares, our financial results for 2010 and 2009 included the results of the following segments” Gafisa S.A., Alphaville and Tenda. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—A. History and Development of the Company—Historical Background and Recent Developments.” Our chief executive officer, who is responsible for allocating resources among these businesses and monitoring their progress, uses economic present value data, which is derived from a combination of historical operating results and forecasted operating results, to assess segment information primarily on the basis of different business segments.
 
Overview
 
We generate our revenues mainly from the development and sale of real estate developments. We recognize revenues from the sale of real estate developments over the course of their construction periods, based on a financial measure of completion and not at the time that the sales agreements are executed. To a lesser extent, we also generate revenues from real estate services such as construction, technical and real estate management we render to third parties. We structure some of our projects through either our subsidiaries or jointly-controlled entities organized as special purpose vehicles.
 
 
 
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Brazilian Economic Environment
 
Our business and results of operations are significantly affected by changes in the Brazilian economic environment, including changes in employment levels, population growth, consumer confidence, stability of income levels and availability of financing for land home site acquisitions.
 
In 2006, the Central Bank continued to reduce the SELIC rate, which attained 13.25% as of December 31, 2006. During this period, average inflation according to the INPC was 3.1%. The real appreciated 9.5% in relation to the dollar, reaching R$2.1380 per US$1.00 as of December 31, 2006. Notwithstanding the real’s appreciation, Brazil’s account balance was US$46.5 billion in 2006.
 
The global economic scenario remained favorable and global growth continued to be strong throughout the year ended December 31, 2007. Favorable liquidity conditions continued despite the increases in the international markets’ long-term interest rates. The real appreciated 20.7% in relation to the dollar, reaching R$1.7713 per US$1.00 as of December 31, 2007. However, the recent crisis in 2008 in the United States mortgage market affected credit markets, which had a negative impact on emerging markets and on stock exchanges throughout the world. During this period, average inflation according to the INPC was 5.9%. The SELIC rate closed the 2008 year at the rate of 11.8%. The real depreciated 24.2% in relation to the dollar, reaching R$2.34 per US$1.00 as of December 31, 2008.
 
In 2009, the Central Bank began gradually reducing the SELIC rate, which attained 9.05% as of December 31, 2009. During this period, average inflation according to the INPC was 3.92%. The real appreciated 34.2% in relation to the dollar, reaching R$1.74 per US$1.00 as of December 31, 2009.
 
In 2010, the Central Bank increased the basic interest rate, which attained 10.75% as of December 31, 2010. During this period, average inflation according to the INPC was 6.46%. In 2010, the real appreciated by 4.3% against the U.S. dollar. On December 31, 2010, the period-end real/U.S. dollar exchange rate was R$1.666 per US$1.00.
 
The table below shows the actual growth of the Brazilian GDP, inflation, interest rates and dollar exchange rates for the periods indicated:
 
   
Year ended December 31,
 
   
2010
   
2009
   
2008
 
   
(%, unless otherwise stated)
 
Real growth in GDP
    7.5       -0.2       5.1  
Inflation rate (INPC)(1)
    6.5       4.1       6.5  
Inflation rate (IGP–M)(2)
    11.3       (1.71 )     9.8  
National Construction Index (INCC)(3)
    7.8       3.20       11.9  
TJLP rate (4)
    6.0       6.0       6.3  
CDI rate (5)
    10.8       8.62       12.4  
Appreciation (devaluation) of the real vs. US$ 
    4.3       34.2       (24.2 )
Exchange rate (closing) — US$1.00
  R$ 1.66     R$ 1.74     R$ 2.34  
Exchange rate (average)(6) — US$1.00
  R$ 1.76     R$ 1.99     R$ 2.03  

(1)
INPC: consumer price index measured by the IBGE.
 
(2)
General Market Price Index (Índice Geral de Preços—Mercado) measured by the FGV.
 
(3)
National Index of Construction Cost (Índice Nacional de Custo da Construção) measured by the FGV.
 
(4)
Represents the interest rate used by BNDES for long-term financing (end of period).
 
(5)
Represents an average of interbank overnight rates in Brazil (accumulated for period-end month, annualized).
 
(6)
Average exchange rate for the last day of each month in the period indicated.
 
 
 
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Brazilian Real Estate Sector
 
The Brazilian real estate sector is characterized by cyclical performance influenced by various macroeconomic factors. Demand for housing, the availability of financing and growth in population and incomes are, among others, factors that influence the performance of the real estate market.
 
Since 1994, Brazil’s ability to control inflation has contributed to the country’s economic recovery (particularly at the lower income level) and allowed Brazil to assert itself more effectively into the global economic context. For example, during the second half of the 1990s, policies that promoted economic liberalization and privatization of public services facilitated a significant influx of foreign investment. This environment generated pressure among the Brazilian financial and business communities to encourage responsible and transparent public management, promoting economic stability. In general, the current and previous presidential administrations have adopted comparatively austere economic policies, characterized by increased independence of the Central Bank, transparency and control over public accounts. Another significant effect of Brazil’s heightened international profile and economic stability was an increase in the competitiveness of various economic sectors, with a notable improvement in standards of corporate administration and governance. This pattern, along with favorable conditions in the global economy, have contributed to improved economic indicators in Brazil.
 
In addition, since 2006, the Brazilian government has enacted incentives in the real estate sector, including the following:
 
 
·
Provisional Measure No. 321 enacted on September 12, 2006, later converted into Law No. 11,434 enacted on December 28, 2006, gave banks the option to charge fixed interest rates on mortgages;
 
 
·
Decree No. 5,892 enacted on September 12, 2006, amended Decree No. 4,840 enacted on September 17, 2003, allowed payroll deductible mortgage loans to employees of both public and private entities;
 
 
·
Decree No. 6,006 enacted on December 28, 2006, implemented a 50% tax cut on Tax on Manufactured Products (Imposto sobre Produtos Industrializados), or IPI, levied on the acquisition of important construction products, including certain types of tubes, ceilings, walls, doors, toilets and other materials. In 2009, other decrees eliminated the IPI levied on the acquisition of similar products, but were implemented for a limited term only and were set to expire in March 2010, but were extended until December 31, 2012.
 
 
·
Provisional Measure No. 459 enacted on March 25, 2009, converted into Law No. 11,977 enacted on July 7, 2009, amended by Law No. 12,249 enacted on June 11, 2010, created a public housing program called “Minha Casa, Minha Vida.” Provisional Measure No. 514 enacted on December 1, 2010 amended the aforementioned legislation which calls for government investment of more than R$30 billion and is focused on building one million houses for families with monthly incomes of up to ten times the minimum wage. Under this program, the government is authorized to finance families purchasing houses with assessed values between R$80,000 and R$170,000; and
 
 
·
Provisional Measure No. 514 enacted on December 01, 2010, confirmed the extension of Minha Casa, Minha Vida through 2014, and a total investment of R$72 billion, more than double the R$34 billion allocated to the initial program. The goal of the second phase of the Minha Casa, Minha Vida program is to deliver two million homes in four years encompassing an even lower income segment than previously targeted, but also expanded the current resources available to 40% of the total new amount to be destined to the lower-income segments.
 
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
 
The preparation of financial statements in accordance with Brazilian GAAP requires management to make judgments, estimates and adopts assumptions that affect the reported amounts of revenue, expenses, assets and liabilities, as well as the disclosure of contingent liabilities, at the balance sheet date. Assets and liabilities subject to estimates and assumptions include the useful life of property plant and equipment, impairment of assets, deferred tax assets, provision for uncertainty tax positions, labor and civil risks, and the measurement of the estimated cost of
 
 
 
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ventures and financial instruments. Estimates are used for, among other things, impairment of non-financial assets, transactions with share-based payment, provisions for tax, labor and civil risks, fair value of financial instruments, estimated costs of ventures and other similar charges. Although we believe that our judgments and estimates are based on reasonable assumptions that are subject to several risks and uncertainties and are made in light of information available to us, our actual results may differ from these judgments and estimates.
 
In this sense, we set forth below summarized information related to our critical accounting policies. See the notes to our financial statements, included elsewhere in this annual report for further information on these and other accounting policies we adopt.
 
Impairment of non-financial assets
 
An impairment loss shall be recognized when the carrying amount of an asset or a cash-generating unit is in excess of its recoverable amount, which is the highest of the fair value less cost to sell and the value in use. The calculation of fair value less costs to sell is based on information available for sale transactions of similar assets or market prices less additional costs to dispose of the asset. The calculation of the value in use is based on the discounted cash flow model. Cash flows are derived from the budget for the following five years, and do not include restructuring activities with which we have not committed to undertake or future significant investments that will improve the asset basis of the cash-generating unit being tested. The recoverable amount is sensitive to the discount rate adopted under the discounted cash flow method, as well as the estimated future cash inflows and at the growth rate used for purposes of extrapolation.
 
We evaluate the recovery of the carrying amount of goodwill using the “value in use” concept, through discounted cash flow models of the cash-generating units. The process for determining the value in use involves the use of assumptions, judgments and estimates on cash flows, such as growth rate of revenues, costs and expenses, estimates of investment and future working capital, and discount rates. The assumptions on projections of growth, cash flow and future cash flows are based on our business plan, approved by our management, as well as on comparable market data, and represent our management’s best estimate of the economic conditions that will prevail during the economic life of the different cash-generating units, group of assets that provides the generation of cash flows. The future cash flows were discounted based on the rate representative of the cost of capital. Consistently with the economic valuation techniques, the evaluation of the value in use is made for a five-year period, and after such period, considering the perpetuity of assumptions in view of the capacity of business continuity over an indefinite time. The main assumptions used in the estimates of value in use are the following: revenue – revenues were projected considering the growth in sales and client base of the different cash-generating units. Operating costs and expenses – costs and expenses were projected in line with our historical performance, as well as the historical growth of revenues. The key assumptions were based on our historical performance and on reasonable macroeconomic assumptions, and supported by the financial market projections, documented and approved by our management. The recovery test of our intangible assets did not result in impairment loss for the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2011 and 2010 and for the years ended December 31,2010 and 2009, as the estimated market value is in excess of the net book value on the assessment date.
 
Properties for sale
 
Our properties for sale are recorded at the lower of cost or fair value. In the case of uncompleted units, the portion in inventories corresponds to the costs incurred in units that have not yet been sold.
 
The cost is made up of construction (materials, own or outsourced labor and other related items) and land, including financial charges allocated to the venture as incurred during the construction phase.
 
Land is recorded at acquisition cost. See “Business – Our Operations – Land Acquisition”. We acquire portions of land through swaps where, in exchange for the land acquired, we undertake to deliver either real estate units of developments in progress or part of the sales revenues originating from the sale of the real estate units in the developments. Land acquired through barter transactions are recorded at fair value.
 
 
 
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We capitalize interest on the developments during the construction phase under the National Housing System credit line and other credit lines that are used for financing the construction of developments (limited to the corresponding financial expense amount).
 
When construction costs exceed the undiscounted cash flows expected from sales of completed units, properties under construction or land under development, an impairment loss is recorded in the period in which it is determined that the carrying amount is not recoverable. The same analysis applies equally to our high, medium and low income residential developments and our land developments, irrespective of geographic location or stage of completion.
 
Our properties for sale are considered long-lived assets and we regularly review the carrying value of each of our developments whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that their carrying value may not be recoverable. If the carrying value of a development is not recoverable from its estimated future undiscounted cash flows, it is impaired and written down to its estimated fair value. In estimating the future undiscounted cash flows of a property, we use various estimates such as (1) expected sales price, based upon general economic conditions of the market, the location of our development and competition within the market and (2) costs expended to date and costs expected to be incurred in the future, which are associated with all future expenditures necessary to develop our properties for sale, including interest payments that will be capitalized as part of the costs of the asset.
 
We have evaluated all of our developments for impairment and have not identified any cases of impairment for any of our properties for sale and no impairment provisions have been recorded for any of our developments for the nine-month periods ended September 30,2011 and 2010 and for the years ended December 31,2010 and 2009. In accordance with our internal policy, each individual project launched has been internally evaluated taking into consideration the following: (1) assumptions for market, sales forecast, economics and operation conditions; (2) cash flow analysis using the discounted cash flow method; (3) approval by an investment committee; and (4) inclusion in the business plan regarding the timetable and backlog for development releases. This process is part of our corporate governance practices. We update the assumptions on an annual basis and consider the continuing viability for each project for impairment test purposes.
 
Transactions with share-based payment
 
We measure the cost of transactions to be settled with shares with employees based on the fair value of equity instruments on the grant date. The estimate of the fair value of share-based payments requires the determination of the most adequate pricing model to grant equity instruments, which depends on the grant terms and conditions. It also requires the determination of the most adequate data for the pricing model, including the expected option life, volatility and dividend yield, and the corresponding assumptions.
 
Provisions for tax, labor and civil risks
 
We recognize a provision for tax, labor and civil claims. The assessment of the probability of a loss includes the evaluation of the available evidences, the hierarchy of Laws, the existing case laws, the latest court decisions and their significance in the judicial system, as well as the opinion of external legal counsel. The provisions are reviewed and adjusted to take into account the changes in circumstances, such as the applicable expiration term, findings of tax inspections, or additional exposures found based on new court issues or decisions. The settlement of transactions involving these estimates may result in amounts different from those estimated in view of the inaccuracies inherent in the process for estimating them. We review the estimates and assumptions at least annually.
 
Taxes on income
 
We use both the “taxable profit” and “presumed profit” regimes in our operations.
 
Deferred income and social contribution taxes are calculated to take into account all tax timing differences as follows: (1) amounts not yet taxed due to the fact that net income from real estate activities is taxed when the sales price is collected in cash as opposed to when revenue is recognized on an accrual basis; (2) income or expenses which are not yet taxable or deductible, such as provisions for contingencies; and (3) net operating losses, when realization or recovery in future periods is considered probable. Deferred tax assets are generated under the “taxable
 
 
 
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profit” regime only.  We evaluate whether a valuation allowance is required for these assets and deferred tax assets are recognized only to the extent that is probable that the temporary differences will reverse in the forseeable future and taxable profit will be available against which the temporary differences can be utilized. In the event our jointly-controlled subsidiaries elect to change from the “taxable profit” regime to the “presumed profit” regime, accumulated tax loss carryforwards will be forfeited.
 
Fair value of financial instruments
 
When the fair value of the financial assets and liabilities presented in the balance sheet cannot be obtained in the active market, it is determined using valuation techniques, including the discounted cash flow method. The data for such methods is based on those practiced in the market, when possible; however, when it is not viable, a certain level of judgment is required to establish the fair value. The judgment includes considerations on the data used, such as liquidity risk, credit risk, and volatility. Changes in the assumptions about these factors may affect the presented fair value of financial instruments.
 
Estimated costs of ventures
 
Total estimated costs, comprised of incurred and future costs for completing the construction works, are regularly reviewed, according to the construction progress, and the adjustments based on this review are reflected in the income statement, which form the basis for calculating the percentage in order to recognize the revenue.
 
Impairment analysis
 
The Company reviews each individual property annually for impairment which includes a profitability assessment.  For those developments operating below certain profitability thresholds, or where other negative factors, such as a decline in market or economic conditions in the market where the individual property is located, or high cancellation rates and a significant increase in speculative inventory in the general market exist, the Company determines the estimated fair value of those developments and whether the estimated fair value exceeds their carrying value.  The Company uses an undiscounted cash flows model for estimating fair value.
 
Development and sale of real estate
 
In installment sales of finished units, revenue and costs are recognized when the sale is made regardless of the term for receipt of the contract price, provided that the following conditions are met: (a) the value thereof can be estimated, i.e. the receipt of the sale price is known or the sum that will be received may be reasonably estimated, and (b) the process of recognition of the sales revenues is substantially completed, i.e. we are released from our obligation to perform a considerable part of our activities that will generate future expenses related to the sale of the finished unit.
 
In sales of unfinished units, the procedures and rules established by CFC Resolution No. 963 are:
 
 
·
the cost incurred (including the cost related to land) corresponding to the units sold is fully included in our results;
 
 
·
the percentage of the cost incurred for units sold (including costs related to land) is calculated as a percentage of total estimated costs, and this percentage is included in revenues from units sold, as adjusted pursuant to the conditions of the sales agreements, and in selling expenses, thus determining the amount of revenues and selling expenses to be recognized;
 
 
·
any amount of revenues recognized that exceeds the amount received from clients is recorded as current or non-current “Receivables from clients”. Any amount received in connection with the sale of units that exceeds the amount of revenues recognized is recorded as “Obligations for purchase of land and advances from clients”;
 
 
 
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·
interest and inflation adjustments on accounts receivable from the time the client takes possession of the property, as well as adjustments to present value of accounts receivable, are included in our results for the development and sale of real estate using the accrual basis of accounting; and
 
 
·
financial charges on accounts payable from the acquisition of land and on real estate credit operations incurred during the construction period are included in the costs incurred, and recognized in our results upon the sale of the units of the venture to which they are directly related.
 
Taxes on the difference between revenues from real estate development and taxable accumulated revenues are calculated and recognized when the difference in revenues is recognized. Other income and expenses, including advertising and publicity, are included in results as they are incurred using the accrual basis of accounting.
 
Launches and Contracted Sales
 
Launches
 
The table below presents detailed information on our launches for the periods presented, including developments launched by our jointly-controlled entities in partnership with third parties:
 
   
As of and for the year ended December 31,
 
   
2010
   
2009
   
2008
 
Launches (in millions of reais)
    4,491       2,301       2,763  
Number of projects launched
    144       69       64  
Number of units launched (1)
    22,233       10,810       10,963  
Launched usable area (m2) (2) (3)
    3,008,648       1,354,332       1,838,000  
Percentage of Gafisa investment
    81 %     80 %     70 %

(1)
The units delivered in exchange for land pursuant to swap agreements are not included.
 
(2)
One square meter is equal to approximately 10.76 square feet.
 
(3)
Does not include data for Bairro Novo, FIT and Tenda in 2008.
 
In 2010, we launched 127 residential developments with a total sales value of R$4.5 billion. This sales value was approximately 109% higher than that achieved in 2009, during which we launched residential developments totaling R$2.1 billion. This increase is a reflection of the great demand during 2010.
 
44 of the 127 developments we launched during 2010 were located in the state of São Paulo, while another 17 developments were located in the state of Rio de Janeiro. The remaining 66 residential developments launched were located in the cities of  Maceió, state of Alagoas, São Luiz, state of Maranhão, Porto Alegre, state of Rio Grande do Sul, Curitiba, state of Paraná, Aracaju, state of Sergipe, Goiânia, state of Goiás, Belém, state of Pará, Natal, state of Rio Grande do Norte, Vitória, state of Espírito Santo, Teresina, state of Piauí, Lauro de Freitas, state of Bahia, Belo Horizonte, state of Minas Gerais.
 
During 2010, approximately 44% of our total sales value was generated from launches outside the states of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro.  Our diversification into the affordable entry-level business accounted for approximately 36% of our total sales value for the year ended December 31, 2010. In the year ended December 31, 2009, the affordable entry-level business represented approximately 42% of our total sales value.
 
In 2009, we launched 65 residential developments with a total sales value of R$2.1 billion. This sales value was approximately 22.2% lower than that achieved in 2008, during which we launched residential developments totaling R$2.7 billion. This decrease is compensated by an increase in commercial launches. We also launched four commercial developments with a total sales value of R$155.4 million.
 
24 of the 69 developments we launched during 2009 were located in the state of São Paulo, while another nine developments were located in the state of Rio de Janeiro. The remaining 36 residential developments launched were
 
 
 
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located in the cities of Vila Velha, state of Espírito Santo, Belém, state of Pará, Porto Velho, state of Rondônia, Goiânia, state of Goiás, Porto Alegre, state of Rio Grande do Sul, São Luis, state of Maranhão, Manaus, state of Amazonas, Curitiba, state of Paraná, Salvador, state of Bahia.
 
During 2009, approximately 30% of our total sales value was generated from launches outside the states of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. Our diversification into the affordable entry-level business accounted for approximately 42% of our total sales value for the year ended December 31, 2009. In the year ended December 31, 2008, the affordable entry-level business represented approximately 35% of our total sales value.
 
In 2008, we launched 64 residential developments with a total sales value of R$2.7 billion. This sales value was approximately 23% higher than that achieved in 2007, during which we launched residential developments totaling R$2.2 billion. This increase is a reflection of our business combination with Tenda, our target segment strategy (primarily high-potential and less explored markets) and our strategy for geographic diversification.
 
Sixteen of the 64 developments we launched during 2008 were located in the state of São Paulo, while another 10 developments were located in the state of Rio de Janeiro. The remaining 38 residential developments launched were located in the cities of Salvador and Camaçari in the state of Bahia, Curitiba and Londrina in the state of Paraná, Belém and Ananindeua in the state of Pará, João Pessoa in the state of Paraíba, Maceió in the state of Alagoas, Porto Alegre in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Serra in the state of Espirito Santo, Cuiabá in the state of Mato Grosso, Manaus in the state of Amazonas, Mossoró in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, Goiânia in the state of Goiás, São Luis in the state of Maranhão, Porto Velho in the state of Rondonia and Aracajú in the state of Sergipe.
 
During 2008, approximately 40% of our total sales value was generated from launches outside the states of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. Our diversification into the affordable entry-level business (through our subsidiaries Tenda, FIT and Bairro Novo) accounted for approximately 27% of our total sales value for the year ended December 31, 2008. In the year ended December 31, 2007, the affordable entry-level business represented approximately 4% of our total sales value.
 
Contracted sales
 
The following table shows the development of our contracted sales by the type of development, according to units sold during the same year that they were launched and the units sold in the years after they were launched, as well as their respective percentages in relation to total sales for the periods presented:
   
 
For the year ended December 31,
   
2010
   
2009
   
2008
   
(in thousands of R$, unless otherwise stated)
Type of development
             
Luxury buildings
  R$ 534,582     R$ 416,481     R$ 472,846  
Middle-income buildings
    1,439,735       1,005,860       755,728  
Affordable entry-level housing
    1,433,125       1,361,105       601,206  
Commercial
    0       87,734       3,100  
Lots
    598,938       376,885       405,678  
Total contracted sales
  R$ 4,006,380     R$ 3,248,065     R$ 2,238,558  
Sale of units launched in the year
  R$ 2,676,272     R$ 1,279,591     R$ 1,362,425  
Percentage of total contracted sales
    66.8 %     39.4 %     60.9 %
Sale of units launched during prior years
    1,330,108       1,968,474       876,133  
Percentage of total contracted sales
    33.2       60.6 %     39.1 %
 
 
The following table shows our and our main subsidiaries, contracted sales for the periods presented:
 
 
 
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For the year ended December 31,
 
   
2010
   
2009
   
2008
 
   
(in thousands of R$, unless otherwise stated)
 
Company
                 
Gafisa
  R$ 1,974,317     R$ 1,510,075     R$ 1,345,411  
FIT (1)
                394,090  
Tenda (2)
    1,433,125       1,361,105       167,800  
Bairro Novo (3)
                31,368  
Alphaville
    598,938       376,885       299,889  
Total contracted sales
  $R 4,006,380     R$ 3,248,065     R$ 2,238,558  

(1)
On October 21, 2008, FIT was merged into Tenda.
 
(2)
On December 30, 2009, all of the remaining Tenda shares not held by Gafisa were exchanged into Gafisa shares and, as a result, Tenda became a wholly-owned subsidiary of Gafisa.
 
(3)
On June 29, 2009, we sold our equity participation in the company developing Bairro Novo Cotia to Tenda.
 
In 2010, we sold 67% of the units launched during that year, which together with the sales of units launched during prior periods, resulted in total contracted sales of R$4,006 million, an increase of approximately 23% compared to 2009. In 2009, we sold 39.4% of the units launched during that year, which together with the sales of units launched during prior periods, resulted in total contracted sales of R$3,248.1 million, an increase of approximately 45% compared to 2008. The increase in 2010 is a result, among others, of the favorable sales performance of our launches, better economic conditions and better financing structures provided to our customers by public as well as private banks.
 
Our sales contracts are irrevocable under Brazilian law, which means a customer does not have a unilateral ability to terminate a contract once it is executed, nor does the customer have an ability to require a refund of amounts previously unpaid unless we agree.  To the extent that a customer is not in compliance with its obligations under a contract, we have the option to either force compliance through the Brazilian courts, or agree to “default” by the customer. Should we agree to such default, the customer is then charged penalties as defined in the contracts with any remaining amounts remitted to the customer. Penalties charged by Tenda have historically been 20% of amounts paid, while penalties charged by Gafisa have historically been significantly higher (average about 60% of amounts paid).
 
We provide a limited amount of post-construction client financing, although his financing is not available to Tenda clients. Our default rate was 3.8%, 4.5% and 3.7% as of December 31, 2010, 2009 and 2008, respectively, which represents charge-offs for both these financings and also the remainder of our percentage of completion receivables.
 
The table below shows the penalties charged to customers that have defaulted and had their contracts cancelled for the periods presented:
 
   
As of and for the year ended December 31,
 
   
2010
   
2009
   
2008
 
   
(in millions of R$)
 
Gafisa
    6.7       5.4       2.7  
Tenda
    23.4       7.8       4.8  
 
The following table sets forth the growth of our contracted sales to be recognized, as well as the amount corresponding to the cost of units sold, and the expected margin, all of them to be recognized in future periods, for the periods presented:
 
 
 
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As of and for the year ended December 31,
 
   
2010
   
2009
   
2008
 
   
(in thousands of R$, unless otherwise stated)
 
Sales to be recognized—end of the year
  R$ 4,112,697     R$ 3,139,587     R$ 2,996,905  
Net sales(1)
    3,962,583       3,024,992       2,887,518  
Cost of units sold to be recognized
    2,423,586       (1,959,215 )     (1,872,927 )
Expected gross margin—yet to be recognized(2)
    1,538,757       1,065,777       1,014,591  
Expected margin percentage
    38.9 %     35.2 %     35.1 %

(1)
Excludes indirect PIS and COFINS taxes of 3.65%.
 
(2)
Based on management’s estimates.
 
Gross Operating Revenues
 
Our revenues are derived mainly from the development and sale of real estate and, to a lesser extent, the rendering of construction services to third parties, as follows:
 
   
For year ended December 31,
 
   
2010
   
2009
   
2008
 
Real estate development and sales
    99.3 %     98.5 %     97.9 %
Construction services rendered
    0.7     1.5       2.1  
Total
    100.0 %     100.0 %     100.0 %
 
Real estate development and sales
 
Real estate development revenues, including inflation adjustments and interest from credit sales, make up revenues from the sales of units in the residential buildings we develop, and to a lesser extent, the sales of lots and commercial buildings.
 
Construction services rendered
 
Our revenues generated by real estate services consist substantially of amounts received in connection with construction management activities for third parties, technical management and real estate management.
 
Operating Costs
 
Our operating costs consist of real estate development costs and, to a lesser extent, costs of services rendered.
 
Real estate development costs
 
Real estate development costs consist of costs of land, construction (which includes costs for a broad variety of raw materials and labor), capitalized interest (financial costs) from project specific financing, projects, foundations, structuring and furnishing, as well as costs for outsourced labor. The items making up our costs, as a percentage of our total cost, were as set forth for the periods presented:
 
   
For the year ended December 31,
 
   
2010
   
2009
   
2008
 
Land
    12.3 %     11.4 %     12.1 %
Construction costs
    79.9       81.8       80.9  
Financial costs
    5.3       4.4       4.4  
Development costs
    2.5       2.4       2.6  
Total
    100.0 %     100.0 %     100.0 %
 
One of our principal real estate development costs is the cost of land. Over the last three years, land represented, on average, 11.7% of our total cost of development. However, this is an extremely volatile component, varying
 
 
 
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according to characteristics of the land, the region where the land is located, the type of development to be launched and market conditions. Land can be acquired for cash, through the exchange of units once the building is constructed, through a financial swaps (whereby a portion of sales is given to the owner of land as a form of financing for the land), or through a combination of the three options.
 
No single raw material alone represents a significant portion of our total costs of development, but over the last three fiscal years, raw materials represented, on average, 33.7% of our total cost of development. The index that measures construction cost variation, the INCC, increased by 7.7%, 3.14% and 11.9% in 2010, 2009 and 2008, respectively. Although some of the principal raw materials, such as steel, have experienced significant price increases well above the level of inflation over the last three years, we have reduced our raw materials costs by developing and using new construction techniques and materials.
 
During the last three years, labor represented, on average, 66.3% of our total cost of real estate development.
 
Over the last three years, we have incurred most of our construction costs from the 1st to the 18th month of construction of a development, as shown in the table below:
 
Period of construction
 
 
Percentage of costs
incurred(1)
1st to 6th month
 
29%
7th to 12th month
 
27%
13th to 18th month
 
30%
19th to 24th month
 
14%

(1)
Including cost of land.
 
Real estate services
 
Our costs of real estate services consist of direct and indirect labor fees and outsourced services.
 
Operating Expenses
 
Our operating expenses include selling, general and administrative expenses and depreciation and amortization expenses and revenues.
 
Selling expenses
 
Selling expenses include advertising, promotion, brokerage fees and similar expenses.
 
General and administrative expenses
 
General and administrative expenses principally include the following:
 
 
·
employee compensation and related expenses;
 
 
·
fees for outsourced services, such as legal, auditing, consulting and others;
 
 
·
management fees and expenses;
 
 
·
stock option plan expenses;
 
 
·
overhead corporate expenses;
 
 
·
expenses related to legal claims and commitments; and
 
 
·
legal expenses related to public notaries and commercial registers, among others.
 
 
 
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Depreciation and amortization
 
Depreciation expenses consist of depreciation of our property and equipment. Amortization expenses are related to the amortization of goodwill, net of negative goodwill amortization. Since January 1, 2009, goodwill is no longer amortized under Brazilian GAAP.
 
Financial Income and Expenses
 
Financial income includes income from financial investments and interest from present value adjustments which accrete to our real estate development revenue. Interest revenues are recognized at the time the effective profit accrues from the asset, based on the accrual method. Financial expenses generally consist of interest payable on loans, financings and debentures.
 
Taxes on Income
 
In general, taxes on income in Brazil consist of federal income tax (25%) and social contribution (9%); for a composite statutory tax rate of 34%. We calculate our income and social contribution taxes according to the “taxable profit” regime. Our subsidiaries and jointly-controlled entities, however, with annual billings lower than a specified amount, may calculate their respective income and social contribution taxes through either this “taxable profit” regime or through the “presumed profit” regime, depending on our tax planning. For the companies that opt for the “presumed profit” regime, the income tax basis is calculated as 8% of gross revenues and the social contribution basis is calculated as 12% of gross revenues, to which income tax and social contribution rates of 25% and 9%, respectively, are applied.
 
New Brazilian GAAP Accounting Standards Adopted
 
Through December 31, 2009, the Company’s consolidated financial statements had been prepared in accordance with the Brazilian GAAP in effect at that time.  In 2010, a number of new accounting standards were required to be implemented under Brazilian GAAP which the Company retrospectively applied to the beginning of 2009 consistent with its local regulatory reporting.  These new Brazilian GAAP standards were adopted as Brazilian GAAP continued to converge with IFRS, and specifically Brazil’s adoption of “IFRS applicable to real estate development entities in Brazil, as approved by the CPC, the CVM and the CFC, including CPC Guideline 04 – Application of the Technical Interpretation ICPC 02 to the Brazilian Real Estate Development Entities – regarding revenue recognition, and the respective costs and expenses arising from real estate development operations by reference to the stage of completion (percentage of completion method)”.  The main differences between the current and Prior Brazilian GAAP adopted on the transition date, including the reconciliations of equity and income are described below.
 
The Company prepared its opening balance sheet on the transition date to IFRS applicable to real estate development entities in Brazil as of January 1, 2009, and, therefore, applied the mandatory exceptions and certain optional exemptions from retrospective application, as established in the technical pronouncements, interpretations and guidelines issued by the CPC, and approved by CVM, to the Company’s financial statements.
 
Mandatory exceptions and exemptions from retrospective application
 
CPC 37 (R1) allows companies to apply certain optional exemptions.  The Company analyzed all optional exemptions, the result of which is presented below:
 
 
·
Mandatory exceptions for business combinations: The Company applied CPC 15 from the year beginning on January 1, 2010, with retrospective application only for the immediately prior year, beginning on January 1, 2009;
 
 
·
Exemption for presentation of fair value of property, plant and equipment as deemed cost: The Company opted for not stating its property, plant and equipment at the transition date at fair value, but to maintain the previously estimated cost;
 
 
 
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·
Exemption for measurement of compound financial instruments: The Company does not have any transactions subject to this standard; and
 
 
·
Effects of changes in foreign exchange rates and translation of financial statements: This standard does not apply to the Company’s operations.
 
The following exemptions are not applicable to the Company’s operations and do not impact the financial statements on the first-time adoption date:
 
 
·
Employee benefits CPC 22: The Company does not have any private pension plans or other benefits that are characterized as defined benefit plan;
 
 
·
Insurance contracts CPC 11: The standard is not applicable to the Company’s operations; and
 
 
·
Service concession arrangements ICPC 01: The Company does not have any utilities concession operations.
 
In addition to optional exemptions, CPC 37 (R1) also expressly prohibits the adjustments of certain transactions in the first adoption, because it would require management to carry out analysis of past conditions after the actual result of the respective transactions. The mandatory exceptions comprise the following:
 
 
·
Derecognition of financial assets and financial liabilities: The Company did not make any retrospective adjustments to its financial assets and liabilities, for purposes of the first adoption, since there was no difference from the previous accounting practice;
 
 
·
Hedge accounting: The hedge transactions existing in 2009 followed the accounting practices according to the standard issued by CPC at the transition date. The Company does not apply hedge accounting for derivatives;
 
 
·
Changes in estimates: The estimates adopted on transition to CPC are consistent with those adopted by the previous accounting criteria; and
 
 
·
Non-controlling interest: The profit or loss for the period and each component of other comprehensive income (directly recognized in the equity) are attributed to the Company’s owners and to the non-controlling interest. The total comprehensive income is attributed to the Company’s owners and to the non-controlling interests, whether such profit or loss cause the non-controlling interest to be negative.
 
The summary of the adjustments made is presented below:
 
   
Consolidated
 
   
Equity
   
 
Result for the Year Ended
December 31, 2009
 
   
As of December 31, 2009
   
As of January 1, 2001
 
   
(millions of reais)
 
Current accounting practice
    2,384.2       2,195.6       101.7  
Gain on partial disposal of investment(1)
          (169.4 )     169.4  
Deferred income tax and social contribution(1)
          57.6       (57.6 )
Non-controlling interest(2)
    (58.5 )     (471.4 )      
Previous accounting practice (effective through January 31, 2009)
    2,325.6       1,612.4       213.5  

(1)
Business Combinations: In accordance with CPC 15, the Company amortized in 2008 the totality of negative goodwill arising from the acquisition of interest in Tenda, at the total amount of R$210,402, for advantageous purchase. The balance of the negative goodwill amortized in 2009 amounting to R$ 169,394 (R$ 41,008 in 2008), as well as its tax effect amounting to R$57,594, were retrospectively adjusted in the opening balance sheet.
 
 
 
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(2)
Non-controlling interest: According to the accounting practices adopted in Brazil, pursuant to the Brazilian Accounting Standard (NBC) T 08 , non-controlling interest in the  equity of controlled entities shall be separated in the consolidated balance sheet, immediately before the equity accounts, and in the consolidated net income.  Pursuant to CPC 36, the non-controlling interests shall be presented in the group of accounts of equity of consolidated statements, separated from the controlling interest.  Income shall be attributed to controlling and non-controlling interest, even if the share of the latter is a deficit.
 
Results of Operations
 
The following discussion of our results of operations is based on our consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with Brazilian GAAP. References to increases or decreases in any given period relate to the corresponding preceding period, except unless otherwise indicated.
 
Results of Operations for the Years Ended December 31, 2010 and 2009
 
Net operating revenue
 
Net operating revenue increased by 23.1%, from R$3,022.3 million in 2009 to R$3,720.9 million in 2010. Gross revenues generated from the sales of real estate properties and barter transactions totaled R$4,005.5 million in 2010, an increase of R$908.6 million or 29.3% as compared to the same period in 2009, when gross revenues generated from the sales of real estate properties and land swaps totaled R$3,096.9 million. This increase is mainly due to the continuing recognition of revenues from sales contracted in prior periods.  Gross revenues generated from services decreased by 49.4%, from R$48.0 million in 2009 to R$24.3 million in 2010, reflecting a decrease in the volume of construction services rendered to other companies.
 
Operating costs
 
Operating costs in 2010 totaled R$2,634.6 million, an increase of 22.9% as compared to R$2,143.8 million in 2009. This increase is due to the greater volume of construction in progress in 2010 as compared to 2009. The cost of land totaled 11.7% of the operating costs in 2010, as compared to 11.4% in 2009. Construction costs payable to third parties decreased in 2010, totaled 80.9% of total operating costs, as compared to 81.8% in 2009. These variations were mainly due to operational changes during the year. Operating costs, as a percentage of net operating revenue, remained stable at 70.8% in 2010 as compared to 70.9% in 2009.
 
Gross profit
 
Gross profit in 2010 totaled R$1,086.3 million, representing an increase of 23.6%, as compared to R$878.6 million in 2009. This increase was mainly due to a higher gross operating revenue as a consequence of higher operational volume during 2010. In 2010, the gross margin generated from our activities remained stable at 29.2% as compared to 29.1% in 2009. This stability was due to the recognition of higher margins from recent projects, which offset the recognition of lower margins in connection with prior year projects.
 
Selling expenses
 
Selling expenses in 2010 totaled R$242.6 million, representing an increase of 7.1%, as compared to R$226.6 million in 2009. This increase reflects (i) the increase of launches and sales volume, and (ii) increased marketing efforts in furtherance of our growth strategy of geographic and income segment diversification. Selling expenses in 2010 represented 6.5% of our net operating revenue compared to 7.5% in 2009, reflecting an improvement in operational efficiency.
 
General and administrative expenses
 
General and administrative expenses totaled R$236.8 million in 2010, remaining stable compared to R$233.1 million in 2009.
 
 
 
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Depreciation and amortization
 
Depreciation and amortization in 2010 was stable at R$33.8 million, compared to R$34.2 million in 2009.
 
Financial income and expenses, net
 
Net financial results totaled an expense of R$82.1 million in 2010 compared to an expense of R$111.0 million in 2009. Financial income during 2010 totaled R$128.1 million, as compared to R$129.6 million in 2009 due to lower average interest rate that was partially offset by the higher average cash position in 2010 when compared to the previous year. Financial expenses during 2010 totaled R$210.2 million, as compared to R$240.6 million in 2009 due to the higher interest capitalized, which was partially offset by increased interest expenses due to higher average debt during 2010.
 
Taxes on income
 
Income and social contribution taxes in 2010 totaled R$38.9 million, or 2.9% higher than in 2009, when income and social contribution taxes totaled R$37.8 million. In 2010 and 2009, the combined effective income and social contribution tax rates, calculated as a percentage of income before taxes, were 8.1% and 20.9%, respectively. The decrease in our effective tax rate is due to the implementation of tax planning to maximize the reduction of our tax liabilities, resulting in a reduction of net deferred tax accrued on our balance sheet. The combined effective rates during these years were lower than the composite statutory rate of 34% as some of our jointly-controlled subsidiaries calculated their taxes on the presumed profit regime.
 
Noncontrolling interest
 
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest decreased from R$41.2 million in 2009 to R$23.9 million in 2010, mainly due to the acquisition of a 20% interest in Alphaville Urbanismos S.A. during 2010, which reduced the noncontrolling interest at that subsidiary.
 
Net income
 
As a result of the factors above, net income in 2010 totaled R$416.1 million, an increase of 309.1% over the previous year, when net income was R$101.7 million.
 
Results of Operations for the Years Ended December 31, 2009 and 2008 Presented in Accordance with Prior Brazilian GAAP.
 
The following period-on-period discussion is based on our prior Brazilian GAAP consolidated financial statements in effect as of December 31, 2009.  See “Presentation of Financial Information.”  As a consequence the figures presented below are not comparable to the figures presented above under “—Results of Operations for the Years Ended December 31, 2010 and 2009.”  The results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2009 under Prior Brazilian GAAP from our consolidated financial statements as of and for the years ended December 31, 2009 and 2008 are not included herein.
 
Net operating revenue
 
Net operating revenue increased by 73.7%, from R$1,740.4 million in 2008 to R$3,022.3 million in 2009. Gross revenues generated from sales of real estate properties and barter transactions totaled R$3,096.9 million in 2009, an increase of R$1,328.7 million or 75.1% as compared to the same period in 2008, when revenues generated from sales of real estate properties totaled R$1,768.2 million. This increase is mainly due to the recognition of revenues from sales contracted in prior periods and the consolidation of Tenda’s results for the full year ended December 31, 2009. Net revenues generated from services increased by 28.8%, from R$37.3 million in 2008 to R$48.0 million in 2009, reflecting the overall growth of the real estate market in Brazil.
 
 
 
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Operating costs
 
Operating costs in 2009 totaled R$2,143.8 million, an increase of 76.5% as compared to R$1,214.4 million in 2008. This increase is due to the consolidation of Tenda’s results from October 22, 2008 and the greater volume of construction in progress in 2009 as compared to 2008. The cost of land decreased in 2009, totaling 11.3% of the operating costs in 2009, as compared to 12.1% in 2008. Construction costs payable to third parties increased in 2009, accounting for 81.8% of total operating costs, as compared to 80.9% in 2008. These variations were mainly due to the consolidation of Tenda’s results, because Tenda’s products have a different cost structure than ours. Operating costs, as a percentage of net operating revenue, increased to 70.9% in 2009 as compared to 69.8% in 2008, mainly due to a greater mix in the types of development under construction in 2009, as a result of our market segment diversification strategy and the consolidation of Tenda’s results.
 
Gross profit
 
Gross profit in 2009 totaled R$878.6 million, representing an increase of 67.0%, as compared to R$526.0 million in 2008. This increase was mainly attributable to the consolidation of Tenda’s results and greater revenues in 2009. In 2009, the gross margin generated from our activities decreased to 29.1% as compared to 30.2% in 2008. This decrease was due to greater amortization expenses as a result of capitalized interest and, to a lesser extent, to a less profitable mix of products sold in 2009.
 
Selling expenses
 
Selling expenses in 2009 totaled R$226.6 million, representing an increase of 46.8%, as compared to R$154.4 million in 2008. This increase reflects our aggressive marketing and growth strategy through geographic and segment diversification and increased marketing efforts on unsold finished units. Selling expenses in 2009 represented 7.5% of our net operating revenue compared to 8.9% in 2008.
 
General and administrative expenses
 
General and administrative expenses totaled R$233.1 million in 2009, representing an increase of 28.9%, as compared to R$180.8 million in 2008. This increase is mainly due to (1) our growth strategy in general and administrative expenses of Gafisa, Tenda and Alphaville totaling R$77.9 million, R$88.3 million and R$24.2 million, respectively; and (2) provision for profit sharing in the amount of R$28.2 million. In addition, stock option plan expenses, a non-cash expense, totaled R$14.4 million in 2009 and R$R$26.1 million in 2008.
 
Amortization of gain on partial sale of FIT
 
The amortization of the deferred gain which arose on the partial sale of FIT totaled R$ 169.4 million in 2009.  The amortization of the gain was amortized over the average construction period of 12 months of FIT’s real estate ventures beginning from October 21, 2008, the date of FIT’s merger into Tenda.
 
Depreciation and amortization
 
Depreciation and amortization in 2009 totaled R$34.2 million, representing a decrease of 35.1%, as compared to R$52.6 million in 2008. The decrease is mainly due to changes in Brazilian GAAP which no longer permits the amortization of goodwill as of January 1, 2009. Goodwill amortization expenses totaled R$12.3 million in 2008.
 
Financial income and expenses, net
 
Net financial results totaled an expense of R$111.0 million in 2009 compared to an income of R$7.8 million in 2008. Financial income during 2009 totaled R$129.6 million, as compared to R$102.9 million in 2008 due to the consolidation of Tenda’s results and interest accrued on our cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities. Financial expenses during 2009 totaled R$240.5 million, as compared to R$95.0 million in 2008 due to an increase in our total debt primarily as a result of our issuance of debentures totaling R$1,450.0 million and a working capital loan in the amount of R$300.0 million. Our outstanding debt as of December 31, 2009 increased 101.2% as compared to December 31, 2008. Our outstanding debt includes (i) outstanding debentures totaling R$1,918.4
 
 
 
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million, (ii) working capital loans of R$736.7 million and (iii) other loans, primarily related to SFH loans, in the amount of R$467.0 million.
 
Taxes on income
 
Income and social contribution taxes in 2009 totaled R$95.4 million, or 119.8% higher than in 2008, when income and social contribution taxes totaled R$43.4 million. In 2009 and 2008, the combined effective income and social contribution tax rates, calculated as a percentage of income before taxes, were 25.1% and 20.7%, respectively. The combined effective rates during these years were lower than the composite statutory rate of 34% as some of our jointly-controlled subsidiaries calculated their taxes on the presumed profit regime and due to the effects of the amortization of the deferred gain on the partial sale of FIT.
 
Noncontrolling interest
 
Noncontrolling interest increased from R$22.7 million in 2008 to R$41.2 million in 2009 primarily because of our subsidiary Tenda.
 
Net income
 
Net income in 2009 totaled R$213.5 million, an increase of 94.3% over the previous year, when net income was R$109.9 million.
 
Business Segments
 
Our financial results for 2008 included the results of the following segments: Gafisa S.A., Alphaville, Tenda, FIT (merged with Tenda in October 2008) and Bairro Novo. Following Gafisa’s withdrawal from Bairro Novo, our financial results for 2009 included the results of the following segments: Gafisa S.A., Alphaville and Tenda. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—A. History and Development of the Company—Historical Background and Recent Developments.” Our chief executive officer, who is responsible for allocating resources among these businesses and monitoring their progress, uses economic present value data, which is derived from a combination of historical operating results and forecasted operating results, to assess segment information primarily on the basis of different business segments.
 
We provide below a measure of historical results, selected segment assets and other related information for each reporting segment. The information below is derived from our statutory accounting records which are maintained in accordance with Brazilian GAAP. No individual customer represented more than 10% of our net operating revenue.
 
   
For Year Ended December 31, 2010
 
   
Gafisa (1)
   
Tenda
   
Alphaville
   
Total
 
   
(millions of reais except for percentages)
 
Net operating revenue
    1,988.3       1,287.2       445.4       3,720.9  
Operating costs
    (1,477.8 )     (905.6 )     (251.2 )     (2,634.6 )
Gross profit
    510.5       381.6       194.2       1,086.3  
Gross margin
    25.7 %     29.6 %     43.6 %     29.2 %
Net Income
    227.0       123.8       65.3       416.1  

(1)
Includes all subsidiaries, except Alphaville and Tenda.
 
   
For Year Ended December 31, 2009
 
   
Gafisa (1)
   
Tenda (2)
   
Alphaville
   
Total
 
   
(millions of reais except for percentages)
 
Net operating revenue
    1,757.2       988.4       276.7       3,022.3  
Operating costs
    (1,297.0 )     (671.6 )     (175.1 )     (2,143.7 )
Gross profit
    460.2       316.8       101.6       878.6  
Gross margin
    26.2 %     32.1 %     36.7 %     29.1 %
Net Income
    39.3       38.7       23.7       101.7  
 
 
 
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(1)
Includes all subsidiaries, except Alphaville and Tenda.
 
(2)
On December 30, 2009, the shareholders of Gafisa and Tenda approved a corporate restructuring to consolidate Gafisa’s noncontrolling share ownership in Tenda. The restructuring was accomplished by exchanging all of the remaining Tenda shares not held by Gafisa into Gafisa shares. As a result of the restructuring, Tenda became a wholly-owned subsidiary of Gafisa.
 
The following table is based on our Prior Brazilian GAAP consolidated financial statements in effect as of December 31, 2009. See “Presentation of Financial Information.”  As a consequence the figures presented below are not comparable to the figures presented above.
 
   
For Year Ended December 31, 2008
 
   
Gafisa (1)
   
Tenda (2)
   
Alphaville
   
FIT (3)
   
Bairro Novo
   
Total
 
   
(millions of reais except for percentages)
 
Net operating revenue
    1,214.6       164.3       249.6       78.54       33.5       1,740.5  
Operating costs
    (847.6 )     (111.9 )     (167.0 )     (60.1 )     (27.7 )     (1,214.3 )
Gross profit
    367.0       52.3       82.6       18.4       5.8       526.2  
Gross margin
    30.2 %     31.8 %     33.1 %     23.4 %     17.2 %     30.2 %
Net income
    103.6       26.1       21.1       (22.3 )     (8.2 )     109.9  

(1)
Includes all subsidiaries, except Alphaville, Tenda, FIT and Bairro Novo.
 
(2)
Tenda’s results for the period from October 22, 2008 through December 31, 2008.
 
(3)
FIT’s results for the period from January 1, 2008 through October 21, 2008. FIT was merged with Tenda on October 21, 2008.
 
Gafisa Segment
 
Years Ended December 31, 2010 and 2009
 
Net operating revenue
 
Net operating revenue for the Gafisa segment was R$1,988.3 million in 2010 compared to R$1,757.2 million in 2009, which represents an increase of 13.1%. This increase was primarily due to the continued strong demand for Gafisa properties and recognition of results from sales contracted in prior periods, since Gafisa recognizes revenues on a percentage of completion basis. As a result of the continued economic recovery in 2010 after the financial crisis, Gafisa began increasing the launch volume for the year and its volume of units under construction. At December 31, 2010, Gafisa had R$1,323.2 million in inventory and 15,380 units under construction compared to R$1,114.3 million and 14,775 units at December 31, 2009.
 
The increase in the launched volume and consequently in the contracted sales from 2009 to 2010 was a result of the continued improvement in the Brazilian economy during 2010. The average price for a Gafisa unit launched during 2010 was R$42.6 thousand as compared to an average price per unit of R$370.5 thousand in 2009. The increase in average price per unit in 2010 was a result of a change in the project mix and the strong demand during 2010.
 
Operating costs
 
Operating costs for the Gafisa segment were R$1,477.8 million in 2010 compared to R$1,297.0 million in 2009, which represented an increase of 13.9%. This increase was mainly due to the greater volume of construction in progress during 2010 as compared to 2009 as discussed above. Operating costs, as a percentage of net operating revenues, increased to 74.3% in 2010 as compared to 73.8% in 2009, mainly due to an increase in labor costs. The increase in labor costs was attributable to the continued strengthening of the Brazilian economy and the higher labor cost associated with completing a unit. This increase in labor costs resulted in an increase in construction costs payable to third parties.
 
 
 
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Gross profit
 
Gross profit for the Gafisa segment was R$510.5 million in 2010, representing an increase of 10.9%, when compared to our total gross profit in 2009 of R$460.2 million. The increase in gross profit was primarily due to higher gross revenue from the greater number of developments. In 2010, gross margin generated from the sale of our developments decreased to 25.7% as compared to 26.2% in 2009. This decrease was due to greater amortization expenses as a result of capitalized interests and to a less profitable mix of units under construction resulting from geographical diversification that took place in previous years, primarily associated with projects outside the states of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro.
 
Net income
 
Net income for the Gafisa segment was R$227.0 million or 54.6% of our total net income in 2010, compared to R$39.3 million or 38.6% of our total net income in 2009. The shift from 38.6% of net income in 2009 to 54.6% of net income in 2010 is a result of an increase in Gafisa operations.  Net income as a percentage of net operating revenues was 11.4% in 2010 as compared to 2.2% in 2009. The increase between years was mostly attributable to the tax planning and higher capitalized interest.
 
Tenda Segment
 
Years Ended December 31, 2010 and 2009
 
Net operating revenue
 
Net operating revenue for the Tenda segment was R$1,287.2 million in 2010 compared to R$988.4 million in 2009.  This increase was primarily due to greater pre-sales amounts, which increased from R$1,361.1 million to R$1,433.1 million and also to the consequently higher recognition of results from sales contracted and developments launched. Since we recognize revenues based on percentage of completion from the units already sold, the number of units under construction, and consequently the amounts of sales, also impact revenue recognition. At December 31, 2010, Tenda had 28,550 units under construction compared to 26,500 units at December 31, 2009. The average price for a Tenda unit launched during 2010 was R$118.2 thousand as compared to an average price per unit of R$116.8 thousand in 2009. The change in the average price per unit was attributable to inflation, partially offset by our focus on developing projects within the R$ 100.0 thousand and R$ 120. 0 thousand price range, maintaining our projects directed towards lower-income families attractive.
 
Operating costs
 
Operating costs for the Tenda segment were R$905.6 million in 2010 compared to R$671.6 million in 2009.  This increase is mainly related to higher recognition of revenues, and consequently costs, and also some costs overrun that resulted in lower gross margin when compared to the previous year, as described below.
 
Gross profit
 
Gross profit for the Tenda segment was R$381.6 million, or 35.1% of our total gross profit in 2010, compared to R$316.8 million in 2009, or 36.1% of our total gross profit in 2009. Despite the nominal gross profit increase in, which is related to higher revenue recognition, Tenda’s gross margin decreased to 29.6% from 32.1% in 2009, mainly as a consequence of higher revenue recognition of lower margin projects, resulting from old projects which did not have standard construction procedures. Tenda’s projects launched in prior to 2009 (before to Gafisa’s acquisition of Tenda) did not have standardization projects and the execution was mainly outsourced, which added to the difficulties in controlling execution and cost overruns. We record this negative impact from these projects, because approximately 70% of the projects under construction in 2010 were launched prior to 2009. Beginning in 2009, we have been launching predominantly standardized projects, which should benefit our margin in the coming years.
 
 
 
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Net income
 
Net income for the Tenda segment was R$123.8 million or 29.7% of our total net income in 2009, compared to a net income of R$38.7 million or 38.1% of our total net income for 2009. This increase of net income in 2010 when compared to 2009 is a result of higher gross profit, as discussed above. Income from operations as a percentage of net operating revenues was 9.6% in 2010 as compared to 3.9% in 2009.
 
Alphaville Segment
 
Years Ended December 31, 2010 and 2009
 
Net operating revenue
 
Net operating revenue for the Alphaville segment was R$445.4 million in 2010, compared to R$276.7 million in 2009, which represents an increase of 61.0%. This increase was primarily due to continued strong demand for Alphaville properties and recognition of revenues from sales contracted in prior periods. Contracted sales increased from R$376.9 million in 2009 to R$598.9 million in 2010. At December 31, 2009, Alphaville had 8,423 units under construction compared to 11,294 units under construction at December 31, 2010. The average price for an Alphaville unit launched during 2009 was R$200.2 thousand compared to an average price per unit of R$205.3 thousand in 2010.
 
Operating costs
 
Operating costs for the Alphaville segment was R$251.2 million in 2010, compared to R$175.1 million in 2009, which represents an increase of 43.5%. This increase was mainly due to the greater volume of projects under construction in 2010, compared to 2009.
 
Gross profit
 
Gross profit for the Alphaville segment was R$194.2 million, or 17.9% of our total gross profit in 2010, compared to R$101.6 million, or 11.6% of our total gross profit for 2009. The increase in gross profit was primarily due to higher gross revenue from a greater number of developments under construction. In 2010, the gross margin generated from the sale of Alphaville’s developments increased to 43.6%, compared to 36.7%, in 2009. This increase was due to higher margins and recognition of sales contracted in prior periods. This increase in gross margin percentage was due to higher average price per square meter, which contributed to a higher gross margin, primarily as a result of increased market demand for Alphaville’s products.
 
Net income
 
Net income for the Alphaville segment was R$65.3 million, or 15.7% of our net income in 2010, compared to R$23.7 million, or 23.3% of our total net income in 2009. Net income, as a percentage of net operating revenue, was 14.7% in 2010 as compared to 8.6% in 2009. The increase was mainly attributable to higher operational margins as discussed above.
 
Gafisa Segment
 
Years Ended December 31, 2009 and 2008 Presented in Accordance with Prior Brazilian GAAP
 
The following period-on-period discussion is based on our Prior Brazilian GAAP consolidated financial statements in effect as of December 31, 2009.  See “Presentation of Financial Information.”  As a consequence the figures presented below are not comparable to the figures presented above.
 
Net operating revenue
 
Net operating revenue for the Gafisa segment was R$1,757.2 million in 2009, compared to R$1,214.6 million in 2008, which represents an increase of 44.7% between the years. The increase in net operating revenues was
 
 
 
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attributable to the fact that Gafisa recognizes revenue under the percentage of completion basis, and the related increase in volume between years primarily is a result of an increase in sold units from inventory that was reduced in 2009. During 2009, due to the economic recovery of the financial crisis, Gafisa adopted a conservative policy which reduced the launch volume for the year and the number of units under construction with lower sales performance, consequently reducing the total volume of inventory, maintaining the company’s financial liquidity. At December 31, 2009, Gafisa had R$1,114.3 million in inventory and 14,775 units under construction compared to R$1,340.6 million and 18,864 units at December 31, 2008. This was demonstrated by an increase in “contracted sales” during the year. The Gafisa segment had contracted sales of R$1,510.1 million in 2009 compared to R$1,345.1 million in 2008.
 
The increase in contracted sales between the years reflects the continued strengthening of the Brazilian economy during 2009 and Gafisa’s ability to contract many of the developments that it had launched in 2008 and before. Despite this increase in contracted sales, there was a decrease in the number of units launched from 4,949 in 2008 to 3,413 units in 2009 which does not affect the net operating revenue, since Gafisa’s revenues are based on the percentage of completion for units sold and under development. This decrease reflects Gafisa’s ability to adjust its launches and inventories to optimally meet unit demand. The average price for a Gafisa unit launched during 2009 was R$370.5 thousand as compared to an average price per unit of R$386.6 thousand in 2008. The lower average price per unit in 2009 was attributable to a change in the project mix.
 
Operating costs
 
Operating costs for the Gafisa segment were R$1,297.0 million in 2009 compared to R$847.6 million in 2008, which represented an increase of 53.0% between years. This increase was primarily attributable to the greater volume of construction in progress during 2009 as compared to 2008 as discussed above. Operating costs, as a percentage of net operating revenues, increased to 73.8% in 2009 as compared to 69.8% in 2008, mainly due to an increase in labor costs. The increase in labor costs was attributable to the continued strengthening of the Brazilian economy and the higher labor cost of completing a unit. This increase in labor costs resulted in an increase in construction costs payable to third parties.
 
Gross profit
 
Gross profit for the Gafisa segment was R$460.2 million or 52.4% of our total gross profit in 2009, compared to R$367.0 million or 69.8% of our total gross profit for 2008. The shift from 69.8% of our gross profit in 2008 to 52.4% of our gross profit in 2009 is a result of consolidating our Tenda operations for a full year in 2009 as discussed below. The increase in gross profit was primarily due to higher net operating revenue, as explained above. In 2009, gross margin generated from the sale of our Gafisa developments decreased to 26.2% as compared to 30.2% in 2008. This decrease in gross margin percentages was related to higher than expected construction costs. As a result of lower productivity faced in some projects, mainly due to the lack of trained personnel, elevated labor expenses and higher than expected  inflationary pressure over labor of 7.74% and also an increase in some construction materials cost based on National Construction Cost Index – INCC of 3.25% in  2009. During 2009, the Company changed its approach to new launch activity and focused on inventory reduction, decreasing its launched volume from R$4.2 billion in 2008 to R$2.3 billion in 2009 (a decline of 45.5%). On the other hand, the sales volume increased from R$2.6 billion in 2008 to R$3.2 billion in 2009 (an increase of 26%).
 
As a consequence of the reduction of our inventory volume, some of these units sold were linked to projects with lower margins, impacting our 2009 results of operations. This lower margin is mainly related to cost overrun associated with geographical expansion and some projects in Rio de Janeiro where we faced lower than expected productivity and higher than average inflationary pressure over or costs.
 
Net income
 
Net income for the Gafisa segment was R$151.1 million or 70.7% of our net income in 2009, compared to R$103.6 million or 94.3% of net income for 2008. The shift from 94.3% of net income in 2008 to 70.7% of net income in 2009 is a result of consolidating our Tenda operations for a full year in 2009 as discussed below. Net
 
 
 
B-84

 
 
 
income as a percentage of net operating revenues was 17.6% in 2009 as compared to 16.3% in 2008. The increase between years was attributable to higher average price per square meter that contributed to margin improvements.
 
Tenda Segment
 
Years Ended December 31, 2009 and the Period from October 22, through December 31,2008 Presented in Accordance with Prior Brazilian GAAP
 
The following period-on-period discussion is based on our Prior Brazilian GAAP consolidated financial statements in effect as of December 31, 2009.  See “Presentation of Financial Information.”  As a consequence the figures presented below are not comparable to the figures presented above.
 
Net operating revenue
 
Net operating revenue for the Tenda segment was R$988.4 million in 2009 compared to R$164.3 million in the period from October 22, 2008 to December 31, 2008. This increase was primarily due to the consolidation of Tenda results for the full year in 2009 and also due to the greater recognition of results from sales contracted and developments launched. The Tenda segment had contracted sales of R$1,361.1 million in 2009 compared to R$167.8 million for the period from October 22, 2008 to December 31, 2008. At December 31, 2009,  Tenda had 26,500 units under construction compared to 11,148 units at December 31, 2008. The average price for a Tenda unit launched during 2009 was R$116.8 thousand as compared to an average price per unit of R$84.7 thousand during the period from October 22, through December 31,2008. The change in the average price per unit in the current year was attributable to the merger of FIT Residencial into Tenda, after Gafisa’s acquisition of Tenda, bringing higher unit price projects to Tenda’s portfolio.
 
Operating costs
 
Operating costs for the Tenda segment were R$671.6 million in 2009 compared to R$111.9 million for the period from October 22, 2008 to December 31, 2008 due to the consolidation of Tenda’s results for the full year 2009.
 
Gross profit
 
Gross profit for the Tenda segment was R$316.8 million or 36.1% of our total gross profit in 2009, compared to R$52.3 million in the period from October 21, 2008 to December 31, 2008 or 9.9% of our total gross profit for 2008. The increase in gross profit was primarily due to the consolidation of Tenda results for the full year 2009. Gross margins increased slightly in 2009 from 31.8% in 2008 compared to 32.1% in 2009. Tenda was able to maintain comparable gross margin percentages despite similar trends in per unit labor costs and per unit interest costs as experienced by our Gafisa segment, primarily through the margins coming from FIT projects that better leverage the operational scale of our building execution.
 
Net income
 
Net income for the Tenda segment was R$38.6 million or 23.7% of our net income in 2009, compared to a net income of R$26.1 million or 14.3% of net income for the period from October 21, 2008 through December 31, 2008. The shift from 14.3% of net income in 2008 to 18.2% of net income in 2009 is a result of consolidating our Tenda operations for a full year in 2009 as discussed below. Net income as a percentage of net operating revenues was 15.9% in 2009 as compared to (1.6)% in 2008. The increase between years was attributable to Gafisa’s effort in reorganizing Tenda’s operational structure and its effects on synergies between the two companies.
 
 
 
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Alphaville
 
Years ended December 31, 2009 and 2008 Presentated in Accordance with Prior Brazilian GAAP
 
The following period-on-period discussion is based on our Prior Brazilian GAAP consolidated financial statements in effect as of December 31, 2009.  See “Presentation of Financial Information.”  As a consequence the figures presented below are not comparable to the figures presented above.
 
Net operating revenue
 
Net operating revenue for the Alphaville segment was R$276.7 million in 2009 compared to R$249.6 million in 2008, which represents an increase of 10.9%. This increase was primarily due to the continued strong demand from Alphaville properties reflected by the increase of contracted sales of R$376.9 million in 2009 compared to R$299.9 million in 2008. At December 31, 2009, Alphaville had 8,423 units under construction compared to 3,705 units in process at December 31, 2008. The average price for an Alphaville unit launched during 2009 was R$200.2 thousand as compared to an average price per unit of R$171.9 thousand in 2008. The change in the average price per unit in the current year was attributable to an increase in the average price per square meter, supported by market demand.
 
Operating costs
 
Operating costs for the Alphaville segment were R$175.1 million in 2009 compared to R$167.0 million in 2008, which represents an increase of 4.8%. This increase was mainly due to the greater volume of construction in progress in 2009 as compared to 2008.
 
Gross profit
 
Gross profit for the Alphaville segment was R$101.6 million or 11.6% of our total gross profit in 2009, compared to R$82.6 million or 15.7% of our total gross profit for 2008. The increase in gross profit was primarily due to higher gross revenue from a greater number of developments in progress. In 2009, the gross margin generated from the sale of our developments increased to 36.7% as compared to 33.1% in 2008. This increase in gross margin percentage was due to higher average price per square meter that contributed to higher gross margin, primarily as a result of increased market demand for Alphaville’s products.
 
Net income
 
Net income for the Alphaville segment was R$23.8 million or 11.1% of our net income in 2009, compared to R$21.1 million or 19.2% of net income in 2008. Net income as a percentage of net operating revenues was 17.2% in 2009 as compared to 16.9% in 2008. The increase between years was mainly attributable to higher operational margins as discussed above.
 
B.    Liquidity and Capital Resources
 
As we are not compliant with the financial statement requirements of the SEC’s rules and regulations as discussed above under “Presentation of Financial and Other Information,” we are precluded from offering securities registered with the SEC until such time as we become compliant.
 
Our transactions are financed mainly through the contracting of real estate financing and securitization of receivables. When necessary and in accordance with market demands, we carry out long-term financing for the sale of our developments. In order to turn over our capital and accelerate its return, we try to transfer to banks and sell to the market the receivables portfolio of our completed units. In 2010, we did not sell receivables from completed units.
 
We consistently review opportunities for acquisition and investments. We consider different types of investments, either direct or through our subsidiaries and jointly-controlled entities. We finance such investments using capital market financings, capital increase or through a combination thereof.
 
 
 
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Construction financing lines of credit are available and we have fulfilled substantially all of our construction financing needs for 2010 at consolidated rates similar to the Selic rate. In order to mitigate the effects of the 2008 global credit crisis, the Brazilian government has announced additional lines of credit to assist the construction industry and its customers, including R$6 billion from the FGTS (a Government Severance Indemnity Fund for Employees). In 2009 we approved the issue of two series of debentures for Gafisa and Tenda in the total amount of R$1.2 billion. In addition, the Brazilian government will finance up to 20% of construction costs, to be financed by the Brazilian Saving and Loan System (Sistema Brasileiro de Poupança e Empréstimo – SBPE).
 
During 2010, our customers’ ability to obtain bank mortgage loans continued to improve, with interest rates in the range of 5.6%+TR (affordable entry level) to 11%+TR, depending on family income and credit score. Delinquency rates among our customers have decreased in 2010 compared to 2009.
 
The following table shows the balance of our receivables from clients for the development and sale of properties for the periods presented:
   
 
As of December 31,
 
   
2010
   
2009
   
2008
 
   
(in thousands of reais)
 
Real estate development receivables:
                 
Current
  R$ 3,158,074     R$ 2,008,464     R$ 1,254,594  
Long-term
    2,113,314       1,768,182       863,950  
Total
  R$ 5,271,388     R$ 3,776,646     R$ 2,118,544  
                         
Receivables to be recognized on our balance sheet according to percentage of completion method:
                       
Current
  R$ 2,465,791     R$ 1,556,510     R$ 812,406  
Long-term
    1,646,905       1,583,076       2,754,513  
Total
    4,112,696       3,139,586       3,566,919  
Total receivables from clients
  R$ 9,384,084     R$ 6,916,232     R$ 5,685,463  
 
The total balance of receivables to be recognized on the balance sheet has the following maturity profile:
   
 
As of December 31, 2010
 
   
(in thousands reais)
 
Maturity
     
2011
  R$ 5,623,865  
2012
    1,715,148  
2013
    1,289,991  
2014
    307,199  
Thereafter
    447,881  
Total
  R$ 9,384,084  

Loans made to our clients are generally adjusted on a monthly basis as follows: (1) during construction, by the INCC in São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and other Brazilian cities; and (2) after delivery set forth in the contract, by the IGP-M plus 12% per annum in all markets.
 
We limit our exposure to credit risk by selling to a broad customer base and by continuously analyzing the credit of our clients. As of the date of this annual report, our clients’ default level was 3.97% of our accounts receivable for Gafisa and 4.34% for Tenda. We did not record a provision for the years ended December 31, 2010, 2009 and 2008 because we considered the allowance for doubtful accounts not to be necessary, except for Tenda, taking into account that our financing with clients is mainly related to developments under construction and that deeds are not granted to the clients until after payment and/or negotiation of the clients’ debt. In addition, our risk of loss is limited to the stage when we negotiate our agreements with our clients, after which it is substantially transferred to financial institutions. The allowance for doubtful accounts for Tenda totaled R$18.9 million as of
 
 
 
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December 31, 2010 and is considered sufficient by our management to cover expected future losses on the realization of accounts receivable of this subsidiary.
 
Cash Flows
 
In the discussion that follows, comparisons of the years ended December 31, 2010 to 2009 are not comparable to comparisons of the years ended December 31, 2009 to 2008 as a result of the adoption of the New Brazilian GAAP standards as from January 1, 2009.  See “Presentation of Financial Information” comparisons of 2010 to 2009 are made under the New Brazilian GAAP and comparisons of 2009 to 2008 are made using prior Brazilian GAAP.
 
Operating activities
 
Net cash used in operating activities totaled R$1,091.1 million in 2010 compared to R$692.1 million in 2009. The R$1,096.6 million was primarily composed of: (1) a continued increase in trade accounts receivables, totaling R$1,495.8 million in 2010, which was primarily attributable to the continued growth of our operations, related projects under development and thus the increase of the percentage of completion receivable; (2) increase in properties for sale of R$318.7 million attributable to an increase of our land bank and completed units; and (3) other less significant increases and decreases in other operating asset and liability captions.
 
Net cash used in operating activities totaled R$676.6 million in 2009 as compared to R$812.5 million in 2008. The R$676.6 was primarily composed of (1) a continued increase in receivables from clients, totaling R$1,657.1 million in 2009, which was primarily attributable to the continued year-on-year growth of the Company’s operations, related projects under development and thus the increase of the percentage of completion receivable; (2) additional proceeds from properties for sale of R$280.5 million attributable to an increased selling effort to clear unsold units from inventory arising in the prior year; and (3) partially offset by other less significant increases and decreases in other operating assets and liabilities.
 
Investing activities
 
Net cash used in investment activities, including the acquisition of property, equipment and new investments, was R$122.9 million, R$762.2 million and R$127.5 million in 2010, 2009 and 2008, respectively.
 
Net cash from investing activities, including the acquisition of property, equipment and new investments, was R$122.9 million in 2010 compared to a net cash used in investing activities of R$762.2 million in 2009, respectively.  Our cash generated in 2010 was mainly related to investments in property and equipment in the amount of R$63.4 million. Our main investments during the period were the construction of sales stands, which totaled R$43.4 million, investments in information technology equipment and software, which totaled R$10.8 million, in construction equipment, which totaled R$4.4 million and in machines and equipment, which totaled R$3.9 million. These investments were compensated by cash used by investment activities related to marketable securities and restricted cash in the amount of R$186.4 million.
 
Net cash used in investment activities, including the acquisition of property, equipment and new investments, was R$762.2 million and R$127.5 million in 2009 and 2008, respectively. Our cash used in investment activities in 2009 was mainly related to the investment of R$45.1 million in property and equipment, primarily information technology equipment,  the construction of sales stands, facilities, model apartments and related furnishings and new office facilities in São Paulo.  Our main investments during the period were the construction of sales stands, which totaled R$23.2 million, investments in information technology equipment and software, which totaled R$4.9 million, in office facilities, which totaled R$7.6 million and the SAP implementation, which totaled R$5.0 million. We also had an increase in restricted cash due to guaranteed financing of R$717.1 million.
 
Our expenditure in 2008 was mainly related to investments in property and equipment in the amount of R$63.1 million, in subsidiaries in the amount of R$15.0 million and restricted cash for loan guarantees in the amount of R$67.1 million. Cash acquired along with the Tenda business combination totaled R$66.9 million.
 
 
 
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Financing activities
 
Net cash generated from financing activities in 2010 totaled R$931.6 million, an decrease of 90.1%, compared to the net cash generated from financing activities in 2009 of R$1,555.7 million. The cash generated in 2010 was mainly attributable to: (1) issuance of debentures and other debt totaling R$1,138.2 million, which was partially offset by amortizations of loans in the amount of R$1,187.9 million, and (2) capital increase through the issuance of common shares in a public offering, net of expenses, in the amount R$1,051.5 million. We also paid R$50.7 million in dividends.
 
Net cash provided by financing activities in 2009 totaled R$1,555.8 million, an increase of 68.9%, compared to the net cash provided by financing activities in 2008 of R$887.4 million. The cash provided in 2009 was mainly attributable to: (1) issuance of debentures and other debt totaling R$2,259.7 million; (2) amortization of loans in the amount of R$861.0 million; and (3) securitization transactions in the amount of R$110.6 million. We also paid R$26.1 million in dividends and R$35.5 million of obligations to venture partners. We sold shares held in treasury in the amount of R$82.0 million.
 
Net cash provided by financing activities in 2008 totaled R$887.4 million, an increase of R$44.8 million, compared to the net cash provided by financing activities in 2007 of R$842.6 million. The cash provided in 2008 was mainly attributable to: (1) debt issuances in the amount of R$775.9 million, of which R$250.0 million was raised in June related to the first issuance of the third debenture program, and R$285.0 million was raised in September for working capital purposes; (2) contributions from venture partners in the amount of R$300 million, (3) a capital increase of R$7.7 million; and (4) acquisition of quotas from an unincorporated venture partner as described below. In addition, we paid R$145.7 million in loans and financing, mainly SFH and working capital loans and dividends of R$27.0 million during 2008.
 
Pledged mortgage receivables and cash and cash equivalents
 
As of December 31, 2010, substantially all of our mortgage receivables totaling R$3,007.9 million are pledged. In addition, R$453.1 million of our marketable securities and collaterals are restricted as they have been pledged.
 
Capital Expenditures
 
In 2010, we invested R$63.4 million in property and equipment, primarily information technology equipment, software, the construction of sales stands, facilities, model apartments and related furnishings and new office facilities in São Paulo. Our main investments during the period were the construction of sales stands, which totaled R$43.4 million, investments in information technology equipment and software, which totaled R$10.8 million, in construction equipment, which totaled R$4.4 million and in machines and equipment, which totaled R$3.9 million.
 
In 2009, we invested R$45.1 million in property and equipment, primarily information technology equipment, software, the construction of sales stands, facilities, model apartments and related furnishings and new office facilities in São Paulo. Our main investments during the period were the construction of sales stands, which totaled R$23.2 million, investments in information technology equipment and software, which totaled R$4.9 million, in office facilities, which totaled R$7.6 million and the SAP implementation, which totaled R$5.0 million.
 
In 2008, we invested R$63.1 million in property and equipment, primarily information technology equipment, software, the construction of sales stands, facilities, model apartments and related furnishings and new office facilities in Rio de Janeiro and in São Paulo. Our main investments during the period were the construction of sales stands, which totaled R$35.5 million, investments in information technology equipment and software, which totaled R$3.7 million, in office facilities, which totaled R$4.2 million and the SAP implementation, which totaled R$2.0 million.
 
Our capital expenditures are all made in Brazil and are usually funded by local debt capital markets. We currently do not have any significant capital expenditures in progress.
 
 
 
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Indebtedness
 
When we consider appropriate, we have incurred indebtedness within SFH, which offers lower interest rates than the private market. When our customers obtain a mortgage, we use the proceeds to amortize our SFH indebtedness. We intend to continue our strategy of maintaining low levels of debt comprised mainly of transactions within SFH or long-term transactions.
 
As of December 31, 2010 we had outstanding debt in the total amount of R$3,290 million, an increase of 5.4% as compared to December 31, 2009. Our indebtedness principally consists of (1) debentures totaling R$1,879.9 million, (2) working capital loans in the total amount of R$664.5 million and (3) other loans (mainly SFH) in the total amount of R$745.7 million.
 
As of December 31, 2009 we had outstanding debt in the total amount of R$3,122.1 million, an increase of 101.2% as compared to December 31, 2008. Our indebtedness principally consists of (1) outstanding debentures totaling R$1,918.4 million, (2) working capital loans in the total amount of R$736.7 million and (3) other loans (mainly SFH) in the total amount of R$467.0 million.
 
As of December 31, 2008 we had outstanding debt in the total amount of R$1,552.1 million, an increase of 123.2% as compared to December 31, 2007. Our indebtedness principally consists of: (1) the first issuance of the third debenture program of R$250.0 million; (2) working capital loans in the total amount of R$285.0 million; (3) other loans (mainly SFH) obtained throughout 2008 in the total amount of R$240.9 million; and (4) accrued interest in the amount of R$116.8 million, which was partially offset by a repayment of debts in the total amount of R$145.7 million, primarily related to SFH and working capital loans.
 
The table below sets forth information on our loans, financing and debentures as of December 31, 2010:
 
   
Maturity
 
   
Total
   
2011
   
2012
   
2013
   
2014 and thereafter
 
   
(in thousands of reais)
 
Debentures (Project Finance)
    1,211.3       15.4       150.0       596.7       449.2  
Debentures (Working Capital)
    668.6       11.1       122.6       125.8       409.1  
Other Working Capital
    664.5       249.6       88.4       79.3       247.2  
Housing Finance System (SFH)
    745.7       548.3       156.8       40.6       -  
Investor Obligations
    380.0       -       126.7       126.7       126.7  
Total
    3,670.1       824.4       644.4       969.1       1,232.2  
 
Investor obligations refer to contributions received from venture partners of R$300.0 million in 2008 and R$80.0 million in 2010 which will be fully redeemed by us in 2014. See “—Cash Flows—Financing Activities.”
 
In January 2008, we formed an unincorporated venture represented by 13,084,000 Class A quotas fully paid by us and 300,000,000 Class B quotas from our venture partner, of which R$300.0 million was subscribed by our venture partner. The venture, which will use these funds to acquire equity investments in real estate developments, has a term that ends on January 31, 2017 at which time we are required to fully redeem our venture partner’s interest. The venture partner receives an annual dividend substantially equivalent to the variation in the Interbank Certificate of Deposit (CDI) rate. The venture’s charter provides that we must comply with certain covenants in our capacity as lead partner, which include the maintenance of minimum net debt and receivables. We and the venture are currently in compliance with these covenants. The redemption of Class B quotas will start on January 31, 2012.
 
Debenture program
 
Our first debenture program was approved by and registered with the CVM on April 29, 2005. This enabled us to make public offerings of non-convertible debentures, secured on property and/or with guarantees subordinated to our general creditors. The offer of debentures through the program was limited to a maximum value of R$200 million.
 
 
 
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On September 29, 2006, our second public offering of debentures was approved by the CVM. Under the second debenture program we can issue up to R$500.0 million in debentures that are not convertible into shares. The debentures are subordinated, and may be secured or unsecured.
 
We issued one series of debentures under the second debenture program for R$240.0 million aggregate principal amount due September 1, 2011. This is our fourth issuance which consists of 24,000 nominal, non-convertible debentures with a face value of R$10,000 each with subordinated guarantees. The debentures provide for the payment of annual interest equivalent to the CDI rate, calculated from the date of issuance, plus a spread of 1.3% per annum (based on a 252 business-day year).
 
The first issuance under the second debenture program provides that the following indices and limits be calculated on a semi-annual basis by the trustee based on our consolidated financial statements, drawn-up according to Brazilian GAAP, that we file with the CVM: (1) total debt minus SFH debt minus cash does not exceed 75% of shareholders’ equity plus noncontrolling interests; (2) total receivables plus post-completion inventory is equal to or greater than 2.0 times total debt; and (3) total debt minus available funds is less than R$1.0 billion, as adjusted for inflation, where:
 
 
·
available funds is the sum of our cash, bank deposits and financial investments;
 
 
·
SFH debt is the sum of all our loan agreements that arise from resources of the SFH;
 
 
·
total receivables is the sum of our short and long-term “development and sale of properties” accounts, as provided in our financial statements;
 
 
·
post-completion inventory is the total value of units already completed for sale, as provided on our balance sheet; and
 
 
·
total debt is the sum of our outstanding debt, including loans and financing with third parties and fixed income securities, convertible or not, issued in local or international capital markets.
 
Our indenture under the debenture program contains various covenants including, among other things:
 
 
·
limitations on our ability to incur debt; and
 
 
·
limitations on the distribution of dividends if we are under default.
 
In July 2009, we renegotiated with the debenture holders the restrictive debenture covenants in the second debenture program, and obtained approval to delete the covenant that limited our net debt to R$1.0 billion and increased our financial flexibility by changing the calculation of the ratio between net debt and shareholders’ equity. As a result of these amendments, interest payable on the debentures increased to CDI plus 3.3% per annum.
 
In May 2008, the CVM approved our third debenture program under which we can issue up to R$1.0 billion in non-convertible debentures. The first issuance under the third debenture program consisted of 25,000 nominal, non-convertible debentures with a face value of R$10,000, which were issued in two series totaling R$250 million. The debentures provide for the payment of annual interest corresponding to 107.2% of the CDI rate, calculated from the subscription date, with a maturity of 10 years.
 
Certain covenants contained in the agreements governing our debenture programs restrict our ability to take certain actions, including incurring additional debt, and may require us to repay or refinance our indebtedness if we are unable to meet certain ratios. Our second and third debenture programs have cross default provisions whereby an event of default or prepayment of any other debt above R$5.0 million and R$10.0 million, respectively, could require us to prepay the indebtedness under the second or third debenture program. The ratios and minimum or maximum amounts generally required by those covenants and our performance against those minimum or maximum levels are summarized below.
 
 
 
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In April 2009, Tenda’s first debenture program was approved, under which we issued R$600 million in non-convertible debentures. The debentures provide for payment of annual interest at a rate of 8% + TR per annum, calculated from the subscription date, with a maturity of five years. Proceeds from the issuance of the debentures will be used solely to finance real estate ventures focused exclusively on the affordable entry-level segment that meet certain eligibility criteria. Guarantees are comprised of assignments of receivables and bank accounts. Additionally, certain covenants contained in the agreement governing Tenda’s debenture program restrict its ability to take certain actions, including incurring additional debt, and may require Tenda to repay or refinance the debenture if it is unable to meet certain financial ratios. The ratios and minimum or maximum amounts required by such financial covenants and Tenda’s performance against those minimum or maximum levels include: (1) coverage debt service defined as EBIT divided by net financial expenses cannot exceed 1.3 ratio, (2) debt index defined as (receivables plus inventory) divided by (net debt minus collateralized debt) cannot exceed 2.0 ratio or be lower than zero, and (3) (net debt minus collateralized debt) divided by shareholders equity cannot exceed 50%. As of the date of this annual report, we understand that Tenda has been in compliance with all the above mentioned ratios.
 
In August 2009, the CVM approved our sixth issuance, which consisted of non-convertible simple debentures in two series, secured by a general guarantee, maturing in two years and unit face value at the issuance date of R$10,000, totaling R$250 million. The debentures provide for the payment of annual interest corresponding to the CDI rate plus 2 to 3.25% per annum, calculated from the subscription date. Under the sixth issuance, we are obligated to acquire all outstanding debentures upon the request of debenture holders whenever we raise money through the issuance of non-debt securities in excess of R$500.0 million. We also have the right to repurchase the debentures in the occurrence of a liquidity event.
 
In December 2009, the CVM approved our seventh issuance under which we received R$600 million in non-convertible debentures. The debentures provide for payment of annual interest at a rate of 8.25% to 10.25% plus TR per annum, calculated from the subscription date, with a maturity of five years. Proceeds from the issuance of the debentures will be used solely to finance real estate ventures.
 
In October 2010, the CVM approved our eighth issuance which consisted of non-convertible debentures in two series maturing in five and six years, respectively the first and the second series, with a unit face value at the issuance date of R$1,000, for an aggregate of R$300 million. The debentures provide for the payment of annual interest corresponding to the CDI rate plus 1.95% in the first series and IPCA plus 7.96% in the second series, calculated from the subscription date.
 
We have various covenants relating to our debentures issuances described above. These mainly consist of (i) cross default provisions, whereby outstanding indebtedness will become immediately due and payable in the event that the Company or its subsidiaries do not comply with their obligations under any other credit facility for a value in excess of the amounts set forth therein; (ii) restrictions on transfer of control and merger and acquisition transactions; (iii) limitations on our ability to incur debt; (iv) limitations or creating liens on assets; (v) limitations on the distribution of dividends if we are under default and (vi) the following ratios and limits to be calculated on a quarterly basis. The table below sets forth these ratios and limits and demonstrates compliance with them as of December 31, 2010.

  As of December 31, 2010
Third program - first issuance
   
Total debt minus SFH debt minus cash must not exceed 75% of shareholders’ equity
 
36%
Total receivables plus post-completion inventory is equal to or greater than 2.2 times total debt
 
4.6 times
     
Seventh issuance
   
Coverage debt service (defined as EBIT divided by net financial expenses) must be lower than  1.3
(1
0.7) times
Total receivables plus post-completion inventory is equal to or greater than 2.0 times total debt
7
3.2 times
Total debt minus SFH debt minus cash does not exceed 75% of shareholders’ equity plus noncontrolling interests
 
3.5%
     
 
 
 
 
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  As of December 31, 2010
Eighth issuance
   
Total accounts receivable plus inventory of finished units required to be greater than or equal to 2.0 times over net debt and debt of projects
 7
3.2 times
Total debt less debt of project, less cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities cannot exceed 75% of equity plus non-controlling interest
 
3.5%
     
Tenda’s first issuance
   
Coverage debt service (defined as EBIT divided by net financial expenses) must be equal to or greater than 1.3
 
5.7 times
debt index defined as (receivables + inventory) divided by (net debt – collateralized debt) must be greater than or equal to 2.0 ratio or be lower than zero
(1
1.8) times
Total debt minus SFH debt minus cash does not exceed 50% of shareholders’ equity
(2
1%)
 
 
We expect to comply with the covenants in the agreements governing our outstanding indebtedness which may limit our long-term growth prospects by hindering our ability to incur future indebtedness or grow through acquisitions. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Our level of indebtedness could have an adverse effect on our financial health, diminish our ability to raise additional capital to fund our operations and limit our ability to react to changes in the economy or the real estate industry.”
 
As of December 31, 2010, we were in compliance with the aforementioned clauses and other non restrictive clauses.
 
Financing through the Housing Finance System (SFH)
 
Most of our financing is incurred directly or through our subsidiaries or jointly-controlled entities from the principal banks that operate within SFH. As of December 31, 2010, the interest rates on these loans generally varied between 8.3% and 12.0% per annum, plus TR, and the loans generally mature through December 2011 and 2012. This financing is secured by mortgages on property and by security interests on the receivables from clients. As of December 31, 2010 we had 65 loan agreements in effect, with a balance of R$745.7 million. At the same date we also had R$1,295.0 million in aggregate principal amount of financing agreements with SFH, the funds of which will be released through the date of completion as construction of the corresponding developments progress.
 
Securitization Fund – FIDC
 
On March 31, 2009, we entered into a securitized receivables transaction, whereby we assigned a portfolio of select residential and commercial real estate receivables to “Gafisa FIDC” which issued senior and subordinated quotas. This first issuance of senior quotas was made through an offering restricted to qualified investors. Subordinated quotas were subscribed exclusively by Gafisa S.A. Gafisa FIDC acquired the present value of the portfolio based on an agreed discount rate. We provide Gafisa FIDC with administrative and accounting services including the reconciliation and analysis of receivables and collections and can be replaced by another collection agent in the event of non-fulfillment with contractual parameters. The senior and subordinated quotas are remunerated based on the IGP-M index plus interest of 12% per year. Because the subordinated quotas have a disproportional percentage of the expected losses, Gafisa FIDC was considered a variable interest entity and was fully consolidated in our financial statements as of December 31, 2010 and 2009.
 
The receivables portfolio assigned totaled R$119.6 million of which we received the equivalent of the present value of R$88.7 million in cash. We consolidated receivables of R$35.0 million assigned to Gafisa FIDC in our financial statements as of December 31, 2010 and recorded the mandatorily redeemable equity interest in the securitization fund of R$18.1 million as other accounts payable. The balance of our subordinated quotas was eliminated on consolidation.
 
In June 2009, we issued debt securities backed by real estate sales receivables (Cédula de Crédito Imobiliário), or CCI. The transaction consists of an assignment of a portfolio comprised of select residential real estate receivables from Gafisa and its subsidiaries. We assigned a receivables portfolio in the amount of R$89.1 million in exchange for cash at the transfer date, discounted to present value, totaling R$69.3 million, recorded as “Other accounts payable—Credit Assignments.”
 
 
 
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Eight book CCIs were issued, amounting to R$69.3 million at the issuance date. These eight CCIs are backed by receivables which installments fall due on and up to June 2014, or CCI-Investor.
 
Pursuant to Article 125 of the Brazilian Civil Code, the CCI-Investor carries general guarantees represented by statutory liens on real estate units, effective as soon as the conditional restrictions included in the registration are lifted, as reflected in the real estate deed on (i) the assignment of receivables from the assignors to SPEs, as provided for in Article 167, item II, (21) of Law No. 6,015, of December 31, 1973; and (ii) the issue of CCI-Investor by SPEs, as provided for in Article 18, paragraph 5 of Law No. 10,931/04.
 
We will be compensated for, among other things, the reconciliation of the receipt of receivables, guarantee the CCIs, and the collection of past due receivables. The transaction structure provides for the substitution of us as collection agent in the event of non-fulfillment of the responsibilities described in the collection service contract.
 
Working Capital
 
We believe that our current working capital is sufficient for our present requirements and that our sources of funds from financing activities are sufficient to meet the financing of our activities and cover our need for funds for at least the next twelve months.
 
US GAAP Reconciliation
 
We prepare our financial statements in accordance with Brazilian GAAP, which differs in significant respects from US GAAP. Our net income, in accordance with Brazilian GAAP, was R$416.1 million, R$101.7 million and R$109.9 million, in 2010, 2009 and 2008, respectively. Under US GAAP, our net income (loss) was R$79.8 million, R$(402.7) million, and R$272.8 million, in 2010, 2009 and 2008, respectively.
 
Our shareholders’ equity, in accordance with Brazilian GAAP, was R$3,783.7 million, R$2,384.1 million, and R$1,612.4 million as of December 31, 2010, 2009 and 2008, respectively. Under US GAAP, we recorded total equity of R$2.806.6 million, R$1,757.0 million and R$2,096.9 million as of December 31, 2010, 2009 and 2008, respectively.
 
The following items generated the most significant differences between Brazilian GAAP and US GAAP in determining net income and shareholders’ equity:
 
 
·
revenue recognition;
 
 
·
stock option plans;
 
 
·
business combinations;
 
 
·
effects of deferred taxes on the differences above; and
 
 
·
noncontrolling interest.
 
For a discussion of the principal differences between Brazilian GAAP and US GAAP as they relate to our financial statements and a reconciliation of net income and shareholders’ equity see Note 22 to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report and “Item 3.A. Key Information—Selected Financial Data.”
 
New Accounting Pronouncements, Interpretations and Guidance
 
As of December 31, 2010, the following pronouncements and interpretations issued by the IASB were published, however, their application was not mandatory for the year beginning January 1, 2010:
 
 
 
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New Standards
 
 
Mandatory application for years beginning as from
IFRS 9 – Financial Instruments (i)
 
January 1, 2013
IAS 24 – Revised Related Party: Disclosures (ii)
 
January 1, 2011
New Interpretations
   
IFRIC 19 – Extinguishing Financial Liabilities with Equity Instruments (iii)
 
July 1, 2010
Amendment to IFRIC 14 – Prepayments of minimum funding requirements (iv)
 
January 1, 2011
Amendments to the Existing Standards
   
Amendment to IAS 32 – Financial Instruments: Presentation and Classification of Rights Issues
 
February 1, 2010
Amendment to IAS 1 – Presentation of Financial Statements
 
January 1, 2011
Amendment to IFRS 3 – Business Combinations
 
January 1, 2011
Amendment to IFRS 7 – Financial Instruments: Disclosure, Transfer of Financial Assets
 
January 1, 2013

(i)
IFRS 9 ends the first part of the Project for replacing “IAS 39 Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement”. IFRS 9 adopts a simple approach to determine if a financial asset is measured at amortized cost or fair value, based on how an entity manages its financial instruments (its business model) and the characteristic contractual cash flow of financial assets. The standard also requires the adoption of only one method for determining impairment of assets. This standard is effective for the fiscal years beginning as from January 1, 2013. We do not expect this change to effect our consolidated financial statements.
 
(ii)
IAS 24 simplifies the disclosure requirements for government entities and clarifies the definition of related party. The revised standard deals with aspects that, according to the previous disclosure requirements and related party definition, were too complex and hardly applicable, mainly in environments with wide governmental control, offering partial exemption to government companies and a revised definition of the related party concept. This amendment was issued in November 2009, and is effective for the fiscal years beginning as from January 1, 2011. This change will not have impact on our consolidated financial statements.
 
(iii)
IFRIC 19 was issued in November 2009 and is effective as from July 1, 2010, with early adoption being permitted. This interpretation clarifies the requirements of the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) when an entity renegotiates the terms of a financial liability with its creditor and the latter agrees to accept the shares of the entity or other equity instruments to fully or partially settle the financial liability. We do not expect IFRIC 19 to effect our consolidated financial statements.
 
(iv)
This amendment applies only to those situations in which an entity is subject to minimum funding requirements and prepays contributions to cover such requirements. This amendment permits that this entity account for the benefit of such prepayment as asset. This amendment shall be effective for the fiscal years beginning as from January 1, 2011. This change will not have impact on our consolidated financial statements.
 
There are no other standards or interpretations issued, or adopted that may, in the opinion of our management, produce significant impact on the income statement or the equity disclosed by us.
 
We do not expect significant impacts on our consolidated financial statements upon the first-time adoption of these new pronouncements and interpretations.
 
CPC has not yet issued the respective pronouncements and amendments related to the previously presented new and revised IFRS. Because of the CPC and CVM commitment to keep updated the set of standards issued based on the updates made by the IASB, these pronouncements and amendments are expected to be issued by CPC and approved by CVM until the date of their mandatory application.
 
C.    Research and Development, Patents and Licenses, etc.
 
We have a research and development department for new products, processes and methodologies focused on reducing the construction cycle. As of December 31, 2010, 2009 and 2008, we had 9, 13 and 15 employees engaged
 
 
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in research and development activities, respectively. Our research and development expenditures in 2010, 2009 and 2008 were immaterial.
 
D.    Trend Information
 
Elsewhere in this annual report, including under “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors” and “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—A. Operating Results—Brazilian Real Estate Sector,” we discuss trends, uncertainties, demands, commitments or events which could have a material effect upon our net sales or revenues, income from continuing operations, profitability, liquidity or capital resources, or that could cause reported financial information to not necessarily be indicative of future operating results or financial condition.
 
In addition, while we believe the long term prospects for the Brazilian housing market have not changed, during 2010 and 2011, we recognized that we needed to adjust how we have approached the demand for high growth and diversification in the market in order to achieve sustainable, profitable growth.  In the Brazilian housing market, demand has outstripped supply on all fronts, from units and availability of skilled labor, to reliable and experienced suppliers and building partners, to financing, and to the ability to rapidly issue permits and obtain the necessary approvals to deliver units under the Minha Casa Minha Vida program.
 
In the second half of 2011, our management team conducted a detailed analysis of our operations and profitability by project, region and brand and has developed certain strategies to address the market trends that we have identified.  As part of our revised strategies, we plan to continue to simplify and streamline our organizational and operational structure to reinforce the fundamental strengths of each of our brands.  In particular, we determined the specific geographic markets where each of our brands has the strongest prospects for performance and where we enjoy supply chain efficiencies, and will focus our efforts for each brand in its respective geographic markets. We also implemented a new management structure that, among other things, assigns each brand manager direct responsibility for the operating performance of each brand.  In addition, we are implementing a corporate culture shift within our Tenda brand focused on the transfer of receivables and on aligning incentives across the organization (including from senior management to individual project engineers) to encourage project execution based on high-quality, on-time, under-budget performance.  
 
We also expect to continue to build on the progress we have made in consolidating our back office and establishing shared operations among our three brands.  With the implementation of the SAP enterprise application software platform across all of our divisions, we believe we will have the appropriate tools and data to make more effective management and supply decisions.  We believe the successful implementation of these initiatives will help produce more stable cash flow and contribute toward a return to sustainable growth.
 
The implementation of these strategic initiatives could have a material effect upon our net sales or revenues, income from continuing operations, profitability, liquidity or capital resources, or could cause reported financial information to not necessarily be indicative of future operating results or financial condition.
 
E.    Off Balance Sheet Arrangements
 
We currently do not have any off-balance sheet arrangements or significant transactions with unconsolidated entities not reflected in our consolidated financial statements. All of our interests in and/or relationships with our subsidiaries or jointly-controlled entities are recorded in our consolidated financial statements.
 
 
 
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F.    Tabular Disclosure of Contractual Obligations
 
The table below presents the maturity of our significant contractual obligations as of December 31, 2010. The table does not include deferred income tax liability.
 
   
Maturity Schedule
 
   
Total
   
Less than
1 year
   
1-3 years
   
3-5 years
   
More than 5 years
 
   
(in thousands of R$)
 
Loans and financing
    1,410,178       797,903       365,078       247,197       -  
Debentures
    1,879,931       26,532       995,114       858,285       -  
Interest (1)
    1,434       701       556       177          
Real estate development obligations (2)
    3,327,520       2,147,016       1,178,013       2,491       -  
Obligations for land purchase
    370,482       179,779       137,764       34,392       19,547  
Obligation to venture partners (3)
    404,264       24,264       253,333       126,667       -  
Credit assignments
    88,442       88,442       -       -       -  
Obligations from operating leases
    37,360       8,977       15,052       8,453       4,878  
Acquisition of investments
    23,062       5,606       17,456       -       -  
Securitization Fund – FIDC
    18,070       18,070       -       -       -  
Other accounts payables
    172,347       13,570       158,777       -       -  
Total
    7,731,463       3,310,860       3,121,143       1,277,662       24,425  

(1)
Estimated interest payments are determined using the interest rate as of December 31, 2010. However, our long-term debt is subject to variable interest rates and inflation indices, and these estimated payments may differ significantly from payments actually made.
 
(2)
Including obligations not reflected in the balance—CFC Resolution No. 963. Pursuant to Brazilian GAAP, and since the adoption of CFC Resolution No. 963, the total costs to be incurred on the units launched but not sold are not recorded on our balance sheet. As of December 31, 2010, the amount of “real estate development obligations” related to units launched but not sold was R$1,322.6  million.
 
(3)
Obligation to venture partners accrues a minimum annual dividend equivalent to the variation in CDI, which is not included in the table above.
 
We have a commitment to purchase the remaining 20% of Alphaville’s capital, not yet measurable and consequently not recorded, which will be based on a fair value appraisal of Alphaville prepared at the future acquisition dates. The acquisition agreement provides that we will purchase the remaining 20% of Alphaville by 2012 in cash or shares, at our sole discretion.
 
We also made provisions for contingencies in relation to labor, tax and civil lawsuits in the amounts of R$14.2 million and R$124.5 million in current and non-current liabilities, respectively, as of December 31, 2010.
 
ITEM 6.            DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYEES
 
A.    Directors and Senior Management
 
Board of Directors
 
The table below shows the names, positions, and terms of office of the members of our board of directors:
 
Name
 
Age
 
Position
 
Election Date
 
Term of Office(1)
Caio Racy Mattar(2)(3) 
 
54
 
Chairman
 
April 27, 2010
 
Annual Shareholders’ General Meeting in 2012
Richard L. Huber(2)(3) 
 
75
 
Director
 
April 27, 2010
 
Annual Shareholders’ General Meeting in 2012
Gerald Dinu Reiss (2)(3) 
 
67
 
Director
 
April 27, 2010
 
Annual Shareholders’ General Meeting in 2012
Jose Ecio Pereira da Costa Junior (2)(3)
 
60
 
Director
 
April 27, 2010
 
Annual Shareholders’ General Meeting in 2012
Wilson Amaral de Oliveira
 
58
 
Director
 
October 14, 2010
 
Annual Shareholders’ General Meeting in 2012
Henri Phillippe Reichstul (2)(3)
 
61
 
Director
 
April 29, 2011
 
Annual Shareholders’ General Meeting in 2012
Guilherme Affonso Ferreira (2)(3)
 
59
 
Director
 
April 29, 2011
 
Annual Shareholders’ General Meeting in 2012
 
 
 
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Name
 
Age
 
Position
 
Election Date
 
Term of Office(1)
Maria Letícia de Freitas Costa (2)(3)
 
51
 
Director
 
April 29, 2011
 
Annual Shareholders’ General Meeting in 2012
Odair Garcia Senra
 
65
 
Director
 
August 11, 2011
 
Annual Shareholders’ General Meeting in 2012

(1)
Under Brazilian corporate law, an annual general shareholders’ meeting must take place within the first four months of the calendar year.
 
(2)
Independent member pursuant to NYSE rules.
 
(3)
Independent member pursuant to Brazilian Law. According to Brazilian Law, a director is considered independent when: (1) he/she has no relationship with the company, except for holding shares; (2) he/she is not a controlling shareholder, spouse or relative of the controlling shareholder, has not been in the past three years linked to any company or entity related to the controlling shareholder; (3) he/she has not been in the past three years an employee nor an executive of the company, of the controlling shareholder or of any subsidiary of the company; (4) he/she is not a supplier or buyer, direct or indirect, of the company where the arrangement exceeds a certain amount; (5) he/she is not an employee or manager of any company which renders services to the company or which uses services or products from the company; (6) he/she is not a spouse or relative of any member of the company’s management; and (7) he/she does not receive any compensation from the company, except for the compensation related to its position as a board member.
 
None of our directors is entitled to any severance compensation in the event of dismissal from office, except for unpaid portions related to prior years. Our directors are not subject to mandatory retirement due to age.
 
The following is a summary of the business experience and principal outside business interests of the current members of our board of directors.
 
Caio Racy Mattar. Mr. Mattar is currently an executive officer of Companhia Brasileira de Distribuição (CBD- Pão de Açúcar Group). He is also the chairman of the board of directors of Pontofrio.com Comércio Eletrônico S.A. and a member of the board of directors of Sendas Distribuidora S.A. and Paramount Têxteis Indústrias e Comércio S.A. Mr. Mattar holds a bachelor’s degree in civil engineering and a master’s degree in business administration from the London Business School. He is currently the chairman of our board of directors, and his current term commenced on April 27, 2010. He is also a member of the Compensation Committee and the Nomination and Corporate Governance Committee. His business address is Av. Brigadeiro Luiz Antonio No. 3,172, Jd. Paulista, 01402-901 - São Paulo, SP - Brazil.
 
Richard L. Huber. Mr. Huber is an investor in different companies from various segments, especially in South America. He is a member of the board of directors of AquaBountry Technologies Inc. and My Wine Direct LLC. Mr. Huber holds a bachelor’s degree in chemistry from Harvard University. He started his career as a trainee at First National Bank in 1959. He has worked for more than 40 years in the financial services industry with institutions such as First National Bank of Boston, Citibank, Chase and Continental Bank, most recently at Aetna Inc. in its financial area and as its chief executive officer and chairman, and left Aetna Inc. in 2000. He was also a member of the board of directors of many United States and Latin American companies. He is currently a member of our board of directors, and his current term commenced on April 27, 2010. He is also member of the Audit Committee. His business address is 139 W. 78th Street, 10024, New York, New York, United States.
 
Gerald Dinu Reiss. Mr. Reiss is the founder and the officer of the business consulting firm Rotapar Investimentos, Administração e Participações S.A. since 1987. He was the Planning and Controlling Officer of Grupo Ultra from 1980 to 1986 and member of its Executive Committee as of 1984. He is also a member of the board of directors and human resources committee of Odontoprev S.A. Professor of Business Planning of Escola de Administração de Empresas de São Paulo at Fundação Getulio Vargas from 1974 to 1986. Mr. Reiss was also a member of the board of directors of various Brazilian companies, including CAEMI, Petrobrás S.A., Petrobrás Distribuidora S.A, COMERC and Grupo Pão de Açúcar. Mr. Reiss holds a bachelor’s degree in electric engineering from Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo and a PhD in Business Administration from the University of California, Berkeley. He is currently a member of our board of directors, and his current term commenced on April 27, 2010. He is also the coordinator of the Nomination and Corporate Governance Committee. His business address is Rua Viradouro, 63, 04538-010 – São Paulo, SP – Brazil.
 
 
 
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José Ecio Pereira da Costa Junior. Mr. Pereira is the founder and chief executive officer of the business consulting firm JEPereira Consultoria em Gestão de Negócios S/S Ltda. He is a member of the board of directors of BRMalls S.A., Grupo Noster and Princecampos Participações S.A. and he is also a member of the fiscal council of Fibria S.A. He started his auditing career in 1974 and in 1986 became partner of Arthur Andersen & Co. In June 2002 he was admitted as an audit partner at Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu in Brazil. Mr. Pereira holds a bachelor’s degree in business administration from Fundação Getúlio Vargas and a bachelor’s degree in accounting from Faculdade São Judas Tadeu. He is currently a member of our board of directors and the chairman of our Audit Committee, and his current term commenced on April 27, 2010. His business address is Av. República Argentina, 665, No. 906/907, 80240-210 – Curitiba, PR – Brazil.
 
Wilson Amaral de Oliveira. Mr. Amaral holds a bachelor’s degree in business administration from Fundação Getúlio Vargas and a marketing certificate from ESPM. Previously, he was a member of the board of directors and officer of Playcenter S.A., a member of the board of officers of Hopi Hari S.A. and of the fiscal council of Lojas Americanas S.A., an officer of Artex Ltda., as well as sales and marketing officer of Fundição Tupy S.A., Tupy Tubos e Conexões Ltda. and CLC Alimentos Ltda. He was also a member of the executive board of directors of Americanas.com S.A., Kuala Ltda. (successor of Artex Ltda.), Toalia S.A. and ABC Supermercados S.A. Mr. Amaral was also the managing partner of Finexia, country manager of DHL Worldwide Express do Brasil Ltda. and managing director of Tupi Perfis S.A. He was our chief executive officer and currently is a member of our board of directors and his current term commenced on October 14, 2010.
 
Henri Phillippe Reichstul. Mr. Reichstul graduated in economics from the University of São Paulo (USP) and conducted post-graduate studies in economics at Oxford University’s Hertford College. His professional background includes terms as chief executive officer of Petróleo Brasileiro S.A. - Petrobras from 1999 to 2001, Globopar - Globo Comunicações e Participações S.A. in 2002 and Brenco - Companhia Brasileira de Energia Renovavel from 2008 to 2010 and as a board member at the Pão de Açúcar Group, Vivo Participacoes S.A., TAM - Linhas Aéreas S.A. and Petróleo Brasileiro S.A. - Petrobras, among others. He is currently on the boards of companies such as Credit Agricole Group, Repsol YPF S.A., Peugeot-Citroen do Brasil and Lhoist do Brasil Ltda. and chief executive officer of G&R Gestão Empresarial Ltda. He is currently a member of our board of directors and chairman of our Compensation Committee. His current term commenced on April 29, 2011. His business address is Rua Sampaio Vidal No. 270, Jardim Paulistano, 01443-000 – São Paulo, SP – Brazil.
 
Guilherme Affonso Ferreira. Mr. Ferreira graduated in production engineering from the University of São Paulo (USP) and pursued post-graduate studies in economics and politics at Macalester College. Mr. Ferreira is the chief executive officer of Bahema Participações S.A., an investment holding company that has been in the financial business for over 15 years, and has accumulated considerable experience as an independent board member at companies that have a history of success and are considered models of corporate governance. He has been on the board of several companies, including Unibanco Holdings S.A., Submarino S.A. and B2W Companhia Global de Varejo S.A., and is currently on the boards of the Pão de Açúcar Group, Sul América S.A., Eternit S.A., Tavex Algodonera S.A., Arezzo Indústria e Comércio S.A, Ideiasnet S.A., Valid Soluções e Serviços de Segurança em Meios de Pagamento e Identificação S.A., FAMA Private Equity Administração de Carteira de Valores Mobiliários Ltda., Signatura Lazard Assessoria Financeira Ltda. e HSBC Fundo Multipatrocinado. He is currently a member of our board of directors and his current term commenced on April 29, 2011. He is also a member of our Nomination and Corporate Governance Committee. His business address is Rua Estados Unidos No. 1342, Jardim América, 01427-001 – São Paulo, SP – Brazil.
 
Maria Letícia de Freitas Costa. Ms. Costa graduated in production engineering from the University of São Paulo (USP) and holds a masters in business administration from Cornell University. Ms. Costa’s career has focused on strategic consulting, having worked for 24 years at Booz Allen, first as senior consultant at their London office, then as vice president and subsequently partner at their São Paulo office, and finally as president of Booz Allen Brasil. In 2010, Ms. Costa left Booz Allen and opened her own consulting firm – Prada Assessoria, and she is also on the boards of directors of Localiza Rent a Car S.A., Sadia S.A. and Technip S.A. and FAMA Private Equity Administração de Carteira de Valores Mobiliários Ltda. She is currently a member of our board of directors and her current term commenced on April 29, 2011. She is also a member of our Audit Committee. Her business address is Rua Bueno Brandão No. 403, apt. 91, Vila Nova Conceição, 04509-021 – São Paulo, SP – Brazil.
 
 
 
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Odair Garcia Senra. Mr. Garcia Senra is currently a member of our board of directors and his current term commenced on August 11, 2011. He is also our institutional relations officer, and his current term commenced in December 2009. He holds a bachelor’s degree in civil engineering from the Civil Engineering School of Mauá. Mr. Garcia Senra joined the former Gomes de Almeida in 1970 as an intern, and he has worked as a construction engineer, a construction manager and a construction officer. He was also a professor at the Civil Engineering School of Mauá in 1972, and officer of SECOVI.
 
The table below shows the names, positions, and terms of office of our executive officers:
 
Name
 
 
Age
 
 
Position
 
 
Election Date
 
 
Term of Office
Alceu Duilio Calciolari
 
48
 
Chief Executive Officer and Investor Relations Officer
 
December 14, 2009
 
December 31, 2011
Rodrigo Osmo
 
35
 
Chief Financial Officer
 
July 4, 2011
 
December 31, 2011
Mário Rocha Neto
 
54
 
Construction Superintendent Officer
 
December 14, 2009
 
December 31, 2011
Odair Garcia Senra
 
65
 
Institutional Relations Officer
 
December 14, 2009
 
December 31, 2011
Sandro Rogério da Silva Gamba
 
36
 
Real Estate Development Superintendent Officer
 
February 7, 2011
 
December 31, 2011
Luiz Carlos Siciliano
 
47
 
Sales and Marketing Superintendent Officer
 
February 7, 2011
 
December 31, 2011

None of our executive officers is entitled to any severance compensation in the event of dismissal from office, except the unpaid portions related to prior years. The business address of each of our executive officers is Av. Nações Unidas No. 8,501, 19th floor , 05425-070 - São Paulo, SP – Brazil.
 
The following is a summary of the business experience and principal outside business interests of the current members of our board of executive officers.
 
Alceu Duilio Calciolari. Mr. Calciolari is currently our chief executive officer and investor relations officer, and his current term commenced in December 2009. He is also the coordinator of the Finance Executive Committee and the Investments Executive Committee and member of the board of directors of Construtora Tenda S.A. and Alphaville Urbanismo S.A. He holds a bachelor’s degree in business administration from Faculdades Metropolitanas Unidas and a master’s degree in controllership from Pontifícia Universidade de São Paulo. Mr. Calciolari started his career as a trainee at ABN AMRO Real S.A. in 1978 and worked as an auditor, from 1983 to 1996, at Arthur Andersen LLP. He was also chief finance officer at Tupy S.A., from 1996 to 1998, and ALL—America Latina Logística S.A., from 1998 to 2000. Mr. Calciolari has been our chief financial officer since 2000 and has been our chief executive officer since May 9, 2011.
 
Rodrigo Osmo. Mr. Osmo is currently our chief financial officer and his current term commenced in July 2011. He is also a member of the finance executive committee and the investment executive committee and member of the board of directors of Construtora Tenda S.A. and chief executive officer of Alphaville Urbanismo S.A. since December 2009. He has been an investment executive at GP Investments and a consultant at Bain & Company and was the founding partner of Ysoquim Representações Internacionais. Mr. Osmo holds a bachelor’s degree in chemical engineering from Polytechnic School at the University of São Paulo (USP) and a master’s degree in business administration from Harvard Business School.
 
Mário Rocha Neto. Mr. Rocha Neto is currently our construction superintendent officer, and his current term commenced in December 2009. He is also a member of the Ethics Executive Committee and Investments Executive Committee. He holds a bachelor’s degree in civil engineering from the Polytechnical School of the Universidade de São Paulo. Mr. Rocha Neto joined the former Gomes de Almeida in 1978 as an intern. He was also a member of the management of Y. Takaoka Empreendimentos S.A. and, from 2003 to 2004, a member of the São Paulo Construction Union.
 
Odair Garcia Senra. Mr. Garcia Senra is currently our institutional relations officer, and his current term commenced in December 2009. He is also a member of our board of directors. He holds a bachelor’s degree in civil engineering from the civil engineering school of Mauá. Mr. Garcia Senra joined the former Gomes de Almeida in 1970 as an intern, and he has worked as a construction engineer, a construction manager and a construction officer. He was also a professor at the Civil Engineering School of Mauá in 1972, and officer of SECOVI.
 
 
 
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Sandro Rogério da Silva Gamba. Mr. Gamba is currently our real estate development superintendent officer and his current term commenced in February 2011. He is also a member of the Investments Executive Committee. With over 15 years at Gafisa, having worked as head of business development for Gafisa and Tenda in the São Paulo region, he has significant institutional knowledge and oversaw the growth of our business in São Paulo, our largest region. Previously, he served us in a number of senior roles in the São Paulo region, including head of business development for Gafisa and director and manager of land prospecting. Mr. Gamba holds a degree in civil engineering from Mackenzie University, advanced degrees in engineering and real estate management from the University of São Paulo and Fundação Armando Alvares Penteado, and an executive master’s in business administration from IBMEC.
 
Luiz Carlos Siciliano. Mr. Siciliano is currently our sales and marketing superintendent officer and his current term commenced in February 2011. He is also a member of the investment executive committee. Mr. Sicilano brings considerable sales and marketing managerial expertise to his newly expanded role from both his tenure at Gafisa as well as from his prior professional experiences. He has worked for us since 2005, as head of business development in the state of Rio de Janeiro and director of sales and marketing. Prior to joining us, Mr. Siciliano worked at AMBEV from 1992 to 2004 in positions of increasing responsibility, and he holds master’s in business administration degrees from IBMEC and Pontifícia Universidade Católica (PUC) in Rio de Janeiro.
 
Our Relationship with our Executive Officers and Directors
 
As of December 31, 2010, there were no contracts of any type or any other material agreements entered into by us with the members of our board of directors and our board of officers. As of December 31, 2010, our board of officers in the aggregate held 0.50% of our share capital and our board of directors in the aggregate held less than a 0.74% direct or indirect interest in our share capital. Also, as of December 31, 2010, some of our executive officers held interests in our subsidiaries as partners, minority shareholders, and/or directors and executive officers. In none of these cases, as of the referenced date, were the interests held material. In addition, there is no family relationship among our executive officers, directors or controlling shareholders, if any.
 
B.    Compensation
 
Under Brazilian corporate law, the company’s shareholders are responsible for establishing the aggregate amount paid to members of the board of directors, the board of officers and the members of the fiscal council. Once the shareholders establish an aggregate amount of compensation, the members of the board of directors are then responsible for setting individual compensation levels.
 
For each of 2010, 2009 and 2008, the aggregate compensation we paid to the members of our board of directors totaled R$955.1 thousand, R$975 thousand and R$916 thousand, respectively.
 
In 2010, the aggregate compensation we paid to the members of fiscal council totaled R$136.8 thousand.
 
For each of 2010, 2009 and 2008, the aggregate compensation we paid to our executive officers totaled R$5.6 million, R$6.0 million and R$3.2 million, respectively, which includes fixed compensation and annual bonus amounts.
 
Approximately 70% of the total compensation we pay to our executive officers is variable and includes stock options granted pursuant to an executive stock compensation plan, which was approved in 2009, in substitution of the 2007 and 2008 plans. The amounts presented for 2009 include the entire 5-year program. Please see “E. Share Ownership—Stock Option Plans.” In addition, bonus amounts are provisions that have not yet been approved by our board of directors.
 
For each of 2010, 2009 and 2008, the individual compensation we paid to members of our board of directors (fixed compensation), fiscal council (fixed compensation) and our executive officers (both fixed and variable compensation) is set forth in the tables below. These tables include the individual compensation of members of our fiscal council, by January 2010 since the council was formed on December 2009.
 
 
 
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2010
 
Board of
Directors (1)
   
Fiscal Council
   
Executive Officers
 
Number of members
    5,67       3       5  
Annual highest individual compensation (in R$)
    242,100       45,600       2,479,913  
Annual lowest individual compensation (in R$)(2)
    161,400       45,600       1,453,309  
Annual average individual compensation (in R$)
    168,547       45,600       1,842,653  

(1)
Based on the average number of members during the period.
 
(2)
Annual lowest individual compensation includes only the members of board of directors who served an entire year and does not include members who are also executive officers (if a member is an executive officer, he or she is paid as an executive officer).
 
 
2009
 
Board of
Directors (1)
   
Executive Officers
 
Number of members
    6       5  
Annual highest individual compensation (in R$)
    225,000       5,483,533  
Annual lowest individual compensation (in R$)
    150,000       1,600,915  
Annual average individual compensation (in R$)
    162,500       3,172,335  

(1)
Based on the average number of members during the period.
 
*
Approximately 60% of the total compensation is comprised of the 2009 stock option plan, taking into consideration the entire 5-year program.
 
 
2008
 
Board of
Directors (1)
   
Executive Officers
 
Number of members
    6       5  
Annual highest individual compensation (in R$)
    225,000       990,245  
Annual lowest individual compensation (in R$)
    150,000       410,763  
Annual average individual compensation (in R$)
    162,500       609,997  

(1)
Based on the average number of members during the period.
 
 
C.    Board Practices
 
General Information
 
We are managed by a board of directors consisting of up to nine directors and up to eight executive officers. Our directors are elected for a two-year term and our executive officers are elected for a three-year term. Reelection of officers and directors is permitted. We also have (1) a fiscal council, which under Brazilian Law is not a permanent body, although currently installed; (2) permanent advisory committees created in accordance with our bylaws, namely: an audit committee, a compensation committee and a nominating and corporate governance committee; and (iii) executive committees established by the Board of Directors, namely: an investment executive committee, a finance executive committee, and an ethics executive committee. See “Item 6.A. Directors and Senior Management.”
 
Board of Directors
 
Our board of directors is our decision-making body responsible for formulating general guidelines and policies for our business, including our long term strategies. Among other things, our board of directors is responsible for appointing and supervising our executive officers.
 
Our board of directors meets at least once every two months and at any other times when a meeting is called by its chairman or by at least two other members.  The decisions of our board of directors are taken by the majority vote of its members.  In the event of a tie vote, the chairman of our board of directors has, in addition to his personal vote, the right to cast a tie-breaking vote.  In addition, pursuant to Brazilian corporate law, a member of our board of
 
 
 
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directors is prevented from voting in any shareholders’ or board of directors’ meeting, or from acting in any business or transaction, in which he may have a conflict of interest with our company.
 
Under Brazilian corporate law, a company’s board of directors must have at least three members, and each of the members of the board of directors must be a shareholder of the company, although there is no requirement as to the minimum number of shares that an individual must hold in order to serve as a director.  Our bylaws provide for a board of directors of up to nine members, from which at least 20% shall be independent members, as determined by the Listing Rules of the Novo Mercado.  Our directors are elected at our annual general shareholders’ meeting for a two-year term of office, with reelection permitted, and are subject to removal at any time by our shareholders at a shareholders’ general meeting. Although the Listing Rules of the Novo Mercado require at least 20% independent members, our board of directors currently has seven independent members, out of a total of nine members.
 
Paragraph 4 of Article 141 of Brazilian corporate law provides that shareholders with at least 10% of a company’s total capital stock may request the adoption of the multiple voting procedure for the election of the board of directors, even where there is no provision for this in the company’s bylaws.  The multiple voting procedure grants each share as many votes as the number of board members, and allows shareholders to allocate either all of their votes to a single candidate or to distribute their votes among several candidates.
 
All the voting proceedings discussed in the previous paragraphs currently apply to our company.
 
As prescribed by CVM Instruction No. 282, of June 26, 1998, the minimum voting capital percentage required for the adoption of the multiple voting procedure in publicly-held companies may be reduced as a result of the amount of its capital stock. Based on the current amount of our capital stock, shareholders representing 5% of our total capital stock may request the adoption of the multiple voting procedure in order to elect the members to our board of directors. The referred minimum percentage may vary from 5% to 10% depending on the amount of our capital stock, as prescribed in the aforementioned CVM instruction. If the adoption of the multiple voting procedure is not requested, directors are elected by a majority vote of our shareholders, and such shareholders who, individually or collectively, represent at least 10% of our shares, are entitled to appoint, in a separate vote, a director and its alternate.
 
The Listing Rules of the Novo Mercado also provide that all members of our board of directors and our board of officers must comply, by means of the execution of a management compliance statement, with obligations set forth under the Novo Mercado Listing Agreement, the Market Arbitration Chamber Rules and the Listing Rules of the Novo Mercado, including, but not limited, to: (1) any shareholder that becomes our controlling shareholder, or becomes part of our controlling group, must comply, by means of executing of the controlling shareholder compliance statement, with the obligations set forth under the Novo Mercado Listing Agreement, the Market Arbitration Chamber Rules and the Listing Rules of the Novo Mercado; (2) any indirect controlling shareholder of our company must fully comply with the obligations established in the Novo Mercado Listing Agreement, the Market Arbitration Chamber Rules, the Listing Rules of the Novo Mercado, Brazilian corporate law, Brazilian Securities Regulations and our bylaws; (3) use best efforts to ensure that our shares are widely held through public share offerings; (4) re-establish the minimum percentage of outstanding floating stock, in case additional shares are issued or the controlling power over our company is transferred; (5) inform BM&FBOVESPA with respect to the trading of the securities held by our controlling shareholders; (6) comply with the rules imposed on our directors in the event our public company registration with the CVM is cancelled; and (7) comply with rules and regulations applicable in the event of the delisting of our company from the Novo Mercado.
 
Executive Officers
 
Under Brazilian corporate law, a company’s board of executive officers must have at least two members, and each of such members must be a resident in Brazil, but is not required to be a shareholder of the company.  Furthermore, no more than one-third of our directors may serve as members of our board of officers at any given time. In addition, under the Listing Rules of the Novo Mercado, the chief executive officer of our company shall not serve as the chairman of the board of directors.
 
 
 
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Our executive officers are our legal representatives and are primarily responsible for managing our day-to-day operations and implementing the general policies and guidelines set forth in our shareholders’ general meetings and by our board of directors. Our bylaws require that our board of officers be composed of at least two members and a maximum of eight members. The members of our board of officers are appointed by our board of directors for a term of three-years, and may be reelected or removed by our board of directors at any time. Our bylaws and our board of directors determine the role of our executive officers. Currently, we have a board of officers comprised of six members: a chief executive officer and investor relations officer, a chief financial officer, a construction superintendent officer, an institutional relations officer, a real estate development superintendent and a sales and marketing superintendent officer.
 
The chief executive officer submits the business plan, annual budget, investment plans and new expansion plans for Gafisa and our subsidiaries to the approval of the board of directors. The chief executive officer enacts these plans and develops our strategy and operational plan, including the manner in which we will execute the resolutions approved at the shareholders’ meeting and by the board of directors. Together with the other officers, he also supervises and coordinates our activities. The officer in charge of investor relations supplies our financial information to investors, the CVM and the BM&FBOVESPA, and is also responsible for keeping an updated register based on the applicable regulations.
 
Fiscal Council
 
Under Brazilian corporate law, the fiscal council is a corporate body independent from the management of the company and its external auditors.  The fiscal council is not a permanent body, and whenever installed, must consist of no less than three and no more than five members.  The primary responsibility of the fiscal council is to review management’s activities and the company’s financial statements and to report its findings to the shareholders of the company.  The fiscal council is not equivalent to an audit committee as contemplated by the Securities Exchange Act, as amended.  Under Brazilian corporate law, a fiscal council must be established at a shareholders’ general meeting upon request of shareholders representing at least 10% of the shares with voting rights, or 5% of the shares with no voting rights, and its members shall remain in office until the annual general shareholders’ meeting of the year following their election.  Each member of the fiscal council is entitled to receive compensation in an amount equal to at least 10% of the average amount paid to each executive officer (excluding benefits and profit sharing).
 
Individuals who are also employees or members of the administrative bodies of our company, of companies controlled by us, or of companies forming a group of companies with us (pursuant to Chapter XXI of Law No. 6,404/76), as well as spouses or parents of our management, cannot serve on the fiscal council.
 
Our by-laws provide for a non-permanent fiscal council composed of at least three and up to five members, which can be formed and have its members elected at the shareholders’ general meeting, as requested by the shareholders, in the events set forth by Brazilian corporate law.  When in operation, the compensation of our fiscal council is set at the shareholders’ general meeting that elects it.
 
Our fiscal council has three members (Olavo Fortes Campos Rodrigues Junior, Adriano Rudek de Moura and Paulo Ricardo de Oliveira) and an alternate (Marcello Mascotto Iannalfo).
 
We also have established a permanent audit committee. See “Item 6.C. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—Board Practices—Audit Committee.”
 
Audit Committee
 
Our bylaws provide for an Audit Committee that convenes regularly, as often as it determines is appropriate to carry out its responsibilities. The Audit Committee must be comprised of at least three members, all of which must be independent members of our Board of Directors. The Audit Committee is currently comprised by Jose Ecio Pereira da Costa Junior, Richard L. Huber and Maria Letícia de Freitas Costa, each of whom is a director of our company. Our board of directors has determined that Jose Ecio Pereira da Costa Junior, Richard L. Huber and Maria Letícia de Freitas Costa are each independent as set forth in the NYSE Listed Companies Manual as well as being independent for the purpose of Rule 10A-3 of the Exchange Act. Our board of directors has determined that Jose
 
 
 
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Ecio Pereira da Costa Junior is an audit committee financial expert within the meaning of the regulations promulgated by the United States Securities and Exchange Commission.
 
This committee has responsibility for planning and reviewing our annual and quarterly reports and accounts with the involvement of our auditors, focusing particularly on compliance with legal requirements and accounting standards, and ensuring that an effective system of internal financial controls is maintained, as set forth in the Company’s by-laws.  The ultimate responsibility for reviewing and approving our annual and quarterly reports and accounts remains with our directors.
 
Compensation Committee
 
Our bylaws provide for a Compensation Committee that convenes regularly, as often as it determines is appropriate to carry out its responsibilities. The Compensation Committee must be comprised of at least three members, all of which must be independent members of our Board of Directors. The Compensation Committee is currently comprised by Henri Philippe Reichstul, Jose Ecio Pereira da Costa Junior and Caio Racy Mattar. This committee reviews and makes recommendations to our directors regarding its compensation policies and all forms of compensation to be provided to our executive officers and other employees.
 
Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee
 
Our bylaws provide for a Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee that convenes regularly, as often as it determines is appropriate to carry out its responsibilities. The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee must be comprised of at least three members, all of which must be independent members of our Board of Directors. The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee is currently comprised by Gerald Dinu Reiss, Caio Racy Mattar and Guilherme Affonso Ferreira. This committee considers and periodically reports on matters relating to the size, identification, selection and qualification of the board of directors, executive officers and candidates nominated for the board of directors and its committees; and is responsible for overseeing compliance with the corporate governance principles applicable to us under our bylaws and other policies, as well as for proposing improvements and changes to such applicable principles.
 
Investment Executive Committee
 
On January 13, 2006, our board of directors modified the structure of our incorporation and new businesses committee, renaming it the Investment Committee and on September 9, 2010 it was renamed to Investment Executive Committee, in order to clarify that this is a collegiate body to provide advice and guidance to the Board of Directors, composed solely by members of the Board of Officers (statutory or otherwise).  Our Investment Executive Committee is a non-permanent body and its duties are to: (1) analyze, discuss and recommend land acquisitions and new real estate developments; (2) advise our executive officers during the negotiation of new deals and the structuring of new developments; (3) supervise the beginning of new projects and their related cash flows; and (4) in special cases, assist in the negotiation and structuring of new types of business.  Each decision by our investment committee to acquire land is made by ensuring that the investment meets the minimum return threshold set by us and comparing it with other potential investments.  Such decision is made independent of the geographical location of the investment in order to maximize return on our capital allocation as a whole.
 
Currently, our Investment Executive Committee is in operation and is comprised by Alceu Duilio Calciolari (also the Coordinator of the committee), Rodrigo Osmo, Mário Rocha Neto, Sandro Rogério da Silva Gamba and Luiz Carlos Siciliano.
 
Finance Executive Committee
 
Our directors have established a Finance Executive Committee composed of three members; currently, they are Alceu Duilio Calciolari (also the Coordinator of the Committee), Rodrigo Osmo and Fernando Cesar Calamita. This committee evaluates and makes periodic recommendations to our board of directors regarding risk and financial investments policies.
 
 
 
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Ethics Executive Committee
 
In September 2010, our board of directors established an Ethics Executive Committee, as a collegiate body to provide advice and guidance to the board of directors, elected by the board of directors, and composed primarily of members of the board of officers (statutory or otherwise) The Ethics Executive Committee is currently composed of four members: Rodrigo Ferreira Coimbra Pádua (our Human Resources Officer and Coordinator of the Committee), Mário Rocha Neto (our Construction Superintendent Officer), Fernando Cesar Calamita (our Planning and Controlling Officer), and Luciano de Camilo Masson (our Internal Audit Manager). This committee is responsible for the actions related to violation of our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics, solving ethics conflicts and evaluating the adequacy of amendments to the Code of Business Conduct and Ethics and proposing them to the board of directors.
 
Summary of Significant Differences of Corporate Governance Practices
 
NYSE Corporate Governance Rules provide that we are required to disclose any significant differences on our corporate governance practices from those required to be followed by U.S. companies under NYSE listing standard.  We have summarized these significant differences below.
 
We are permitted to follow practice in Brazil in lieu of the provisions of the NYSE Corporate Governance Rules, except that we will be required to have a qualifying audit committee under Section 303A.06 of the Rules, or avail ourselves of an appropriate exemption.  In addition, Section 303A.12(b) provides that our chief executive officer is obligated to promptly notify the NYSE in writing after any of our executive officers becomes aware of any material non-compliance with any applicable provisions of the NYSE Corporate Governance Rules.
 
Majority of Independent Directors
 
NYSE Rule 303A.01 provides that each NYSE-listed company must have a majority of independent directors. Neither Brazilian corporate law nor our by-laws require that we have a majority of independent members.  Notwithstanding this, the majority of our board members qualify as independent directors under NYSE rules.
 
Separate Meetings of Non-Management Directors
 
NYSE Rule 303A.03 provides that the non-management directors of each NYSE-listed company must meet at regularly scheduled executive sessions without management.  According to the Listing Rules of the Novo Mercado, the chief executive officer may not serve as the chairman of the Board of Directors. In addition, under Brazilian corporate law, up to one-third of the members of the board of directors can also hold management positions. Under Brazilian corporate law there is no specific requirement that non-management directors meet regularly without management.  Notwithstanding the foregoing, our board of directors consists almost entirely of non-management directors and in every meeting, the non-management directors have some time to deliberate alone without the presence of the management, as such we believe we are in compliance with the NYSE Rule 303A.03.
 
Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee
 
NYSE Rule 303A.04 provides that each U.S. listed company must have a nominating and corporate governance committee composed entirely of independent directors. We are required to have such a committee under our bylaws, which is nevertheless not required under Brazilian law. Therefore, we have a Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee responsible for considering and periodically reporting on matters relating to the size, identification, selection and qualification of the board of directors and candidates nominated for the board of directors and its committees; and for overseeing compliance with the corporate governance principles applicable to us under our bylaws and other policies, as well as for proposing improvements and changes to such applicable principles.
 
Compensation Committee
 
NYSE Rule 303A.05 provides that each U.S. listed company must have a compensation committee composed entirely of independent directors. We are required to have such a committee under our bylaws, which is nevertheless not required under Brazilian law. Therefore, we have a Compensation Committee responsible for reviewing and
 
 
 
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making recommendations to our directors regarding our compensation policies and all forms of compensation to be provided to our executive officers and other employees. With respect to compensation, under Brazilian corporate law, the shareholders determine the total or individual compensation of our board members and executive officers, including benefits and allowances, at a general shareholders’ meeting. If the shareholders only determine the total compensation, it is incumbent upon the board of directors to establish the individual amounts. The Compensation Committee, is responsible for advising the board of directors in such task. See “Item 6.B. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—Compensation.”
 
Audit Committee
 
NYSE Rule 303A.06 and the requirements of Rule 10A-3 of the SEC provide that each U.S. listed company is required to have an audit committee consisting entirely of independent members that comply with the requirements of Rule 10A-3. In addition, the audit committee must have a written charter compliant with the requirements of NYSE Rule 303.A.07(c), have an internal audit function and otherwise fulfill all other requirements of the NYSE and Rule 10A-3.  The SEC recognized that due to the local legislation for foreign private issuers, some of the functions of the audit committee could be subordinated by local laws to our other bodies.
 
We are required to have such a committee under our bylaws, which is nevertheless not required under Brazilian law. Therefore, we have an Audit Committee with the following responsibilities:
 
 
·
Pre-approving services to be provided by our independent auditor;
 
 
·
Choosing and overseeing the work of any accounting firm engaged for the purpose of preparing or issuing an audit report or performing any other service;
 
 
·
Reviewing auditor independence issues and rotation policy;
 
 
·
Supervising the appointment of our independent auditors;
 
 
·
Discussing with management and auditors major audit issues;
 
 
·
Reviewing financial statements prior to their publication, including the related notes, management’s report and auditor’s opinion;
 
 
·
Reviewing our annual report and financial statements;
 
 
·
Providing recommendations to the board of directors on the audit committee’s policies and practices;
 
 
·
Reviewing recommendations given by our independent auditor and internal audits and management’s responses;
 
 
·
Evaluating the performance, responsibilities, budget and staffing of our internal audit function and review the internal audit plan;
 
 
·
Providing recommendations on the audit committee’s bylaws; and
 
 
·
Reviewing our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics and the procedures for monitoring compliance with it.
 
Equity Compensation Plans
 
NYSE Rule 303A.08 provides that shareholders must be given the opportunity to vote on all equity compensation plans and material revisions thereto, with certain limited exemptions as described in the rule. Under Brazilian corporate law, shareholder pre-approval is required for the adoption of equity compensation plans and any material revision thereto.
 
 
 
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Corporate Governance Guidelines
 
NYSE Rule 303A.09 provides that each U.S. listed company must adopt and disclose their corporate governance guidelines. Although we do not have a similar requirement under Brazilian law, our bylaws contain a comprehensive list of principles that must be complied with at all times by all of our directors and officers. Our Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee may also propose new principles and amendments to existing principles. In addition, we have listed our common shares in the Novo Mercado (New Market) of the São Paulo Stock Exchange (BM&FBOVESPA), which requires adherence to the corporate governance standards established under the Listing Rules of the Novo Mercado, as described under “Item 10.B. Additional— Memorandum and Bylaws.”. Finally, we have adopted a written policy of trading of securities and disclosure matters.
 
Code of Business Conduct and Ethics
 
NYSE Rule 303A.10 provides that each U.S. listed company must adopt and disclose a code of business conduct and ethics for directors, officers and employees and promptly disclose any waivers of the code for directors or executive officers. We are required to have a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics under our bylaws and under the Listing Rules of the Novo Mercado, which is nevertheless not required under Brazilian law. We have adopted such a Code on July 10, 2007. See “Item 16B. Code of Business Conduct and Ethics.”
 
D.           Employees
 
As of December 31, 2010, we had 2,425 employees across the following states:
 
State
 
Employees
 
Amazonas
    8  
Bahia
    3  
Goiás
    23  
Pará
    277  
Paraná
    83  
Rio de Janeiro
    676  
Rondônia
    19  
Rio Grande do Sul
    5  
São Paulo
    1,331  
Total
    2,425  

The table below shows the number of employees for the periods presented:
 
 
Period
 
Operations
   
Administration & Finance
   
Business Development
   
Sales
   
Total
 
2010
    1,911       262       139       113       2,425  
2009
    3,925       253       99       104       4,381  
2008
    3,665       162       72       17       3,916  

The significant decrease in operations employees from 2009 to 2010 was due primarily to headcount reductions to streamline operations in connection with the acquisition of Tenda by Gafisa.
 
Our administrative employees carry out management, accounting, information technology, development, sale, legal and construction activities, in addition to negotiating with suppliers. Our construction site employees focus on management and oversight of our construction workers, a majority of whom is outsourced. The outsourced employees are hired by the contractors to carry out various tasks on the construction sites. Currently, we estimate that approximately 19,107 outsourced professionals are providing services to us across the following states:
 
 
 
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Region
 
Outsourced Professionals
 
Northwest
    1,780  
Northeast
    5,220  
South
    1,920  
Rio de Janeiro.
    3,287  
São Paulo..
    6,900  
Total
    19,107  

We offer training programs to our employees, subcontractors and outsourced employees. All of our professionals involved in the construction of our developments are trained prior to the commencement of their work and are supervised directly by our engineers.
 
The majority of our employees and outsourced professionals of the State of São Paulo are enrolled with the Civil Construction Industries Workers’ Union (SINTRACON). As a rule, the Civil Construction of Large Building Industry in the State of São Paulo (SINDUSCON-SP) annually negotiates with SINTRACON collective bargaining agreements applicable to our employees. The most recent collective bargaining agreement for our employees and outsourced professionals in the State of São Paulo was executed in May 2011, establishing a salary adjustment of 9.75% as of May 2011. This collective bargaining agreement became effective on May 2011 and will expire on April 30, 2012.
 
The majority of our employees and outsourced professionals of the State of Rio de Janeiro are members of the Civil Construction, Tiles, Cement, Marble and Granite Products, Road Construction, Paving, and Land Moving and Industrial Maintenance and Assembly Industries’ Workers Union of the Rio de Janeiro Municipality (SINTRACONST-RIO). As a rule, the Civil Construction of Large Building Industry in the State of Rio de Janeiro (SINDUSCON-RIO) annually negotiates with SINTRACONST-RIO the collective bargaining agreements applicable to our employees. The most recent collective bargaining agreement for our employees and outsourced professionals in the State of Rio de Janeiro was executed in March 2011, establishing a salary adjustment of 7.5% as of March 2011. This collective bargaining agreement became effective in March 2011 and will expire in February 2012.
 
We believe our relations with our employees and workers unions are good. In all the regions where we operate, we maintain a stable relationship with the workers unions, which generally decreases the risk of strikes.
 
The benefits we offer to our permanent employees include life insurance, dental plan, health insurance, medical assistance plan, meal reimbursements and profit sharing.
 
Health and Safety
 
We are committed to preventing work-related accidents and diseases. Accordingly, we maintain an environmental risk prevention program which seeks to maintain and enhance the health and physical conditions of our employees, by anticipating, recognizing, evaluating and controlling any existing or potential environmental risks in the workplace. In addition, we have an internal committee for the avoidance of accidents, which seeks to prevent diseases and accidents from occurring in the workplace. We make significant investments in this area, providing frequent training programs for both our construction employees and our subcontractors’ employees, and we require our subcontractors to follow strict guidelines.
 
E.    Share Ownership
 
As of the date of this annual report, our directors and executive officers do not hold, on an aggregate basis, any direct or indirect interest of greater than 1.3% of our total share capital or of the share capital of any of our subsidiaries or jointly-controlled entities. As of December 31, 2010, some of our executive officers held interests in our subsidiaries and jointly-controlled entities as partners, minority shareholders, and/or directors and executive officers. In none of these cases, as of the date of this annual report, were the interests held material.
 
 
 
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The table below sets forth the number of our total shares beneficially owned by each of our directors and executive officers as of the date of this annual report:
 
 
Name
 
 
Position
 
Number of Shares Owned
 
Caio Racy Mattar
 
Director
    2  
Richard L. Huber
 
Director
    32,434  
Gerald Dinu Reiss
 
Director
    70,102  
Jose Ecio Pereira da Costa Junior
 
Director
    2  
Renato de Albuquerque
 
Director
    908,973  
Henri Phillipe Reichstul
 
Director
    2  
Guilherme Affonso Ferreira
 
Director
    2  
Maria Letícia de Freitas Costa
 
Director
    2  
Wilson Amaral De Oliveira
 
Director
    1,179,000  
Odair Garcia Senra
 
Director and Institutional Relations Officer
    31,805  
Alceu Duilio Calciolari
 
Chief Executive Officer and Investor Relations Officer
    708,447  
Rodrigo Osmo
 
Chief Financial Officer
    45,912  
Mario Rocha Neto
 
Construction Superintendent Officer
    240,960  
Sandro Rogério da Silva Gamba
 
Real Estate Development Superintendent Officer
    78,279  
Luiz Carlos Siciliano
 
Sales and Marketing Superintendent Officer
    58,891  
Total
        2,445,840  

Stock Option Plans
 
Our stock option plans seek to: (1) encourage our expansion and success by allowing our directors, executive officers and key employees to acquire shares of our capital stock in order to encourage their integration with the company; (2) allow us to obtain and retain the services of directors, executive officers and key employees by offering them the additional benefit of becoming one of our shareholders; and (3) align the interests of our directors, executive officers and key employees with the interests of our shareholders.
 
We entered into individual agreements with our key employees, directors and executive officers, under which they are entitled to purchase shares of our capital stock pursuant to the terms and conditions of the stock option plans and the specific conditions set forth in their agreements.
 
2000 to 2002
 
In 2002, our shareholders ratified the terms and conditions of our stock option plan. A standard stock option plan to grant subscription rights related to our preferred shares was approved by our board of directors at a meeting held on April 3, 2000. As a result of our entry in the Novo Mercado segment of the BM&FBOVESPA, our preferred shares were converted into common shares, and therefore all stock options relating to this stock option plan currently grant subscription rights related to our common shares.
 
As of the date of this annual report, 4,050,000 options to purchase shares of our common shares have been issued to key employees, directors and executive officers pursuant to this stock option plan agreement and all of these shares have been acquired or expired pursuant to such agreements.
 
2006
 
In view of our entry in the Novo Mercado segment of the BM&FBOVESPA, and in order to protect the rights of the beneficiaries of the existing stock option plan, we decided to maintain the existing stock option plan. In addition, on February 3, 2006, our shareholders approved a new stock option plan. Under the 2006 stock option plan, our board of directors may release further programs on a regular basis of options to purchase up to 5% of the total outstanding shares of our company, as set forth in the 2006 stock option plan. Such new programs would grant
 
 
 
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our executives and key employees the right to subscribe and/or acquire our shares for a set price, under terms and conditions according to the plan’s agreements entered into with each participant.
 
As of the date of this annual report, 4,035,034 options to purchase shares of our common shares have been issued to key employees, directors and executive officers pursuant to this stock option plan agreement. Of these shares, 3,369,888 shares have been acquired or expired pursuant to such agreements.
 
2008
 
We approved a new stock option plan on May 18, 2008 during a special shareholders’ general meeting. Under the new stock option plan, our board of directors may create additional programs on a regular basis for options to purchase up to 5% of the total outstanding shares of our company, as set forth in the 2008 stock option plan.
 
Under this new stock option plan, the board of directors may grant different types of options to certain beneficiaries, or “B options,” for the exercise price of R$0.01. The exercise of B options, if granted, is subject to the proportional purchase of common shares, or “A” option under this 2008 plan, according to the terms and conditions set forth in each program, and to lapse two years from the common share purchase date.
 
As of the date of this annual report, 155,185 common shares have been purchased by our key employees, directors and executive officers pursuant to this stock option plan agreement, which has been exercised in full.
 
2009
 
Three new stock option plans were approved in 2009 for executive officers and key employees. The first plan is a standard stock option plan to grant subscription rights related to our common shares, which was approved by our board of directors at a meeting held on June 26, 2009. Under this plan, the board of directors may grant to certain beneficiaries the right to subscribe and/or acquire our shares for a set price, under the terms and conditions set forth in the stock option plan agreement entered into with each participant.
 
As of the date of this annual report, 5,400,000 options to purchase shares of our common shares have been issued to executive officers pursuant to this stock option plan agreement. Of the total options granted, 2,850,000 have been acquired or expired pursuant to such agreements.
 
Under the second plan, the board of directors may grant different types of B options for the exercise price of R$0.01. The exercise of B options, if granted, is subject to the proportional exercise of the regular A options granted under this plan, according to the terms and conditions set forth in each program, and to lapse one year from the grant date.
 
As of the date of this annual report, options to purchase 874,022 shares of our common shares have been issued to key employees and executive officers pursuant to this stock option plan agreement. The options granted included 500,467 B options. Of the total options granted, 373,556 have been acquired or expired pursuant to such agreements.
 
After our acquisition of Tenda, the board of directors approved the conversion of Tenda’s existing stock options plan into Gafisa’s plan.
 
As of the date of this annual report, options to purchase 634,367 shares of our common shares have been issued in order to convert Tenda’s plan to key employees and executive officers pursuant to this stock option plan agreement. The options granted included 377,191 B options. Out of the amount granted, 247,504 options have been acquired or expired pursuant to such agreements.
 
2010
 
Two new stock option plans were approved in 2010 for executives and key employees. The first plan is a standard stock option plan to grant subscription rights related to our common shares, which was approved by our board of directors at a meeting held on August 4, 2010. Under this plan, the board of directors may grant to certain
 
 
 
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beneficiaries the right to subscribe and/or acquire our shares for a set price, under the terms and conditions set forth in the stock option plan agreement entered into with each participant.
 
As of the date of this annual report, 600,000 options to purchase shares of our common shares have been issued to executive officers pursuant to this stock option plan agreement. Of the total options at market price granted, none have been acquired or expired pursuant to such agreements.
 
Under the second plan, the board of directors may grant different types of B options for the exercise price of R$0.01. The exercise of B options, if granted, is subject to the proportional exercise of the regular options granted under this 2010 plan, according to the terms and conditions set forth in each program, and to lapse one year from the grant date.
 
As of the date of this annual report, options to purchase 26,061 shares of our common shares have been issued to employees and directors pursuant to this stock option plan agreement. The options granted included 17,373 B options. Of the total options granted, 8,688 have been acquired or expired pursuant to such agreements.
 
 
Issuance
 
Number of Stock
Options Issued
   
Number of Stock
Options Outstanding
(Not Expired or exercised)
   
Exercise Price per
Stock Option *
 
 
Expiration
April 2000
    2,100,000           R$ 2.75  
April 2009
April 2001
    1,590,000           R$ 2.75  
April 2010
April 2002
    600,000           R$ 4.62  
April 2010
February 2006
    1,905,064       1,370,355     R$ 9.25  
February 2014
February 2006
    3,000,000       468,342     R$ 3,32  
February 2014
February 2007
    1,460,000       388,946     R$ 15.29  
February 2015
May 2008
    166,756           R$ 15.91  
May 2016
June 2009
    6,400,000       750,000     R$ 8.74  
June 2017
December 2009
    1,284,221       912,478     R$ 8,74  
December 2017
August 2010
    26,061       25,192     R$ 12,10  
August 2018
August 2010
    600,000           R$ 12,10  
August 2018
 
 
ITEM 7.           MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS
 
A.    Major Shareholders
 
As of the date of this annual report, none of our shareholders held more than 5.0% of our common shares. The following table sets forth information of our directors and officers as a group, as well as common shares held in treasury and other shares in the public float. Each holder of common shares has the same rights.
 
Shareholders
 
Shares
   
(%)
 
Directors and officers(1)
    2,445,840       0.6  
Other shareholders
    429,654,233       99.3  
Treasury shares
    599,486       0.1  
Total
    432,699,559       100.0  

(1)
Does not include shares that may be purchased pursuant to outstanding stock option plans except for shares subject to options that are currently exercisable or exercisable within 60 days of the date of this annual report.
 
We had a total 355 record shareholders located in the United States, 183 of which hold shares traded at BM&FBOVESPA and 172 of which hold ADSs traded on the New York Stock Exchange. We are not aware of any shareholders’ agreement currently in force with our main shareholder.
 
 
 
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B.    Related Party Transactions
 
Other than arrangements which are described in “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—A. Directors and Senior Management— Our Relationship with our Executive Officers and Directors” and the transaction described below, since January 1, 2007, there has not been, and there is not currently proposed, any material transaction or series of similar transactions to which we were or will be a party in which any director, executive officer, holder of 5% of our capital stock or any member of their immediate family had or will have a direct or indirect interest.
 
Under Brazilian corporate law, our directors and executive officers cannot vote on any matter in which they have a conflict of interest and such transactions can only be approved on reasonable and fair terms and under conditions that are no more favorable than the terms and conditions prevailing in the market or offered by third parties.
 
We participate in the development of real estate ventures with other partners, directly or through related parties, based on the constitutive documents of condominiums and/or consortia. The management structure of these enterprises and the cash management are centralized in the lead partner of the enterprise, which manages the construction schedule and budgets. Thus, the lead partner ensures that the investments of the necessary funds are made and allocated as planned. The sources and uses of resources of the venture are reflected in the balance sheet of the ventures, reflecting the respective participation percentages of the partners, which are not subject to inflation adjustments or financial charges and do not have a predetermined maturity date. The average term for the development and completion of the projects in which the resources are invested is between 24 and 30 months. As of December 31, 2010, 2009 and 2008, we had current accounts receivable related to real estate ventures of R$75.2 million, R$7.2 million and R$60.5 million, respectively.
 
As of and for the years ended December 31, 2010, 2009 and 2008, we have not entered into any loan or other type of financing agreement with our directors or executive officers.
 
C.    Interests of Experts and Counsel
 
Not applicable.
 
ITEM 8.           FINANCIAL INFORMATION
 
A.    Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information
 
For our consolidated financial statements and notes thereto see “Item 18. Financial Statements.”
 
Legal Proceedings
 
We are currently party to several legal and administrative proceedings arising from the normal course of our business, principally relating to civil, environmental, tax and labor claims. We establish provisions in our balance sheets relating to potential losses from litigation based on estimates of probable losses. Brazilian GAAP requires us to establish provisions in connection with probable losses and we record a provision when, in the opinion of our management, we feel that an adverse outcome in a litigation is probable and a loss can be estimated. The determination of the amounts provisioned is based on the amounts involved in the claims and the opinion of our management.
 
Civil Claims
 
As of December 31, 2010, we were a party to 2,928 civil actions, totaling R$667.8 million. Of these actions, we were the plaintiff in 2,711 actions and the defendant in approximately 217 actions, with aggregate amounts of R$632.3 million and R$35.5 million, respectively.
 
 
 
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Most of these civil claims involve ordinary course matters relating to the development of our properties, including annulment of contractual clauses, termination of agreements with the reimbursement of the amounts paid and indemnification for labor accidents.
 
As of December 31, 2010, the provisions related to civil claims include R$72.8 million related to lawsuits in which the Company is included as successor in enforcement  actions, in which the original debtor is a former shareholder of Gafisa, Cimob Companhia Imobiliária (“Cimob”), among other companies. The plaintiff alleges that the Company should be liable for the debts of Cimob. Certain claims, amounting to R$6.6 million, are backed by guarantee insurance, in addition we have made judicial deposits amounting to R$63.6 million, in connection with the restriction of the usage of our bank accounts; and there is also a restriction on the use of our treasury stock in order to guarantee the enforcement. The Company is filing appeals against all decisions, as it considers that the inclusion of Gafisa in the claims to be legally unreasonable; these appeals aim at releasing amounts and obtaining the recognition that it cannot be held liable for the debt of a company that does not have any relationship with Gafisa. The final decision on appeal, however, cannot be predicted at present.
 
As of December 31, 2010, the provision for our civil claims amounted to R$102.2 million.
 
Environmental Claims
 
As of December 31, 2010, we were the defendants in certain environmental claims alleging harm in a permanent conservation area and we are currently not able to estimate the aggregate amount of such claims.
 
In addition, we are periodically party to other administrative environmental inquiries or claims by the Public Prosecution Offices of the States of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro or by other governmental agencies or third parties. These inquiries may result in public environmental claims against us and the findings in these inquires may give rise to other administrative and criminal claims. However, based on currently available information, we do not believe these matters are, or are likely to be in the future, material to our business or financial condition.
 
As of December 31, 2010, we have made no provisions for environmental claims.
 
Tax Claims
 
As of December 31, 2010, we were party to several tax proceedings involving tax liabilities in the aggregate amount of R$98.0 million. As of December 31, 2010, the provision for tax liabilities amounted to R$12.1 million. In addition, we have deposited R$11.5 million with the court in connection with some of these proceedings. These amounts take into consideration the tax liabilities of our subsidiaries, in proportion to our interest in their share capital. The main tax proceedings to which we are a party are described below.
 
On November 30, 2009, we and our subsidiaries Tenda, Alphaville and Gafisa Vendas joined the program for cash and installment payment of debits with the Federal Revenue Service and the Attorney-General Office of the National Treasury. The Company joined the tax amnesty and refinancing program and opted for the cash payment of tax debits amounting to R$17.3 million, of which R$10.4 million was in cash and R$6.9 million offset tax losses. Our subsidiaries Tenda, Alphaville and Gafisa Vendas opted for the installment payment of tax debits amounting to R$6.6 million, R$980 thousand and R$192 thousand, respectively, recognizing gains of R$568 thousand, R$360 thousand and R$70 thousand, respectively, relating to the offset of tax losses.
 
Alphaville is a party to legal and administrative claims related to Federal VAT (IPI) and State VAT (ICMS) on two imports of aircraft in 2001 and 2005, respectively, under leasing agreements without purchase options. The likelihood of loss in the ICMS case is rated by legal counsel as (1) probable in regard to the principal and interest, and (2) remote in regard to the fine for noncompliance with accessory liabilities. The amount of the contingency considered by our legal counsel as a probable loss totaled R$11.0 million and was recorded at December 31, 2010.
 
Several municipalities charge a municipal tax on construction services on an arbitrated basis, which varies depending on the characteristic of the construction. We have filed lawsuits against the municipalities of São Paulo and São Caetano do Sul to challenge the calculation of the arbitrated basis on several of our developments under
 
 
 
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construction. In these proceedings, we deposited R$9.6 million with the courts and we are awaiting the final decision. In addition, the municipalities of Rio de Janeiro, Niterói, São Paulo and Santo Andre have issued tax assessments against us. We have filed administrative defenses and are awaiting the final administrative decisions. The total amount involved in these proceedings is R$6.2 million.
 
Labor Claims
 
As of December 31, 2010, we were a defendant in approximately 2,789 labor claims resulting from our ordinary course of business, of which approximately 86% were filed by outsourced workers and approximately 14% were filed by our former employees. The alleged legal bases for these claims mainly relate to termination benefits, overtime hours, employee relationship and dismissal rights. As of December 31, 2010, the total value involved in the labor claims filed against us was approximately R$91.5 million. As of December 31, 2010, the provision for labor claims amounted to R$24.4 million.
 
Dividend Policy
 
The amount of any of our distributions of dividends and/or interest on shareholders’ equity will depend on a series of factors, such as our financial conditions, prospects, macroeconomic conditions, tariff adjustments, regulatory changes, growth strategies and other issues our board of directors and our shareholders may consider relevant, as discussed below.
 
Amounts Available for Distribution
 
At each annual general shareholders’ meeting, our board of directors is required to propose to our shareholders how our earnings of the preceding fiscal year are to be allocated. For purposes of Brazilian corporate law, a company’s income after federal income tax for such fiscal year, net of any accumulated losses from prior fiscal years and amounts allocated to debentures, employees’ and management’s participation in earnings and founders’ shares, represents its “net income” for such fiscal year. In accordance with Brazilian corporate law, an amount equal to the company’s “net income” may be affected by the following:
 
 
·
reduced by amounts allocated to the legal reserve;
 
 
·
reduced by amounts allocated to any statutory reserve;
 
 
·
reduced by amounts allocated to the contingency reserve, if any;
 
 
·
reduced by amounts allocated to the tax incentives reserve;
 
 
·
reduced by amounts allocated to the investment reserve;
 
 
·
increased by reversals of contingency reserves recorded in prior years; and
 
 
·
increased by amounts allocated to the investment reserve, when realized and if not absorbed by losses.
 
Our calculation of net income and allocation of funds to our reserves for any fiscal year are determined on the basis of our audited unconsolidated financial statements for the immediately preceding fiscal year.
 
Allocation of Net Income
 
According to Brazilian corporate law, we have two types of reserve accounts: (1) profit reserves and (2) capital reserve.
 
Profit Reserves
 
Our profit reserves consist of the following:
 
 
 
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·
Legal Reserve. Under Brazilian corporate law and our bylaws, we are required to maintain a legal reserve to which we must allocate 5% of our net income for each fiscal year until the aggregate amount of such reserve equals 20% of our share capital. However, we are not required to make any allocations to our legal reserve in a fiscal year in which the legal reserve, when added to our other established capital reserves, exceeds 30% of our total share capital. The portion of our net income allocated to our legal reserve must be approved by our annual general shareholders’ meeting and the balance of such reserve may only be used to increase our share capital or to absorb losses, but is unavailable for the payment of dividends. As of December 31, 2010, our legal reserve amounted to R$52.6 million.
 
 
·
Statutory Reserve. Under Brazilian corporate law, we are permitted to provide for the allocation of part of our net income to discretionary reserve accounts that may be established in accordance with our bylaws. The allocation of our net income to discretionary reserve accounts may not be made if it serves to prevent distribution of the mandatory distributable amount. According to our by-laws, up to 71.25% of our net income may be allocated to an investment reserve to finance the expansion of our activities and the activities of our controlled companies by subscribing for capital increases, creating new projects or participating in consortia or any other type of association to achieve our corporate purpose. This investment reserve may not exceed 80% of our share capital. As of December 31, 2010, our statutory reserve amounted to R$607.8 million.
 
 
·
Contingency Reserve. Under Brazilian corporate law, a percentage of our net income may be allocated to a contingency reserve for anticipated losses that are deemed probable in future years. Management must indicate the cause of the anticipated loss and justify the establishment of the reserve for allocation of a percentage of our net income. Any amount so allocated in a prior year either must be reversed in the year in which the justification for the loss ceases to exist or charged off in the event that the anticipated loss occurs. The allocations to the contingency reserve are subject to the approval of our shareholders in a general shareholders’ meeting. As of December 31, 2010, there was no amount allocated to a contingency reserve.
 
 
·
Investment Reserve. Under Brazilian corporate law, the amount by which the mandatory distributable amount exceeds the “realized” net income in a given fiscal year, as proposed by the board of directors, may be allocated to the investment reserve. Brazilian corporate law defines “realized” net profits as the amount by which net profits exceed the sum of (1) the net positive results, if any, from the equity method of accounting and (2) the net profits, net gains or net returns resulting from transactions or the accounting of assets and liabilities based on their market value, to be received after the end of the following fiscal year. All amounts allocated to the investment reserve must be paid as mandatory dividends when those “unrealized” profits are realized if they have not been designated to absorb losses in subsequent periods. As of December 31, 2010, our investment reserve amounted to R$38.5 million.
 
 
·
Retained Earnings Reserve. Under Brazilian corporate law, a portion of our net income may be reserved for investment projects in an amount based on a capital expenditure budget approved by our shareholders. If such budget covers more than one fiscal year, it might be reviewed annually at the general shareholders’ meeting. The allocation of this reserve cannot jeopardize the payment of the mandatory dividends. As of December 31, 2010, there was no amount allocated to our retained earnings reserve.
 
Capital Reserves
 
The capital reserve is formed by (a) amounts received by shareholders in excess of the par value of shares issued (premium on capital stock), as well as the part of the issue price of the shares with no par value that exceeds the amount intended to form the capital stock; and (b) proceeds from the sale of founders’ shares and warrants. Under Brazilian corporate law, capital reserve may only be applied to: (1) absorb losses that exceed accumulated earnings and revenue reserves; (2) redeem, reimburse or buy our own shares; and (3) increase our share capital.
 
As of December 31, 2010, our capital reserve amounted to R$295.9 million.
 
 
 
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Mandatory Distribution of Dividends
 
Brazilian corporate law generally requires that the bylaws of each Brazilian company specify a minimum percentage of the amounts available for distribution by such company for each fiscal year that must be distributed to shareholders as dividends or as interest on shareholders’ equity, also known as the mandatory dividend.
 
The mandatory dividend is based on a percentage of adjusted net income, rather than a fixed monetary amount per share. Under our bylaws, at least 25% of our net income, as calculated under Brazilian GAAP and adjusted under Brazilian corporate law (which differs significantly from net income as calculated under US GAAP), for the preceding fiscal year must be distributed as a mandatory dividend. Adjusted net income means the distributable amount before any deductions for profit retention and statutory reserves.
 
Under Brazilian corporate law, however, we are allowed to suspend the distribution of the mandatory dividends in any year in which our board of directors report to our general shareholders’ meeting that the distribution would be inadvisable in view of our financial condition. Such suspension is subject to the approval at the shareholders’ meeting and review by members of the fiscal council. In the case of publicly held companies, the board of directors must file a justification for such suspension with the CVM within five days of the relevant general shareholders’ meeting. If the mandatory dividend is not paid, the unpaid amount shall be attributed to a special reserve account. If not absorbed by subsequent losses, those funds shall be paid out as dividends as soon as the financial condition of the company permits.
 
The mandatory dividend may also be paid in the form of interest attributable to shareholders’ equity, being considered as a deductible expense for purpose of calculating our income and social contribution tax obligations.
 
Payment of Dividends
 
We are required by Brazilian corporate law and our by-laws to hold an annual general shareholders’ meeting within the first four months following the end of each fiscal year, at which time, among other things, the shareholders have to decide on the allocation of the results from the preceding year and on the payment of dividends based on our financial results from the previous fiscal year.
 
Under Brazilian corporate law, dividends are generally required to be paid to the holder of record on the date of the dividend declaration date within 60 days following the date the dividend was declared, unless a shareholders’ resolution sets forth another date of payment, which, in either case, must occur within the fiscal year in which such dividend was declared. A shareholder has a three-year period from the date of the dividend payment to claim dividends, which do not bear interest and are not monetarily restated, after which the aggregate amount of any unclaimed dividends shall legally revert to us.
 
Our board of directors may declare interim dividends to be deducted from the retained earnings or profit reserves in our semi-annual or annual financial statements. In addition, our board of directors may pay dividends from our net income based on our net income registered on semi-annual or quarterly balance sheet. The dividends paid in each semester may not exceed the amounts accounted for in our capital reserve accounts. Any payment of interim dividends may be set off against the amount of mandatory dividend relating to the net profit earned in the year in which the interim dividends were paid.
 
In general, shareholders who are not residents of Brazil must register their equity investment with the Central Bank to have dividends, sales proceeds or other amounts with respect to their shares eligible to be remitted outside of Brazil. The common shares underlying the ADSs are held in Brazil by Banco Itaú S.A., also known as the custodian, as agent for the depositary, who is the registered owner on the records of the registrar for our shares. The depositary registers the common shares underlying the ADSs with the Central Bank and, therefore, it is possible to have dividends, sales proceeds or other amounts with respect to the common shares remitted outside Brazil.
 
Payments of cash dividends and distributions, if any, are made in reais to the custodian on behalf of the depositary, which then converts such proceeds into U.S. dollars and causes such U.S. dollars to be delivered to the depositary for distribution to holders of ADSs. In the event that the custodian is unable to convert immediately the
 
 
 
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reais received as dividends into U.S. dollars, the amount of U.S. dollars payable to holders of ADSs may be adversely affected by any depreciation of the real that occurs before the dividends are converted. Under the current Brazilian tax law, dividends paid to persons who are not Brazilian residents, including holders of ADSs, will not be subject to Brazilian withholding tax, except for dividends declared based on profits generated prior to December 31, 1995, which will be subject to Brazilian withholding income tax at varying tax rates. See “Item 10. Additional Information—E. Taxation.”
 
Holders of ADSs have the benefit of the electronic registration obtained from the Central Bank, which permits the depositary and the custodian to convert dividends and other distributions or sales proceeds with respect to the common shares represented by ADSs into foreign currency and remit the proceeds outside of Brazil. In the event the holder exchanges the ADSs for common shares, the holder will be entitled to continue to rely on the depositary’s certificate of registration for five business days after the exchange. Thereafter, in order to convert foreign currency and remit outside of Brazil the sales proceeds or distributions with respect to the common shares, the holder must obtain a new certificate of registration in its own name that will permit the conversion and remittance of such payments through the commercial exchange rate market.
 
Under current Brazilian legislation, the Brazilian government may impose temporary restrictions of foreign capital abroad in the event of a serious imbalance or an anticipated serious imbalance of Brazil’s balance of payments. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Our Common Shares and the ADSs.”
 
Interest on Shareholders’ Equity
 
Under the Brazilian tax legislation effective January 1, 1996, Brazilian companies are permitted to pay “interest” to holders of equity securities and treat such payments as a deductible expense for Brazilian income tax purposes and, from 1997, for social contribution purposes. The purpose of the tax law change is to encourage the use of equity investment, as opposed to debt, to finance corporate activities. Payment of such interest may be made at the discretion of our board of directors. The amount of any such notional “interest” payment to holders of equity securities is generally limited in respect of any particular year to the greater of:
 
 
·
50% of net income (after the deduction of the provisions for social contribution on net profits but before taking into account the provision for corporate income tax and the interest attributable to shareholders’ equity) for the period in respect of which the payment is made; or
 
 
·
50% of the sum of retained earnings and profit reserves as of the beginning of the year in respect to which such payment is made.
 
For tax deduction purposes, the rate applied in calculating interest attributable to shareholders’ equity cannot exceed the pro rata die variation of the Long Term Interest Rate (Taxa de Juros de Longo Prazo), or TJLP, as determined by the Central Bank from time to time.
 
For accounting purposes, although the interest should be reflected in the income statement for tax deduction, the charge is reversed before the calculation of the net income in the statutory financial statements and deducted from the shareholders’ equity in the same way as the dividend. Any payment of interest with respect to the common shares is subject to withholding income tax at the rate of 15% or 25% if a holder that is not domiciled in Brazil for purposes of Brazilian taxation is domiciled in a country or location defined as a “tax favorable jurisdiction.” The definition of tax favorable jurisdiction includes countries and locations (a) that do not impose income tax, (b) that impose income tax at a rate of 20% or less, or (c) that impose restrictions on the disclosure of shareholding composition, ownership of investments, or the identity of the ultimate beneficiary of earnings that are attributed to non-residents. Please refer to “Item 10. Additional Information — E. Taxation—Brazilian Tax Considerations—Discussion on Low or Nil Tax Jurisdictions” below for a discussion that the definition of “tax favorable jurisdiction” may be broadened by Law No. 11,727.
 
If a payment of interest on shareholder’s equity is recorded at net value as part of a mandatory dividend, we will pay the income tax on behalf of our shareholders at the time the payment is distributed. Otherwise, the income tax will be paid by the shareholders, subject to our obligation to retain and collect taxes on the payment.
 
 
 
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The amount distributed to shareholders as interest attributable to shareholders’ equity, net of any withholding tax, may be included as part of the minimum mandatory dividend. In accordance with applicable law, we are required to pay to shareholders an amount sufficient to ensure that the net amount they receive in respect of interest attributable to shareholders’ equity, after payment of the applicable withholding tax, plus the amount of declared dividends, is at least equivalent to the amount of the minimum mandatory dividend. A shareholder has a three-year period from the date of the interest payment to claim interest attributable to shareholders’ equity, after which the aggregate amount of any unclaimed interest shall legally revert to us.
 
History of Payment of Dividends and Interest on Shareholders’ Equity
 
In 2008, we distributed dividends in the total amount of R$27.0 million, or R$0.21 per share (without giving effect to the stock split of one existing share into two newly issued shares approved at our shareholders’ meeting on February 22, 2010), for fiscal year 2007. In 2009, we distributed dividends in the total amount of R$26.1 million, or R$0.20 per share (without giving effect to the stock split of one existing share into two newly issued shares approved at our shareholders’ meeting on February 22, 2010), for fiscal year 2008. In 2010, we distributed dividends in the total amount of R$50.7 million, or R$0.12 per share (after giving effect to the stock split of one existing share into two newly issued shares approved at our shareholders’ meeting on February 22, 2010), for fiscal year 2009.
 
B.    Significant Changes
 
None.
 
ITEM 9.           THE OFFER AND LISTING
 
A.    Offer and Listing Details
 
Our common shares started trading on the BM&FBOVESPA on February 17, 2006 and the ADSs started trading on the NYSE on March 16, 2007. The table below sets forth, for the indicated periods, the high and low closing prices of the ADSs on the NYSE, in U.S. dollars, and the common shares on the BM&FBOVESPA, in reais:
 
 
   
New York Stock Exchange (3)
   
São Paulo Stock Exchange (2)
 
   
High
   
Low
   
Volume(1)
   
High
   
Low
   
Volume(1)
 
   
(in US$ per ADS)
   
(in reais per common shares)
 
Year Ended
                                   
December 31, 2006 (2)
                      35.20       17.70       430,555  
December 31, 2007
    40.50       23.10       418,005       35.61       22.50       897,085  
December 31, 2008
    46.50       5.41       930,018       38.26       6.86       1,238,592  
December 31, 2009
    36.60       7.33       830,509       31.27       8.69       2,077,590  
December 31, 2010(4)
    18.19       10.83       2,210,016       14.79       9.83       4,339,823  
December 31, 2011
    15.17       4.30       3,548,148       12.25       4.10       8,082,453  
                                                 
Quarter
                                               
First quarter 2009
    12.11       7.33       674,687       13.23       8.69       1,885,703  
Second quarter 2009
    19.73       10.91       721,893       20.90       12.41       2,481,110  
Third quarter 2009
    32.91       16.49       744,936       29.68       16.30       1,966,653  
Fourth quarter 2009
    36.60       28.49       1,171,518       31.27       25.50       1,955,885  
First quarter 2010
    16.36       12.73       2,138,173       14.25       11.60       3,659,472  
Second quarter 2010
    14.63       10.83       2,351,966       12.64       9.83       4,325,295  
Third quarter 2010
    15.99       12.14       2,025,664       13.65       10.80       4,376,050  
Fourth quarter 2010
    18.19       13.12       2,323,107       14.79       10.95       4,985,780  
First quarter 2011
    15.17       11.82       2,452,749       12.25       9.62       5,117,548  
Second quarter 2011
    14.77       9.06       4,098,922       11.45       7.35       6,447,629  
Third quarter 2011
    10.13       5.32       3,671,459       8.19       4.93       11,172,193  
Fourth quarter 2001
    8.10       4.30       3,734,860       6.78       4.10       12,778,310  
                                                 
Month
                                               
July 2011
    9.97       8.20       3,651,624       7.77       6.48       6,894,557  
August 2011
    9.86       7.47       4,437,207       7.67       5.99       8,972,257  
September 2011
    10.13       5.68       3,496,967       8.19       5.32       8,094,419  
 
 
 
 
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New York Stock Exchange (3)
   
São Paulo Stock Exchange (2)
 
   
High
   
Low
   
Volume(1)
   
High
   
Low
   
Volume(1)
 
   
(in US$ per ADS)
   
(in reais per common shares)
 
October 2011
    8.10       5.32       3,209,770       6.78       4.93       10,676,770  
November 2011
    7.60       5.51       4,145,640       6.48       5.00       14,899,280  
December 2011
    6.43       4.30       4,164,537       5.76       4.10       12,759,805  
January 2012 (through January9)
    5.16       4.39       3,787,616       4.73       4.15       14,357,817  

(1)
Average number of shares traded per day.
 
(2)
Our common shares started trading on the BM&FBOVESPA on February 17, 2006.
 
(3)
The ADSs started trading on the NYSE on March 16, 2007.
 
(4)
On February 22, 2010, our shareholders approved a stock split of our common shares giving effect to the split of one existing share into new issued shares, increasing the number of shares from 167,077,137 to 334,154,274.
 
 
In September 2007, we joined the BM&FBOVESPA Index, or “IBM&FBOVESPA,” the main indicator of the Brazilian stock market’s average performance and the IBrX-50, an index measuring the total return on a theoretical portfolio composed of 50 stocks selected among BM&FBOVESPA’s most actively traded securities. Additionally, we are part of the MSCI Emerging Markets Index, which is a free float-adjusted market capitalization index that is designed to measure equity market performance in the global emerging markets. Through the inclusion on these indices, our stock has expanded opportunity for increased liquidity. Prior to joining the indices, we traded at a daily average of R$38.1 million (or 1.3 million shares), and after joining the indices, trading in our shares increased to a daily average of R$57.4 million (or 2.1 million shares).
 
B.    Plan of Distribution
 
Not applicable.
 
C.    Markets
 
Our common shares are listed on the BM&FBOVESPA under the symbol “GFSA3” and the ADSs are listed on the NYSE under the symbol “GFA.”
 
Trading on the BM&FBOVESPA
 
Trading on the São Paulo Stock Exchange is conducted every business day, from 10:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m., or from 11:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. during daylight saving time in Brazil, on an electronic trading system called “Megabolsa”. Trading is also conducted between 5:45 p.m. and 7:00 p.m., or between 6:45 p.m. and 7:30 p.m. during daylight saving time in Brazil. The “after-market” trading is scheduled after the close of principal trading sessions, when investors may send purchase and sell orders and trade through the home broker system. This after-market trading is subject to regulatory limits on price volatility of securities traded by investors operating on the Internet.
 
The CVM and the BM&FBOVESPA have discretionary authority to suspend trading in shares of a particular issuer under certain circumstances. Trading in securities listed on the BM&FBOVESPA, including the Novo Mercado and Levels 1 and 2 segments, may be effected off the exchanges in the unorganized over-the-counter market in certain circumstances.
 
The shares of all companies listed on the BM&FBOVESPA, including the Novo Mercado and Level 1 and Level 2 companies, are traded together.
 
Settlement of transactions occurs three business days after the trade date, without adjustments to the purchase price. Delivery of and payment for shares are made through the facilities of separate clearing houses for each exchange, which maintain accounts for brokerage firms, the Central Depositary BM&FBOVESPA (Central Depositária da BM&FBOVESPA), formerly the Brazilian Settlement and Custodial Company (Companhia
 
 
 
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Brasileira de Liquidação e Custódia). The seller is ordinarily required to deliver the shares to the BM&FBOVESPA clearing house on the second business day following the trade date.
 
In order to maintain control over the fluctuation of the BM&FBOVESPA index, the BM&FBOVESPA has adopted a “circuit breaker” system pursuant to which trading sessions may be suspended for a period of 30 minutes or one hour whenever specified indices of the BM&FBOVESPA fall below the limits of approximately 10% and 15%, respectively, in relation to the closing index levels for the previous trading session.
 
Although the Brazilian equity market is the largest in Latin America in terms of capitalization, it is smaller and less liquid than the major U.S. and European securities markets. The BM&FBOVESPA is significantly less liquid than the NYSE, or other major exchanges in the world. The BM&FBOVESPA, had a market capitalization of US$1.54 trillion as of December 31, 2010 and an average daily trading volume of US$3.7 billion for 2010. In comparison, the NYSE had a market capitalization of US$13.39 trillion as of December 31, 2010 and an average daily trading volume of approximately US$153.0 billion for 2010. Although any of the outstanding shares of a listed company may trade on the BM&FBOVESPA, in most cases fewer than half of the listed shares are actually available for trading by the public, the remainder being held by small groups of controlling persons, by government entities or by one principal shareholder. The relative volatility and illiquidity of the Brazilian securities markets may substantially limit your ability to sell the common shares at the time and price you desire and, as a result, could negatively impact the market price of these securities.
 
Trading on Brazilian stock exchanges by non-residents of Brazil is subject to registration procedures. See “—Investment in Our Common Shares by Non-Residents of Brazil.”
 
Regulation of Brazilian Securities Markets
 
The Brazilian securities markets are principally governed by Law No. 6,385, of December 7, 1976, and Brazilian corporate law, each as amended and supplemented, and by regulations issued by the CVM, which has authority over stock exchanges and the securities markets generally; the National Monetary Council; and the Central Bank, which has, among other powers, licensing authority over brokerage firms and regulates foreign investment and foreign exchange transactions.
 
These laws and regulations, among others, provide for licensing and oversight of brokerage firms, governance of the Brazilian stock exchanges, disclosure requirements applicable to issuers of traded securities, restrictions on price manipulation and protection of minority shareholders. They also provide for restrictions on insider trading. However, the Brazilian securities markets may not be considered to be as highly regulated and supervised as the U.S. securities markets or securities markets in some other jurisdictions. Accordingly, any trades or transfers of our equity securities by our officers and directors, our controlling shareholders or any of the officers and directors of our controlling shareholders must comply with the regulations issued by the CVM. See “Item 10. Additional Information—B. Memorandum and Bylaws—Disclosure Requirements.”
 
We have the option to ask that trading in our securities on the BM&FBOVESPA be suspended in anticipation of a material announcement. Trading may also be suspended on the initiative of the BM&FBOVESPA or the CVM, based on or due to, among other reasons, a belief that a company has provided inadequate information regarding a material event or has provided inadequate responses to inquiries by the CVM or the BM&FBOVESPA.
 
Under Brazilian corporate law, a corporation is either public, as we are, or closely held. All public companies are registered with the CVM and are subject to reporting requirements. A company registered with the CVM may trade its securities either on the BM&FBOVESPA, if it has registered to have its securities traded at the BM&FBOVESPA, or on the Brazilian over-the-counter market. The shares of a listed company may also be traded privately, subject to several limitations. Our common shares are listed on Novo Mercado segment of the BM&FBOVESPA.
 
The Brazilian over-the-counter market consists of direct trades between individuals in which a financial institution registered with the CVM (and in the relevant over the counter market) serves as intermediary. The Brazilian over-the-counter market is divided into two categories: (i) an organized over the counter market, in which
 
 
 
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the transactions are supervised by self-regulating entities authorized by the CVM; and (ii) a non-organized over the counter market, in which the transactions are not supervised by self-regulating entities authorized by the CVM. In either case, transactions are directly traded outside of the stock exchange market, through a financial institution authorized by the CVM. No special application, other than registration with the CVM, is necessary for securities of a public company to be traded in this market. The CVM requires that it be given notice of all trades carried out in the Brazilian over-the-counter market by the respective intermediaries.
 
Investment in Our Common Shares by Non-Residents of Brazil
 
Investors residing outside Brazil are authorized to purchase equity instruments, including our common shares, in the form of foreign portfolio investments on the BM&FBOVESPA, provided that they comply with the registration requirements set forth in Resolution No. 2,689 of the National Monetary Council (or Resolution No. 2,689), and CVM Instruction No. 325.
 
With certain limited exceptions, Resolution No. 2,689 investors are permitted to carry out any type of transaction in the Brazilian financial capital market involving a security traded on a stock, futures or organized over-the-counter market. Investments and remittances outside Brazil of gains, dividends, profits or other payments under our common shares are made through the foreign exchange market. See “Item 10. Additional Information—D. Exchange Controls”.
 
In order to become a Resolution No. 2,689 investor, an investor residing outside Brazil must:
 
 
·
appoint a representative in Brazil with powers to take actions relating to the investment;
 
 
·
appoint an authorized custodian in Brazil for the investments, which must be a financial institution duly authorized by the Central Bank and CVM;
 
 
·
appoint a tax representative in Brazil;
 
 
·
through its representative, register itself as a foreign investor with the CVM and the investment with the Central Bank; and
 
 
·
through its representative, register itself with the Brazilian Internal Revenue (Receita Federal) pursuant to the Regulatory Instructions No. 461 and 568.
 
Securities and other financial assets held by foreign investors pursuant to Resolution No. 2,689 must be registered or maintained in deposit accounts or under the custody of an entity duly licensed by the Central Bank or the CVM. In addition, securities trading by foreign investors is generally restricted to transactions involving securities listed on the Brazilian stock exchanges or traded in organized over-the-counter markets licensed by the CVM.
 
Foreign direct investors under Law No. 4,131/62 may sell their shares in both private or open market transactions, but these investors will generally be subject to less favorable tax treatment on gains as compared to foreign portfolio investors.
 
A foreign direct investor under Law No. 4,131/62 must:
 
 
·
register as a foreign direct investor with the Central Bank;
 
 
·
obtain a taxpayer identification number from the Brazilian tax authorities;
 
 
·
appoint a tax representative in Brazil; and
 
 
·
appoint a representative in Brazil for service of process in respect of suits based on Brazilian corporate law.
 
 
 
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Resolutions No. 1,927/92 and 3,485/10 of the National Monetary Council, which restated and amended Annex V to Resolution No. 1,289/87 of the National Monetary Council, provides for the issuance of depositary receipts in foreign markets in respect of shares of Brazilian issuers. Our ADSs program was approved by the CVM on March 8, 2007.
 
If a holder of ADSs decides to exchange ADSs for the underlying common shares, the holder may (1) sell the common shares on the BM&FBOVESPA and rely on the depositary’s electronic registration for five business days from the date of exchange to obtain and remit U.S. dollars abroad upon the holder’s sale of our common shares; (2) convert its investment into a foreign portfolio investment under Resolution No. 2,689/00, subject to simultaneous foreign exchange transactions; or (3) convert its investment into a foreign direct investment under Law No. 4,131/62, subject to simultaneous foreign exchange transactions.
 
If a holder of ADSs wishes to convert its investment into either a foreign portfolio investment under Resolution No. 2,689/00 or a foreign direct investment under Law No. 4,131/62, it should first comply with such regulations, obtaining his own foreign investor registration with the Central Bank or with the CVM as the case may be, in advance of exchanging the ADSs for common shares.
 
The aforementioned conversions are subject to simultaneous foreign exchange transactions, without actual remittance of funds, for purposes of payments of the applicable taxes. Please refer to “Item 10.E. Additional Information—Taxation—Brazilian Tax Considerations”
 
The custodian is authorized to update the depositary’s electronic registration to reflect conversions of ADSs into foreign portfolio investments under Resolution No. 2,689/00. If a foreign direct investor under Law No. 4,131/62 wishes to deposit its shares into the ADR program in exchange for ADSs, such holder will be required to present to the custodian evidence of payment of capital gains taxes. The conversion will be effected after obtaining Central Bank’s authorization. Please refer to “Item 10.E. Additional Information—Taxation—Brazilian Tax Considerations” for a description of the tax consequences to an investor residing outside Brazil of investing in our common shares in Brazil.
 
D.    Selling Shareholders
 
Not applicable.
 
E.    Dilution
 
Not applicable.
 
F.    Expenses of the Issue
 
Not applicable.
 
ITEM 10.         ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
 
A.   Share Capital
 
Not applicable.
 
B.    Memorandum and Bylaws
 
Registration
 
We are currently a publicly-held company incorporated under the laws of Brazil, registered with the Board of Trade of the State of São Paulo (JUCESP) under NIRE 35300147952 and with the CVM under No. 01610-1, and enrolled with the Brazilian Taxpayer’s Authorities under CNPJ/MF No. 01,545,826/0001-07.
 
 
 
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Corporate Purposes
 
Article 3 of our bylaws provides that our corporate purpose is to: (1) promote and develop any type of real estate project, whether our own or that of a third party, in the latter case as a contractor and agent; (2) purchase and sell any type of real estate; (3) perform civil construction and provide civil engineering services; and (4) develop and implement marketing strategies for any type of real estate project, whether our own or that of a third party.
 
Issued Share Capital
 
As of the date of this annual report, our share capital was R$ 2,734,156,672.12, all of which was fully subscribed and paid-in. Our share capital is comprised of 432,699,559 registered, book-entry common shares, without par value. Under our bylaws, our board of directors may increase our share capital to the limit of our authorized capital by issuing up to 600,000,000 common shares without the need of specific shareholder approval. Our shareholders must approve any capital increase above that amount at a shareholders’ general meeting. Pursuant to the agreement entered into with the BM&FBOVESPA for the listing of our shares on the Novo Mercado, we are not permitted to issue preferred shares.
 
Novo Mercado
 
Our shares were accepted for trading on the Novo Mercado on February 17, 2006. In order to delist our shares from the Novo Mercado and since we currently do not have a controlling shareholder, the general shareholders’ meeting that has decided upon the delisting shall appoint among those presents the person that, upon its express acceptance, must conduct a tender offer for the purchase of the shares of our capital stock outstanding in the market. See “—Delisting from the Novo Mercado.”  In the Novo Mercado, listed companies are required to, among others, (1) only issue common shares, (2) maintain a minimum free float equal to at least 25% of the company’s capital, (3) detail and include additional information in the quarterly information and (4) make available the annual financial statements in English and based on international accounting standards.
 
The rules imposed by the Novo Mercado aim at providing transparency in relation to the activities and economic situation of the companies to the market, as well as more power to the minority shareholders in the management of the companies, among other rights. The main rules relating to the Novo Mercado, to which the company is subject, are summarized below.
 
According to CMN Resolution No. 3,792 of September 24, 2009, which governs the closed complementary social security entities’ investment policy (Entidades Fechadas de Previdência Complementar – EFPC), such pension funds may invest up to 70% of its variable income investment portfolio (in which are included corporate stakes) in publicly held companies listed in the Novo Mercado, which may, therefore, improve the development of this corporate governance segment, benefiting the companies listed therein, taking into account the immense financial equity held by such pension funds in Brazil.
 
Authorization for Trading in the Novo Mercado
 
Firstly, the company that is authorized to list its securities on the Novo Mercado of BM&FBOVESPA shall keep updated its listed company register with the CVM, which allows the trading of the company’s common shares at the stock market. The Listing Rules of the Novo Mercado were recently revised and the new rules are in full force and effect since May 10, 2011. Additionally, we have already adapted our bylaws to the new rules of the Novo Mercado, within the scope of the amendment of our bylaws, as approved by the shareholders’ general meeting held on June 9, 2011.
 
According to the Listing Rules of the Novo Mercado, the company willing to negotiate its securities on the Novo Mercado shall, among other conditions: (1) along with its controlling shareholder (if any), execute a Listing Agreement in the Novo Mercado, (2) adapt its bylaws to comply with the minimum requirements determined in the Listing Rules of the Novo Mercado and (3) file the Management Compliance Statements and the Fiscal Council Compliance Statements (if applicable) with BM&FBOVESPA, duly executed by all managers and members of the Fiscal Council, respectively.  The capital of the company shall be exclusively divided into common shares and a
 
 
 
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minimum free float equal to 25% of the capital stock shall be maintained by the company.  The existence of founders’ shares by the companies listed on the Novo Mercado is prohibited.
 
In addition to the previous requirements, the company’s bylaws may not (1) establish any provision which restricts the number of votes of any shareholder or group of shareholders (as defined in the Listing Rules of the Novo Mercado) to a percentage inferior to 5% of the company’s corporate capital, (2) determine qualified quorums for matters submitted for the approval of the shareholders’ general meetings, except as provided by law, nor (3) restrict or establish any encumbrance to shareholders who vote favorably to the suppression or amendment of any provision of the company’s bylaws.
 
Board of Directors
 
The board of directors of companies authorized to have their shares traded on the Novo Mercado shall be comprised of at least five members, of which at least 20% shall be independent, as defined in the Listing Rules of the Novo Mercado.  The members of the board of directors shall be elected by a shareholders’ general meeting for a maximum two-year term of office, and are eligible for reelection.  All new members of the board of directors and of the board of officers shall sign a Management Compliance Statement which shall be filed with BM&FBOVESPA within 15 days of the date such members take office.  Through such Compliance Statement, the company’s directors and officers are personally responsible for complying with the Listing Agreement in the Novo Mercado, the Rules of the Market Arbitration Chamber, the Listing Rules of the Novo Mercado and any other rule issued by BM&FBOVESPA regarding the Novo Mercado.
 
The positions of chairman of the board of directors and of chief executive officer may not be cumulated by the same person, except in the event of (1) a transition period (limited to 3 years as of the date the company was authorized to negotiate on the Novo Mercado, except if BM&FBOVESPA authorizes otherwise); or (2) vacancy,  for a maximum period of 180 days.
 
Directors and officers shall inform the company of any other board of directors, executive committee, fiscal council or any other office occupied by them in other companies or entities, which will be sent by the company to BM&FBOVESPA within the terms established in the Listing Rules of the Novo Mercado.
 
The board of directors shall always disclose to the market an opinion regarding any tender offer of the company’s shares, informing, among others, their position on the convenience and consequences of such offer in respect to the interests (a) of the shareholders and regarding the liquidity of such securities held by the shareholders and (b) of the company, stating their reasons for being favorable or against the offer.
 
Other Novo Mercado Characteristics
 
Novo Mercado rules cover other areas designed to foster high levels of corporate governance and market transparency. Companies are required to keep the minimum stock percentage floating in the market in order to foster dispersion of share ownership. In addition, companies are obliged to assign tag-along rights to their shareholders in order to ensure equal treatment if a controlling shareholder sells its controlling stake.
 
The Novo Mercado rules require companies to provide quarterly information on the number of shares held by the controlling shareholder, if any, company directors and officers, members of the fiscal council and the number of outstanding shares, in addition to other information required by the Listing Rules of the Novo Mercado. We provide such required information on a quarterly basis and voluntarily on a monthly basis.  Companies are also required to give more disclosure regarding related party transactions in which a company may be involved. The Listing Rules of the Novo Mercado also require companies to prepare and disclose to BM&FBOVESPA and to the market a Securities Negotiation Policy applicable to the company, its controlling shareholders, directors, officers, members of the fiscal council and members of other committees, as well as a Code of Conduct establishing the company’s principles and values regarding its relationship with its management, employees, service providers and any person or entity with which the company maintains any relation.
 
 
 
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Finally, controlling shareholders, other shareholders, directors, officers and members of a company’s fiscal council are required to submit to arbitration any disputes or conflicts related to or arising from the Listing Rules of the Novo Mercado, the Listing Agreement in the Novo Mercado, the Penalties Regulation and the Arbitration Clause, specifically with regard to their application, validity, effectiveness and interpretation.  The arbitrations shall take place before the Market Arbitration Chamber established by the BM&FBOVESPA and shall be conducted in accordance with the Rules of the Market Arbitration Chamber.
 
Company Management
 
We are managed by a board of directors (Conselho de Administração) and a board of officers (Diretoria). See “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—C. Board Practices.”
 
The members of the board of directors must be shareholders irrespectively of the number of shares of the capital stock of the company he/she holds. The members of the board of officers must be Brazilian residents and may or may not be shareholders.
 
Conflict of Interests
 
According to the Brazilian corporate law a director or an officer shall not take part in any corporate transaction in which he/she has an interest which conflicts with the interest of the company. In this case, he/she shall disclose his/her disqualification to the other directors or officers and shall cause the nature and extent of his/her interest to be recorded in the minutes of the board of directors or board of officers’ meeting, as the case may be.
 
With due compliance with the rules above relating to conflict of interests, a director or an officer may only contract with the company under reasonable and fair conditions, identical to those which prevail in the market or under which the corporation would contract with third parties. Any business contracted otherwise is voidable and the director or the officer concerned shall be obliged to transfer to the corporation all benefits which he/she may have obtained in such business.
 
According to Brazilian corporate law, a director or officer may not:
 
 
·
perform any act of generosity to the detriment of the company;
 
 
·
without prior approval of the shareholders’ general meeting or the board of directors, borrow money or property from the company or use its property, services or take advantage of its standing for his/her own benefit, for the benefit of a company in which he/she has an interest or for the benefit of a third party; and
 
 
·
by virtue of his or her position, receive any type of direct or indirect personal advantage from third parties, without authorization in the bylaws or from a shareholders’ general meeting.
 
According to our bylaws, any business or agreement between the company and any director or officer must be previously approved by the board of directors, except if specified in our annual budget or business plan.
 
Rules for Retirement
 
There is no retirement age relating to directors or officers pursuant to the Brazilian law and our bylaws.
 
Policy for the Trading of Our Securities
 
On July 15, 2009, our board of directors approved a new Conduct Manual on Information Disclosure and Use and Securities Trading Policy, which establishes the following procedures regarding the policy for the trading of our securities:
 
 
·
all of our directors, executive officers, employees, members of the other bodies with technical or consultant duties, our possible controlling shareholders, and whoever by virtue of his/her position, job, or post at our company or our subsidiaries and affiliates, and who have signed the compliance statement and became
 
 
 
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aware of information of a material transaction or event involving our company, are restricted from trading in our securities until such material transaction or event is disclosed to the market, except as regards treasury stock transactions, through private trading, the exercise of options to purchase shares of our capital stock, or a possible buyback, also through private trading, carried out by us. This restriction is extended to periods prior to the announcement of such information or annual or interim financial statements;
 
 
·
trading of our securities or transactions related to our securities carried out by the aforementioned persons pursuant to an Individual Investment Program, consisting of long-term investments, as defined in the Trading Policy, is not subject to the aforementioned restrictions;
 
 
·
the restrictions of the Trading Policy also apply to our former directors and executive officers who resigned prior to the public disclosure of a transaction or fact that began during their administration (a) for the six month period following the end of their duties with the company, or (b) until the disclosure of the material event or the related financial statements, whichever occurs first; and
 
 
·
the abovementioned restrictions also apply to indirect trading carried out by such persons, except those conducted by investment funds, provided that the investment funds are not exclusive and the transaction decisions taken by the investment fund officers cannot be influenced by its unit holders.
 
Rights of Common Shares
 
Each of our common shares entitles its holder to one vote at an annual or special shareholders’ general meeting. A holder of ADS has the right under the deposit agreement to instruct the depositary to exercise the voting rights for the common shares represented by his/hers ADSs. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Our Common Shares and the ADSs.”  Pursuant to our bylaws, Brazilian corporate law and the Novo Mercado rules, owners of common shares are entitled to dividends, or other distributions made in respect of common shares, in proportion to their ownership of outstanding shares. See “Item 8. Financial Information—A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information—Dividend Policy” and “Item 9. The Offer and Listing—C. Markets— Investment in Our Common Shares by Non-Residents of Brazil” for a more complete description of payment of dividends and other distributions on our common shares. In addition, upon our liquidation, holders of our shares are entitled to share all our remaining assets, after payment of all our liabilities, ratably in accordance with their respective participation in the total amount of our issued and outstanding shares. Holders of our common shares are entitled to participate on a pro rata basis in future capital calls by our company except in some specific circumstances under Brazilian law, as described in “—Preemptive Rights”. Our common shares have tag along rights, which enable their holders to, upon the sale of a controlling interest in us, receive 100% of the price paid per common share of the controlling block by a single or series of transaction.
 
Options
 
According to our bylaws, we may, within our authorized share capital and upon resolution of the shareholders’ general meeting, grant stock options to (1) our directors, executive officers and employees, or (2) individuals who provide services to us or to companies we control.
 
Appraisal Rights
 
Shareholders who are absent, dissent or abstain from voting on certain actions taken during a shareholders’ general meeting have the right under Brazilian corporate law to withdraw from our company and to receive the value of their shares.
 
According to Brazilian corporate law, shareholder appraisal rights may be exercised in the following circumstances, among others:
 
 
·
a reduction in the percentage of our mandatory dividends;
 
 
·
a change in our corporate purpose;
 
 
 
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·
an acquisition, by our company, of a controlling stake in another company if the acquisition price is outside of the limits established by Brazilian corporate law;
 
 
·
a merger of shares involving our company, a merger of our company into another company, if we are not the surviving entity, or our consolidation with another company; or
 
 
·
an approval of our participation in a group of companies (as defined in Brazilian corporate law).
 
Brazilian corporate law further provides that any resolution regarding a spin-off will also entitle shareholders to withdraw if the spin-off:
 
 
·
causes a change in our corporate purpose, except if the equity is spun-off to a company whose primary activities are consistent with our corporate purposes;
 
 
·
reduces our mandatory dividends; or
 
 
·
causes us to join a group of companies (as defined in Brazilian corporate law).
 
In cases where (1) our company is involved in a merger of shares or merges with another company where we are not the surviving company, or (2) we are consolidated with another company, or (3) we participate in a group of companies (as defined in Brazilian corporate law), our shareholders will not be entitled to withdraw from our company if their respective shares are (a) liquid, i.e. part of the BM&FBOVESPA index or other stock exchange index in Brazil or abroad, (as defined by the CVM), and (b) widely held, such that less than 50% of our shares are held by a controlling shareholder or by companies a controlling shareholder controls. We are currently part of the IBM&FBOVESPA (the BM&FBOVESPA index) and have no controlling shareholder. Therefore, our shares are, at present, considered liquid and widely held for the purposes of this paragraph.
 
The right to withdraw expires 30 days after publication of the minutes of the relevant shareholders’ general meeting. We are entitled to reconsider any action giving rise to withdrawal rights for 10 days after the expiration of the 30-day period if the redemption of shares of absent, dissenting or non-voting shareholders would jeopardize our financial stability. If shareholders exercise withdrawal rights, they are entitled to receive net book value for the shares, based on the last balance sheet approved by the shareholders. If the resolution giving rise to the appraisal rights is made later than 60 days after the date of the last approved balance sheet, the shareholder may demand that his or her shares be valued according to a new balance sheet dated no less than 60 days before the resolution date. In this case, we must immediately pay 80% of the equity value of the shares according to the most recent balance sheet approved by our shareholders, and the remaining balance must be paid within 120 days after the date of the resolution of the shareholders’ general meeting.
 
Redemption of Shares
 
According to Brazilian corporate law, we may redeem our shares by a decision taken in a special shareholders’ general meeting by shareholders representing at least 50% of our share capital. The share redemption may be paid with our profit, profit reserves or capital reserves. If the share redemption is not applicable to all shares, the redemption will be made by lottery. If custody shares are picked in the lottery and there are no rules established in the custody agreement, the financial institution will specify on a pro rata basis, the shares to be redeemed.
 
Registration of Shares
 
Our shares are held in book-entry form with Itaú Corretora de Valores S.A., which will act as the custodian agent for our shares. Transfer of our shares will be carried out by means of book entry by Itaú Corretora de Valores S.A., debiting the share account of the seller and crediting the share account of the buyer, with the presentation of a written order of the transferor or a judicial authorization or order to effect such transfers.
 
 
 
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Preemptive Rights
 
Except as provided below, our shareholders have a general preemptive right to participate in any issuance of new shares, convertible debentures and warrants, in proportion to their respective shareholding at such time, but the conversion of debentures and subscription warrants into shares, the granting of options to purchase shares and the issuance of shares as a result of its exercise, are not subject to preemptive rights. In addition, Brazilian corporate law allows for companies’ bylaws to give the board of directors the power to exclude preemptive rights or reduce the exercise period of such rights with respect to the issuance of new shares, debentures convertible into shares and subscription warrants up to the limit of the authorized share capital if the distribution of those shares, debentures or subscription warrants is effected through a sale on a stock exchange, through a public offering or through an exchange of shares in a tender offer the purpose of which is to acquire control of another company. Shareholders are allowed to exercise the preemptive rights for a period of at least 30 days following the publication of notice of the issuance of shares, convertible debentures and warrants, and the right may be transferred or disposed of for consideration.
 
Holders of ADSs may be unable to exercise preemptive rights with respect to our common shares underlying the ADSs. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Our Common Shares and the ADSs—Holders of ADSs may be unable to exercise preemptive rights with respect to our common shares underlying the ADSs.”
 
Shareholders’ General Meetings
 
Under Brazilian corporate law, at our shareholders’ meetings, shareholders are empowered to take any action relating to our corporate purpose and to pass any such resolutions as they deem necessary. The approval of our financial statements and the determination of the allocation of our net profits with respect to each fiscal year take place at our annual general shareholders’ meeting immediately following such fiscal year. The election of our directors and, if requested by shareholders, of members of our fiscal council typically takes place at the annual general shareholders’ meeting, although under Brazilian law it may also occur at a special shareholders’ general meeting.
 
A special shareholders’ general meeting may be held concurrently with the annual general shareholders’ meeting. Pursuant to our bylaws and Brazilian corporate law, the following actions, among others, may only be taken at a general shareholders’ meeting:
 
 
·
amendment of our bylaws, including amendment of our corporate purpose;
 
 
·
election and dismissal, at any time, of our directors and members of our fiscal council;
 
 
·
determination of the aggregate compensation of our board of directors and board of officers, as well as the fiscal council’s compensation;
 
 
·
approval of stock splits and reverse stock splits;
 
 
·
approval of a stock option plan;
 
 
·
approval of the management’s accounts and the financial statements prepared by the management;
 
 
·
resolution upon the destination of our net income and distribution of dividends;
 
 
·
election of the fiscal council to function in the event of our dissolution;
 
 
·
cancellation of our registration with the CVM as a publicly-held company;
 
 
·
authorization for the issuance of convertible debentures or secured debentures;
 
 
·
suspension of the rights of a shareholder who has violated Brazilian corporate law or our bylaws;
 
 
 
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·
acceptance or rejection of the valuation of in-kind contributions offered by a shareholder in consideration for shares of our capital stock;
 
 
·
approval of our transformation into a limited liability company or any other corporate form;
 
 
·
delisting of our common shares from the Novo Mercado;
 
 
·
appointment of a financial institution responsible for our valuation, in the event of a mandatory tender offer, specifically in the event that a tender offer for our common shares is carried out in connection with the delisting of our common shares from the Novo Mercado or cancellation of our registration as a publicly-held company;
 
 
·
reduction in the percentage of mandatory dividends;
 
 
·
participation in a group of companies (as defined in Brazilian corporate law);
 
 
·
approval of any merger, consolidation with another company or spin-off;
 
 
·
approval of our dissolution or liquidation, the appointment and dismissal of the respective liquidator and the official review of the reports prepared by him or her; and
 
 
·
authorization to petition for bankruptcy or request for judicial or extrajudicial restructuring.
 
According to Brazilian corporate law, neither a company’s bylaws nor actions taken at a shareholders’ meeting may deprive a shareholder of specific rights, such as:
 
 
·
the right to participate in the distribution of profits;
 
 
·
the right to participate equally and ratably in any remaining residual assets in the event of liquidation of the company;
 
 
·
the right to preemptive rights in the event of subscription of shares, convertible debentures or subscription warrants, except in some specific circumstances under Brazilian law described in “—Preemptive Rights”;
 
 
·
the right to inspect and monitor the management of the company’s business in accordance with Brazilian corporate law; and
 
 
·
the right to withdraw from the company in the cases specified in Brazilian corporate law, described in “—Withdrawal Rights.”
 
Quorum for our Shareholders’ General Meetings
 
As a general rule, Brazilian corporate law provides that a quorum at a shareholders’ general meeting consists of shareholders representing at least 25% of a company’s issued and outstanding voting capital on the first call and, if that quorum is not reached, any percentage on the second call. A quorum for the purposes of amending our bylaws consists of shareholders representing at least two-thirds of our issued and outstanding voting capital on the first call and any percentage on the second call.
 
As a general rule, the affirmative vote of shareholders representing at least the majority of our issued and outstanding common shares present in person or represented by proxy at a shareholders’ general meeting is required to ratify any proposed action, with abstentions not taken into account. However, the affirmative vote of shareholders representing one-half of our issued and outstanding voting capital is required to:
 
 
·
reduce the percentage of mandatory dividends;
 
 
·
change our corporate purpose;
 
 
 
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·
merge or consolidate our company with another company;
 
 
·
spin-off a portion of our assets or liabilities;
 
 
·
approve our participation in a group of companies (as defined in Brazilian corporate law);
 
 
·
apply for cancellation of any voluntary liquidation;
 
 
·
approve our dissolution; and
 
 
·
approve the merger of all our shares into another company.
 
A quorum smaller than one-half of our issued and outstanding voting capital may be authorized by the CVM for a publicly-held company with widely-traded and widespread shares that has had less than half of the holders of its voting shares in attendance at its last three shareholders’ meetings. In such case, resolutions may only be taken on a third call.
 
According to our bylaws and for so long as we are listed on the Novo Mercado, we may not issue preferred shares or founders’ shares and we will have to conduct a tender offer in order to delist ourselves from the Novo Mercado.
 
Notice of our Shareholders’ General Meetings
 
According to Brazilian corporate law, notice of our shareholders’ general meetings must be published at least three times in the Diário Oficial do Estado de São Paulo, the official newspaper of the State of São Paulo, and in another widely circulated newspaper in the same State, previously chosen at an annual shareholders meeting, which, in our case is O Estado de São Paulo. The first notice must be published no later than 15 days before the date of the meeting on the first call, and no later than eight days before the date of the meeting on the second call. However, in certain circumstances, upon the request of any shareholder, the CVM may require that the first notice be published 30 days in advance of the meeting. In addition, the CVM may suspend for up to 15 days the required prior notice of the special shareholders’ general meeting so that it may further analyze the proposal to be voted upon at such meeting. Such call notice in all circumstances shall contain the agenda for the meeting and a list of the documents that will be required from our shareholders to be admitted at the meetings. CVM Regulation No. 481 of December 17, 2009 also requires that additional information be disclosed in the call notice for certain matters. For example, in the event of an election of directors, the call notice shall also disclose the minimum percentage of equity participation required from a shareholder to request the adoption of cumulative voting procedures. All documents pertaining to the matters to be discussed at the shareholders’ general meeting shall be made available to the shareholders upon publication of the first call notice, except if the law or CVM regulations provide otherwise.
 
Location of our Shareholders’ General Meetings
 
Our shareholders’ meetings shall take place at our head offices at Av. Nações Unidas No. 8,501, 19th floor, 05425-070 - São Paulo, SP - Brazil. Brazilian corporate law allows our shareholders to hold meetings outside our head offices in the event of force majeure, provided that the relevant notice contains a clear indication of the place where the meeting will occur.
 
Who May Call our Shareholders’ General Meetings
 
According to Brazilian corporate law, our board of directors may call a shareholders’ general meeting. Shareholders’ general meetings may also be called by:
 
 
·
any shareholder, if our directors fail to call a shareholders’ general meeting within 60 days after the date they were required to do so under applicable laws and our bylaws;
 
 
 
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·
shareholders holding at least 5% of our share capital if our directors fail to call a meeting within eight days after receipt of a request to call the meeting by those shareholders, and such request must indicate the proposed agenda;
 
 
·
shareholders holding at least 5% of our share capital if our directors fail to call a meeting within eight days after receipt of a request to call the meeting to convene a fiscal council; and
 
 
·
our fiscal council (if installed), in the event our board of directors delays calling an annual shareholders’ meeting for more than one month. The fiscal council may also call a special general shareholders’ meeting at any time if it believes that there are significant or urgent matters to be addressed.
 
There is an obligation of the chairman of our board of directors to call a shareholders’ general meeting if: (1) we are not under control of a shareholder holding more than 50% of our voting capital, and (2) BM&FBOVESPA determines that the price of our shares shall be quoted separately or that the trading of our shares on the Novo Mercado shall be suspended by reason of non-compliance with the listing rules of Novo Mercado.  At such a meeting all members of our board of directors must be replaced. In the event the shareholders’ general meeting is not called by the chairman of the board of directors within the time period established in our bylaws, the meeting may be called by any shareholder of the company.
 
Conditions for Admission at our Shareholders’ General Meetings
 
A shareholder may be represented at a shareholders’ general meeting by a proxy, as long as the proxy is appointed less than a year before such shareholders’ general meeting. The proxy must be either a shareholder, an executive officer or a director of our company, a lawyer or a financial institution. An investment fund must be represented by its investment fund officer.
 
Shareholders attending a shareholders’ general meeting must deliver proof of their status as shareholders and proof that they hold the shares they intend to vote by delivery of proper identification and a receipt issued by the custodian agent of our shares.
 
Arbitration
 
Any disputes or controversies involving our company, our shareholders, members of our management or our fiscal council relating to or arising from the Listing Agreement on the Novo Mercado, Listing Rules, our bylaws, Brazilian corporate law, the rules published by the CMN, the Central Bank, the CVM, any shareholders’ agreement filed at our headquarters, and other rules applicable to the Brazilian capital markets in general, must be submitted to arbitration conducted in accordance with the Rules of the Market Arbitration Chamber established by the BM&FBOVESPA. According to Chapter Twelve of such Rules, the parties may consensually agree to use another arbitration chamber or center to resolve their disputes.
 
Going Private Process
 
We may become a private company by the decision of our shareholders only if we conduct a public tender offer to acquire all of our outstanding shares in accordance with the rules and regulations of Brazilian corporate law, the CVM and the Novo Mercado regulations which requires:
 
 
·
a fair bid price at least equal to the value estimated of the company; and
 
 
·
shareholders holding more than two thirds of the outstanding shares have specifically approved the process or accepted the offer.
 
The minimum price offered for the shares in the public tender offer will correspond to the economic value of such shares, as determined by a valuation report issued by a specialized firm, and we may only purchase shares from shareholders that have voted in favor of us becoming a private company after purchasing all shares from the other shareholders that did not vote in favor of such deliberation and that have accepted the public tender offer.
 
 
 
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The valuation report must be prepared by a specialized and independent firm of recognized experience chosen by the shareholders representing the majority of the outstanding shares present at the relevant shareholders’ meeting (excluding, for such purposes, treasury shares, shares held by our affiliates and by other companies that are a part of our economic group, as well as blank votes) from a list of three institutions presented by our board of directors. All the expenses and costs incurred in connection with the preparation of the valuation report must be paid for by the person making the tender offer.
 
Shareholders holding at least 10% of our outstanding shares may require our management to call a special shareholders’ general meeting to determine whether to perform another valuation using the same or a different valuation method. This request must be made within 15 days following the disclosure of the price to be paid for the shares in the public offering. The shareholders who make such request as well as those who vote in its favor must reimburse us for any costs involved in preparing the new valuation, if the new valuation price is not higher than the original valuation price. If the new valuation price is higher than the original valuation price, the public offering must be made at the higher price.
 
Delisting from the Novo Mercado
 
We may, at any time, delist our common shares from the Novo Mercado, provided that shareholders approve the decision and that the BM&FBOVESPA is notified in writing at least 30 days in advance. Delisting of shares from the Novo Mercado does not require delisting from the BM&FBOVESPA.
 
If our common shares are delisted from the Novo Mercado,  our controlling shareholders, if any, will be required to conduct a tender offer for the acquisition of our outstanding common shares. In case there are no controlling shareholders, the shareholders’ general meeting deciding on the delisting must also appoint who will be responsible for the mandatory tender offer. The minimum price offered for the shares in the public tender offer will correspond to the economic value of the shares, as determined by a valuation report issued by a specialized firm chosen by the shareholders representing a majority of the outstanding shares (excluding, for such purposes, shares held by the controlling shareholders, if any, and their affiliates, treasury shares, shares held by our affiliates, and blank votes) from a list of three institutions presented by our board of directors.  All the expenses and costs incurred in connection with the preparation of the valuation report must be paid for by the controlling shareholder, if any, or by us.
 
If our delisting from the Novo Mercado occurs due to the cancellation of our registration as a publicly held company, all the other requirements established by such delisting shall be followed. See “—Going Private Process.”
 
In the event that we delist due to a corporate reorganization where the surviving company is not admitted for listing on the Novo Mercado within one hundred and twenty days as of the date of the shareholders’ general meeting that resolved on the corporate reorganization, the then-controlling shareholders will need to carry out a public tender offer for the acquisition of the shares held by the other shareholders, and the minimum price offered per share shall be the economic value of the shares. In case the company does not have controlling shareholders, the shareholders’ general meeting that decided on the delisting must also determine who will be responsible for the mandatory tender offer, and in case the shareholders’ general meeting fails to do so, the shareholders who approved the corporate reorganization will be responsible for the tender offer.   The notice of public tender offer shall be given to the BM&FBOVESPA and released to the market immediately after the shareholders’ general meeting that has approved the corporate reorganization..
 
If our share control is sold within twelve months of our delisting from the Novo Mercado, the selling controlling shareholder and the acquirer shall offer to acquire the shares of all other shareholders under the same conditions offered to the selling controlling shareholder.
 
Sale of a Controlling Stake in our Company
 
Under the Listing Rules of the Novo Mercado, the sale of a controlling interest in our company, either through a single transaction or through successive transactions, takes place under a suspension or resolution condition, where the acquirer agrees to, within the time and pursuant to the conditions specified under Brazilian corporate law and the
 
 
 
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Listing Rules of the Novo Mercado, make a tender offer of the remaining shares of the other shareholders under the same terms and conditions granted to the selling controlling shareholder.
 
A tender offer is also required under the following conditions:
 
 
·
when rights are assigned for a subscription of shares and other securities or rights related to securities convertible into shares that results in the sale of the company’s controlling stake;
 
 
·
when, if the controlling shareholder is an entity, the control of such controlling entity is transferred; and
 
 
·
when a controlling stake is acquired through an agreement for the purchase of shares. In this case, the acquirer is obligated to make a tender offer under the same terms and conditions granted to the selling shareholders and reimburse the shareholders from whom he/she had purchased the shares traded on stock exchanges within the six months before the sale date of the company’s share control. The reimbursement value is the difference between the price paid to the selling controlling shareholder and the amount traded on stock exchanges per share, during this period, adjusted by the inflation in the period. Such amount shall be distributed among all persons who sold shares issued by the company in the stock market trading session in which the acquirer made its acquisitions, proportionally to the daily net selling balance of each acquisition, being BM&FBOVESPA responsible for processing such distribution according to its regulations.
 
The buyer, when necessary, must take the necessary measures to recompose the minimum 25% of outstanding shares in the market within the subsequent six months.
 
Mandatory Tender Offer in case of Acquisition of a 30% Stake
 
Under the rules of our bylaws, if any person acquires our shares, or any securities or rights related to such shares, in an amount representing 30% or more of our corporate capital, such acquirer has to carry out a mandatory tender offer for the acquisition of all shares issued by the Company. The minimum price offered for the shares in the public tender offer will correspond to the economic value of such shares, as determined by a valuation report issued by a specialized firm.
 
The valuation report must be prepared by a specialized and independent firm of recognized experience chosen by the shareholders representing the majority of the outstanding shares present at the relevant shareholders’ meeting (excluding, for such purposes, treasury shares, shares held by our affiliates and by other companies that are a part of our economic group, as well as blank votes) from a list of three institutions presented by our board of directors.  All the expenses and costs incurred in connection with the preparation of the valuation report must be paid for by the person making the tender offer.
 
Shareholders holding at least 10% of our outstanding shares may require our management to call a special shareholders’ general meeting to determine whether to perform another valuation using the same or a different valuation method.  This request must be made within 15 days following the disclosure of the price to be paid for the shares in the public offering.  The shareholders who make such request as well as those who vote in its favor must reimburse us for any costs involved in preparing the new valuation, if the new valuation price is not higher than the original valuation price.  If the new valuation price is higher than the original valuation price, the acquirer may either increase the offer price or withdraw the tender offer, in the latter case provided that it shall dispose of the shares in excess of 30% of our corporate capital within 3 months counted from the special general meeting mentioned in this paragraph.
 
A tender offer as a result of an acquisition of a 30% equity stake is not mandatory in any of the following cases: (1) if we have a controlling shareholder with more than 50% of our shares; (2) if a 30% equity stake is obtained as a result of purchases made under another public tender offer for the acquisition of our shares by their economic value, made in accordance with the Novo Mercado Listing Rules or with the applicable law; (3) if a 30% equity stake is obtained involuntarily as a result of a corporate reorganizations, cancellation of shares in treasury, share redemption,
 
 
 
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capital reduction, or of a subscription of shares made under a primary public offer for distribution of our shares; or (d) in the case of a sale of a controlling stake, which is subject to the rules described above for such case.
 
Purchases by us of our own Shares
 
Our bylaws entitle our board of directors to approve the acquisition of our own shares. The decision to acquire our shares for purposes of maintaining the acquired shares in treasury or of cancelling them may not, among other things:
 
 
·
result in the reduction of our share capital;
 
 
·
require the use of resources greater than our profit reserves and other available reserves, as provided in our financial statements;
 
 
·
create, as a result of any action or inaction, directly or indirectly, any artificial demand, supply or condition relating to share price;
 
 
·
involve any unfair practice; or
 
 
·
be used for the acquisition of shares held by our controlling shareholders.
 
We may not keep in treasury more than 10% of our outstanding common shares, including the shares held by our subsidiaries and affiliates.
 
Any acquisition by us of our own shares must be made on a stock exchange and cannot be made in a private transaction, except if previously approved by CVM. Moreover, we may acquire or issue put or call options related to our shares.
 
Disclosure Requirements
 
We are subject to the reporting requirements established by Brazilian corporate law and the CVM. Furthermore, because we are listed with the Novo Mercado, we must also follow the disclosure requirements provided for in the Listing Rules of the Novo Mercado.
 
Disclosure of Information
 
The Brazilian securities regulations require that a publicly-held corporation provide the CVM and the relevant stock exchanges with periodic information that includes annual information statements, quarterly financial statements, quarterly management reports, independent auditor reports, notices and minutes of shareholders’ meetings, among others. In addition, we also must disclose any material development related to our business to the CVM and the BM&FBOVESPA.
 
We observe the Novo Mercado disclosure standards and are required to, among other things:
 
 
·
present the company’s financial statements, standard financial statements form (DFP), quarterly information form (ITR) and Reference Form (Formulário de Referência);
 
 
·
include a note in the quarterly information form (ITR) regarding all operations with related parties;
 
 
·
disclose and maintain updated the information presented in the Reference Form regarding any shareholder holding, directly or indirectly, at least 5% of the company’s capital stock, considering the information received by company from the relevant shareholders;
 
 
·
disclose, monthly, the individual and consolidated amount and characteristics of our securities held directly or indirectly by controlling shareholders (if this is the case), by members of our management and by members of our fiscal council (if installed); and
 
 
 
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·
disclose, monthly, the individual and consolidated changes in the amount of securities held by controlling shareholders (if this is the case), by members of our management and by members of our fiscal council (if in place) within the preceding 12 months.
 
Disclosure of Trading by Insiders
 
Pursuant to the rules of the Novo Mercado, each of our possible controlling shareholders must disclose to the BM&FBOVESPA information in connection with the total amount and characteristics of securities owned, directly or indirectly, by them and issued by us, or any derivatives referenced in such securities, as well as any subsequent trading of such securities and derivatives. In the case of individuals, such information shall also include securities held by the spouse, companion or dependents of such persons, included in the annual income tax statement of such controlling shareholder. This information must be communicated to the BM&FBOVESPA within 10 days following the end of each month.
 
CVM regulations require our directors, executive officers, members of the fiscal council, and members of any other technical or advisory body to disclose to us, to the CVM and to the BM&FBOVESPA, the total amount, the characteristics and form of acquisition of securities issued by us, listed companies under our control or the control of our listed controlling shareholders, including derivatives referenced in such securities that are held by each of them, as well as any change in such investments within 10 days after the end of the month when the securities were traded. In the case of individuals, such information shall also include securities held by the spouse, companion or dependents of such persons, included in the annual income tax statement and companies controlled directly or indirectly by such person.
 
In addition, our controlling shareholders, our shareholders who have caused the election of members of our board of directors or fiscal council, as well as any individual, legal entity or group of persons acting jointly whose direct or indirect participation is equal to or in excess of 5% or more of our shares, must provide to us, the CVM and the BM&FBOVESPA the following information:
 
 
·
the name and qualification of the person providing the information;
 
 
·
amount, price, type, and/or class, in the case of acquired shares, or characteristics, in the case of securities;
 
 
·
form of acquisition (private placement or purchase through a stock exchange, among others);
 
 
·
reason and purpose for the acquisition; and
 
 
·
information on any agreement regarding the exercise of voting rights or the purchase and sale of our securities.
 
The disclosure requirement referred to above will also apply to any person or group acting jointly, holding participation equal to or in excess of 5%, each time such person increases or decreases its participation in our shares by an amount equal to 5% of our shares.
 
Disclosure of Material Developments
 
According to Law No. 6,385 of December 7, 1976, and subsequent amendments, and CVM Instruction No. 358 of January 3, 2002, and subsequent amendments, we must disclose any material development related to our business to the CVM and to the BM&FBOVESPA and must publish a notice of the material development. A development is deemed to be material if it has a material impact on the price of our securities, on the decision of investors to trade in our securities or on the decision of investors to exercise any rights as holders of any of our securities.
 
Under special circumstances, we may request confidential treatment of certain material developments from the CVM, when our management believes that public disclosure could result in adverse consequences to us.
 
 
 
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C.    Material Contracts
 
On December 30, 2009, the shareholders of Gafisa and Tenda approved a corporate restructuring to consolidate Gafisa’s noncontrolling share ownership in Tenda. The restructuring was accomplished by exchanging all of the remaining Tenda shares not held by Gafisa into Gafisa shares. As a result of the restructuring, Tenda became a wholly-owned subsidiary of Gafisa.
 
On May 27, 2010, the shareholders of Gafisa approved the acquisition of 20% of Alphaville’s shares, by means of a merger of the totality of shares issued by Shertis Empreendimentos e Participações S.A. or “Shertis”, which main asset are shares representing 20% of Alphaville’s shares, in the total amount of R$126.5 million. As a consequence of such merger, Gafisa issued 9,797,792 common shares, paid to the former shareholders of Shertis. In addition, we may acquire the remaining 20% of Alphaville’s shares that we currently do not own by 2012.
 
D.    Exchange Controls
 
There are no restrictions on ownership of our common shares by individual or legal entities domiciled outside Brazil. However, the right to convert dividend payments and proceeds from the sale of our shares into foreign currency and to remit such amounts abroad is subject to requirements under foreign investment legislation which generally establish that the relevant investment be registered with the Central Bank and the CVM. Subject to certain procedures and specific regulatory provisions, the purchase and sale of foreign currency and the international transfer of reais by a person or legal entity resident, domiciled or headquartered in Brazil, as the case may be, is allowed, without limitation as to amount, provided that the underlying transaction is legal, legitimate and has economic substance, as evidenced by the applicable supporting documentation submitted to the financial institution in charge of the foreign exchange transaction. In addition, foreign currencies may only be purchased through duly authorized financial institutions headquartered in Brazil. See “Item 3.D. Key Information—Risk Factors—Risk Relating to Brazil—Restrictions on the movement of capital out of Brazil may adversely affect your ability to receive dividends and distributions on the ADSs and on our common shares, or the proceeds of any sale of our common shares” and “Item 9.C. The Offer and Listing—Markets—Investment in Our Common Shares by Non-Residents of Brazil.”
 
In the past, the Brazilian Central Bank has intervened occasionally to control unstable movements in foreign exchange rates. We cannot predict whether the Brazilian Central Bank or the Brazilian government will continue to let the real float freely or will intervene in the exchange rate market through the return of a currency band system or otherwise. The real may depreciate or appreciate against the U.S. dollar substantially.
 
Brazilian law provides that, whenever there is a serious imbalance in Brazil’s balance of payments or there are serious reasons to foresee a serious imbalance, temporary restrictions may be imposed on remittances of foreign capital abroad. We cannot assure you that such measures will not be taken by the Brazilian government in the future. See “Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Brazil—The Brazilian government may impose exchange controls and significant restrictions on transfers of foreign currency abroad, which could materially adversely affect our ability to remit dividend payments abroad.”
 
E.     Taxation
 
The following discussion contains a description of material Brazilian and U.S. federal income tax consequences of the acquisition, ownership and disposition of common shares or ADSs. The discussion is based upon the tax laws of Brazil and regulations thereunder and on the tax laws of the United States and regulations thereunder as of the date hereof, which are subject to change.
 
Although there is at present no income tax treaty between Brazil and the United States, the tax authorities of the two countries have had discussions that may culminate in such a treaty. No assurance can be given, however, as to whether or when a treaty will enter into force or how it will affect the U.S. Holders (as defined below) of common shares or ADSs. Prospective holders of common shares or ADSs should consult their own tax advisers as to the tax consequences of the acquisition, ownership and disposition of common shares or ADSs in their particular circumstances.
 
 
 
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Brazilian Tax Considerations
 
The following discussion summarizes the principal Brazilian tax consequences of the acquisition, ownership and disposition of our common shares or ADSs by a holder that is not domiciled in Brazil for purposes of Brazilian taxation (a “Non-Resident Holder”). This discussion is based on Brazilian law as currently in effect, which is subject to change, possibly with retroactive effect, and subject to different interpretations. Any change in that law may change the consequences described below.
 
The tax consequences described below do not take into account the effects of any tax treaties or reciprocity of tax treatment entered into by Brazil and other countries.  The discussion also does not address any tax consequences under the tax laws of any state or municipality of Brazil. The description below is not intended to constitute a complete analysis of all tax consequences relating to the acquisition, exchange, ownership and disposition of our common shares or ADSs. Each Non-Resident Holder should consult his or her own tax advisor concerning the Brazilian tax consequences of an investment in our common shares or ADSs.
 
Income tax
 
Dividends. Dividends paid by a Brazilian corporation, such as our company, including stock dividends and other dividends paid to a Non-Resident Holder of common shares or ADSs, are currently not subject to withholding income tax in Brazil to the extent that such amounts are related to profits generated after January 1, 1996. Dividends paid from profits generated before January 1, 1996 may be subject to Brazilian withholding income tax at varying rates, according to the tax legislation applicable to each corresponding year. We generally expect to pay dividends from profits generated after January 1, 1996.
 
Interest on Shareholders’ Equity. Law No. 9,249, dated December 26, 1995, as amended, permits a Brazilian corporation, such as our company, to make distributions to shareholders of interest on shareholders’ equity as an alternative to making dividend distributions and treat such payments as a deductible expense for purposes of calculating Brazilian corporate income tax and social contribution on net profits, as far as the limits described below are observed. These distributions may be paid in cash. For tax purposes, this interest is limited to the daily pro rata variation of the Brazilian long-term interest rate (“TJLP”), as determined by the Central Bank from time to time, and the amount of the deduction may not exceed the greater of:
 
 
·
50% of net income (after the deduction of social contribution on net profits but before taking into account the provision for corporate income tax and the interest on shareholders’ equity) for the period in respect of which the payment is made; and
 
 
·
50% of the sum of retained profits and profit reserves as of the date of the beginning of the period in respect of which the payment is made.
 
Payment of interest to a Non-Resident Holder is subject to the withholding of income tax at the rate of 15%, or 25% if the Non-Resident Holder is domiciled in a country that does not impose income tax or where the maximum income tax rate is lower than 20% (“Low or Nil Tax Jurisdiction”). Please refer to “—Discussion on Low or Nil Tax Jurisdictions” below for a discussion that such concept may be broadened by Law No. 11,727/08. These payments of interest on shareholders’ equity may be included, at their net value, as part of any mandatory dividend. To the extent payment of interest on shareholders’ equity is so included, the corporation is required to distribute to shareholders an additional amount to ensure that the net amount received by them, after payment of the applicable withholding income tax, plus the amount of declared dividends is at least equal to the mandatory dividend.
 
Gains
 
According to Law No. 10,833/03, enacted on December 29, 2003, the disposition or sale of assets located in Brazil by a Non-Resident Holder, whether to another non-Brazilian resident or to a Brazilian resident, may be subject to capital gains taxes in Brazil.
 
 
 
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With respect to the disposition of common shares, which are treated as assets located in Brazil, the Non-Resident Holder will be subject to income tax on the gains assessed, following the rules described below, regardless of whether the transactions are conducted in Brazil or with a Brazilian resident.
 
With respect to the ADSs, although the matter is not entirely clear, arguably the gains realized by a Non-Resident Holder on the disposition of ADSs to another Non-Resident Holder are not taxed in Brazil, based on the argument that ADSs do not constitute “assets located in Brazil” for the purposes of Article 26 of Law No. 10,833. We cannot assure you, however, that the Brazilian tax authorities or the Brazilian courts will agree with this interpretation. Accordingly, gains on a disposition of ADSs by a Non-Resident Holder to a Brazilian resident or a non-Brazilian resident may be subject to income tax in Brazil in the event that courts determine that ADSs constitute assets located in Brazil. For more information, please refer to “Item 3.D. Key Information—Risks Factors—Risks Relating to Our Common Shares and the ADSs—Changes in Brazilian tax laws may have an adverse impact on the taxes applicable to a disposition of the ADSs.”
 
As a general rule, gains realized as a result of a disposition or sale transaction of common shares or ADSs are the positive difference between the amount realized on the sale or exchange of the security and its acquisition cost measured.
 
Under Brazilian law, however, income tax rules on such gains can vary, depending on the domicile of the Non-Resident Holder, the type of registration of the investment by the Non-Resident Holder with the Central Bank and how the disposition is carried out, as described below.
 
Gains assessed on a disposition of common shares carried out on the Brazilian stock exchange (which includes the transactions carried out on the organized over-the-counter market) are:
 
 
·
exempt from income tax when assessed by a Non-Resident Holder that (1) has registered its investment in Brazil with the Central Bank under the rules of Resolution No. 2,689, dated January 26, 2000 (“2,689 Holder”) and (2) is not a resident in a Low or Nil Tax Jurisdiction; or
 
 
·
subject to income tax at a rate of up to 25% in any other case, including a case of gains assessed by a Non-Resident Holder that is not a 2,689 Holder, or is a resident in a Low or Nil Tax Jurisdiction. In these case, a withholding income tax of 0.005% of the sale value will be applicable and can be later offset with the eventual income tax due on the capital gain.
 
Any other gains assessed on a disposition of the common shares that is not carried out on a Brazilian stock exchange are subject to income tax at the rate of 15%, or 25% in the case of a Non-Resident Holder residing in a Low or Nil Tax Jurisdiction or where the local legislation does not allow access to information related to the shareholding composition of legal entities, to their ownership or to the identity of the effective beneficiary of the income attributed to non-residents. In the event that these gains are related to transactions conducted on the Brazilian non-organized over-the-counter market with intermediation, the withholding income tax of 0.005% shall also be applicable and can be offset against the eventual income tax due on the capital gain.
 
In the case of a redemption of common shares or ADSs or a capital reduction by a Brazilian corporation, such as our company, the positive difference between the amount received by the Non-Resident Holder and the acquisition cost of the common shares or ADSs redeemed is treated as capital gain derived from the sale or exchange of shares not carried out on a Brazilian stock exchange market and is therefore subject to income tax at the rate of 15%, or 25%, as the case may be.
 
Any exercise of preemptive rights relating to the common shares or ADSs will not be subject to Brazilian income tax. Gains realized by a Non-Resident Holder on the disposition of preemptive rights relating to the common shares or the ADSs will be subject to Brazilian income tax according to the same rules applicable to the sale or disposition of common shares.
 
 
 
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As a Non-Resident Holder of ADSs, you may cancel your ADSs and exchange them for common shares and no income tax may be levied on such exchange, as long as the appropriate rules are complied with in connection with the registration of the investment with the Central Bank.
 
The deposit of common shares by the Non-Resident Holders in exchange for ADSs may be subject to Brazilian income tax if the acquisition cost of the common shares is lower than (a) the average price per common share on a Brazilian stock exchange on which the greatest number of such common shares were sold on the day of deposit; or (b) if no common shares were sold on that day, the average price on a Brazilian stock exchange on which the greatest number of common shares were sold in the 15 trading sessions immediately preceding such deposit. The difference between the acquisition cost and the average price of the common shares will be considered to be a capital gain subject to income tax at a rate of 15% or 25%, as the case may be. In some circumstances, there may be arguments to claim that this taxation is not applicable in the case of a Non-Resident Holder that is a 2,689 Holder and is not a resident in a tax favorable jurisdiction.
 
There can be no assurance that the current favorable treatment of 2,689 Holders will continue in the future.
 
Discussion on Low or Nil Tax Jurisdictions
 
On June 24, 2008, Law No. 11,727 introduced the concept of “privileged tax regimes,” which went into effect on January 1, 2009. In principle, the best interpretation of Law No. 11,727/08 leads us to conclude that the new concept of privileged tax regime should be solely applied for purposes of transfer pricing rules in export and import transactions. Moreover, Provisional Measure No. 472, of December 15, 2009, applied the privileged tax regime concept to other income remitted abroad. Although we are of the opinion that the concept of privileged tax regime should not affect the tax treatment of a Non-Resident Holder described above, we cannot assure you whether subsequent legislation or interpretations by the Brazilian tax authorities regarding the definition of “privileged tax regime” will extend such concept to the tax treatment of a Non-Resident Holder described above.
 
Tax on Foreign Exchange and Financial Transactions
 
Foreign Exchange Transactions. Brazilian law imposes a Tax on Foreign Exchange Transactions (“IOF/Exchange Tax”) on the conversion of reais into foreign currency and on the conversion of foreign currency into reais. As of October 20, 2009, any inflow of funds related to investments carried out on the Brazilian financial and capital markets by 2,689 Holders is subject to the IOF/Exchange Tax at a rate of 2.0%. However, foreign exchange transactions related to outflows of funds in connection with investments carried out on the Brazilian financial and capital markets are subject to the IOF/Exchange Tax at a rate of zero percent, which also applies to payments of dividends and interest on shareholders’ equity to 2,689 Holders with respect to investments on the Brazilian financial and capital markets.
 
Nevertheless, the rate applicable to most foreign exchange transactions is 0.38%. In any case, the Brazilian government may increase the rate at any time by up to 25% on the foreign exchange transaction amount. However, any increase in rates will only apply to future transactions.
 
Tax on Transactions Involving Bonds and Securities. Brazilian law imposes a Tax on Transactions Involving Bonds and Securities (“IOF/Bonds Tax”) due on transactions involving bonds and securities, including those carried out on a Brazilian stock exchange. Although the rate of IOF/Bonds Tax applicable to transactions involving common shares is currently zero, the rate of the IOF/Bonds Tax applicable to the transfer of shares with the sole purpose of enabling the issuance of ADSs is currently 1.5%. This rate is applied on the product of (a) the number of shares which are transferred, multiplied by (b) the closing price for those shares on the date prior to the transfer or, if such closing price is not available on that date, the last available closing price for those shares. The Brazilian government may increase the rate of the IOF/Bonds Tax at any time by up to 1.5% per day of the transaction amount, but only in respect of future transactions.
 
 
 
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Other Brazilian Taxes
 
There are no Brazilian inheritance, gift or succession taxes applicable to the ownership, transfer or disposition of common shares or ADSs, except for gift and inheritance taxes that may be imposed by some Brazilian states. There are no Brazilian stamp, issue, registration, or similar taxes or duties payable by holders of common shares or ADSs.
 
U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations
 
The following are the material U.S. federal income tax consequences to U.S. Holders described herein of owning and disposing of common shares or ADSs, but it does not purport to be a comprehensive description of all of the tax considerations that may be relevant to a particular person’s decision to hold such securities. The discussion applies only if you hold common shares or ADSs as capital assets for U.S. federal tax purposes and it does not describe all of the tax consequences that may be relevant to holders subject to special rules, such as:
 
 
·
certain financial institutions;
 
 
·
dealers or traders in securities who use a mark-to-market method of tax accounting;
 
 
·
persons holding common shares or ADSs as part of a hedging transaction, straddle, wash sale, conversion transaction or integrated transaction or persons entering into a constructive sale with respect to the common shares or ADSs;
 
 
·
persons whose functional currency for U.S. federal income tax purposes is not the U.S. dollar;
 
 
·
entities classified as partnerships for U.S. federal income tax purposes;
 
 
·
persons liable for the alternative minimum tax;
 
 
·
tax-exempt entities, including “individual retirement accounts” or “Roth IRAs”;
 
 
·
persons that own or are deemed to own ten percent or more of our voting stock;
 
 
·
persons who acquired our ADSs or common shares pursuant to the exercise of any employee stock option or otherwise as compensation; or
 
 
·
persons holding shares in connection with a trade or business conducted outside of the United States.
 
If an entity that is classified as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes holds common shares or ADSs, the U.S. federal income tax treatment of a partner will generally depend on the status of the partner and upon the activities of the partnership. Partnerships holding common shares or ADSs and partners in such partnerships should consult their tax advisers as to the particular U.S. federal income tax consequences of holding and disposing of the common shares or ADSs.
 
This discussion is based on the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), administrative pronouncements, judicial decisions and final, temporary and proposed Treasury regulations, all as of the date hereof, any of which is subject to change, possibly with retroactive effect. It is also based in part on representations by the Depositary and assumes that each obligation under the Deposit Agreement and any related agreement will be performed in accordance with its terms.
 
You are a “U.S. Holder” if you are a beneficial owner of our common shares or ADSs and if you are, for U.S. federal tax purposes:
 
 
·
a citizen or individual resident of the United States;
 
 
·
a corporation, or other entity taxable as a corporation, created or organized in or under the laws of the United States or any political subdivision thereof; or
 
 
 
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·
an estate or trust the income of which is subject to U.S. federal income taxation regardless of its source.
 
The summary of U.S. federal income tax consequences set out below is intended for general informational purposes only. U.S. Holders of common shares or ADSs are urged to consult with their own tax advisers with respect to the particular tax consequences to them of owning or disposing of common shares or ADSs, including the applicability and effect of state, local, non-U.S. and other tax laws and the possibility of changes in tax laws.
 
In general, if you own ADSs, you will be treated as the owner of the underlying shares represented by those ADSs for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Accordingly, no gain or loss will be recognized if you exchange ADSs for the underlying shares represented by those ADSs.
 
The U.S. Treasury has expressed concerns that parties to whom American depositary shares are released before shares are delivered to the depositary (“pre-release”) or intermediaries in the chain of ownership between U.S. holders and the issuer of the security underlying the American depositary shares may be taking actions that are inconsistent with the claiming of foreign tax credits for U.S. holders of American depositary shares. Such actions would also be inconsistent with the claiming of the reduced rate of tax, described below, applicable to dividends received by certain non-corporate holders. Accordingly, the creditability of Brazilian taxes, and the availability of the reduced tax rate for dividends received by certain non-corporate holders, each described below, could be affected by actions taken by such parties or intermediaries.
 
Please consult your tax advisers concerning the U.S. federal, state, local and foreign tax consequences of purchasing, owning and disposing of common shares or ADSs in your particular circumstances.
 
This discussion assumes that the Company is not, and will not become, a passive foreign investment company, as described below.
 
Taxation of Distributions
 
Distributions paid on ADSs or common shares other than certain pro rata distributions of ordinary shares will generally be treated as dividends to the extent paid out of current or accumulated earnings and profits as determined under U.S. federal income tax principles. Because the Company does not maintain calculations of its earnings and profits under U.S. federal income tax principles, it is expected that distributions will be reported to U.S. Holders as dividends.
 
Subject to applicable limitations, dividends paid by qualified foreign corporations to certain non-corporate U.S. Holders in taxable years beginning before January 1, 2013, are taxable at favorable rates, up to a maximum rate of 15%. A foreign corporation is treated as a qualified foreign corporation with respect to dividends paid on stock that is readily tradable on a securities market in the United States, such as the NYSE where the ADSs are traded. You should consult your tax advisers to determine whether the favorable rate will apply to dividends you receive and whether you are subject to any special rules that limit your ability to be taxed at this favorable rate.
 
The amount of a dividend will include any amounts withheld by the Company in respect of Brazilian taxes on the distribution. The amount of the dividend will be treated as foreign-source dividend income to you and will not be eligible for the dividends-received deduction generally allowed to U.S. corporations under the Code. Dividends will be included in your income on the date of your, or in the case of ADSs, the Depositary’s, receipt of the dividend. The amount of any dividend income paid in reais will be a U.S. dollar amount calculated by reference to the exchange rate in effect on the date of such receipt regardless of whether the payment is in fact converted into U.S. dollars. If the dividend is converted into U.S. dollars on the date of receipt, you should not be required to recognize foreign currency gain or loss in respect of the dividend income. You may have foreign currency gain or loss if the amount of such dividend is converted into U.S. dollars after the date of such receipt. See “—Brazilian Tax Considerations—Tax on Foreign Exchange and Financial Transactions.”
 
Subject to applicable limitations that may vary depending upon your circumstances, Brazilian income taxes withheld from dividends on common shares or ADSs will be creditable against your U.S. federal income tax
 
 
 
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liability. The rules governing foreign tax credits are complex, and you should consult your tax adviser regarding the availability of foreign tax credits in your particular circumstances. Instead of claiming a credit, you may, at your election, deduct such Brazilian taxes in computing your taxable income, subject to generally applicable limitations under U.S. law. An election to deduct foreign taxes instead of claiming foreign tax credits must apply to all taxes paid or accrued in the taxable year to foreign countries and possessions of the United States.
 
Sale or Other Disposition of Common Shares or ADSs
 
For U.S. federal income tax purposes, gain or loss you realize on the sale or other disposition of common shares or ADSs will be capital gain or loss, and will be long-term capital gain or loss if you held the common shares or ADSs for more than one year. The amount of your gain or loss will equal the difference between the amount realized on the disposition and your tax basis in the common shares or ADSs disposed of, in each case as determined in U.S. dollars. If a Brazilian tax is withheld on the sale or disposition of common shares or ADSs, a U.S. Holder’s amount realized will include the gross amount of the proceeds of such sale or disposition before deduction of the Brazilian tax. See “—Brazilian Tax Considerations—Gains” for a description of when a disposition may be subject to taxation by Brazil. Such gain or loss will generally be U.S.-source gain or loss for foreign tax credit purposes. U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisers as to whether the Brazilian tax on gains would be creditable against the holder’s U.S. federal income tax on foreign-source income from other sources.
 
Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules
 
The Company believes that it was not a “passive foreign investment company” (“PFIC”) for U.S. federal income tax purposes for its 2010 taxable year. However, because PFIC status depends on the composition of a company’s income and assets and the market value of its assets from time to time, which may be determined in large part by reference to the market value of the Company’s stock, there can be no assurance that the Company will not be a PFIC for any taxable year. If the Company were a PFIC for any taxable year during which a U.S. Holder held common shares or ADSs, gain recognized by a U.S. Holder on a sale or other disposition (including certain pledges) of the common shares or ADSs would be allocated ratably over the U.S. Holder’s holding period for the common shares or ADSs. The amounts allocated to the taxable year of the sale or other disposition and to any year before the Company became a PFIC would be taxed as ordinary income. The amount allocated to each other taxable year would be subject to tax at the highest rate in effect for individuals or corporations, as appropriate, for that taxable year, and an interest charge would be imposed on the amount allocated to that taxable year. Further, to the extent that any distribution received by a U.S. Holder on its common shares or ADSs exceeds 125% of the average of the annual distributions on common shares or ADSs received during the preceding three years or the U.S. Holder’s holding period, whichever is shorter, that distribution would be subject to taxation in the same manner as gain, described immediately above. Certain elections may be available that would result in alternative treatments (such as a mark-to-market treatment) of the common shares or ADSs. Pursuant to legislation enacted in 2010, if the Company were to be treated as a PFIC in any taxable year, a U.S. Holder may be required to file an annual report with the Internal Revenue Service containing such information as the Treasury Department may require to determine whether any of these elections would be available and, if so, what the consequences of the alternative treatments would be in their particular circumstances.
 
Information Reporting and Backup Withholding
 
Payments of dividends and sales proceeds that are made within the United States or through certain U.S.-related financial intermediaries generally are subject to information reporting and may be subject to backup withholding unless (1) you are an exempt recipient or (2) in the case of backup withholding, you provide a correct taxpayer identification number and certify that you are not subject to backup withholding.
 
The amount of any backup withholding from a payment to you will be allowed as a credit against your U.S. federal income tax liability and may entitle you to a refund, provided that the required information is timely furnished to the Internal Revenue Service.
 
U.S. HOLDERS OF OUR COMMON SHARES OR ADSs SHOULD CONSULT THEIR OWN TAX ADVISERS AS TO THE BRAZILIAN, U.S. FEDERAL, STATE, LOCAL AND OTHER TAX CONSEQUENCES
 
 
 
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OF THE OWNERSHIP AND DISPOSITION OF OUR COMMON SHARES OR ADSs BASED UPON THEIR PARTICULAR CIRCUMSTANCES.
 
F.    Dividends and Paying Agents
 
Not applicable.
 
G.   Statement by Experts
 
Not applicable.
 
H.    Documents on Display
 
Statements contained in this annual report as to the contents of any contract or other document referred to are not necessarily complete, and each of these statements is qualified in all respects by reference to the full text of such contract or other document filed as an exhibit hereto. A copy of the complete annual report including the exhibits and schedules filed herewith may be inspected without charge at the public reference facilities maintained by the SEC at Room 1024, 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549. Copies of such materials may be obtained by mail from the Public Reference Section of the SEC, 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549, at prescribed rates. Such reports and other information may also be inspected at the offices of the NYSE, 11 Wall Street, New York, New York 10005, on which our ADSs are listed. In addition the SEC maintains a website that contains information filed electronically with the SEC, which can be accessed over the Internet at http://www.sec.gov.
 
We are subject to the information and periodic reporting requirements of the Securities Exchange Act and, in accordance therewith, file periodic reports and other information with the SEC. However, as a foreign private issuer, we are exempt from the rules under the Securities Exchange Act relating to the furnishing and content of proxy statements and relating to short-swing profits reporting and liability.
 
We furnish to Citibank, N.A., as depositary, copies of all reports we are required to file with the SEC under the Securities Exchange Act, including our annual reports in English, containing a brief description of our operations and our audited annual consolidated financial statements which are prepared in accordance with Brazilian GAAP and include a reconciliation to US GAAP. In addition, we are required under the deposit agreement to furnish the depositary with copies of English translations to the extent required under the rules of the SEC of all notices of meetings of shareholders and other reports and communications that are generally made available to shareholders. Under certain circumstances, the depositary will arrange for the mailing, at our expense, of these notices, other reports and communications to all ADS holders.
 
We also file financial statements and other periodic reports with the CVM located at Rua Sete de Setembro, 111, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 20159-900, which are available to the public from CVM’s website at http://www.cvm.gov.br.
 
I.     Subsidiary Information
 
Not applicable.
 
ITEM 11.         QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
 
We are exposed to market risks arising from the normal course of our business. These market risks mainly involve the possibility that changes in interest rates may impact the value of our financial liabilities. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Brazil.”
 
Interest rates
 
Our results of operations and profitability are affected by changes in interest rates due to the impact that these changes have on our interest expenses relating to our variable interest rate debt instruments and on our purchase and sale contracts and on our interest income generated from our financial investments.
 
 
 
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The table below provides information about our significant interest rate-sensitive instruments (fixed and variable) as of December 31, 2010.
 
   
As of December 31, 2010
 
   
Expected Maturity Date
 
   
Total
   
2011
   
2012
   
2013
   
2014 and later
 
Principal Index(1)
 
Fair Value
 
   
(In accordance with Brazilian GAAP) (in thousands of R$)
 
Liabilities:
                                     
Loans, financing and debentures:
                                     
Debentures
    1,879,931       26,532       272,557       722,557       858,286  
CDI IPCA
    1,890,931  
Average interest rate
    10.90 %     12.30 %     10.91 %     10.66 %     10.41 %       -  
Loans and financing (working capital)
    664,471       249,600       88,405       79,268       247,198  
CDI
    666,346  
Average interest rate
    12.85 %     14.25 %     12.86 %     12.61 %     12.36 %       -  
Loans and financing – SFH
    745,707       548,303       156,760       40,644       -  
TR
    745,707  
Average interest rate
    11.54 %     11.54 %     11.65 %     10.88 %     -         -  
Total loans, financing and debentures
    3,290,109       824,435       517,722       842,469       1,105,484         3,302,984  
Obligation to venture partner
    404,264       24,264       126,667       126,666       126,667  
CDI
    404,384  
Real estate development obligations(2)
    3,327,520       2,147,016       984,998       193,014       2,491  
INCC
    3,327,520  
Obligations for purchase of land
    370,482       178,779       96,354       41,410       53,939  
INCC
    370,482  
Total
    7,392,376       3,174,495       1,725,741       1,203,559       1,288,581         7,405,370  
Assets:
                                                 
Cash, bank and marketable securities:
                                                 
Cash and cash equivalents
    256,382       256,382       -       -       -         256,382  
Marketable securities (current and non-current)
    944,766       944,766       -       -       -         944,766  
Receivables from clients
    5,271,388       3,158,074       967,978       727,891       416,060  
INCC and IGPM
    5,271,388  
Receivables from clients (2)
    4,112,696       2,465,791       747,170       562,100       339,020  
INCC and IGPM
    4,112,696  
Total client receivables
    9,384,084       5,623,865       1,715,148       1,289,991       755,080         9,384,084  
Total
    10,585,232       6,825,013       1,715,148       1,289,991       755,080         10,585,232  

(1)
See notes 10 and 11 to our consolidated financial statements for information about the interest rates on our loans, financing and debentures. As of December 31, 2010, the annualized index was 10.64% for CDI, 0.6887% for TR, 7.5683% for INCC and 11.3220% for IGPM.
 
(2)
Includes obligations and receivables arising from units sold after January 1, 2004 for which balances have not been recorded in our balance sheet—CFC Resolution No. 963.
 
We borrow funds at different rates and linked to different indices in order to try to match the financing that we provide to some of our clients. The mismatch between rates and terms on our funds borrowed and the financing we provide may adversely affect our cash flow. We constantly monitor and evaluate the impact of indexation on our assets and liabilities. If we anticipate the possibility of an interest rate mismatch between our assets and obligations, we may use derivative financial instruments in order to hedge against the risk that arises from interest rate variations.
 
Foreign Exchange Rate
 
During 2010, we had no derivative financial instruments with the objective of hedging against fluctuations in foreign exchange rates. As of December 31, 2010, we had no debt in foreign currency.
 
ITEM 12.         DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES OTHER THAN EQUITY SECURITIES
 
D.    American Depositary Shares
 
As of December 31, 2010, we received from the depositary of our ADSs US$2.6 million, which was used for general corporate purposes such as the payment of costs and expenses associated with (1) the preparation and distribution of proxy materials, (2) the preparation and distribution of marketing materials, (3) consulting and other services related to investor relations and (4) expenses related to the offering of our common shares in 2010.
 
 
 
B-145

 
 
 
 
PART II
 
ITEM 13.         DEFAULTS, DIVIDEND ARREARAGES AND DELINQUENCIES
 
None.
 
ITEM 14.         MATERIAL MODIFICATIONS TO THE RIGHTS OF SECURITY HOLDERS AND USE OF PROCEEDS
 
None.
 
ITEM 15.         CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
 
Disclosure Controls and Procedures
 
As of December 31, 2010, under management’s supervision and with its participation, including our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, we performed an evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures. There are inherent limitations to the effectiveness of any system of disclosure controls and procedures. Accordingly, even effective disclosure controls and procedures can only provide reasonable assurance of achieving their control objectives. Based on this evaluation, our chief executive officer and chief financial officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2010 were not effective.   However, to address the material weaknesses in internal control over financial reporting, the Company performed additional analysis and other post-closing procedures in an effort to reasonably assure that the consolidated financial statements included in this Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2010 have been prepared in accordance with both Brazilian GAAP and US GAAP.
 
Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
 
Our management’s annual report on internal control over financial reporting is included in this annual report on page F-2.
 
Attestation Report of the Registered Public Accounting Firm
 
[Reserved]
 
Remediation of Material Weaknesses in Internal Controls over Financial Reporting
 
As of the date of the filling of this report, our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer and the Audit Committee, have established a plan of action to address the material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting, including implementing new controls.  Certain of these actions have been undertaken, and others are planned to occur in the near future.    We believe that these actions will ultimately enable us to remediate the material weaknesses reported as of December 31, 2010.
 
As part of our ongoing assessment of internal control over financial reporting, our management will conduct sufficient testing and evaluation of the controls to be implemented as part of the remediation plan to evaluate the status of their design and operation.  
 
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
 
There was no change in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the period covered by this annual report that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
 
ITEM 16.         [RESERVED]
 
ITEM 16A.      AUDIT COMMITTEE FINANCIAL EXPERT
 
For the purposes of the of Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, our directors established an Audit Committee that convenes as often as it determines is appropriate to carry out its responsibilities, but at least quarterly. This committee has responsibility for planning and reviewing our annual and quarterly reports and accounts with the involvement of our auditors in that process, focusing particularly on compliance with legal requirements and accounting standards, and ensuring that an effective system of internal financial controls is maintained. The ultimate responsibility for reviewing and approving our annual and quarterly reports and accounts remains with our directors.
 
The Audit Committee convened six times in 2010. The Audit Committee currently comprises Jose Ecio Pereira da Costa Junior, Richard L. Huber and Gerald D. Reiss, each of whom is a director of our company. Our board of directors has determined that Jose Ecio Pereira da Costa Junior, Richard L. Huber and Gerald D. Reiss are each independent as set forth in the NYSE Listed Companies Manual as well as being independent for the purpose of Rule 10A-3 of the Securities Exchange Act. Our board of directors has determined that Jose Ecio Pereira da Costa
 
 
 
B-146

 
 
 
Junior is an audit committee financial expert within the meaning of the regulations promulgated by the Securities and Exchange Commission.
 
ITEM 16B.      CODE OF BUSINESS CONDUCT AND ETHICS
 
On July 10, 2007, we adopted a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics that applies to our chief executive officer, chief financial officer, principal accounting officer and persons performing similar functions, as well as to our directors, other officers and employees. The objective of this code is (1) to reduce the subjectivity of personal interpretations of ethical principles; (2) to be a formal and institutional benchmark for the professional conduct of the employees, including the ethical handling of actual or apparent conflicts of interests, becoming a standard for the internal and external relationship of the Company with its shareholders, clients, employees, partners, suppliers, service providers, labor unions, competitors, society, government and the communities in which we operate; and (3) to ensure that the daily concerns with efficiency, competitiveness and profitability do not override ethical behavior. Our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics is filed as an exhibit to this annual report and is available, free of charge by requesting a copy from our Investor Relations Department at the following address: Av. Nações Unidas No. 8,501, 19th floor, 05425-070 - São Paulo, SP - Brazil, telephone 55-11-3025-9242, fax 55-11-3025-9348 and e-mail ri@gafisa.com.br.
 
We have also established a “whistleblower channel” in order to receive “complaints,” by any person (provided such complaint is first reported to the Ethics Committee or Audit Committee), regarding any “dishonest or unethical conduct” and “accounting, internal accounting controls, or auditing matters” and equally confidential and anonymous submissions of “concerns” of the same type by our employees and affiliates. The “whistleblower channel” can be accessed through our intranet or website or a letter may be forwarded to our headquarters under the attention of our Ethics Committee and/or Audit Committee. Since its establishment, 213 issues were reported to our “whistleblower channel,” all of them related to personal conduct and, therefore, without any financial impact on our results of operations.
 
ITEM 16C.                      PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES
 
The relationship with our independent auditors in respect to the contracting of services unrelated to the external audit is based on principles that preserve the independence of the auditor. Our board of directors approves our financial statements, the performance by our auditors of audit and permissible non-audit services, and associated fees, supported by our Audit Committee.
 
The fees billed and to be billed to us by PricewaterhouseCoopers Auditores Independentes and Ernst & Young Terco Auditores Independentes S.S. for services performed and to be performed relating to the years 2010 and 2009 and the respective remuneration for those services will be informed by the time of filing of our 2010 annual report on Form 20-F.
 
 
 
B-147

 
 
 
Audit Committee Pre-Approval Policies and Procedures
 
Our board of directors has established pre-approval policies and procedures for the engagement of registered public accounting firm for audit and non-audit services. Under such pre-approval policies and procedures, our board of directors reviews the scope of the services to be provided by each registered public accounting firm to be engaged in order to ensure that there are no independence issues and the services are not prohibited services as defined by Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
 
ITEM 16D.      EXEMPTIONS FROM THE LISTING STANDARDS FOR AUDIT COMMITTEES
 
None.
 
ITEM 16E.       PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES BY THE ISSUER AND AFFILIATED PURCHASERS
 
None.
 
ITEM 16F.      CHANGE IN REGISTRANT’S CERTIFYING ACCOUNTANT
 
Changes in Gaflsa’s Certifying Accountant
 
Previous independent registered public accounting firm
 
On August 18, 2009, Gafisa dismissed PricewaterhouseCoopers Auditores Independentes as its independent registered public accounting firm. Gafisa’s board of directors participated in and approved the decision to change its independent registered public accounting firm.
 
The reports of PricewaterhouseCoopers Auditores Independentes on the financial statements for the past two fiscal years contained no adverse opinion or disclaimer of opinion and were not qualified or modified as to uncertainty, audit scope or accounting principle.
 
During the two most recent fiscal years and through August 18, 2009, there have been no disagreements with PricewaterhouseCoopers Auditores Independentes on any matter of accounting principles or practices, financial statement disclosure, or auditing scope or procedure, which disagreements if not resolved to the satisfaction of PricewaterhouseCoopers Auditores Independentes would have caused them to make reference thereto in their reports on the financial statements for such years.
 
During the two most recent fiscal years and through August 18, 2009, there have been no reportable events (as defined in Item 304(a)(1)(v) of Regulation S-K).
 
Gafisa requested that PricewaterhouseCoopers Auditores Independentes furnish it with a letter addressed to the SEC, dated November 13, 2009, stating whether or not it agrees with the above statements.
 
New independent registered public accounting firm
 
Gafisa’s independent registered public accounting firm for 2009 was Terco Grant Thornton (“Terco”), which later merged with Ernst & Young Auditores Independentes S/S (“Ernst & Young Brazil”) to form Ernst & Young Terco Auditores Independentes S/S (“Ernst & Young Terco”).
 
As a result of our decision to restate our previously issued 2009 Form 20-F due to certain errors and reclassifications in its previously published consolidated financial statements, Ernst & Young Terco advised us that, Terco’s previously issued audit reports dated March 10, 2010 on the 2009 Gafisa consolidated financial statements and April 27, 2009 on the 2008 Tenda consolidated financial statements (both audits performed in accordance with
 
 
 
B-148

 
 
 
PCAOB standards) should no longer be relied upon. Ernst & Young Terco also advised us that Terco’s attestation report on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting dated March 10, 2010 included in the 2009 Form 20-F should no longer be relied on. Ernst & Young Terco further advised us that previously issued consents relating to a past Form F-3ASR (File No. 333-159803, effective June 5, 2009) were being withdrawn.
 
Prior to its merger with Terco, Ernst & Young Brazil provided certain internal audit services to us in connection with the preparation of our consolidated financial statements for both 2008 and 2009. Because the merged firm of Ernst & Young Terco would have been responsible to audit the adjustments of our 2009 consolidated financial statements and Internal Control Financial Reporting  (“ICFR”), it must be independent both in fact and appearance during both the period in which the auditor performs its audit services and also during the period under audit. In light of both (i) the magnitude of the resulting US GAAP restatement adjustments, and (ii) the extent of the aforementioned internal audit services which were provided, it was ultimately determined that the merged firm of Ernst & Young Terco would be unable to report on the accompanying restated 2009 consolidated financial statements or on the accompanying restated 2009 ICFR.
 
Accordingly, on June 27, 2011, Ernst & Young Terco resigned as our independent registered accounting firm with respect to 2009 for purposes of our filings with the SEC. Ernst & Young Terco however remains our independent auditors with respect to 2009 and 2010 for purposes of our Brazilian GAAP financial statements filed with the CVM.
 
Therefore, the Company engaged PricewaterhouseCoopers Auditores Independentes as its independent registered accounting firm with respect to 2009 for purposes of its filings with the SEC.
 
In 2008, Gafisa’s subsidiary Tenda, which was acquired by Gafisa in October 2008, was audited by Terco Grant Thornton, while Gafisa was audited by PricewaterhouseCoopers Auditores Independentes. Also during 2008, Gafisa, and 2009, Gafisa and Tenda received internal audit services from Ernst & Young Brazil.
 
Gafisa’s Audit Committee, Management and legal counsel together with Ernst & Young Terco assessed the impact of Ernst & Young Brazil´s internal audit services on Ernst & Young Brazil’s internal audit services on Ernst & Young Terco’s audit of the 2010 financial statements. This assessment included an evaluation of whether Ernst & Young Brazil acted in a management role in performing the internal audit services or created documentation or tests of controls that would be subject to self-review in the course of Ernst & Young Terco’s audits.
 
The Audit Committee and Ernst & Young Terco have concluded that the internal audit services did not impair Ernst & Young Terco’s integrity, objectivity or professional skepticism with respect to the audit of the 2010 financial statements and the restatement of the 2008 Tenda financial statements. In addition to ceasing the internal audit services prior to the merger of Ernst & Young Brazil and Terco, Ernst & Young Terco did not delivery any results of internal audit testing in 2010 that might be subject to self-review. With respect to the audit of the 2008 restatements, Ernst & Young Terco did no test or rely on any of the internal controls documented or tested by Ernst & Young Brazil in its 2008 internal audit services. The restatement related to matters and judgments that were not the subject of the controls documented or tested by Ernst & Young Brazil.
 
ITEM 16G.      CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
 
See “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—C. Board Practices.”
 
 
PART III
 
ITEM 17.         FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
 
We have responded to Item 18 in lieu of responding to this Item.
 
ITEM 18.         FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
 
See our unaudited consolidated financial statements beginning on page F-1.
 
 
 
B-149

 
 
 
ITEM 19.         EXHIBITS
 
[Reserved]
 

 
B-150

 
 
 
 
INDEX TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS


 

Page
 
Unauted Consolidated Financial Statements:
 
Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting 
F-2
Unaudited Consolidated Balance Sheets 
F-3
Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Income 
F-5
Unaudited Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity 
F-6
Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Value Added 
F-7
Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows 
F-9
Notes to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements 
F-10
 
 
F-1

 
 
Management’s Annual Report on Internal Controls over Financial Reporting
 
The management of Gafisa S.A. (“Gafisa” or the “Company”), including the CEO and CFO, is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal controls over financial reporting.
 
The Company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed by, or under the supervision of, our CEO and CFO, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. The Company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the Company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the Company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the Company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the Company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
 
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, and that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
 
Gafisa’s management has assessed the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2010 based on the criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”) and, based on such criteria, Gafisa’s management concluded that, as of December 31, 2010, our internal control over financial reporting did not operate effectively and that there were material weaknesses in our internal controls.
 
A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. Based on the evaluation described above, our management has identified the followings material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2010:
 
Revenue recognition under US GAAP
 
We did not design effective controls over revenue recognition in accordance with application of US GAAP. The internal controls were not designed effectively to identify the contractual provisions that exist within company sales contracts that provide for a potential refund to customers or to identify past practice of permitting contract cancelations with substantial refunds to customers.
 
Cash equivalents under US GAAP
 
We did not design effective monitoring controls over cash equivalents reporting in accordance with application of US GAAP. The internal controls were not effectively designed to meet the classification definition of cash equivalents in relation to the characteristics and terms of certain financial instruments.
 
Income Taxes
 
We did not design effective controls over classification of presumed income taxes payable from deferred tax liability for both BR GAAP and offsetting of deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities to present on a net basis under BR GAAP. The internal controls were not designed effectively to support, classify and present all the income tax considerations and disclosures.
 
 
F-2

 
 

 
Reclassification related to interest over venture partners obligation
 
The financial statement closing process with respect to  the reclassification of the interest over venture partners obligation from noncontrolling interest to financial expenses  did not operate effectively to ensure proper accounting treatment in an accurate and timely manner.
 
 
The aforementioned material weaknesses were largely attributable to both controls that were not designed in sufficient detail to accomplish their objective, and also insufficient internal resources, including but not limited to sufficient internal resources with adequate knowledge of US GAAP and SEC reporting knowledge to execute the specific controls.

These material weaknesses could result in a misstatement of the aforementioned accounts and disclosures that would result in a material misstatement to our consolidated financial statements that would not be prevented or detected. Accordingly, our management has determined that these controls deficiencies constitute material weaknesses.
 
As of the date of the filling of this report, our management, including our CEO and CFO and the Audit Committee, has established a plan of action to address the material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting.
 
São Paulo,         , 2012

By:
/s/ Alceu Duilio Calciolari
 
Name:
Alceu Duilio Calciolari
 
Title:
Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer
 
 
 
 F-2
 
 
 

 
 
 

Gafisa S.A.

Unaudited Consolidated Balance sheet
December 31, 2010
(In thousands of Brazilian Reais)
       
       
     
Consolidated
 
Note
 
2010
2009
01/01/2009
 
     
(restated)
(restated)
Assets
         
Current assets
         
Cash and cash equivalents
4
 
256,382
292,940
191,443
Marketable securities
4
 
944,766
1,131,113
414,059
Trade accounts receivable, net
5
 
3,158,074
2,008,464
1,254,594
Properties for sale
6
 
1,568,986
1,332,374
1,695,130
Other  accounts receivable
7
 
178,305
108.791
182,775
Prepaid expenses and other
-
 
21,216
18,766
38,700
Total current assets
   
6,127,729
4,892,448
3,776,701
 
         
           
           
Non-current assets
         
Trade accounts receivables, net
5
 
2,113,314
1,768,182
863,950
Properties for sale
6
 
498,180
416,083
333,846
Deferred income tax and social contribution
16
 
64,867
100,068
    
Other accounts receivable
7
 
181,721
117,546
114,440
 
   
2,858,082
2,401,879
1,312,236
 
         
Property, plant and equipment
-
 
80,852
56,476
50,348
Intangible assets
9
 
209,954
204,686
213,155
 
   
290,806
261,162
263,503
 
         
Total non-current assets
   
3,148,888
2,663,091
1,575,739
 
         
 
         
 
         
 
         
 
         
 
         
 
         
 
         
 
         
 
         
 
         
 
         
Total assets
   
9,276,617
7,555,489
5,352,440
 
 
 
F-3

 
 
     
Consolidated
 
Note
 
2010
2009
01/01/2009
 
     
(restated)
(restated)
Liabilities and equity
         
Current liabilities
         
Loans and financing
10
 
797,903
678,312
447,503
Debentures
11
 
26,532
122,377
61,945
Payables for purchase of land and advances from customers
14
 
420,199
475,409
421,584
Materials and service suppliers
-
 
190,461
194,331
112,900
Taxes and contributions
-
 
267,122
177,392
113,167
Salaries, payroll charges and profit sharing
-
 
72,153
61,320
29,693
Minimum mandatory dividends
15.2
 
102,767
54,279
26,106
Provision for legal claims and commitments
13
 
14,155
11,266
17,567
Payables to venture partners and other
12
 
149,952
205,657
97,931
Total current liabilities
   
2,041,244
1,980,343
1,328,396
 
         
Non-current liabilities
         
Loans and financing
10
 
612,275
525,443
600,673
Debentures
11
 
1,853,399
1,796,000
442,000
Payables for purchase of land and advances from customers
14
 
177,860
146,401
231,199
Taxes and contributions
   
73,182
91,702
-
Deferred taxes liability
16
 
54,218
103,628
106,473
Provision for legal claims and commitments
13
 
124,537
110,073
39,797
Payables to venture partners and other
12
 
556,233
417,718
408,281
Total non-current liabilities
   
3,451,704
3,190,965
1,828,423
 
         
 
         
 
         
Equity
15
       
  Capital stock
   
2,729,198
1,627,275
1,229,517
Treasury shares
   
(1,731)
(1,731)
(18,050)
Capital reserves and options granted
   
295,879
318,439
182,125
  Income reserves
   
698,889
381,651
330,627
     
3,722,235
2,325,634
1,724,219
Non-controlling interest
   
61,434
58,547
471,402
Total  equity
   
3,783,669
2,384,181
2,195,621
 
         
 
         
Total liabilities and  equity
   
9,276,617
7,555,489
5,352,440
 
 
See accompanying notes.
 
 
F-4

 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Unaudited Consolidated Income statement
Year ended December 31, 2010
(In thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)


     
Consolidated
 
Notes
 
2010
 
2009
         
(restated)
           
Net operating revenue
19
 
3,720,860
 
3,022,346
           
Operating costs
         
Real estate development and sales
-
 
(2,634,556)
 
(2,143,762)
           
Gross profit
   
1,086,304
 
878,584
           
Operating (expenses) income
         
Selling expenses
   
(242,564)
 
(226,621)
General and administrative expenses
   
(236,754)
 
(233,129)
Depreciation and amortization
   
(33,816)
 
(34,170)
Other
   
(12,173)
 
(92,884)
           
Operating profit before financial income (expenses)
   
560,997
 
291,780
           
Financial expenses
20
 
(210,203)
 
(240,572)
Financial income
20
 
128,085
 
129,566
           
Income before taxes on income and
   
478,879
 
180,774
  non-controlling interest
 
           
Current income tax and social contribution expenses
   
(42,210)
 
(20,147)
Deferred income tax and social contribution income (expenses)
   
(3,511)
 
(17,665)
           
Total income tax income (expenses)
16
 
(38,899)
 
(37,812)
           
Net income before non-controlling interest
   
439,980
 
142,962
           
(-) Net income for the year attributable to non-controlling interest
   
(23,930)
 
(41,222)
           
Net income for the year
   
416,050
 
101,740
           
Shares outstanding at the end of the year (in thousands)
15.1
 
430,915
 
166,777
           
Basic net income per thousand shares outstanding at the end of the year - R$ 
23
 
1,0088
 
0,3808
Diluted net income per thousand shares outstanding at the end of the year - R$ 
23
 
1,0010
 
0,3780


See accompanying notes.
 
 
F-5

 
 
 

Gafisa S.A.

Unaudited Consolidated Statement of changes in equity
As of December 31, 2010
(In thousands of Brazilian Reais)

   
Attributable to the equity holders
     
               
Income reserves
         
 
Note
Capital stock
 
Treasury shares
 
Capital and stock options reserve
 
Legal reserve
 
Statutory reserve
 
For investments
 
Retained earnings
Total - company
Non-controlling interest
Total consolidated
                                   
Balances at January 1, 2009
 
1,229,517
 
(18,050)
 
182,125
 
21,081
 
159,213
 
38,533
 
-
1,612,419
-
1,612,419
First-time adoption of CPCs
3
-
 
-
 
-
 
-
 
-
 
-
 
111,800
111,800
471,402
583,202
Balances at January 1, 2009
  (restated)
 
1,229,517
 
(18,050)
 
182,125
 
21,081
 
159,213
 
38,533
 
111,800
1,724,219
471,402
2,195,621
                                   
Capital increase
                                 
- Exercise of stock options
-
9,736
 
-
 
-
 
-
 
-
 
-
 
-
9,736
-
9,736
- Acquisition of Tenda shares
-
388,022
 
-
 
60,822
 
-
 
-
 
-
 
-
448,844
(450,468)
(1,624)
Sale of treasury shares
-
-
 
16,319
 
65,727
 
-
 
-
 
-
 
-
82,046
-
82,046
Stock option plan
-
-
 
-
 
9,765
 
-
 
-
 
-
 
-
9,765
154
9,919
Net income for the year
-
-
 
-
 
-
 
-
 
-
 
-
 
101,740
101,740
41,222
142,962
Legal reserve
-
-
 
-
 
-
 
10,677
 
-
 
-
 
(10,677)
-
-
-
Minimum mandatory dividends
-
-
 
-
 
-
 
-
 
-
 
-
 
(50,716)
(50,716)
(3,763)
(54,479)
Statutory reserve
-
-
 
-
 
-
 
-
 
152,147
 
-
 
(152,147)
-
-
-
                                   
Balances at December 31, 2009
  (restated)
 
1,627,275
 
(1,731)
 
318,439
 
31,758
 
311,360
 
38,533
 
-
2,325,634
58,547
2,384,181
                                   
Capital increase
                                 
- Public offering of shares
15.1
1,063,750
 
-
 
-
 
-
 
-
 
-
 
-
1,063,750
-
1,063,750
- Exercise of stock option
15.1
17,891
 
-
 
-
 
-
 
-
 
-
 
-
17,891
-
17,891
- Merger of Shertis shares
15.1
20,282
 
-
 
1,620
 
-
 
-
 
-
 
-
21,902
(24,080)
(2,178)
- Future capital contributions
 
-
 
-
 
-
 
-
 
-
 
-
 
-
-
7,133
7,133
Expenses for public offering of shares
-
-
 
-
 
(33,271)
 
-
 
-
 
-
 
-
(33,271)
-
(33,271)
Stock option plan
15.3
-
 
-
 
9,091
 
-
 
-
 
-
 
-
9,091
194
9,285
Purchase of treasury shares
-
-
 
-
 
-
 
-
 
-
 
-
 
-
-
(170)
(170)
Net income for the year
-
-
 
-
 
-
 
-
 
-
 
-
 
416,050
416,050
23,930
439,980
Legal reserve
15.2
-
 
-
 
-
 
20,803
 
-
 
-
 
(20,803)
-
-
-
Minimum mandatory dividends
15.2
-
 
-
 
-
 
-
 
-
 
-
 
(98,812)
(98,812)
(4,120)
(102,932)
Statutory reserve
15.2
-
 
-
 
-
 
-
 
296,435
 
-
 
(296,435)
-
-
-
                                   
Balances at December 31, 2010
 
2,729,198
 
(1,731)
 
295,879
 
52,561
 
607,795
 
38,533
 
-
3,722,235
61,434
3,783,669


See accompanying notes.
 
 
F-6

 

Gafisa S.A.

Unaudited Consolidated Cash flow statement
Year ended December 31, 2010
(In thousands of Brazilian Reais)


   
Consolidated
   
2010
2009
     
(restated)
Operating activities
     
Income before taxes on income
 
478,879
180,774
Expenses (income) not affecting cash and cash equivalents:
     
Depreciation and amortization
 
33,816
34,170
Disposal  of property and equipment items
 
-
5,251
Stock option expenses
 
12,924
14,427
Unrealized interest and charges, net
 
217,626
171,326
       
Provision for warranty
 
14,869
7,908
Provision for legal claims and commitments
 
31,044
63,975
Provision for profit sharing
 
36,612
28,237
Allowance for (reversal of) doubtful accounts
 
1,076
(974)
       
       
Decrease (increase) in assets
     
     Trade accounts receivable
 
(1,495,818)
(1,657,128)
     Properties for sale
 
(318,709)
280,519
     Other accounts receivable
 
(133,689)
56,565
     Prepaid expenses and other
 
(2,450)
15,133
       
Increase (decrease) in liabilities
     
Payables for purchase of land and advances from customers
 
(23,751)
(38,881)
Taxes and contributions
 
71,210
25,010
Materials and service suppliers
 
(3,870)
81,431
Salaries, payroll charges and profit sharing
 
(25,779)
3,390
Payables to venture partners and other
 
14,958
36,783
       
Cash used in operating activities
 
(1,091,052)
(692,084)
       
Investing activities
     
       
Purchase of property, plant and equipment items
 
(63,460)
(45,109)
Marketable securities, collaterals, and restricted credit
 
(1,871,140)
(1,731,411)
Redemption of marketable securities, collaterals
   and restricted credit
 
2,057,488
1,014,356
Cash from (used in) investing activities
 
122,888
(762,164)

 
F-7

 

Gafisa S.A.

Unaudited Consolidated cash flow statement--continued
Year ended December 31, 2010
(In thousands of Brazilian Reais)

   
Consolidated
   
2010
2009
     
(restated)
Financing activities
     
Capital increase
 
1,101,923
9,736
Expenses for public offering of shares
 
(50,410)
-
Sale of treasury shares
 
-
82,045
Redeemable shares of Credit Rights Investment Fund (FIDC)
 
(23,238)
41,308
CCI - Assignment of housing loans
 
-
69,316
Increase in loans and financing
 
1,138,232
2,259,663
Amortization of loans and financing
 
(1,187,881)
(860,978)
Assignment of credits receivable, net
 
(33,918)
860
Payables to venture partners
 
80,000
-
Dividends paid
 
(50,692)
(26,058)
Taxes paid
 
(42,210)
(20,147)
 
     
Cash provided by financing activities
 
931,606
1,555,745
 
     
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents
 
(36,558)
101,497
 
     
Cash and cash equivalents
     
 
     
At the beginning of the year
 
292,940
191,443
At the end of the year
 
256,382
292,940
 
     
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents
 
(36,558)
101,497


See accompanying notes.
 
 
F-8

 


Gafisa S.A.

Unaudited Consolidated Statement of value ddded
Year ended December 31, 2010
(In thousands of Brazilian Reais)


   
Consolidated
   
2010
2009
     
(restated)
Revenues
 
4,028,759
3,144,880
Real estate development, sale and services
 
4,029,835
3,144,880
Allowance for doubtful accounts
 
(1,076)
-
Inputs acquired from third parties (including ICMS and IPI)
 
(2,692,400)
(2,366,310)
Real estate development and sales
 
(2,495,560)
(2,071,426)
Materials, energy, outsourced labor and other
 
(196,840)
(294,884)
       
Gross added value
 
1,336,359
778,570
       
Retentions
 
(33,816)
(34,170)
Depreciation, amortization and depletion
 
(33,816)
(34,170)
       
Net added value produced by the Company
 
1,302,543
744,400
       
Added value received on transfer
 
128,085
129,566
Financial income
 
128,085
129,566
       
Total added value to be distributed
 
1,430,628
873,966
       
Added value distribution
 
1,430,628
873,966
Personnel and payroll charges
 
314,190
291,872
Taxes and contributions
 
380,622
184,168
Interest and rents
 
319,766
296,186
Dividends
 
102,767
54,479
Retained earnings
 
313,283
47,261


See accompanying notes.
 
 
F-9

 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to Unaudited financial statements
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except as otherwise stated)

 
1.
Operations

Gafisa S.A. ("Gafisa" or "Company") is a publicly traded company with headquarters at Av. das Nações Unidas, 8501, 19º andar, in the City and State of São Paulo,  and started its commercial operations in 1997 with the objectives of: (a) promoting and managing all forms of real estate ventures on its own behalf or for third parties; (b) purchasing, selling and negotiating real estate properties in general, including provision of financing to real estate customers; (c) carrying out civil construction and civil engineering services; (d) developing and implementing marketing strategies related to its own or third party real estate ventures; and (e) investing in other companies which have similar objectives as the Company's.

The Company forms jointly-controlled ventures (Special Purpose Entities - SPEs) and participates in consortia and condominiums with third parties as means of meeting its objectives. The controlled entities substantially share the managerial and operating structures and the corporate, managerial and operating costs with the Company.

On June 29, 2009, Gafisa S.A. and Construtora Tenda S.A. entered into a Private Instrument for Assignment and Transfer of Quotas and Other Covenants, in which Gafisa assigns and transfers to Tenda 41,341,895 quotas of Cotia1 Empreendimento Imobiliário for the net book value of R$ 41,342 (Note 7).

On December 30, 2009, the shareholders of Gafisa and Tenda approved the acquisition by Gafisa of total shares outstanding issued by Tenda. In connection with this acquisition, Tenda became a wholly-owned subsidiary of Gafisa, and its shareholders received shares of Gafisa in exchange for their shares of Tenda at the ratio of 0.205 shares of Gafisa to one share of Tenda, as negotiated between Gafisa and the Independent Committee of Tenda, both parties having been advised by independent expert companies. In view of the exchange ratio, 32,889,563 common shares were issued for the total issue price of R$ 448,844 (Note 8).

On February 22, 2010, the split of our common shares was approved in the ratio of one existing share to two newly-issued shares, thus increasing the number of shares from 167,077,137 to 334,154,274. In March 2010, the Company completed an initial public offering of common shares, resulting in a capital increase of R$ 1,063,750 with the issue of 85,100,000 shares, comprising 46,634,420 shares in Brazil and 38,465,580 ADSs (Note 15).
 
 
F-10

 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to Unaudited financial statements
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except as otherwise stated)
 
 
1.
Operations

In May 2010, the Company approved the acquisition of the total amount of shares issued by Shertis Empreendimentos e Participações S.A., which main asset comprises 20% of the capital stock of Alphaville Urbanismo S.A. (AUSA). The acquisition of shares has the purpose of making viable the implementation of the Second Phase of the schedule for investment planned in the Investment Agreement and other Covenants, signed between the Company and Alphaville Participações S.A. (Alphapar) on October 2, 2006, thus increasing the interest of Gafisa in the capital stock of AUSA to 80%. As a result of the acquisition of shares, Shertis was converted into a wholly-owned subsidiary of Gafisa, with the issue of 9,797,792 new common shares to Alphapar, former shareholder of Shertis, thus resulting in an increase in capital amounting to R$ 20,283 (Note 15).


2.
Accounting policies
 
The Company’s consolidated financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2010 and 2009, and as at January 1, 2009 were prepared in accordance with the accounting practices adopted and generally accepted in Brazil, which comprise the rules of the Brazilian Securities and Exchange Commission (“CVM”), and the pronouncements, interpretations and guidelines of the Accounting Pronouncements Committee (“CPC”) (such practices, rules, interpretations and guidelines being collectively referred to as “Brazilian GAAP”).

In 2010, a number of new accounting standards were required to be implemented under Brazilian GAAP which the Company retrospectively applied to the beginning of 2009 consistent with its local regulatory reporting.
 
 
F-11

 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to Unaudited financial statements
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except as otherwise stated)
 

2.
Accounting policies-- continued

Brazilian GAAP differs from International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRS”) as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (“IASB”) because Brazilian GAAP requires the application of percentage of completion revenue recognition accounting by real estate companies.  This application of Brazilian GAAP is commonly referred to in Brazil as “IFRS applicable to real estate development entities in Brazil, as approved by the CPC, the CVM and the CFC, including CPC Guideline 04 – Application of the Technical Interpretation ICPC 02 to the Brazilian Real Estate Development Entities – regarding revenue recognition, and the respective costs and expenses arising from real estate development operations by reference to the stage of completion (percentage of completion method)”.   Accordingly, for the purpose of its annual filing with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission, the accompanying consolidated financial statements have been reconciled to US GAAP as presented in Note 26.  US GAAP balance sheets have been included in Note 26(b) for 2010 and 2009 and US GAAP income statements for the years ended 2010, 2009 and 2008 have been included in Note 26 (b).

 
2.1
Accounting judgments, estimates and assumptions

(i)  
Judgments

The preparation of the  consolidated financial statements requires management to make judgments, estimates and adopts assumptions that affect the reported amounts of revenue, expenses, assets and liabilities, as well as the disclosure of contingent liabilities, at the balance sheet date. Assets and liabilities subject to estimates and assumptions include the useful life of property, plan and equipment, impairment of assets, deferred tax assets, provision for uncertainty tax positions, labor and civil risks, and the measurement of the estimated cost of ventures and financial instruments.

(ii)  
Estimates and assumptions

The main assumptions related to sources of uncertainty in future estimates and other important sources of uncertainty in estimates at the balance sheet date, which may result in different amounts upon settlement are discussed below:
 
 
F-12

 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to Unaudited financial statements
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except as otherwise stated)

2.
Accounting policies-- continued

 
2.1
Accounting judgments, estimates and assumptions -- continued

 
(ii)
Estimates and assumptions-- continued

a)  
Impairment of non-financial assets

An impairment loss shall be recognized when the carrying amount of an asset or a cash-generating unit is in excess of its recoverable amount, which is the highest of the fair value less cost to sell and the value in use. The calculation of fair value less costs to sell is based on information available for sale transactions of similar assets or market prices less additional costs to dispose of the asset. The calculation of the value in use is based on the discounted cash flow model. Cash flows are derived from the budget for the following five years, and do not include restructuring activities with which the Company has not committed to undertake or future significant investments that will improve the asset basis of the cash-generating unit being tested. The recoverable amount is sensitive to the discount rate adopted under the discounted cash flow method, as well as the estimated future cash inflows and at the growth rate used for purposes of extrapolation. The main assumptions used to measure the recoverable amount of the cash-generating units are detailed in Note 9.

b)  
Transactions with share-based payment

The Company measures the cost of transactions to be settled with shares with employees based on the fair value of equity instruments on the grant date. The estimate of the fair value of share-based payments requires the determination of the most adequate pricing model to grant equity instruments, which depends on the grant terms and conditions. It also requires the determination of the most adequate data for the pricing model, including the expected option life, volatility and dividend income, and the corresponding assumptions. The assumptions and models used to estimate the fair value of share-based payments are disclosed in Note 15.3.
 
 
 
F-13

 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to Unaudited financial statements
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except as otherwise stated)
 

2.
Accounting policies-- continued

 
2.1
Accounting judgments, estimates and assumptions -- continued

 
(ii)
Estimates and assumptions-- continued

c)  
Provisions for tax, labor and civil risks

The Company recognizes a provision for tax, labor and civil claims. The assessment of the probability of a loss includes the evaluation of the available evidences, the hierarchy of Laws, the existing case laws, the latest court decisions and their significance in the judicial system, as well as the opinion of external legal counsel. The provisions are reviewed and adjusted to take into account the changes in circumstances, such as the applicable expiration term, findings of tax inspections, or additional exposures found based on new court issues or decisions. The settlement of transactions involving these estimates may result in amounts different from those estimated in view of the inaccuracies inherent in the process for estimating them. The Company reviews its estimates and assumptions at least annually.

d)  
Fair value of financial instruments

When the fair value of the financial assets and liabilities presented in the balance sheet cannot be obtained in the active market, it is determined using valuation techniques, including the discounted cash flow method. The data for such methods is based on those practiced in the market, when possible; however, when it is not viable, a certain level of judgment is required to establish the fair value. The judgment includes considerations on the data used, such as liquidity risk, credit risk, and volatility. Changes in the assumptions about these factors may affect the presented fair value of financial instruments.

e)  
Estimated costs of ventures

Total estimated costs, comprised of incurred and future costs for completing the construction works, are regularly reviewed, according to the construction progress, and the adjustments based on this review are reflected in the income statement, which form the basis for calculating the percentage in order to recognize the revenue, as described in Note 2.4.
 
 
 
F-14

 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to Unaudited financial statements
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except as otherwise stated)
 

2.
Accounting policies - continued

 
2.2
Consolidated financial statements

The Company’s consolidated financial statements, which include the financial statements of subsidiaries and the joint ventures indicated in Note 8, were prepared in compliance with the applicable consolidation practices and the legal provisions. Accordingly, intercompany balances, accounts, income and expenses, and unrealized earnings were eliminated. The jointly-controlled investees are consolidated in proportion to the interest held by the Company.
 
 
 
F-15

 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to Unaudited financial statements
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except as otherwise stated)


2.
Accounting policies - continued

 
2.2
Consolidated financial statements - continued

The Company carried out the proportionate consolidation of the financial statements of the jointly-controlled investees listed below, which main information is the following:

Investees
% ownership interest
Current
Non-current
 
Net
Gross
Net operating
Net financial
Income tax
Net income (loss)
Asset
Liability
Asset
Liability
Equity
revenue
result
income
income
and social contribution
for the year
Gafisa SPE-46  Emp. Imob. Ltda.
60%
15,187
(62)
1,004
13,810
2,443
3,165
(1,325)
(83)
(373)
1
(1,780)
Gafisa SPE-40 Emp. Imob. Ltda.
50%
8,627
2,198
1,693
178
7,944
1,304
931
(10)
(172)
10
758
Dolce Vita Bella Vita SPE S/A
50%
2,073
3,961
5,952
7
4,056
3,549
3,695
-
41
68
3,804
Saíra Verde Emp. Imob. Ltda.
70%
806
(449)
(604)
25
626
130
121
-
5
16
142
DV SPE S/A
50%
1,812
578
856
132
1,958
196
187
-
2
2
190
Gafisa e Ivo Rizzo SPE-47 Emp. Imob. Ltda.
80%
36,170
11,485
223
8,640
16,268
(669)
(669)
(86)
(5)
-
(760)
Gafisa/Tiner Campo Belo I – Emp. Imob. SPE Ltda.
45%
6,523
2,844
2,716
248
6,146
2,188
999
54
(495)
14
574
Península I SPE S/A
50%
10,591
12,278
(277)
279
(2,242)
3,821
2,091
(133)
50
(131)
1,877
Península 2 SPE S/A
50%
9,169
12,273
3,220
92
24
(8)
136
(11)
29
101
254
Villaggio Panamby Trust S/A
50%
4,356
296
109
(31)
4,200
90
(83)
1
26
(23)
(80)
Gafisa SPE-44 Emp. Imob. Ltda.
40%
3,409
589
921
28
3,713
-
-
(6)
-
-
(6)
Gafisa SPE-65 Emp. Imob. Ltda.
80%
32,728
19,360
54
1,179
12,242
18,123
5,683
(137)
83
(638)
4,981
Gafisa SPE-71 Emp. Imob. Ltda.
80%
35,933
20,958
218
3,544
11,649
25,342
8,329
(193)
179
(774)
7,525
Gafisa SPE-73 Emp. Imob. Ltda.
80%
9,961
513
2,038
4,083
7,403
-
-
(2,371)
38
(9)
(2,342)
Gafisa SPE- 76 Emp. Imob. Ltda.
50%
142
38
-
21
83
-
-
-
-
-
(1)
Gafisa SPE-70 Emp. Imob. Ltda.
55%
15,339
1,634
302
1,077
12,929
-
-
(5)
(9)
-
(14)
Gafisa SPE-85 Emp. Imob. Ltda.
80%
33,051
33,429
53,860
21,570
31,911
53,551
22,475
(204)
(194)
(1,753)
20,324
Gafisa SPE-102 Emp. Imob. Ltda.
80%
1,806
740
-
1,041
25
-
-
-
25
(1)
24
Gafisa SPE-104 Emp. Imob. Ltda.
50%
1
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
Sítio Jatiuca Empreendimento Imobiliário SPE Ltda.
50%
124,393
53,924
774
54,246
16,998
42,771
7,617
(726)
(683)
(1,372)
4,837
Deputado José Lajes Empreendimento Imobiliário SPE Ltda.
50%
3,801
857
8
3,411
(459)
(7)
(1,139)
112
19
5
(1,003)
Alto da Barra de São Miguel Empreendimento Imobiliário SPE Ltda.
50%
35,137
11,397
237
26,411
(2,435)
7,730
2,109
(1,349)
218
(134)
844
Reserva & Residencial Spazio Natura Empreendimento Imobiliário SPE Ltda.
50%
1,680
4
-
297
1,379
-
-
(14)
-
-
(14)
BKO ENGENHARIA E COMERCIO LTDA
50%
13,332
3,708
-
941
8,683
12,117
5,201
(1,431)
(146)
(393)
3,231
 
 
F-16

 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to Unaudited financial statements
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except as otherwise stated)

2.
Accounting policies - continued

 
2.2
Consolidated financial statements - continued

Investees
% Ownership interest
Current
Non-current
 
Net
Gross
Net operating
Net financial
Income tax
Net income (loss)
Assets
Liabilities
Assets
Liabilities
Equity
revenue
result
Income (loss)
result
and social contribution
for the year
O Bosque Empr. Imob. Ltda.
60%
9,055
94
288
458
8,791
-
(45)
(26)
-
1
(70)
Grand Park - Parque das Aguas Emp. Imob. Ltda.
50%
49,255
41,061
14,939
2,226
20,907
48,633
14,578
(623)
(1,115)
(1,552)
11,288
Grand Park - Parque das Arvores Emp. Imob. Ltda.
50%
81,205
36,377
7,792
17,032
35,588
74,718
24,270
(256)
(1,004)
(2,307)
20,702
Dubai Residencial Emp. Imob. Ltda.
50%
33,600
19,084
7,286
576
21,227
32,758
12,955
(138)
(838)
(1,032)
10,948
Varandas Grand Park Emp. Imob. Ltda.
50%
3,734
1,754
10,154
9,816
2,319
17,164
4,675
(1,852)
(10)
(495)
2,318
PRIME SPE FRANERE GAFISA 07 EMP
50%
4,246
2,442
2,069
4,124
(250)
2,185
452
(657)
(1)
(45)
(251)
Costa Maggiore Emp. Imob. Ltda.
50%
21,571
3,364
11,932
17,105
13,033
21,116
6,954
(413)
406
(377)
6,389
City Park Brotas Emp. Imob. Ltda.
50%
5,320
1,393
-
3,278
650
619
(777)
(466)
356
(69)
(957)
City Park Acupe Emp. Imob. Ltda.
50%
5,349
1,536
51
2,333
1,531
1,032
(316)
3
335
(105)
(82)
Patamares 1 Emp. Imob. SPE Ltda.
50%
11,598
4,997
603
18
7,187
9,376
2,694
(2,232)
713
(475)
701
Graça Emp. Imob. Ltda.
50%
10,345
2
-
9,588
755
-
(385)
(65)
(1)
-
(451)
Acupe Exclusive Emp. Imob. Ltda.
50%
3,072
1,782
-
929
361
2,178
213
(690)
144
(94)
(427)
Manhattan Square Emp. Imob. Comercial 01 SPE Ltda.
50%
49,065
16,011
1,121
27,023
7,152
20,763
3,491
(1,436)
226
(1,270)
1,011
Manhattan Square Emp. Imob. Comercial 02 SPE Ltda.
50%
7,780
7
-
6,537
1,236
-
-
(4)
(12)
-
(15)
Manhattan Square Emp. Imob. Residencial 02 SPE Ltda.
50%
19,464
2
-
16,857
2,606
-
(2)
-
(21)
-
(23)
Manhattan Square Emp. Imob. Residencial 01 SPE Ltda.
50%
123,162
36,479
1,838
91,898
(3,376)
32,273
3,827
(3,175)
495
(2,581)
(1,435)
FIT 13 SPE Emp. Imob. Ltda.
50%
16,687
5,823
8,643
178
19,328
14,050
6,496
974
1,567
(493)
8,543
API SPE 29 - Planej.e Desenv.de Empreend.Imob.Ltda.
50%
27,365
25,230
1,519
269
3,385
536
269
(1,772)
95
108
(1,300)
API SPE 28 - Planej.e Desenv.de Empreend.Imob.Ltda.
50%
71,776
8,768
35
37,449
25,594
51,393
14,755
(857)
(10)
(2,994)
10,859
Parque do Morumbi Incorporadora LTDA.
80%
17,823
12,920
452
1,239
4,116
11,630
2,850
(415)
(240)
(337)
1,859
Gafisa SPE-48 S/A
80%
120,303
48,637
533
7,968
64,231
58,330
9,088
(558)
1,312
(3,089)
6,753
Gafisa SPE-55 S/A
80%
73,716
17,734
213
14,609
41,586
32,580
10,368
(2,154)
231
(1,120)
7,325
Gafisa SPE-77 Emp. Imob. Ltda.
65%
79,231
23,463
40,049
54,244
41,573
38,366
9,607
(640)
(397)
(9,552)
(981)
Saí Amarela S/A
50%
6,425
3,478
(725)
119
2,102
365
277
(199)
(166)
71
(16)
Sunshine S/A
60%
12,101
6,109
806
296
6,501
1,496
1,263
(43)
21
(9)
1,231
Cyrela Gafisa SPE Ltda.
50%
4,638
775
-
719
3,144
289
289
(638)
425
7
82
 
 
F-17

 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to Unaudited financial statements
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except as otherwise stated)

 
2.
Accounting policies-- continued
 
 
2.3
Functional and presentation currency

The consolidated financial statements are presented in Reais, which is also the functional currency of the Company and its subsidiaries.


 
2.4
Recognition of results

 
(i)
Real estate development and sales

Revenues, as well as costs and expenses directly related to real estate development units sold and not yet finished, are recognized over the construction period and the following procedures are adopted:

(a)  
In the sales of finished units, the result is recognized when the sale is completed, with the transfer of significant risks and rights, regardless of the receipt of the contractual amount.

(b)  
In the sales of unfinished units, the following procedures and rules were observed:

•  
The incurred cost (including the cost of land, and other expenditures directly related to the inventory increase) corresponding to the units sold is fully appropriated to the income statement.

•  
The percentage of incurred cost of units sold (including land) is measured in relation to total estimated cost, and this percentage is applied on the revenues from units sold, adjusted in accordance with the terms established in the sales contracts, thus determining the amount of revenues to be recognized in directly proportion to cost.

  
Any amount of revenue recognized that exceeds the amount actually received from customers is recorded as either current or non-current asset. Any amount received in connection with the sales of units that exceeds the amount of revenues recognized is recorded as "Payables  for purchase of land and advances from customers".
 
 
F-18

 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to Unaudited financial statements
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except as otherwise stated)
 
 
 
 
2.
Accounting policies--continued

 
2.4
Recognition of results--continued

 
(i)
Real estate development and sales--continued

•  
Interest and inflation-indexation charges on accounts receivable as from the time the customer takes possession of the property, as well as the adjustment to present value of accounts receivable, are appropriated to the income statement from the development and sale of real estate using the accrual basis of accounting;

•  
The financial charges on accounts payable for acquisition of land and those directly associated with the financing of construction are recorded in inventories of properties for sale, and appropriated to the incurred cost of finished units, following the same criteria for appropriation of real estate development cost of units under construction sold.

The taxes on the difference between the revenues from real estate development and the accumulated revenues subject to tax are calculated and recognized when the difference in revenues is recognized.

The other advertising and publicity expenses are appropriated to the income statement as they are incurred – represented by media insertion – using the accrual basis of accounting.

 
(ii)
Construction services

Revenues from real estate services are recognized as services are rendered and consist primarily of amounts received in connection with construction management activities for third parties, and technical advisory.
 
 
F-19

 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to Unaudited financial statements
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except as otherwise stated)
 
 

 
2.
Accounting policies--continued

 
2.4
Recognition of results--continued

 
(iii)
Barter transactions

In barter transactions of land in exchange for units, the value of land acquired by the Company is calculated based on the fair value of real estate units to be delivered. The fair value is recorded in inventories of properties for sale against liabilities for advances from customers, at the time the barter agreement is signed, provided that the real estate development recording register is obtained. Revenues and costs incurred from barter transactions are appropriated to the income statement over the course of construction period of the projects, as described in item (b).

 
(iv)
ICPC 02 – paragraph 20 and 21

In compliance with the aforementioned ICPC requirements, the amounts of recognized revenues and incurred costs are presented in the income statement, and the advances received in the balance sheet as payables for purchase of land and advances from customers.

 
2.5
Financial instruments

Financial instruments are recognized only from the date the Company becomes a party to the contractual provisions of financial instruments, which include marketable securities, accounts receivable, cash and cash equivalents, loans and financing, suppliers, and other debts. Financial instruments that are not recognized at fair value through profit and loss are added by any directly attributable transactions costs.

After the initial recognition, financial instruments are measured as described below:
 
 
F-20

 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to Unaudited financial statements
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except as otherwise stated)
 
 

 
2.
Accounting policies--continued

 
2.5
Financial instruments--continued

 
(i)
Financial instruments at fair value through profit and loss

A financial instrument is classified into fair value through profit and loss if held for trading, that is, designated as such when initially recognized. Financial instruments are designated at fair value through profit and loss if the Company manages these investments and makes decisions on purchase and sale based on their fair value according to the strategy of investment and risk management. After initial recognition, attributable transaction costs are recognized in the income statement when incurred. Financial instruments at fair value through profit and loss are measured at fair value, and their fluctuations are recognized in the income statement.

In the year ended December 31, 2009, the Company held derivative instruments with the objective of mitigating the risk of its exposure to the volatility of currencies, indices and interest rates, recognized at fair value directly in the income statement for the year, which were settled by the end of 2009. In accordance with its treasury policies, the Company does not have or issue derivative financial instruments for purposes other than for hedging. Derivatives are initially recognized at fair value, and the attributable to transaction costs are recognized in the income statement when incurred. After the initial recognition, derivatives are measured at fair value and the changes are recognized in the income statement.

 
(ii)
Available-for-sale financial instruments

For available-for-sale financial instruments, the Company assesses if there is any objective evidence that the investment is recoverable at each balance sheet date. After the initial measurement, the available-for-sale financial assets are measured at fair value, with unrealized gains and losses directly recognized in other comprehensive income, when applicable, except for impairment of interests calculated under the effective interest method, and the foreign exchange gains or losses on monetary assets that are directly recognized in results for the period.
 
 
F-21

 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to Unaudited financial statements
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except as otherwise stated)
 
 
 

2.
Accounting policies--continued

 
2.5
Financial instruments--continued

 
(iii)
Loans and receivables

After initial recognition, loans and financing accruing interest are subsequently measured at amortized cost, using the effective interest rate method, less impairments, if any.

 
2.6
Cash and cash equivalents, and marketable securities and collaterals

Cash and cash equivalents substantially include demand deposits and bank deposit certificates under resale agreements, denominated in reais, with high market liquidity and maturity that does not exceed 90 days or in regard to which there are no penalties or other restrictions for the immediate redemption thereof.

Marketable securities and collaterals include available-for-sale securities, bank deposit certificates, investment funds, in which the Company is the sole shareholder, and are fully consolidated, and collaterals.

 
2.7
Trade accounts receivable

Trade accounts receivables are stated at cost plus accrued interest and indexation adjustments, net of adjustment to present value. The allowance for doubtful accounts is recorded at an amount considered sufficient by management to cover estimated losses on realization of credits that do not have general guarantee.

The installments due are indexed based on the National Civil Construction Index (INCC) during the construction phase, and based on the General Market Prices Index (IGP-M) and interest, after the delivery of the units.
 
 
F-22

 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to Unaudited financial statements
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except as otherwise stated)
 
 

 
2.
Accounting policies--continued

 
2.8
Housing loan certificates (CRI)

The Company assigns receivables for the securitization and issuance of mortgage-backed securities (CRI). When this assignment does not involve right of recourse, it is recorded as a reduction of accounts receivable. When the transaction involves recourse against the Company, the accounts receivable from units sold is maintained on the balance sheet. The financial guarantees, when a participation is acquired (subordinated CRI) and maintained to secure assigned receivables, are recorded in the balance sheet as non-current receivables at fair value.

 
2.9
Credit Rights Investment Fund (FIDC) and Housing Loan Certificate (CCI)

The Company consolidates Credit Rights Investment Fund (FIDC) in which it holds subordinated shares, subscribed and paid in by the Company in receivables.

Pursuant to CVM Rule No. 408, the consolidation by the Company of FIDC arises from the evaluation of the underlying and economic reality of these investments, considering, among others: (a) whether the Company still has control over the assigned receivables, (b) whether it still retains any right in relation to assigned receivables, (c) whether it still bears the risks and responsibilities for the assigned receivables, and (d) whether the Company fundamentally or usually pledges guarantees to FIDC investors in relation to the expected receipts and interests, even informally.

When consolidating the FIDC in its financial statements, the Company discloses the receivables in the group of accounts of receivables from customers and the FIDC net worth is reflected in other accounts payable, the balance of subordinated shares held by the Company being eliminated in this consolidation process. The financial costs of these transactions are appropriated on pro rata basis in the adequate heading of financial expenses.

The Company carries out the assignment and/or securitization of receivables related to credits of statutory lien on completed real estate ventures. This securitization is carried out upon the issuance of the housing loan certificate (CCI), which is assigned to financial institutions that grant loans. The funds from
 
 
F-23

 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to Unaudited financial statements
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except as otherwise stated)
 
 
 
 
assignment are classified in the heading other accounts payable, until certificates are settled by customers.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
F-24

 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to Unaudited financial statements
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except as otherwise stated)
 
 
 

2.
Accounting policies--continued

 
2.10
Properties for sale

Land is stated at cost of acquisition.  Land is recorded only after the deed of property is registered, not being recognized in the financial statements while in progress, regardless of the likelihood of success or stage of development. The Company and its subsidiaries acquire a portion of its land through barter transactions, which, in exchange for the land acquired, it undertakes to deliver (a) real estate units under development or (b) part of the revenues originating from the sale of the real estate units. Land acquired through barter transaction is stated at fair value, and revenue and cost are recognized according to the criteria described in Note 2.4 (i).

Properties are stated at construction cost, which does not exceed the net realizable value. In the case of real estate developments in progress, the portion in inventories corresponds to the cost incurred for units that have not yet been sold.  The incurred cost comprises construction (materials, own or outsourced labor, and other related items), expenses for remedial actions on land and ventures, land and financial charges appropriated to the development as incurred during the construction phase.

When the cost of construction of properties for sale exceeds the expected cash flow from sales, once completed or still under construction, an impairment charge is recognized in the period when the carrying amount is considered no longer to be recoverable.

Properties for sale are annually reviewed, at the closing date of the year, to assess the recoverability of the carrying amount of each real estate development, regardless any events or changes in macroeconomic scenarios indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. If the carrying amount of a real estate development is not recoverable, compared to its realizable value through expected cash flows, a provision is recorded.

The Company capitalizes interest on developments during the construction phase, and plots of land, while the activities for preparation of assets for resale are being carried out, since there are loans outstanding, which are recognized in the income statement in the proportion to units sold, the same criterion for other costs.
 
 
F-25

 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to Unaudited financial statements
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except as otherwise stated)

 
 
2.
Accounting policies--continued

 
2.11
Deferred selling expenses - commissions

Brokerage expenditures are recorded in the income statement following the same percentage-of-completion criteria adopted for the recognition of revenues. The charges related to sales commission of the buyer are not recognized as revenue or expense of the Company.

 
2.12
Provision for warranty
 
The Company and its subsidiaries recognize a provision to cover expenditures for repairing construction defects covered during the warranty period, except for the subsidiaries that operate with outsourced companies, which are the own guarantors of the constructions services provided.  The warranty period is five years from the delivery of the unit.

 
2.13
Prepaid expenses

These are recorded in  the income statement in the period to which they relate.

 
2.14
Property, plant and equipment

Recorded at cost, less any applicable accumulated depreciation and any accumulated impairment losses.

A property, plant  and equipment is derecognized when no future economic benefits are expected from its use or disposal. The gain or loss arising from the derecognition of an asset (calculated as the difference between the net disposal proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset) of property, plant and equipment shall be included in statement of income when the asset is derecognized.

In view of the Brazilian accounting practice, for the purpose of fully adhering to the process for convergence into the international practices, in the first-time adoption of technical pronouncements CPC27 (IAS16) and CPC28 (IAS40), there is the option to make adjustments in the opening balances in a way similar those permitted by the international accounting standards, with the use of the concept of attributed cost, as prescribed in the technical pronouncements CPC37 (IFRS1) and CPC 43.
 
 
F-26

 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to Unaudited financial statements
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except as otherwise stated)

 

 
2.
Accounting policies--continued

 
2.14
Property, plant and equipment--continued

The Company opted for not restating the property, plant and equipment items at fair value on the transition date, taking into account that: (i) the method of cost less allowance for depreciation is the best to state the property, plant and equipment of the Company; (ii) the Company has effective control over property, plant and equipment items that enables the determination of the estimated useful life of assets, and (iii) the depreciation rates used fairly represent the useful life of assets, which allows us to conclude that the property, plant and equipment value is close to the fair value.

Depreciation is calculated based on the straight-line method considering the estimated useful life of the assets, as follows:

(i)
Vehicles – 5 years;
(ii)
office equipment and other installations - 10 years;
(iii)
sale stands, facilities, display apartments and related furnishings - 1 year.

The residual value, useful life, and depreciation methods are reviewed at the end of each year.
 
Expenditures incurred for the construction of sales stands, facilities, display apartments and related furnishings are capitalized as property, plant and equipment of the Company and its subsidiaries. Depreciation of these assets commences upon launch of the development and is recorded over the average term of one year and subject to periodical analysis of asset impairment).

 
2.15
Intangible assets

(i)  
Expenditures related to the acquisition and development of computer systems and software licenses, recorded at acquisition cost, and are amortized over a period of up to five years, and are subject to periodical assessments about impairment of assets.

(ii)  
The Company’s investments in subsidiaries include goodwill when the acquisition cost exceeds the carrying amount of net tangible assets of the acquiree.
 
 
F-27

 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to Unaudited financial statements
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except as otherwise stated)

 

 
2.
Accounting policies--continued

 
2.15
Intangible assets --continued

Up to December 31, 2008, goodwill was amortized in accordance with the underlying economic basis, the assessment of the respective acquires upon acquisition, which considers factors such as the land bank, the ability to generate results from developments launched and/or to be launched and other inherent factors. AS from January 1, 2009 goodwill is no longer amortized.

Goodwill recorded at December 31, 2010 refers to acquisitions before the date of transition to CPC/IFRS, and the Company opted for not retrospectively recognizing the acquisitions before the transition date, to adjust any of the respective goodwill.

The impairment test of goodwill is carried out annually (at December 31) or whenever circumstances indicate an impairment loss.

Goodwill that is not justified by future profitability is immediately recognized as a loss in income for the year.

 
2.16
Investments in subsidiaries and joint-controlled investees

If the Company holds more than half of the voting capital of another company, and/or has governance power over the financial and operating policies of an entity, the latter is considered a subsidiary. In situations in which agreements grant the other company veto rights, significantly affecting business decisions with regards to its investee, the latter is considered to a jointly-controlled investee. Investments in subsidiaries and jointly-controlled investees are recorded in the Company under the equity method. The jointly-controlled investees are accounted for under the proportionate consolidation, based on the ownership interest of the Company.

When the Company's interest in the losses of subsidiaries is equal to or higher than the amount invested, the Company recognizes the residual portion of the net capital deficiency since it assumes obligations to make payments on behalf of these companies or for future capital increase.
 
 
F-28

 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to Unaudited financial statements
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except as otherwise stated)

 

2.
Accounting policies--continued

 
2.17
Payables for purchase of land and advances from customers due to barter transactions

Payables for purchase of land and advances from customer due to barter transactions are contractual obligations established for purchases of land in inventory (property for sale), which are stated at amortized cost plus interest and charges proportional to the period (pro rata basis), when applicable, net of adjustment to present value.

The obligations related to barter transactions of land in exchange for real estate units are stated at fair value.

 
2.18
Income tax and social contribution on net profit

(i)  
Current income tax and social contribution

Taxes on income in Brazil comprise Federal income tax (25%) and social contribution (9%), as recorded in the statutory accounting records, for entities on the taxable profit regime, for which the composite statutory rate is 34%. Deferred taxes are provided on all temporary tax differences at the balance sheet date between the tax bases of assets and liabilities, and their carrying amounts.

As permitted by tax legislation, certain subsidiaries opted for the deemed profit regime, method under which the taxable profit is calculated as a percentage of gross sales. For these companies, the income tax basis is calculated at the rate of 8% on gross revenues and for the social contribution basis at 12% on gross revenues.

(ii)  
Deferred income tax and social contribution

The deferred tax assets are recognized to the extent that future taxable income is expected to be available to be used to offset temporary.

Deferred tax assets arising from net operating losses have no expiration dates, though offset is restricted to 30% of annual taxable income.Entities whose taxable profit is calculated as a percentage of gross sales cannot offset prior year losses carry forwards against tax payable.

In the event realization of deferred tax assets is not considered to be probable, no amount is recorded (Note 16).
 
 
F-29

 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)


2.
Accounting policies—continued

 
2.19
Other current and non-current liabilities

These liabilities are stated on an accrual basis at their known or estimated amounts, plus, when applicable, the corresponding charges and inflation-indexed variations through the balance sheet date, which contra-entry is included in income for the year. Where applicable, current and non-current liabilities are recorded at present value based on interest rates that reflect the term, currency and risk of each transaction.

 
2.20
Stock option plans

As approved by its Board of Directors, the Company offers to its selected executives share-based compensation plans ("Stock Options”), according to which services are received as consideration of granted options.

The fair value of services received from the plan participants, in exchange for options, is determined in relation to the fair value of shares, on the grant date of each plan, and recognized as expense as contra-entry to equity as service is rendered.

In an equity-settled transaction, in which the plan is modified, a minimum expense recognized corresponds to the expenses as if the terms have not been changed. An additional expense is recognized for any modification that increases the total fair value of granted options, or that otherwise benefits the employee, measured on the modification date.  In case of cancellation of a stock option plan, this is treated as if it had been granted on the cancellation date, and any unrecognized plan expense is immediately recognized. However, if a new plan replaces the cancelled plan, and a substitute plan is designated on the grant date, the cancelled plan and the new plan are treated as if they were a modification of the original plan, as previously mentioned.

 
F-30

 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)


2.
Accounting Policies - continued

 
2.21
Other employee benefits

The benefits granted to the Company’s employees and management include, as fixed compensation (salaries, social security (INSS) contributions, vacation and 13th monthly salary) and variable compensation such as profit sharing, bonus, and share-based payment. These benefits are recorded in income for the year, under the heading general and administrative expenses, as they are incurred.

The bonus system operates with individual corporate targets, structured based on the efficiency of corporate goals, followed by the business ones and, finally, the individual goals.

The Company and its subsidiaries do not have private pension or retirement plans or other post-employment benefits.

 
2.22
Present value adjustment – assets and liabilities

The assets and liabilities arising from long or short-term transactions, if they had a significant effect, were adjusted to present value.

In installment sales of unfinished units, real estate development entities have receivables  prior to delivery of the units which does not accrue interest, were discounted to present value. The reversal of the adjustment to present value, considering that an important part of the Company’s activities is to finance its customers, was made as a contra-entry to the real estate development revenue group itself, consistent with the interest accrued on the portion of accounts receivable related to the “after handover of keys” period.

The financial charges of funds used in the construction and finance of real estate ventures are capitalized. As interest from funds used to finance the acquisition of land for development and construction is capitalized, the accretion of the present value adjustment arising from the obligation is recorded in real estate development operating costs or against inventories of properties for sale, as the case may be, until the construction phase of the venture is completed.

 
F-31

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)


2.
Accounting policies--continued

 
2.22
Present value adjustments– of assets and liabilities--continued

Accordingly, certain asset and liability items are adjusted to present value based on discount rates that reflect management's best estimate of the value of the money over time.

The applied discount rate’s underlying economic basis and assumption is the average rate of the financing and loans obtained by the Company, net of the inflation-index effect (Note 5).

 
2.23
Provision for impairment of non-financial assets

Management reviews annually, at each balance sheet date, the carrying amount of assets with the objective of evaluating events or changes in economic and operational circumstances that may indicate impairment. When such evidence is found, the carrying amount exceeds the recoverable amount, so a provision for impairment is recorded, adjusting the carrying to the recoverable amount. The goodwill and intangible assets with indefinite useful lives have the recovery of their amounts tested annually, regardeless if there is any indications of impairment. This test is performed applying a reduction in value discounted at present value, using a discount rate before taxes that reflect the weighted average cost and capital.

 
2.24
Debenture and public offering expenses
 
Transaction costs and premiums on issuance of securities, as well as share issuance expenses, are accounted for as a direct reduction of capital raised.
In addition, transaction costs and premiums on issuance of debt securities are amortized over the terms of the security and the net balance is classified as reduction of the respective transaction (Note 11).

 
F-32

 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)


2.
Accounting policies--continued

 
2.25
Borrowing costs

The borrowing costs directly attributable to ventures during the construction phase, and land, when the development of the asset for sale is being performed, shall be capitalized as part of the cost of that asset, since there are borrowings outstanding, which are recognized in income to the extent units are sold, the same criteria for other costs. All other borrowing costs are recorded as expense when incurred. Borrowing costs comprise interest and other related costs incurred.

 
2.26
Provisions

Provisions are recognized when the Company has a present obligation as a result of a past event, and it is probable future economic benefits be required to settle the payable, and a reliable estimate can be made of the amount of the obligation.

 
(i)
Provisions for tax, civil and labor risks

The Company is party to various lawsuits and administrative proceedings. Provisions are recognized for all contingencies related to lawsuits, in which it is probable that an outflow of resources will be made to settle the contingency, and a reliable estimate can be made. The assessment of the probability of loss includes the evaluation of available evidence, the hierarchy of Laws, the available case law, the most recent court decisions, and their relevance in the legal system, as well as the opinion of external legal counsel. The provisions are reviewed and adjusted to take into account the change in circumstances, such as applicable lapse, findings of tax inspections, or additional identified exposures based on new issues or court decisions.

Contingent liabilities which losses are considered possible are only disclosed in a note to financial statements, and those which losses are considered remote are not accrued nor disclosed.

 
F-33

 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)


2.
Accounting policies--continued

 
2.26
Provisions--continued

 
(ii)
Allowance for doubtful accounts

The allowance for doubtful accounts is recorded at an amount considered sufficient by Management to cover estimated losses on realization of credits that do not have general guarantee.

Contingent assets are recognized only when there are real guarantees or favorable final and unappealable court decisions. Contingent assets with probable favorable decisions are only disclosed in the notes.

 
2.27
Statement of cash flows and value added

The statements of cash flows are prepared and presented in accordance with CVM Resolution No. 641, of October 7, 2010, which approved the accounting pronouncement CPC No. 03 (R2) – Statement of Cash Flows, issued by the CPC. The statements of value added are prepared and presented in accordance with CVM Resolution No. 557, of November 12, 2008, which approved the accounting pronouncement CPC No. 09 – Statement of Value Added, issued by CPC.

 
2.28
Treasury shares

 
Own equity instruments that are repurchased (treasury shares) are recognized at cost and deducted from equity. No gain or loss is recognized in income statement upon purchase, sale, issue or cancellation of the Company’s own equity instruments. Any difference between the carrying amount and the consideration is recognized in other capital reserves.

 
F-34

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)


2.
Accounting policies--continued

 
2.29
Earnings per share – basic and diluted

Earnings per share are calculated by dividing the net income available to ordinary shareholders by the average number of shares outstanding over the period. Diluted earnings per share are calculated similarly to the basic ones, except for the fact that the numbers of shares outstanding are increased to include the additional shares, which would have been considered in the basic earnings calculation, in case the shares with dilution potential had been converted.

 
2.30
Business combinations

 
Business combinations from January 1, 2009

 
Business combinations are accounted for using the acquisition method. The cost of an acquisition is measured by the sum of the transferred consideration, stated at fair value on the acquisition date, and the value of any non-controlling interests in the acquiree. For each business combination, the acquirer shall measure the non-controlling interests in the acquiree at fair value or based on its share of the acquiree’s identifying net assets. Costs directly attributed to acquisition shall be accounted for as expenses when incurred.

 
When acquiring a business, the Company measures the financial assets and liabilities assumed with the objective of classifying and allocating them according to the contractual terms, economic conditions, and other pertinent conditions as they exist at the acquisition date, which includes the separation by the acquiree of embedded derivatives existing in the host contracts of the acquiree.

 
If the business combination is achieved in stages, the fair value at the date of acquisition of the previously held equity interest in the acquiree is remeasured at its acquisition-date fair value, the impacts being recognized in the income statement.

 
Any contingent consideration to be transferred by the acquirer shall be recognized at fair value on the acquisition date. Subsequent changes in the fair value of the contingent consideration, classified as an asset or liability, shall be recognized in accordance with CPC 38 in the income statement or in other comprehensive income. If the contingent consideration is classified as equity, it shall not be remeasured until it is completely settled in equity.

 
F-35

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)


2.
Accounting policies - continued

 
2.30
Business Combinations - continued

 
Initially, the goodwill is measured as the excess of the transferred consideration over the acquired net assets (net identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed). If the consideration is lower than the fair value of the net assets acquired, the difference shall be recognized as gain in the income statement.

 
After the initial recognition,  goodwill is measured at cost, less any accumulated impairment losses. For purposes of impairment test, the goodwill acquired in a business combination is, from the acquisition date, allocated to each cash-generating unit of the Company that is expected to be benefited by the combination synergies, regardless the fact that other assets or liabilities of the acquiree are attributed to these units.

 
When the goodwill is allocated to a part of a cash-generating unit, and a portion of such unit is disposed of, the goodwill associated with the disposed of portion shall be included in the cost of the operation when determining the gain or loss on disposal. Goodwill disposed of under such circumstances is calculated based on amount proportional to the disposed portion in relation to the cash-generating unit retained.

3.
New Brazilian GAAP Accounting Standards Adopted

Through December 31, 2009, the Company’s consolidated financial statements had been prepared in accordance with the Brazilian GAAP in effect at that time.    In 2010, a number of new accounting standards were required to be implemented under Brazilian GAAP which the Company retrospectively applied to the beginning of 2009 consistent with its local regulatory reporting.    These new Brazilian GAAP standards were adopted as Brazilian GAAP continued to converge with IFRS, and specifically Brazil’s adoption of “IFRS applicable to real estate development entities in Brazil, as approved by the CPC, the CVM and the CFC, including CPC Guideline 04 – Application of the Technical Interpretation ICPC 02 to the Brazilian Real Estate Development Entities – regarding revenue recognition, and the respective costs and expenses arising from real estate development operations by reference to the stage of completion (percentage of completion method)”.    The main differences between the current and the previous Brazilian GAAP adopted on the transition date, including the reconciliations of  equity and income are described in item 3.2 of this note.

 
F-36

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)


3.
New Brazilian GAAP Accounting Standards Adopted - continued

The Company prepared its opening balance sheet on the transition date to IFRS applicable to real estate development entities in Brazil as of January 1, 2009, and, therefore, applied the mandatory exceptions and certain optional exemptions from retrospective application, as established in the technical pronouncements, interpretations and guidelines issued by the CPC, and approved by CVM, to the Company’s financial statements.


 
3.1
Mandatory exceptions and exemptions from retrospective application

CPC 37 (R1) allows companies to apply certain optional exemptions.  The Company analyzed all optional exemptions, the result of which is presented below:

 
(i)
Mandatory exceptions for business combinations: The Company applied CPC 15 from the year beginning on January 1, 2010, with retrospective application only for the immediately prior year, beginning on January 1, 2009;

 
(ii)
Exemption for presentation of fair value of property, plan and equipment as deemed cost: The Company opted for not stating its property, plan and equipment at the transition date at fair value, but to maintain the previously estimated cost;

 
(iii)
Exemption for measurement of compound financial instruments: The Company does not have any transactions subject to this standard.

 
F-37

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)


3.
New Brazilian GAAP Accounting Standards Adopted - continued

 
3.1
Mandatory exceptions and exemptions from retrospective application - continued

 
(iv)
Effects of changes in foreign exchange rates and translation of financial statements: This standard does not apply to the Company’s operations.

The following exemptions are not applicable to the Company’s operations and do not impact the financial statements on the first-time adoption date:

 
(i)
Employee benefits CPC 22: The Company does not have any private pension plans or other benefits that are characterized as defined benefit plan;
 
 
(ii)
Insurance contracts CPC 11: The standard is not applicable to the Company’s operations;
 
 
(iii)
Service concession arrangements ICPC 01: The Company does not have any utilities concession operations.
 
In addition to optional exemptions, CPC 37 (R1) also expressly prohibits the adjustments of certain transactions in the first adoption, because it would require the management to carry out analysis of past conditions after the actual result of the respective transactions. The mandatory exceptions comprise the following:

 
(i)
Derecognition of financial assets and financial liabilities: The Company did not make any retrospective adjustments to its financial assets and liabilities, for purposes of the first adoption, since there was no difference from the previous accounting practice.
 
 
(ii)
Hedge accounting: The hedge transactions existing in 2009 followed the accounting practices according to the standard issued by CPC at the transition date. The Company does not apply hedge accounting for derivatives.
 
 
(iii)
Changes in estimates: The estimates adopted on transition to CPC are consistent with those adopted by the previous accounting criteria.
 
 
(iv)
Non-controlling interest: The profit or loss for the period and each component of other comprehensive income (directly recognized in the equity) are attributed to the Company’s owners and to the non-controlling interest. The total comprehensive income is attributed to the Company’s owners and to the non-controlling interests, whether such profit or loss cause the non-controlling interest to be negative.
 

 
F-38

 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)


 
3.
New Brazilian GAAP Accounting Standards Adopted - continued

 
3.2
Reconciliation of the accounting practices applied in the preparation of the previously presented financial statements.

In accordance with CPC 37 (R1), the Company presents the reconciliation of the Company’s consolidated assets, liabilities, income, equity and cash flows, for the previously reporting years in the annual information for the year which began on January 1, 2009, the transition date, and  the year ended December 31, 2009, prepared in accordance with the accounting practices adopted in Brazil and effective through December 31, 2009, considering the CPCs effective in 2010.

 
3.2.1.
Opening balance at 01.01.2009

   
Consolidated
 
Item
Previous Brazilian GAAP
Adjust-
ments
Newly issued Brazilian GAAP
Current assets
 
3,776,701
-
3,776,701
Cash and cash equivalents
(i)
528,574
(337,131)
191,443
Marketable securities
(i)
76,928
337,131
414,059
Trade accounts receivable
 
1,254,594
-
1,254,594
Properties for sale
 
1,695,130
-
1,695,130
Other
 
221,475
-
221,475
Non-current assets
 
1,762,157
3,834
1,765,991
Long-term assets
(iv)
1,498,654
3,834
1,502,488
Permanent asset
 
263,503
-
263,503
Total assets
 
5,538,858
3,834
5,542,692
         
Current liabilities
 
1,328,396
-
1,328,396
Minimum mandatory dividends
 
26,106
-
26,106
Other
 
1,302,290
-
1,302,290
Non-current liabilities
 
2,126,641
(107,966)
2,018,675
Other
(iv)
1,718,116
3,834
1,721,950
Deferred income tax and social contribution
(iii)
239,131
57,594
296,725
Gain on partial disposal of investments
(iii)
169,394
(169,394)
-
Non-controlling interests
(ii)
471,402
(471,402)
-
Equity
(ii) (iii)
1,612,419
583,202
2,195,621
Total liabilities and equity
 
5,538,858
3,834
5,542,692
         



 
F-39

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)


 
3.2.2.
Closing balance sheet at 12.31.2009

   
Consolidated
 
Item
Previous Brazilian GAAP
Adjustments
Newly issued Brazilian GAAP
Current assets
 
4,892,448
-
4,892,448
Cash and cash equivalents
(i)
1,376,788
(1,083,848)
292,940
Marketable securities
(i)
47,265
1,083,848
1,131,113
Trade accounts receivable
 
2,008,464
-
2,008,464
Properties for sale
 
1,332,374
-
1,332,374
Other
 
127,557
-
127,557
Non-current assets
 
2,795,875
48,386
2,844,261
Long-term assets
(iv)
2,534,713
48,386
2,583,099
Permanent assets
 
261,162
-
261,162
Total assets
 
7,688,323
48,386
7,736,709
         
Current liabilities
 
2,020,602
(40,259)
1,980,343
Minimum mandatory dividends
 
54,279
-
54,279
Other
(v)
1,966,323
(40,259)
1,926,064
Non-current liabilities
 
3,283,540
88,645
3,372,185
Other
(iv)
2,947,249
48,386
2,995,635
Deferred income tax and social contribution
(v)
336,291
40,259
376,550
Non-controlling interest
(ii)
58,547
(58,547)
-
Equity
(ii)
2,325,634
58,547
2,384,181
Total liabilities
 
7,688,323
48,386
7,736,709
         

The summary of the adjustments made is presented below:

   
Consolidated
   
Equity
Result for the year
   
12/31/2009
1/1/2009
12/31/2009
Current accounting practice
 
2,384,181
2,195,621
101,740
Gain on partial disposal of investment
(iii)
-
(169,394)
169,394
Deferred income tax and social contribution
(iii)
-
57,594
(57,594)
Non-controlling interest
(ii)
(58,547)
(471,402)
-
Previous accounting practice (effective through 12.31.2009)
 
2,325,634
1,612,419
213,540



 
F-40

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)


3.
New Brazilian GAAP Accounting Standards Adopted - continued

 
3.2
Reconciliation of the accounting practices applied in the preparation of the previously presented financial statements--continued

 
3.2.3
Opening statement of cash flows at 01.01.2009

   
Consolidated
 
Item
Previous Brazilian GAAP
Adjustments
Newly issued Brazilian GAAP
         
Profit before income tax and social contribution
(iii)
176,020
169,394
345,414
Expenses (income) not affecting cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities
(iii)
259,633
(169,394)
14,546
Increase/decrease in asset and liability accounts
 
(1,148,035)
-
(1,148,035)
Cash used in operating activities
 
(788,075)
-
(788,075)
Cash used in investing activities
(i)
(78,300)
(49,186) 
(127,486)
Cash from financing activities
 
887,380
-
887,380
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents
(i)
21,005
(49,186)
(28,181)
Cash and cash equivalents
       
At the beginning of the year
(i)
507,569
(287,945)
219,624
At the end of the year
(i)
528,574
(337,131)
191,443
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents
 
21,005
(49,186)
(28,181)

 
3.2.4
Closing statement of cash flows at 12.31.2009

   
Consolidated
 
Item
Previous Brazilian GAAP
Adjustments
Newly issued Brazilian GAAP
         
Profit before income tax and social contribution
(iii)
350,168
(169,394)
180,774
Expenses (income) not affecting cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities
(iii)
154,926
169,394
324,320
 
 
 
F-41

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)
 
 
 
 
Increase/decrease in asset and liability accounts
 
(1,197,178)
-
(1,197,178)
Cash used in operating activities
 
(692,084)
-
(692,084)
Cash used in investing activities
(i)
(15,447)
(746,717)
(762,164)
Cash from financing activities
 
1,555,745
-
1,555,745
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities
 
848,214
(746,717)
101,497
Cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities
       
At the beginning of the period
(i)
528,574
(337,131)
191,443
At the end of the period
(i)
1,376,788
(1,083,848)
292,940
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities
 
848,214
(746,717)
101,497
 
 
3.
New Brazilian GAAP Accounting Standards Adopted – continued


 
3.2
Reconciliation of the accounting practices applied in the preparation of the previously presented financial statements--continued

 
3.2.4
Statement of cash flows ended December 31, 2009--continued

 
(i)
Cash and cash equivalents: In accordance with CPC 3(R2), an investment qualifies for cash equivalent only if its maturity is in short term, that is, three months or less, counted as from its date of acquisition. Therefore, the Company reclassified balances from the group of cash and cash equivalents to that of marketable securities;
 
 
(ii)
Non-controlling interest: According to the accounting practices adopted in Brazil, pursuant to the Brazilian Accounting Standard (NBC) T 08 , non-controlling interest in the  equity of controlled entities shall be separated in the consolidated balance sheet, immediately before the equity accounts, and in the consolidated net income.  Pursuant to CPC 36, the non-controlling interests shall be presented in the group of accounts of equity of consolidated statements, separated from the controlling interest.  Income shall be attributed to controlling and non-controlling interest, even if the share of the latter is a deficit.
 

 
F-42

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)

3.
New Brazilian GAAP Accounting Standards Adopted – continued

 
3.2
Reconciliation of the accounting practices applied in the preparation of the previously presented financial statements--continued

 
3.2.3
Statement of cash flows ended December 31, 2009--continued

 
(iii)
Business Combinations: In accordance with CPC 15, the Company amortized in 2008 the totality of negative goodwill arising from the acquisition of interest in Tenda, at the total amount of R$210,402, for advantageous purchase. The balance of the negative goodwill amortized in 2009 amounting to R$ 169,394 (R$ 41,008 in 2008), as well as its tax effect amounting to R$57,594, were retrospectively adjusted in the opening balance sheet.
 
 
(iv)
Presentation of judicial deposits: In Brazil, in accordance with NPC 22/05, not rarely does a management of an entity questions the legitimacy of certain liabilities, and due to such questioning, through judicial order or strategy of the management itself, the disputed amounts are judicially deposited, without the liability settlement being characterized.  In this circumstance, if there is not any possibility of withdrawing the deposit, unless there is a favorable outcome is awarded to the Company, the deposit shall be presented with the deduction of the applicable liability amount.  As to disclosure, in cases in which liabilities are settled with the amounts deposited in court, permitted pursuant to the NPC provisions, the amounts that are being settled and the explanation about the possible existing differences shall be included in a note to financial statements. In accordance with CPC 37 (R1), an entity shall not present assets and liabilities, or net revenue and expenses, unless it is required or permitted by the legislation. The understanding of this pronouncement is that in the case of judicial deposits, an entity shall present assets and liabilities separately, once such deposit does not meets the criteria for net presentation. The net presentation, in both balance sheet and income statement, except when such net presentation reflects the substance of the transaction or other event, reduces the capacity of the financial statements users to understand the transactions, other events, and the conditions that occurred, and estimate the future cash flow of the entity.  Therefore, the Company reclassified balances, recording in non-current assets the amounts of the judicial deposits.
 
 
(v)
Reclassification of deferred taxes: The previous accounting practice determines that deferred asset and liabilities shall be classified in current and non-current, depending upon the expectation on its realization or settlement.  In accordance with CPC 37 (R1), when an entity presents current and non-current assets, and current and non-current liabilities, classifying them separately in the balance sheet, it shall not classify deferred tax assets or deferred tax liabilities as current. Therefore, the Company reclassified the deferred income tax, which used to be classified in current and non-current assets to non-current deferred income tax asset and liability.
 

 
F-43

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)


3.
New Brazilian GAAP Accounting Standards Adopted – continued

 
 
3.3
Newly issued IFRS pronouncements that will ultimately form part of Brazilian GAAP
 

Through the issuance date of the accompanying consolidated financial statements, the following IFRS pronouncements and interpretations had been published.   However, their application as part of Brazilian GAAP was not mandatory for the year beginning January 1, 2010.

The CPC has not yet issued the respective Brazilian GAAP pronouncements and amendments related to the below listed new and revised IFRS.   Because of the CPC and CVM commitment to keep updated the set of standards issued based on the updates made to IFRS, these pronouncements and amendments are expected to be issued by CPC and approved by CVM prior to their mandatory application.

New Standards
Mandatory application for years beginning as from
IFRS 9 – Financial Instruments (i)
January 1, 2013
IAS 24 – Revised Related Party: Disclosures (ii)
January 1, 2011
New Interpretations
 
IFRIC 19 – Extinguishing Financial Liabilities with Equity Instruments (iii)
July 1, 2010
Amendment to IFRIC 14 – Prepayments of minimum funding requirements (iv)
January 1, 2011
Amendments to the Existing Standards
 
Amendment to IAS 32 – Financial Instruments: Presentation and Classification of Rights Issues
February 1, 2010
Amendment to IAS 1 – Presentation of Financial Statements
January 1, 2011
Amendment to IFRS 3 – Business Combinations
January 1, 2011
Amendment to IFRS 7 – Financial Instruments: Disclosure, Transfer of Financial Assets
January 1, 2013

 
(i)
IFRS 9 ends the first part of the Project for replacing “IAS 39 Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement”. IFRS 9 adopts a simple approach to determine if a financial asset is measured at amortized cost or fair value, based on how an entity manages its financial instruments (its business model) and the characteristic contractual cash flow of financial assets. The standard also requires the adoption of only one method for determining impairment of assets. This standard shall be effective for the fiscal years beginning as from January 1, 2013. The Company does not expect that this change causes impact on its consolidated financial statements.
 

 
 
F-44

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)

 
3.
New Brazilian GAAP Accounting Standards Adopted – continued
 
 
3.3
Newly issued IFRS pronouncements that will ultimately form part of Brazilian GAAP
 
 
(ii)
It simplifies the disclosure requirements for government entities and clarifies the definition of related party. The revised standard deals with aspects that, according to the previous disclosure requirements and related party definition, were too complex and hardly applicable, mainly in environments with wide governmental control, offering partial exemption to government companies and a revised definition of the related party concept. This amendment was issued in November 2009, and shall be effective for the fiscal years beginning as from January 1, 2011. This change will not have impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.
 
 
(iii)
IFRIC 19 was issued in November 2009 and is effective as from July 1, 2010, its early adoption being permitted. This interpretation clarifies the requirements of the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) when an entity renegotiates the terms of a financial liability with its creditor and the latter agrees to accept the shares of the entity or other equity instruments to fully or partially settle the financial liability. The Company does not expect that IFRIC 19 has impact on its consolidated financial statements.
 
 
(iv)
This amendment applies only to those situations in which an entity is subject to minimum funding requirements and prepays contributions to cover such requirements. This amendment permits that this entity account for the benefit of such prepayment as asset. This amendment shall be effective for the fiscal years beginning as from January 1, 2011. This change will not have impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.
 
There are no other pending accounting standards that the Company believes could have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.



 
F-45

 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)


4.
Cash and cash equivalents, and marketable securities and collaterals

 
4.1
Cash and cash equivalents

 
 
Consolidated
 
12/31/2010
12/31/2009
01/01/2009
  Cash and cash equivalents
 
(restated)
(restated)
   Cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities
172,336
143,799
73,538
  Cash equivalents
     
   Securities purchased under agreement to resell
84,046
109,762
116,858
Bank certificates of deposits
-
39,379
-
   Other
-
-
1,047
       
Total cash and cash equivalents
256,382
292,940
191,443

Securities purchased under agreement to resell include interest earned from 98.25% to 104.00% of Interbank Deposit Certificate (CDI). Both transactions are made in first class financial institutions.

 
4.2
Marketable Securities and collaterals


 
Consolidated
 
12/31/2010
12/31/2009
01/01/2009
   
(restated)
(restated)
Available for sale
     
Investment funds
3,016
2,020
-
Government securities
117,001
146,646
151,797
Bank deposit certificates
183,562
152,309
185,334
Restricted cash in guarantee to loans (a)
453,060
732,742
76,928
Restricted credits (b)
171,627
97,396
-
Other (c)
16,500
-
-
       
Total marketable securities
  and collaterals
944,766
1,131,113
414,059
       
       
Total cash and cash equivalents and securities and collaterals
1,201,148
1,424,053
605,502

 
(a)
Restricted cash in guarantee of loans related to ventures and cleared according to the progress of works and sales.
 
 
(b)
Transfer from customers which the Company expects to receive in up to 90 days.
 
 
(c)
Additional Construction Potential Certificates (CEPACs)
 
 
 
F-46

 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)
 
4.
Cash and cash equivalent and marketable securities and collaterals--continued

4.2     Marketable securities and collaterals--continued
 
As of December 31, 2010, the Bank Deposit Certificates (CDBs) include interest earned from 98.00% to 108.5% (December 31, 2009 – 95.00% to 102.00%) of Interbank Deposit Certificate (CDI).

 
In fiscal 2010, the Company acquired 22,000 Additional Construction Potential Certificates (CEPACs) in the Seventh Session of the Fourth Public Auction conducted by the Municipal Government of São Paulo, related to the consortium of Água Espraiada urban operation, totaling R$16,500. At December 31, 2010, the CEPACs, recorded in the heading other, have liquidity, the estimated fair value approximates cost, and shall not be used in ventures to be launched in the future.

Such issue was registered with the CVM under the No. CVM/SRE/TIC/2008/002, and according to CVM Rule No. 401/2003, CEPACs are put up for public auction having as intermediary the institutions that take part in the securities distribution system.

As of December 31, 2010 and 2009, the amount related to open-end and exclusive investment funds is recorded at fair value through profit and loss. Pursuant to CVM Rule No. 408/04, financial investment in Investment Funds in which the Company has exclusive interest is consolidated.

Exclusive funds are as follows:

Fundo de Investimento Vistta is a fixed-income private credit fund under management and administration of Votorantim Asset Management and custody of Itau Unibanco. The objective of this fund is to provide a return higher than 101% of CDI. The assets eligible to the portfolio are the following:  government bonds, derivative contracts, debentures, CDBs and RDBs. The consolidated portfolio can generate exposure to Selic/CDI, fixed rate and price indices. There is no grace period for redemption of shares, which can be redeemed with a return at any time.

 
F-47

 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)


4.
Cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities and collaterals--continued

 
4.2
Marketable securities and collaterals--continued

Fundo de Investimento Arena is a multimarket fund under management and administration of Santander Asset Management and custody of Itau Unibanco. The objective of this fund is to appreciate the value of its shares by investing the funds of its investment portfolio, which may be comprised of financial and/or other operating assets available in the financial and capital markets that yield fixed return. Assets eligible to the portfolio are the following: government bonds, derivative contracts, debentures, CDBs and Bank Receipts of Deposits (RDBs), investment fund shares of classes accepted by CVM and securities purchased under agreement to resell, according to the rules of the National Monetary Council (CMN). There is no grace period for redemption of shares, which can be redeemed with a return at any time.

Fundo de Investimento Colina is a fixed-income private credit fund under management and administration of Santander Asset Management and custody of Itau Unibanco. The objective of this fund is to provide a return higher than 101% of CDI. The assets eligible to the portfolio are the following: government bonds, derivative contracts, debentures, CDBs and RDBs. The consolidated portfolio can generate exposure to Selic/CDI, fixed rate and price indices. There is no grace period for redemption of shares, which can be redeemed with a return at any time.

Fundo de Investimento Caixa Arsenal Renda Fixa Crédito Privado Longo Prazo is a fixed-income private credit fund under management and administration of  Caixa Econômica Federal. The objective of this fund is to provide a return higher than 101% of CDI. The assets eligible to the portfolio are the following: government bonds, derivative contracts, debentures, and CDBs. The consolidated portfolio can generate exposure to Selic/CDI, fixed rate and price indices. There is no grace period for redemption of shares, which can be redeemed with a return at any time.

The breakdown of securities, which comprise the exclusive investment funds at December 31, 2010, is as follows:

 
F-48

 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)


4.
Cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities and collaterals--continued

 
4.2
Marketable securities and collaterals--continued

 
Arena
Vistta
Colina
Arsenal
Total
           
Cash
6
13
19
2
40
Collateralized transactions
-
12,985
3,873
16,870
33,728
Government securities (LFT)
10,696
36,173
35,078
11,245
93,192
Corporate securities (CDB-DI)
8,297
3,872
-
3,028
15,197
Fixed-rate National Treasury Bills
-
-
13,448
-
13,448
Floating-rate National Treasury Bills
-
-
-
-
-
National Treasury Notes (NTN-B)
-
141
598
-
739
Colina shares
52,997
-
-
-
52,997
Vistta shares
53,081
-
-
-
53,081
 
125,077
53,184
53,016
31,145
262,422

The breakdown of the portfolio of exclusive funds is classified in the above tables according to their nature.

5.
Trade accounts receivable

 
   
Consolidated
 
12/31/2010
12/31/2009
01/01/2009
   
(restated)
(restated)
Real estate development and sales
5,309,664
3,763,902
2,108,346
( - ) Adjustments to present value
(104,666)
(86,925)
(44,776)
Services and construction
59,737
96,005
54,095
Other receivables
6,653
3,664
879
 
5,271,388
3,776,646
2,118,544
       
Current
3,158,074
2,008,464
1,254,594
Non current
2,113,314
1,768,182
863,950


 
F-49

 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)


5.
Trade accounts receivable --continued

The current and non-current portions fall due as follows:

 
Consolidated
Maturity
12/31/2010
12/31/2009
01/01/2009
Up to 2007
25,037
18,106
57,216
2008
49,226
73,490
118,641
2009
47,362
189,931
1,078,737
2010
183,518
1,726,937
445,832
2011
2,854,316
1,144,940
199,308
2012
967,978
313,171
56,278
2013
727,891
98,783
46,234
2014
168,912
65,954
59,898
2015 onwards
247,148
145,334
56,400
 
5,271,388
3,776,646
2,118,544


 
(i)
The balance of accounts receivable from units sold and not yet delivered is not fully reflected in financial statements. Its recovery is limited to the portion of revenues accounted for net of the amounts already received.

 
The balances of advances from clients (development and services), which exceed the revenues recorded in the period, amount to R$158,145 at December 31, 2010 (R$ 222,284 at 2009), and are classified in payables for purchase of land and advances from customers (Note 14).

 
Accounts receivable from completed real estate units delivered are in general subject to annual interest of 12% plus IGP-M variation, the financial income being recorded in income as revenue from real estate development; the amounts recognized for the years ended December 31, 2010 and 2009 totaled R$ 26,229 and R$ 52,159, respectively.

 
The allowance for doubtful accounts is estimated considering the expectation on accounts receivable losses.

 
The balances of allowance for doubtful accounts recorded amount to R$ 18,916 (consolidated) at December 31, 2010 (December 31, 2009 – R$ 17,841), and is considered sufficient by the Company’s management to cover the estimate of future losses on realization of the accounts receivable balance.

In the year ended December 31, 2010, the movements in the allowance for doubtful accounts are summarized as follows:
 
 
 
F-50

 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)

 
 
Consolidated
 
2010
2009
01/01/2009
Balance at January 1
17,841
18,815
-
Addition from the acquisition of Tenda
-
-
10,174
Additions
1,075
-
8,641
Write-offs
-
(974)
-
Balance at December 31
18,916
17,841
18,815

 
The reversal of the adjustment to present value recognized in revenue from real estate development for the year ended December  31 2010 totaled R$ (17,741) (consolidated).

 
F-51

 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)


5.
Trade accounts receivable --continued

 
Receivables from real estate units not yet finished were measured at present value considering the discount rate determined according to the criterion described in Note 2.22. The rate applied by the Company and its subsidiaries stood at 5.02% in 2010 (5.22% in 2009), net of INCC.

 
(ii)
On March 31, 2009, the Company entered into a FIDC transaction, which consists of an assignment of a portfolio comprising select residential and commercial real estate receivables arising from Gafisa and its subsidiaries. This portfolio was assigned and transferred to “Gafisa FIDC” which issued Senior and Subordinated shares. This first issuance of senior shares was made through an offering restricted to qualified investors. Subordinated shares were subscribed for exclusively by Gafisa. Gafisa FDIC acquired the portfolio of receivables at a discount rate equivalent to the interest rate of finance contracts.

Gafisa was hired by Gafisa FDIC and will be remunerated for performing, among other duties, the reconciliation of the receipt of receivables owned by the fund and the collection of past due receivables. The transaction structure provides for the substitution of the Company as collection agent in case of non-fulfillment of the responsibilities described in the collection service contract.

The Company assigned its receivables portfolio amounting to R$ 119,622 to Gafisa FIDC in exchange for cash, at the transfer date, discounted to present value, for R$ 88,664. The subordinated shares represented approximately 21% of the amount issued, totaling R$ 18,958 (present value); at December 31, 2010 it totaled R$ 16,894 (Note 8). Senior and Subordinated shares receivable are indexed by IGP-M and incur interest at 12% per year.

The Company consolidated Gafisa FIDC in its financial statements, accordingly, it discloses at December 31, 2010, receivables amounting to R$ 34,965 in the group of accounts of trade accounts receivable, and R$ 18,070, is reflected in other accounts payable, the balance of subordinated shares held by the Company being eliminated in this consolidation process.

 
F-52

 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)


5.
Trade accounts receivable --continued

 
(iii)
On June 26, 2009, the Company entered into a CCI transaction, which consists of an assignment of a portfolio comprising select residential real estate credits from Gafisa and its subsidiaries. The Company assigned its receivables portfolio amounting to R$ 89,102 in exchange for cash, at the transfer date, discounted to present value, of R$ 69,315, classified into the heading other accounts payable - credit assignments. At December 31, 2010, it amounts to R$ 88,442 (2009 - R$ 122,360).

Eight book-entry CCIs were issued, amounting to R$ 69,315 at the date of the issuance.  These 8 CCIs are backed by receivables, which installments fall due on and up to June 26, 2014 (“CCI-Investor”).

A CCI-Investor, pursuant to Article 125 of the Brazilian Civil Code, has general guarantees represented by statutory lien on real estate units, as soon as the following occurs: (i) the suspensive condition included in the registration takes place, in the record of the respective real estate units; (ii) the assignment of receivables from the assignors to SPEs, as provided for in Article 167, item II, (21) of Law No. 6,015, of December 31, 1973; and (iii) the issue of CCI – Investor by SPEs, as provided for in Article 18, paragraph 5 of Law No. 10,931/04.

Gafisa was hired and will be remunerated for performing, among other duties, the reconciliation of the receipt of receivables, guarantee the CCIs, and the collection of past due receivables. The transaction structure provides for the substitution of Gafisa as collection agent in case of non-fulfillment of the responsibilities described in the collection service contract.

 
F-53

 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)


6.
Properties for sale


   
Consolidated
 
12/31/2010
12/31/2009
01/01/2009
   
(restated)
(restated)
Land
854,652
744,200
758,155
(-) Adjustment to present value
(20,343)
(11,962)
(7,600)
Property under construction
959,934
895,085
1,181,930
Completed units
272,923
121,134
96,491
       
 
2,067,166
1,748,457
2,028,976
       
Current portion
1,568,986
1,332,374
1,695,130
Non-current portion
498,180
416,083
333,846

The Company has undertaken commitments to build units bartered for land, accounted for based on the fair value of the bartered units. At December 31, 2010, the balance of land acquired through barter transactions totaled R$ 86,228 (2009 – R$ 40,054).

As disclosed in Note 10, the balance of financial charges at December 31, 2010 amounts to R$ 146,542 (2009 - R$ 91,568).

The adjustment to present value in the property for sale balance refers to the portion of the contra-entry to the adjustment to present value of payables for purchase of land without effect on results (Note 14).

In 2010, the amount recognized as costs of development, sales and barter transactions was R$ 2,634,556 (2009 – R$ 2,143,762) in the consolidated balance.

 
F-54

 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)


7.
Other accounts receivable


   
Consolidated
 
12/31/2010
12/31/2009
01/01/2009
   
(restated)
(restated)
Current accounts related to real estate ventures (a) (Note 18)
75,196
7,222
60,511
Advances to suppliers
16,965
65,016
83,084
Credit assignment receivable
7,896
4,087
7,990
Customer financing to be released
1,309
5,266
4,392
Deferred PIS and COFINS
749
3,082
10,187
Recoverable taxes
62,797
36,650
18,905
Future capital contributions (b)
-
-
49,113
Loan with related parties(c)
71,163
17,344
13,922
Judicial deposit
89,271
48,386
3,834
Other
34,680
39,284
45,277
       
 
360,026
226,337
297,215
       
Current portion
178,305
108,791
182,775
Non-current portion
181,721
117,546
114,440


 
(a)
The Company participates in the development of real estate ventures with other partners, directly or through related parties, based on the constitution of condominiums and/or consortia. The management structure of these enterprises and the cash management are centralized in the lead partner of the enterprise, which manages the construction schedule and budgets. Thus, the lead partner ensures that the investments of the necessary funds are made and allocated as planned. The sources and use of resources of the venture are reflected in these balances, observing the respective interest of each investor, which are not subject to indexation or financial charges and do not have a fixed maturity date. Such transactions aim at simplifying business relations that demand the joint management of amounts reciprocally owed by the involved parties and, consequently, the control over the movements of amounts reciprocally granted which offset against each other at the time the current account is closed. The average term for the development and completion of the projects in which the resources are invested is between 24 and 30 months. The Company receives a compensation for the management of these ventures.
 
 
(b)
As of December 31, 2010, the balance of future capital contributions made by Gafisa in its subsidiary Tenda amounted to R$210,304, capitalized in the subsequent period (Note 25). The remaining balance refers to future capital contributions to various SPEs that are annually paid in.

 
F-55

 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)


8.
Investments in subsidiaries

In January 2007, upon the acquisition of 60% of AUSA, arising from the acquisition of Catalufa Participações Ltda., a capital increase of R$ 134,029 was approved upon the issuance for public subscription of 6,358,116 common shares. This transaction generated goodwill of R$ 170,941 recorded based on expected future profitability, which was amortized exponentially and progressively up to December 31, 2008 to match the estimated profit before taxes of AUSA on accrual basis of accounting.

As mentioned in Note 1, in May 2010 the Company approved the acquisition of the total amount of shares issued by Shertis Empreendimentos e Participações S.A., which main asset comprises 20% of the capital stock of AUSA. The acquisition of shares had the purpose of making viable the implementation of the Second Phase of the schedule for investment planned in the Investment Agreement and other Covenants, signed between the Company and Alphaville Participações S.A. (Alphapar) on October 2, 2006, thus increasing the interest of Gafisa in the capital stock of AUSA to 80%. As a result of the acquisition of shares, Shertis was converted into a wholly-owned subsidiary of Gafisa, with the issue of 9,797,792 new common shares to Alphapar, former shareholder of Shertis for the total issue price of R$ 20,282 at carrying amount.

The Company has a commitment to purchase the remaining 20% of AUSA's capital stock based on the fair value of AUSA, evaluated on the future acquisition dates, the purchase consideration for which cannot yet be calculated and, consequently, is not recognized. The contract for acquisition provides that the Company undertakes to purchase the remaining 20% of AUSA in 2012, in cash or shares, at the Company’s sole discretion.

On October 26, 2007, Gafisa acquired 70% of Cipesa. Gafisa and Cipesa incorporated a new company, Cipesa Empreendimentos Imobiliários Ltda. ("Nova Cipesa"), in which the Company holds a 70% interest and Cipesa has 30%. Gafisa S.A. made a contribution in Nova Cipesa of R$ 50,000 in cash and acquired the shares which Cipesa held in Nova Cipesa amounting to R$ 15,000, paid on October 26, 2008. The non-controlling interest holders of Cipesa are entitled to receive from the Company a variable portion corresponding to 2% of the Total Sales Value (VGV), as defined, of the projects launched by Nova Cipesa through 2014, not to exceed R$ 25,000. Accordingly, the Company’s purchase consideration totaled R$ 90,000 and goodwill amounting to R$ 40,686 was recorded, based on expected future profitability.

 
F-56

 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)


8.
Investment in subsidiaries--continued

On October 21, 2008, as part of the acquisition of interest in Tenda, Gafisa contributed the net assets of Fit Residencial amounting to R$ 411,241, acquiring 60% of the Tenda’s equity, at the carrying amount of R$ 1,036,072, representing an investment of R$ 621,643 for Gafisa. Such transaction generated a negative goodwill of R$ 210,402, due to an advantageous purchase. According to CPC 15, on the transaction date in 2008 the total gain was amortized in the amount of R$ 210,402.

On December 30, 2009, the shareholders of Gafisa and Tenda approved the acquisition by Gafisa of total shares outstanding issued by Tenda, through acquisition of 40%, resulting in an interest of 100% of Tenda. The non-controlling interest holders received shares of Gafisa in exchange for their shares of Tenda in the proportion of 0.205 shares of Gafisa to one share of Tenda. In view of the exchange ratio, 32,889,563 common shares were issued for the total issue price of R$ 448,844 at carrying amount.

 
F-57

 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)


8.
Investments in subsidiaries--continued

 
(i)
Ownership interest

 
(a)
Information on subsidiaries and jointly-controlled investees

 
Ownership interest - %
Equity
Net income/(loss)
for the year
Direct investees
2010
 
2009
 
2010
 
2009
 
2010
 
2009
                       
Construtora Tenda S.A.
100
 
100
 
1,710,208
 
1,130,759
 
123,774
 
64,450
Alphaville Urbanismo S.A.
60
 
60
 
201,758
 
99,842
 
86,727
 
39,610
Shertis Emp. Part. S.A.
100
 
-
 
35,158
 
-
 
13,485
 
-
Gafisa FIDC
100
 
100
 
16,895
 
14,977
 
16,895
 
-
Cipesa Empreendimentos Imobiliários S.A.
100
 
100
 
49,046
 
42,294
 
6,300
 
(1,216)
Península SPE1 S.A.
50
 
50
 
(2,242)
 
(4,120)
 
1,877
 
(2,431)
Península SPE2 S.A.
50
 
50
 
24
 
600
 
254
 
502
Res. das Palmeiras SPE Ltda.
100
 
100
 
2,333
 
2,316
 
(3)
 
26
Villaggio Panamby Trust S.A.
50
 
50
 
4,200
 
4,279
 
(80)
 
(576)
Dolce Vita Bella Vita SPE S.A.
50
 
50
 
4,056
 
432
 
3,804
 
871
DV SPE S.A.
50
 
50
 
1,958
 
1,868
 
190
 
936
Gafisa SPE 22 Emp. Im. Ltda.
100
 
100
 
6,528
 
6,001
 
526
 
554
Gafisa/Tiner Campo Belo I – Emp. Imob. SPE Ltda.
45
 
45
 
6,146
 
11,573
 
574
 
(750)
Jardim I Plan., Prom.Vd. Ltda.
100
 
100
 
7,820
 
14,114
 
(340)
 
(778)
Jardim II Plan., Prom.Vd Ltda.
100
 
100
 
801
 
(3,293)
 
1,633
 
(1,588)
Saíra Verde Emp. Imob. Ltda.
70
 
70
 
626
 
589
 
142
 
547
Gafisa SPE 30 Emp. Im. Ltda.
100
 
100
 
17,663
 
18,229
 
508
 
(334)
Verdes Praças Inc. Im. SPE Ltda.
100
 
100
 
26,730
 
26,901
 
227
 
(532)
Gafisa SPE 32 Emp. Im. Ltda.
100
 
80
 
10,573
 
5,834
 
4,738
 
1,515
Gafisa SPE 35 Emp. Im. Ltda.
100
 
100
 
4,978
 
5,393
 
529
 
(1,274)
Gafisa SPE 36 Emp. Im. Ltda.
100
 
100
 
6,995
 
5,362
 
1,517
 
68
Gafisa SPE 37 Emp. Im. Ltda.
100
 
100
 
4,561
 
4,020
 
437
 
(140)
Gafisa SPE 38 Emp. Im. Ltda.
100
 
100
 
9,382
 
8,273
 
625
 
1,447
Gafisa SPE 39 Emp. Im. Ltda.
100
 
100
 
4,729
 
8,813
 
109
 
2,469
Gafisa SPE 40 Emp. Im. Ltda.
50
 
50
 
7,944
 
6,976
 
758
 
1,424
Gafisa SPE 41 Emp. Im. Ltda.
100
 
100
 
32,186
 
31,883
 
704
 
(2,593)
Gafisa SPE 42 Emp. Im. Ltda.
100
 
100
 
5,915
 
12,128
 
(5,105)
 
949
Gafisa SPE 44 Emp. Im. Ltda.
40
 
40
 
3,713
 
3,586
 
(6)
 
(153)
 
(b)

 
F-58

 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)


8.
Investments in subsidiaries--continued

 
(i)
Ownership interest--continued

 
(a)
Information on subsidiaries and jointly-controlled investees--continued

 
Ownership interest - %
Equity
Net income/(loss) for the year
Direct investees
2010
 
2009
 
2010
 
2009
 
2010
 
2009
Gafisa Vendas Int. Imob. Ltda
100
 
100
 
(1,523)
 
1,812
 
(3,335)
 
(212)
Gafisa SPE 46 Emp. Im. Ltda.
60
 
60
 
2,443
 
4,223
 
(1,780)
 
(3,436)
Gafisa SPE 47 Emp. Im. Ltda.
80
 
80
 
16,268
 
16,571
 
(760)
 
(357)
Gafisa SPE 48 S.A.
-
 
-
 
-
 
-
 
-
 
1,674
Gafisa SPE 49 Emp. Im. Ltda.
100
 
100
 
295
 
205
 
(9)
 
(3)
Gafisa SPE 50 Emp. Im. Ltda.
100
 
80
 
13,008
 
12,098
 
538
 
5,093
Gafisa SPE 51 Emp. Im. Ltda.
-
 
-
 
-
 
-
 
-
 
8,096
Gafisa SPE 53 Emp. Im. Ltda.
100
 
80
 
7,152
 
5,924
 
1,228
 
2,933
Gafisa SPE 55 S.A.
-
 
-
 
-
 
-
 
-
 
2,776
Gafisa SPE 59 Emp. Im. Ltda.
100
 
100
 
(8)
 
(5)
 
(3)
 
(4)
Gafisa SPE 61 Emp. Im. Ltda.
100
 
100
 
(21)
 
(19)
 
(2)
 
(4)
Gafisa SPE 65 Emp. Im. Ltda.
80
 
80
 
12,242
 
3,725
 
4,991
 
877
Gafisa SPE 68 Emp. Im. Ltda.
100
 
100
 
(1)
 
(555)
 
-
 
(1)
Gafisa SPE 69 Emp. Im. Ltda.
100
 
100
 
1,491
 
1,893
 
(597)
 
(247)
Gafisa SPE 70 Emp. Im. Ltda.
55
 
55
 
12,929
 
12,685
 
(14)
 
(63)
Gafisa SPE 71 Emp. Im. Ltda.
80
 
80
 
11,649
 
4,109
 
7,540
 
3,120
Gafisa SPE 72 Emp. Im. Ltda.
100
 
80
 
4,845
 
347
 
3,687
 
(1,080)
Gafisa SPE 73 Emp. Im. Ltda.
80
 
80
 
7,403
 
3,551
 
(2,342)
 
(57)
Gafisa SPE 74 Emp. Im. Ltda.
100
 
100
 
(335)
 
(339)
 
3
 
(9)
Gafisa SPE 75 Emp. Im. Ltda.
100
 
100
 
(76)
 
(74)
 
(3)
 
(47)
Gafisa SPE 76 Emp. Im. Ltda.
50
 
50
 
83
 
84
 
(1)
 
(1)
Gafisa SPE 77 Emp. Im. Ltda.
-
 
-
 
-
 
-
 
-
 
2,319
Gafisa SPE 78 Emp. Im. Ltda.
100
 
100
 
-
 
-
 
-
 
-
Gafisa SPE 79 Emp. Im. Ltda.
100
 
100
 
(16)
 
(3)
 
(14)
 
(2)
Gafisa SPE 80 S.A.
100
 
100
 
(9)
 
(2)
 
(7)
 
(3)
Gafisa SPE 81 Emp. Im. Ltda.
100
 
100
 
1,679
 
1
 
1,678
 
-
Gafisa SPE 82 Emp. Im. Ltda.
100
 
100
 
-
 
1
 
(1)
 
-
Gafisa SPE 83 Emp. Im. Ltda.
100
 
100
 
(368)
 
(5)
 
(364)
 
(6)
Gafisa SPE 84 Emp. Im. Ltda.
100
 
100
 
14,653
 
10,632
 
1,188
 
3,026
Gafisa SPE 85 Emp. Im. Ltda.
80
 
80
 
31,911
 
7,182
 
20,324
 
4,878
Berverly HillsSPE Emp Im.Ltda.
-
 
-
 
-
 
-
 
-
 
(228)
Gafisa SPE 87 Emp. Im. Ltda.
100
 
100
 
(353)
 
61
 
(414)
 
(140)
Gafisa SPE 88 Emp. Im. Ltda.
100
 
100
 
16,404
 
6,862
 
3,864
 
5,068
Gafisa SPE 89 Emp. Im. Ltda.
100
 
100
 
50,636
 
36,049
 
13,741
 
8,213
Gafisa SPE 90 Emp. Im. Ltda.
100
 
100
 
1,941
 
(93)
 
2,703
 
(94)
Gafisa SPE 91 Emp. Im. Ltda.
100
 
100
 
1,593
 
1
 
1,592
 
-
Gafisa SPE 92 Emp. Im. Ltda.
100
 
80
 
4,998
 
(553)
 
2,295
 
(554)
Gafisa SPE 93 Emp. Im. Ltda.
100
 
100
 
895
 
212
 
683
 
211
Gafisa SPE 94 Emp. Im. Ltda.
100
 
100
 
4
 
4
 
-
 
3
Gafisa SPE 95 Emp. Im. Ltda.
100
 
100
 
(15)
 
(15)
 
-
 
(16)
Gafisa SPE 96 Emp. Im. Ltda.
100
 
100
 
(58)
 
(58)
 
-
 
(59)
Gafisa SPE 97 Emp. Im. Ltda.
100
 
100
 
6
 
6
 
-
 
5

 
F-59

 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)


8.
Investments in subsidiaries--continued

 
(i)
Ownership interest--continued

 
(a)
Information on subsidiaries and jointly-controlled investees--continued

 
Ownership interest - %
Equity
Net income/(loss) for the year
Direct investees
2010
 
2009
 
2010
 
2009
 
2010
 
2009
Gafisa SPE 98 Emp. Im. Ltda.
100
 
100
 
(37)
 
(37)
 
-
 
(38)
Gafisa SPE 99 Emp. Im. Ltda.
100
 
100
 
(24)
 
(24)
 
-
 
(25)
Gafisa SPE 100 Emp. Im. Ltda.
70
 
100
 
-
 
1
 
-
 
(1)
Gafisa SPE 101 Emp. Im. Ltda.
100
 
100
 
(4)
 
1
 
(5)
 
-
Gafisa SPE 102 Emp. Im. Ltda.
80
 
100
 
25
 
1
 
24
 
-
Gafisa SPE 103 Emp. Im. Ltda.
100
 
100
 
(40)
 
(40)
 
-
 
(41)
Gafisa SPE 104 Emp. Im. Ltda.
50
 
100
 
1
 
1
 
-
 
-
Gafisa SPE 105 Emp. Im. Ltda.
100
 
100
 
1
 
1
 
-
 
-
Gafisa SPE 106 Emp. Im. Ltda.
100
 
100
 
5,558
 
1
 
6,003
 
-
Gafisa SPE 107 Emp. Im. Ltda.
100
 
100
 
5,299
 
1
 
6,655
 
-
Gafisa SPE 108 Emp. Im. Ltda.
-
 
100
 
-
 
1
 
-
 
-
Gafisa SPE 109 Emp. Im. Ltda.
100
 
100
 
371
 
1
 
(1,427)
 
-
Gafisa SPE 110 Emp. Im. Ltda.
100
 
100
 
(916)
 
1
 
(917)
 
-
Gafisa SPE 111 Emp. Im. Ltda.
100
 
100
 
(41)
 
1
 
(42)
 
-
Gafisa SPE 112 Emp. Im. Ltda.
100
 
100
 
3,201
 
1
 
3,200
 
-
Gafisa SPE 113 Emp. Im. Ltda.
100
 
100
 
1
 
1
 
-
 
-
Gafisa SPE 114 Emp. Im. Ltda.
100
 
-
 
1
 
-
 
-
 
-
Gafisa SPE 115 Emp. Im. Ltda.
100
 
-
 
1
 
-
 
-
 
-
Gafisa SPE 116 Emp. Im. Ltda.
100
 
-
 
1
 
-
 
-
 
-
Gafisa SPE 117 Emp. Im. Ltda.
100
 
-
 
1
 
-
 
-
 
-
Gafisa SPE 118 Emp. Im. Ltda.
100
 
-
 
1
 
-
 
-
 
-
Gafisa SPE 119 Emp. Im. Ltda.
100
 
-
 
1
 
-
 
-
 
-
Gafisa SPE 120 Emp. Im. Ltda.
100
 
-
 
1
 
-
 
-
 
-
Gafisa SPE 121 Emp. Im. Ltda.
100
 
-
 
1
 
-
 
-
 
-
Gafisa SPE 122 Emp. Im. Ltda.
100
 
-
 
1
 
-
 
-
 
-
Gafisa SPE 123 Emp. Im. Ltda.
100
 
-
 
1
 
-
 
-
 
-
Gafisa SPE 124 Emp. Im. Ltda.
100
 
-
 
1
 
-
 
-
 
-
Gafisa SPE 125 Emp. Im. Ltda.
100
 
-
 
1
 
-
 
-
 
-
Gafisa SPE 126 Emp. Im. Ltda.
100
 
-
 
1
 
-
 
-
 
-
Gafisa SPE 127 Emp. Im. Ltda.
100
 
-
 
1
 
-
 
-
 
-
Gafisa SPE 128 Emp. Im. Ltda.
80
 
-
 
1
 
-
 
-
 
-
O Bosque Empr. Imob. Ltda.
60
 
60
 
8,791
 
8,862
 
(70)
 
(710)
Alto da Barra de São Miguel Emp.Imob. SPE Ltda.
50
 
50
 
(2,435)
 
(3,279)
 
844
 
(6,707)
Dep. José Lajes Emp. Im. SPE Ltda.
50
 
50
 
(459)
 
544
 
(1,003)
 
660
Sítio Jatiuca Emp Im.SPE Ltda.
50
 
50
 
16,998
 
12,161
 
4,837
 
10,902
Reserva & Residencial Spazio Natura Emp. Im. SPE Ltda.
50
 
50
 
1,379
 
1,393
 
(14)
 
(8)
Grand Park - Parque das Aguas Emp Im Ltda
50
 
50
 
20,907
 
8,033
 
11,288
 
6,635
Grand Park - Parque das Arvores Emp. Im. Ltda
50
 
50
 
35,588
 
14,780
 
20,702
 
12,454
Dubai Residencial Emp Im. Ltda.
50
 
50
 
21,227
 
10,613
 
10,948
 
4,286
Costa Maggiore Emp. Im. Ltda.
50
 
50
 
13,033
 
4,065
 
6,389
 
2,137
City Park Brotas Emp. Imob. Ltda.
50
 
50
 
650
 
3,094
 
(957)
 
1,244

 
F-60

 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)


8.
Investments in subsidiaries--continued

 
(i)
Ownership interest--continued

 
(a)
Information on direct and jointly-controlled investees--continued

 
Ownership interest - %
Equity
Net income/(loss) for the year
Direct investees
2010
 
2009
 
2010
 
2009
 
2010
 
2009
City Park Acupe Emp. Imob. Ltda.
50
 
50
 
1,531
 
1,704
 
(82)
 
1,204
Patamares 1 Emp. Imob. Ltda.
50
 
50
 
7,187
 
5,495
 
701
 
(69)
Acupe Exclusive Emp. Imob. Ltda.
50
 
50
 
361
 
(188)
 
(427)
 
(189)
Manhattan Square Emp. Imob. Coml. 1 SPE Ltda.
50
 
50
 
7,152
 
6,285
 
1,011
 
863
Manhattan Square Emp. Imob. Coml. 2 SPE Ltda.
50
 
50
 
1,236
 
1,338
 
(15)
 
-
Manhattan Square Emp. Imob. Res. 1 SPE Ltda.
50
 
50
 
(3,376)
 
5,723
 
(1,435)
 
1,927
Manhattan Square Emp. Imob. Res. 2 SPE Ltda.
50
 
50
 
2,606
 
2,813
 
(23)
 
-
SPE Reserva Ecoville/Office - Emp Im. S.A.
50
 
-
 
25,594
 
-
 
10,859
 
-
Graça Emp. Imob. SPE Ltda.
50
 
-
 
755
 
-
 
(451)
 
-
Varandas Grand Park Emp. Im. Ltda.
50
 
-
 
2,319
 
14,977
 
2,318
 
-
FIT 13 SPE Emp. Imob. Ltda.
50
 
-
 
19,328
 
-
 
8,543
 
-
SPE Pq Ecoville Emp Im S.A.
50
 
-
 
3,385
 
-
 
(1,300)
 
-
Apoena SPE Emp Im S.A.
50
 
-
 
8,683
 
-
 
3,231
 
-
Parque do Morumbi Incorporadora Ltda.
80
 
-
 
4,116
 
-
 
1,859
 
-
Prime Grand Park Emp. Im. Ltda.
50
 
-
 
(250)
 
-
 
(251)
 
-


9.
Intangible assets

Goodwill on acquisition of subsidiaries


   
Consolidated
 
12/31/2010
12/31/2009
01/01/2009
Goodwill
 
(restated)
(restated)
  AUSA
152,856
152,856
152,856
  Cipesa
40,686
40,686
40,686
  Other
-
1,546
1,546
       
 
193,542
195,088
195,088
Other intangible assets (a)
16,412
9,598
18,067
       
 
209,954
204,686
213,155

 
(a)
Refers to expenditures on acquisition and implementation of information systems and software licenses, amortized in five years.

 
F-61

 

 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
The goodwill arises from the difference between the consideration and the  equity of acquirees, calculated on acquisition date, and is based on expected future economic benefits. These amounts are annually tested for impairment.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
F-62

 
Gafisa S.A.
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)
 
 
9.
Intangible assets—continued

The Company evaluated the recovery of the carrying amount of goodwill using the “value in use” concept, through discounted cash flow models of the cash-generating units. The process for determining the value in use involves the use of assumptions, judgments and estimates on cash flows, such as growth rate of revenues, costs and expenses, estimates of investment and future working capital, and discount rates. The assumptions on projections of growth, cash flow and future cash flows are based on the Company’s business plan, approved by the management, as well as on comparable market data, and represent the management’s best estimate of the economic conditions that will prevail during the economic life of the different cash-generating units, group of assets that provides the generation of cash flows. The future cash flows were discounted based on the rate representative of the cost of capital. Consistently with the economic valuation techniques, the evaluation of the value in use is made for a five-year period, and after such period, considering the perpetuity of assumptions in view of the capacity of business continuity over an indefinite time. The main assumptions used in the estimate of value in use are the following: revenue – revenues were projected between 2011 and 2015 considering the growth in sales and client base of the different cash-generating units. Operating costs and expenses – costs and expenses were projected in line with the Company’s historical performance, as well as the historical growth of revenues. The key assumptions were based on the Company’s historical performance and on reasonable macroeconomic assumptions, and supported by the financial market projections, documented and approved by the Company’s management. The recovery test of the Company’s intangible assets did not result in the need of a recognition of loss for the year ended December 31, 2010, as the estimated market value is in excess of the net book value on the assessment date.
 
 
F-63

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)

 
10.
Loans and financing


     
Consolidated
Type of operation
Annual interest rate
12/31/2010
12/31/2009
01/01/2009
     
(restated)
(restated)
Working capital:
       
Denominated in US$ (i)
7%
-
-
146,739
Denominated in Yen(i)
1.4%
-
-
166,818
Swaps - US$/CDI (ii)
US$ + 7%/104% CDI
-
-
(32,962)
Swaps - Yen/CDI (ii)
Yen + 1.4%/105% CDI
-
-
(53,790)
CDB and Other
1.30% to 3.20% + CDI
664,471
736,736
435,730
         
   
664,471
736,736
662,535
National Housing System – SFH (a)
TR + 10% to 12%
745,707
467,019
372,255
Assumption of debts from downstream acquisition
TR + 10% to 12.0%
-
-
8,810
Other
TR + 6.2%
-
-
4,576
   
1,410,178
1,203,755
1,048,176
         
Current portion
 
797,903
678,312
447,503
Non-current portion
 
612,275
525,443
600,673


 
(i)  
Loans and financing classified at fair value through income (Note 17(i) (b));
 
(ii)  
Derivatives classified as financial assets at fair value through income (Note 17(i) (b)).

Rates

CDI – Interbank Deposit Certificate
TR – Referential Rate.

 
(a)  
Funding for developments – SFH and for working capital correspond to credit lines from financial institutions used the funding necessary to the development of the Company's ventures;

As of December 31, 2010, the Company and its subsidiaries had resources approved to be released for approximately 85 ventures amounting to R$ 1,294,996 (consolidated – unaudited) that will be used in future periods, at the extent these developments progress physically and financially, according to the Company’s project schedule.
 
 
F-64

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)
 

10.
Loans and financing --continued

Current and non-current installments are due as follows:


         
Consolidated
 
Maturity
 
12/31/2010
   
12/31/2009
   
01/01/2009
 
2009
    -       -       447,503  
2010
    -       678,312       345,021  
2011
    797,903       413,583       181,549  
2012
    245,166       71,854       40,548  
2013
    119,912       40,006       33,555  
2014 onwards
    247,197       -       -  
      1,410,178       1,203,755       1,048,176  

Loans and financing are guaranteed by sureties of the Company, mortgage of the units, as well as collaterals of receivables, and the inflow of contracts already signed on future delivery of units (amount of R$ 3,007,914).

Additionally, the Company has collateralized investments and restricted credit totals R$624,687 at December 31, 2010 (R$ 830,138 at December 31, 2009) (Note 4).

Financial expenses of loans, financing and debentures are capitalized at cost of each venture, according to the use of funds, and appropriated to results based on the criterion adopted for recognizing revenue, as shown below. The capitalization rate used in the determination of costs of loans eligible to capitalization was 11.58% at December 31, 2010.

   
Consolidated
 
   
12/31/2010
   
12/31/2009
 
         
(restated)
 
Gross financial charges
    404,173       338,644  
Capitalized financial charges
    (193,970 )     (98,072 )
                 
Net financial charges
    210,203       240,572  
                 
Financial charges included in Properties for sale
               
                 
Opening balance
    91,568       88,200  
Capitalized financial charges
    193,970       98,072  
Charges appropriated to income
    (138,996 )     (94,704 )
                 
Closing balance
    146,542       91,568  
 
 
F-65

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)

 
11.
Debentures

In September 2006, the Company obtained approval for its Second Debenture Placement Program, which allows it to place up to R$ 500,000 in non-convertible simple subordinated debentures secured by a general guarantee.

In June 2008, the Company obtained approval for its Third Debenture Placement Program, which allows it to place R$ 1,000,000 in simple debentures with a general guarantee maturing in five years.

Under the Second and Third Programs of Gafisa, the Company placed 24,000 and 25,000 series debentures, respectively, corresponding to R$ 240,000 and R$ 250,000, with the below features.

In August 2009, the Company obtained approval for its sixth placement of non-convertible simple debentures in two series, which have general guarantee, maturing in two years and unit face value at the issuance date of R$ 10,000, totaling R$ 250,000. In May 2010, the Company amended this indenture, changing the maturity from four to ten months.

In December 2009, the Company obtained approval for its seventh placement of nonconvertible simple debentures in a single and undivided lot, sole series, secured by a floating and additional guarantee, in the total amount of R$ 600,000, maturing in five years.

In April 2009, the subsidiary Tenda obtained approval for its First Debenture Placement Program, which allows it to place up to R$ 600,000 in non-convertible simple subordinated debentures, in a single and undivided lot, secured by a floating and additional guarantee, with semi-annual maturities between October 1, 2012 and April 1, 2014. The funds raised through the placement will be exclusively used in the finance of real estate ventures focused only in the popular segment.

In September 2010, the Company prepaid the fourth placement of simple debentures of the Second Program. The repurchase of the debentures was made upon the payment of R$154,217, taking into consideration that such payment amount was determined based on the unit face value of debentures plus the interest payable.
 
 
F-66

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)

 
11.
Debentures--continued

In October 2010, the Company prepaid the first series of the sixth placement of simple debentures. The repurchase of the first series debentures was made upon the payment of R$162,858, taking into consideration that such payment amount was determined based on the unit face value of debentures plus the interest payable, calculated on pro rata basis, plus premium, pursuant to Clause 4.12.5 of its Indenture. The first series debentures will be cancelled by the Company.

In November 2010, the Company obtained approval for its eighth placement of nonconvertible simple debentures, in the amount of R$ 300,000, in two series, the first maturing on October 15, 2015, and the second on October 15, 2016.


                 
Consolidated
 
Program/placement
 
Principal
   
Annual remuneration
 
Maturity
 
2010
   
2009
   
01/01/2009
 
                       
(restated)
   
(restated)
 
Second program/first placement / first placement - Fourth placement
  240,000    
CDI + 2% a 3.25%
 
September 2011 (called away in September 2010)
    -       198,254       248,679  
Third program/first placement – Fifth placement
  250,000    
107.20% CDI
 
June 2013
    253,355       252,462       255,266  
Sixth placement
  250,000    
CDI + 2% to 3.25%
 
June 2014
    109,713       260,680       -  
Seventh placement
  600,000     TR+ 8.25%  
December 2014
    598,869       595,725       -  
Eighth placement / First placement
  288,427    
CDI + 1.95%
 
October 2015
    293,661       -       -  
Eighth placement / Second placement
  11,573    
IPCA + 7.96%
 
October 2016
    11,898       -       -  
First placement (Tenda)
  600,000    
TR + 8%
 
April 2014
    612,435       611,256       -  
                    1,879,931       1,918,377       503,945  
                                       
Current portion
                  26.532       122.377       61.945  
Non-current portion
    1,853,399       1,796,000       442,000  


 
Current and non-current installments are due as follows:


         
Consolidated
 
Maturity
 
12/31/2010
   
12/31/2009
   
01/01/2009
 
2009
    -       -       61,945  
2010
    -       122,377       96,000  
2011
    26,532       346,000       96,000  
2012
    272,557       275,000       125,000  
2013
    722,557       725,000       125,000  
2014
    558,707       450,000       -  
2015 onwards
    299,578       -       -  
      1,879,931       1,918,377       503,945  
 
 
F-67

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)

 
11.
Debentures--continued

The Company has restrictive debenture covenants which limit its ability to perform certain actions, such as the issuance of debt, and that could require the early redemption or refinancing of loans if the Company does not fulfill these. The first placement of the Second Program and the first placement of the Third Program have cross-restrictive covenants in which an event of default or early maturity of any debt above R$ 5,000 and R$ 10,000, respectively, requires the Company to early amortize the first placement of the Second Program.

On July 21, 2009, the Company renegotiated with the debenture holders the restrictive debenture covenants of the Second Program, and obtained the approval for remove the covenant that limited the Company’s net debt to R$ 1,000,000, and increasing the financial flexibility, changing the calculation of the ratio between net debt and equity. As a result of these changes, interest repaid by the Company increased to CDI + 1.3% per year to CDI + 2% to 3.25% per year.

The actual ratios and minimum and maximum amounts stipulated by these restrictive covenants at December 31 are as follows:
 
 
F-68

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)
 
 
11.
Debentures--continued

   
12/31/2010
 
12/31/2009
 
01/01/2009
Second program – first placement
           
Total debt, less debt of projects, less cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities(1) cannot exceed 75% of equity plus non-controlling interest
 
-
 
1%
 
N/A
Total debt, less SFH debt, less cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities(1) cannot exceed 75% of equity
 
-
 
N/A
 
35%
Total trade accounts receivable, plus inventory of finished units, required to be 2.0 times over total debt
 
-
 
2.3 times
 
3.3 times
   
-
       
Total debt, less cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities(1), required to be under R$ 1.0 billion
 
-
 
N/A
 
R$ 946.6 million
             
Third program – first placement
           
Total debt, less SFH debt, less cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities(1) cannot exceed 75% of equity
 
36%
 
53%
 
35%
Total accounts receivable plus inventory of finished units required to be 2.2 times over net debt
 
4.6 times
 
4.1 times
 
5.5 times
             
Seventh placement
           
EBIT balance shall be 1.3 times under the net financial expense
 
-10.7 times
 
-5.9 times
 
N/A
Total accounts receivable plus inventory of finished units required to be 2.0 times over net debt and debt of projects (3)
 
73.2 times
 
292.3 times
 
N/A
Total debt less debt of project, less cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities(1) cannot exceed 75% of  equity plus non-controlling interest (1)
 
3.5%
 
1%
 
N/A
             
Eighth placement – first and second placement
           
Total accounts receivable plus inventory of finished units required to be 2.0 times over net debt and debt of projects(3)
 
73.2 times
 
N/A
 
N/A
Total debt less debt of project, less cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities(1) cannot exceed 75% of equity plus non-controlling interest
 
3.5%
 
N/A
 
N/A
             
First placement – Tenda
           
The EBIT(2) balance shall be 1.3 times over the net financial expense
 
5.7 times
 
24.8 times
 
N/A
The debt ratio shall be > 2 or < 0 and TR + TE > 0
 
-11.8 times
 
-4.7 times
 
N/A
The maximum leverage ratio shall be < or = at 50%
 
-21%
 
-31%
 
N/A
             

 
(1)
Cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities refers to cash and cash equivalents, marketable securities, restricted cash in guarantee to loans, and restricted credits.
 
(2)
EBIT refers to earnings less selling, general and administrative expenses plus other net operating income.
 
(3)
Project debt refers to SFH debts, defined as the sum of all disbursed borrowing contracts which funds were provided by SFH, as well as the debt related to the seventh placement.
 
At December 31, 2010, the Company is in compliance with the aforementioned clauses and other non-restrictive clauses.
 
 
F-69

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)
 
 
11.
Debentures--continued

Expenses for placement of debentures and their effective interest rates are shown below:

Placement
Transaction cost
Effective interest rate
Cost of transaction to be appropriated
       
Fifth placement
1,179
11.66%
874
Sixth placement
2,077
Series 1: 12.60%
1,263
Series 2: 10.88%
Seventh placement
7,040
11.00%
5,515
Eight placement
2,328
Series 1: 14.87%
2,251
Series 2: 13.54%
First placement (Tenda)
924
9.79%
632
Current portion
   
2,326
Non-current portion
   
8,209


12.
Payables to venture partners and other


         
Consolidated
 
   
12/31/2010
   
12/31/2009
   
01/01/2009
 
         
(restated)
   
(restated)
 
Payable to venture partners (a)
    380,000       300,000       300,000  
Credit assignments  (b)
    88,442       122,360       67,552  
Acquisition of investments
    23,062       21,090       30,875  
Other accounts payable
    72,722       73,958       45,697  
Rescission reimbursement payable and provisions
    31,272       28,573       28,191  
SCP dividends
    24,264       11,004       16,398  
FIDC obligations (b)
    18,070       41,308       -  
Provision for warranty
    39,025       25,082       17,499  
Deferred Pis and Cofins
    29,328       -       -  
                         
      706,185       623,375       506,212  
                         
Current portion
    149,952       205,657       97,931  
Non-current portion
    556,233       417,718       408,281  

 
F-70

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)
 

12.
Payables to venture partners and other--continued

 
(a)  
In relation to the consolidated financial statments, in January 2008, the Company formed an unincorporated venture (SCP), the main objective of which is to hold interest in other real estate development companies. As of December 31, 2010, the SCP received contributions of R$ 313,084 (represented by 13,084,000 Class A units of interest fully paid-in by the Company and 300,000,000 Class B units of interest from the other venture partners). The SCP will preferably use these funds to acquire equity investments and increase the capital of its investees. As a result of this operation, due to the prudence and considering that the decision to invest or not is made jointly by all members, thus independent from the Company’s management decision, as of December 31, 2010, payables to venture partners was recognized in the amount of R$ 300,000 maturing on January 31, 2014. The venture partners receive an annual minimum dividend substantially equivalent to the variation in the Interbank Deposit Certificate (CDI) rate, as of December 31, 2010, the amount accrued totaled R$ 13,068. The SCP's charter provides for the compliance with certain covenants by the Company, in its capacity as lead partner, which include the maintenance of minimum indices of net debt and receivables. As of December 31, 2009, the SCP and the Company were in compliance with these clauses.

In relation to the the consolidated financial statements, in April 2010 the subsidiary Alphaville Urbanismo S.A. paid-in the capital of an entity, the main objective of which is the holding of interest in other companies, which shall have as main objective the development and carry out of real estate ventures. As of December 31, 2010, this entity  has subscribed capital and paid-in capital reserve amounting to R$ 161,720 (comprising 81,719,641 common shares held by the Company and 80,000,000 preferred shares held by other shareholders). As a result of this transaction, due to the prudence and taking into consideration the rights to which the holders of preferred shares are entitled, such as payment of fixed dividends and redemption, as of December 31, 2010,  payables to investors/venture partners is recognized at R$ 80,000, with final maturity on March 31, 2014. The preferred shares shall pay cumulative fixed dividends, substantially equivalent to the variation of the General Market Prices Index (IGP-M) plus 7.25% p.a., taking into consideration that the amount provisioned at December 31, 2010 totaled R$ 11,196. The Company’s articles of incorporation sets out that certain matters shall be submitted for the approval from preferred shareholders through vote, such as the rights conferred by such shares, increase or reduction in capital, use of profits, set up and use of any profit reserve, and disposal of assets. As of December 31, 2010, the Company is in compliance with the above-described clauses.

 
(b)  
Refers to the operation on assignment of receivables portfolio (see Note 5(ii) and (iii)).


13.
Provisions for legal claims and commitments

The Company and its subsidiaries are party to lawsuits and administrative claims at various courts and government agencies that arise from the ordinary course of business, involving tax, labor, civil lawsuits and other matters. Management, based on information provided by its legal counsel and analysis of the pending claims and, with respect to the labor claims, based on past experience regarding the amounts claimed, recognized a provision in an amount considered sufficient to cover  probable losses.
 
 
F-71

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)

 
13.
Provisions for legal claims and commitments--continued

In the year ended December 31, 2010 and 2009, the changes in the provision are summarized as follows:


Consolidated
 
Civil claims
   
Tax claims
   
Labor claims
   
Total consolidated
 
Balance at December 31, 2009 (restated)
    92,821       10,894       17,624       121,339  
Additional provision
    18,432       1,869       16,354       36,655  
Payment and reversal of provision not used
    (8,425 )     (655 )     (10,222 )     (19,302 )
Balance at December 31, 2010
    102,828       12,108       23,756       138,692  
                                 
Current portion
    8,347       640       5,168       14,155  
Non-current portion
    94,481       11,468       18,588       124,537  

 
(i)  
Civil, tax and labor claims

 
         
Consolidated
 
   
12/31/2010
   
12/31/2009
   
01/01/2009
 
         
(restated)
   
(restated)
 
Civil claims (a)
    102,828       92,193       27,779  
Tax claims (b)
    12,108       10,894       10,878  
Labor claims (c)
    23,756       18,252       18,707  
      138,692       121,339       57,364  


 
(a)  
As of December 31, 2010, the provisions related to civil claims include R$ 72,806 related to lawsuits in which the Company is included as successor in enforcement  actions, in which the original debtor is a former shareholder of Gafisa, Cimob Companhia Imobiliária (“Cimob”), among other companies. The plaintiff understands that the Company should be liable for the debts of Cimob. Some lawsuits, amounting to R$ 6,613, are backed by a guarantee insurance, in addition there are judicial deposits amounting to R$ 63,587, in connection with the restriction of the usage of the Gafisa’s bank accounts; and there is also the restriction of the usage of the Gafisa’s treasury stock to guarantee the enforcement.
 
 
F-72

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)
 
 
13.
Provision for legal claims and commitments--continued

 
(i)  
Civil, tax and labor claims--continued

The Company is filing appeals against all decisions, as it considers that the inclusion of Gafisa in the claims is legally unreasonable; these appeals aim at releasing amounts and obtaining the recognition that it cannot be held liable for the debt of a company that does not have any relationship with Gafisa. The final decision on the Company’s appeal, however, cannot be predicted at present.

 
(b)  
The subsidiary AUSA is a party to legal and administrative claims related to Federal VAT (IPI) and State VAT (ICMS) on two imports of aircraft in 2001 and 2005, respectively, under leasing agreements without purchase option. The likelihood of loss in the ICMS case is rated by legal counsel as (i) probable in regard to the principal and interest, and (ii) remote in regard to the fine for noncompliance with accessory liabilities. The amount of the contingency rated by legal counsel as a probable loss reaches R$11,029 and is provisioned at December 31, 2010.

 
(c)  
As of December 31, 2010, the Company was subject to labor lawsuits, which had the most varied characteristics and at various court levels and is awaiting judgment. These claims corresponded to a total maximum risk of R$80,671. Based on the opinion of the Company’s legal counsel and the expected favorable outcome, and the negotiation that shall be made, the provisioned amount is considered sufficient by the management to cover expected losses.

The Company and its subsidiaries have judicially deposited the amount of R$ 77,163 (consolidated) in connection with the aforementioned legal claims.

In addition, the Company and its subsidiaries are aware of other claims and civil, labor and tax risks at December 31, 2010, based on the assessment of the legal counsel, in which loss is possible, but not probable, in the approximate amount of R$209,634, based on the historical average of processes, for which the Company understands that it is not necessary to record a provision for possible losses.

 
(d)  
Environmental risk

There are various environmental laws at the federal, state and municipal levels. These environmental laws may result in delays for the Company in connection of adjustments for compliance and other costs, and impede or restrict ventures. Before acquiring a land, the Company assesses all necessary and applicable environmental issues, including the possible existence of hazardous or toxic materials, residual substance, trees, vegetation and the proximity of the land to permanent preservation areas. Therefore, before acquiring a land, the Company obtains all governmental approvals, including environmental licenses and construction permits.
 
 
F-73

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)

 
13.
Provision for legal claims and commitments--continued

 
(i)  
Civil, tax and labor claims--continued

In addition, the environmental legislation establishes criminal, civil and administrative sanctions to individuals and legal entities for activities considered as environmental infringements or offense. The penalties include the stop of development activities, loss of tax benefits, confinement and fine.

 
(ii)
Payables related to the completion of real estate ventures

The Company and its subsidiaries are committed to deliver real estate units that will be built in exchange for the acquired land, and to guarantee the release of financing, in addition to guarantee the installments of the financing to clients over the construction period.

The Company is also committed to complete units sold and to comply with the Laws regulating the civil construction sector, including the obtainment of licenses from the proper authorities, and compliance with the terms for starting and delivering the ventures, being subject to legal and contractual penalties.

As described in Note 4, at December 31 2010, the Company and its subsidiaries have resources approved and recorded as financial investments guaranteed which will be released as ventures progress in the total amount of R$ 453,060  to meet these commitments.

14.
Obligations for purchase of land and advances from clients

         
Consolidated
 
   
12/31/2010
   
12/31/2009
   
01/01/2009
 
         
(restated)
   
(restated)
 
Obligations for purchase of land, net of adjustment to present value
    370,482       373,435       467,949  
Adjustment to present value
    (16,796 )     (13,963 )     (10,438 )
Advances from clients
                       
development and sales
    158,145       222,284       90,363  
Barter transaction – land
    86,228       40,054       104,909  
                         
      598,059       621,810       652,783  
                         
Current portion
    420,199       475,409       421,584  
Non-current portion
    177,860       146,401       231,199  
 
 
F-74

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)

 
14.
Payables for purchase of land and advances from customers--continued

The present value adjustment accreted to real estate development operating costs mentioned in Note 5(i), recognized in costs of properties for sale in the year ended December 31, 2010, amount to R$ (2,923) (consolidated).


15.
Equity

 
15.1
Capital

As of December 31 2010, the Company's authorized and paid-in capital totaled R$ 2,729,198, 275 represented by 431,515,375 registered common shares without par value, of which 599,486 were held in treasury.

In 2010, there was no movement of common shares held in treasury.

Treasury shares – 12/31/2010
 
Symbol
GFSA3
       
Class
-
       
Type
Common
R$
%
R$ thousand
R$ thousand
Acquisition date
Number
Weighted average price
% on shares outstanding
Market value
Carrying amount
11/20/2001
599,486
2.8880
0.14%
7,218
1,731

 
(*)
market value calculated based on the closing share price at December 31, 2010 of R$ 12.04.

The Company holds shares in treasury in order to guarantee the performance of claims (see Note 13).

According to the Company’s articles of incorporation, capital may be increased without need of making amendment to it, upon resolution of the Board of Directors, which shall set the conditions for issuance until the limit of 600,000,000 (six hundred million) preferred shares.

On February 22, 2010, the split of common shares was approved in the ratio of one existing share to two newly-issued shares, thus increasing the number of shares from 167,077,137 to 334,154,274.
 
 
F-75

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)

 
15.
Equity--continued

 
15.1
Capital--continued

In March 2010, the Company completed an initial public offering of common shares, resulting in a capital increase of R$ 1,063,750 with the issuance of 85,100,000 shares, comprising 46,634,420 shares in Brazil and 38,465,580 ADSs.

On April 27, 2010, the distribution of minimum mandatory dividends for 2009 was approved in the amount of R$ 50,716.

On May 27, 2010, the increase in capital was approved in the amount of R$20,282 with the issuance of 9,797,792 shares, arising from the acquisition of Shertis’ shares (Note 1).

During 2010, the increase in capital by R$17,891 was approved, related to the stock option plan and the exercise of 2,463,309 common shares.

The change in the number of shares outstanding was as follows:

   
Common shares – in thousands
 
January 1, 2009
    129,963  
  Exercise of stock option
    1,100  
  Disposal of treasury shares
    2,825  
  Acquisition of Tenda shares
    32,889  
         
December 31, 2009
    166,777  
  Split of shares
    166,777  
  Initial public offering
    85,100  
Subscription of Shertis shares
    9,798  
  Exercise of stock options
    2,463  
         
December 31, 2010
    430,915  
Treasury shares
    600  
Authorized shares at December, 31 2010
    431,515  
 
 
F-76

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)

 
15.
Equity--continued

 
15.2
Allocation of net income for the year

Pursuant to the Company’s articles of incorporation,  net income for the year was allocated as follows: (i) 5% to legal reserve, reaching up to 20% of capital stock or when the legal reserve balance plus that of capital reserves is in excess of 30% of capital stock, and (ii) 25% of the remaining balance to pay mandatory dividends.

The Company’s Board of Directors, by referendum of the Annual Shareholders’ Meeting which shall appreciate the accounts and financial statements for 2010, approved the following allocation of net income for 2009:

   
2010
      2009 (*)
Net income for the year
    416,050       213,540  
Legal reserve
    (20,803 )     (10,677 )
      395,247       202,863  
                 
Minimum mandatory dividends - 25%
    (98,812 )     (50,716 )
 
 
(*)
Proposed dividends based on the previous accounting practice.

Pursuant to Article 36 of the Company’s articles of incorporation, amended on March 21, 2007, the setting up of a statutory reserve was required. Accordingly, the setting up of such reserve shall be carried out at an amount not in excess of 71.25% of net income, with the purpose of financing the expansion of the Company and its subsidiaries operations, including through subscription of capital increases or creation of new ventures, in consortia or other types of partnership in order to fulfill the corporate objective.

As of  December 31, 2010, the statutory reserve for retained earnings was set up under the terms of Article 196 of Law No. 6404/76, with the objective of allocating to future investments the amount of R$296,435.  The retention for 2010 is based on a business plan approved by the Company’s Board of Directors.
 
 
F-77

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)
 
 
15.
Equity--continued

 
15.3
Stock option plans

 
(i)
Gafisa

A total of six stock option plans are offered by the Company. The first plan was launched in 2000 and is managed by a committee that periodically creates new stock option plans, determining their terms, which, among other things, (i) define the length of service that is required for employees to be eligible to the benefits of the plans, (ii) select the employees that will be entitled to participate, and (iii) establish the purchase prices of the shares to be exercised under the plans.

To be eligible for the plans (plans from 2000 to 2002), participant employees are required to contribute 10% of the value of total benefited options on the date the option is granted and, additionally, for each of the following five years, 18% of the price of the grant per year.

To be eligible for the 2006 and 2007 plans, employees are required to contribute at least 70% of the annual bonus received to exercise the options, under penalty of losing the right to exercise all options of subsequent lots.

The stock option may be exercised in one to five years subsequent to the initial date of the work period established in each of the plans. The shares are usually available to employees over a period of ten years after their contribution.

The Company and its subsidiaries record the amounts received from employees in an account of advances in liabilities. No advances were received in the year ended December 31, 2010.
 
 
F-78

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)

 
15.
Equity--continued

 
15.3
Stock option plans --continued

 
(i)
Gafisa--continued

The Company and its subsidiaries may decide to issue new shares or transfer the treasury shares to the employees in accordance with the clauses established in the plans. The Company and its subsidiaries have the right of first refusal on shares issued under the plans in the event of dismissals and retirement. In such cases, the amounts advanced are returned to the employees, in certain circumstances, at amounts that correspond to the greater of the market value of the shares (as established in the rules of the plans) and the amount inflation-indexed (IGP-M) plus annual interest at 3%.

In 2008, the Company and its subsidiaries issued a new stock option plan. In order to become eligible for the grant, employees are required to contribute from 25% to 80% of their annual net bonus to exercise the options within 30 days from the program date.

On June 26, 2009, the Company issued a new stock option plan for granting 1,300,000 options. In addition, the exchange of the 2,740,000 options of the 2007 and 2008 plans for 1,900,000 options granted under this new stock option plan was approved. The incremental fair value granted as result of such modification is R$ 3,529, recognized at the extent services are provided by employees and management members.

The assumptions adopted for calculating the fair value to be used in the recognition of the stock option plan for 2009 were the following: expected volatility of 40% p.a., expected dividends on shares of 1.91%, and risk-free interest rate at 8.99% p.a. The volatility was set based on the regression analysis of the relation between return on Gafisa’s shares and that of Ibovespa.
 
 
F-79

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)

 
15.
Equity--continued

 
15.3
Stock option plans--continued

 
(i)
Gafisa--continued

From July 1, 2009, the Company’s management opted for using the Binomial and Monte Carlo models for pricing the options granted in replacement for the Black-Scholes model, because on its understanding these models are capable of including and calculating with a wider range of variables and assumptions comprising the plans of the Company. The effect of this model replacement was brought about prospectively on July 1, 2009, with the recording of income amounting to R$ 6,599 for the year ended December 31, 2010.

On December 17, 2009, the Company issued a new stock option plan for granting 140,000 options. In addition, the exchange of the 512,280 options of the 2007 plan was approved for 402,500 options granted under this new stock option plan. The incremental fair value granted as result of these modifications is R$ 6,824. The assumptions made in the calculation of incremental value were as follows: expected volatility at 40%, expected dividends on shares at 1.91%, and risk-free interest rate at 8.99%.

On August 4, 2010, a new stock option plan was issued by the Company for granting a total of 626,061 options.

The assumptions adopted in the recognition of the stock option plan for 2010 were the following: expected volatility at 40%, expected dividends at 1.08%, and risk-free interest rate at 10.64%. The volatility was determined based on the regression analysis of the relation between the estimated volatility of Gafisa and that of Ibovespa.
 
 
F-80

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)

 
15.
Equity--continued

 
15.3
Stock option plans--continued

 
(i)
Gafisa--continued

The changes in the number of stock options and corresponding weighted average exercise prices are as follows:


   
2010
   
2009
 
   
Number of options (ii)
   
Weighted average exercise price
   
Number of options (ii)
   
Weighted average exercise price
 
Options outstanding at the beginning of the year
    10,245,394       12.18       11,860,550       13.12  
Transfer of options of Tenda plans
    2,338,380       4.39       -       -  
  Options granted
    626,061       12.10       7,485,000       7.88  
  Options exercised (i)
    (2,463,309 )     8.30       (2,200,112 )     7.82  
  Options exchanged
    -       -       (6,504,560 )     15.65  
  Options expired
    -       -       -          
  Options forfeited
    (1,959,195 )     4.54       (395,484 )     16.5  
                                 
Options outstanding at the end of the year
    8,787,331       11.97       10,245,394       12.18  
                                 
Options exercisable at the end of the year
    1,364,232       12.18       3,312,924       13.37  

 
(i)  
In the years ended December 31, 2010 and 2009, the amount received through exercised options was R$17,891 and R$9,736, respectively.
 
(ii)  
The number of options considers the split of shares approved on February 22, 2010.

The analysis of prices is as follows, considering the split of shares on February 22, 2010:

   
Reais
       
   
2010
   
2009
 
             
Exercise price per option at the end of the year
    4.57-22.79       4.05 - 20.81  
                 
Weighted average exercise price at the option grant date
    10.36       8.62  
                 
Weighted average market price per share at the grant date
    10.10       8.10  
                 
Market price per share at the end of the year
    12.04       14.12  
 
 
F-81

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)

 
15.
Equity--continued

 
15.3
Stock option plans--continued

 
(i)
Gafisa--continued

The options granted will confer their holders the right to subscribe the Company's shares, after completing one to five years of employment with the Company (strict conditions on exercise of options), and will expire after ten years from the grant date.

The dilution percentage at December 31, 2010 stood at 0.74% corresponding to earnings after dilution of R$ 0.9571 (R$ 0.9642 before dilution).

In the year ended December 31, 2010 the Company recognized the amounts of R$ 12,924 (consolidated), as operating expenses. The amounts recognized in the Company are recorded in capital reserve in equity.

 
(ii)
Tenda

The subsidiary Tenda has a total of three stock option plans, the first two were approved in June 2008, and the other one in April 2009. These plans, limited to the maximum of 5% of total capital shares and approved by the Board of Directors, stipulate the general terms, which, among other things, (i) define the length of service that is required for employees to be eligible to the benefits of the plans, (ii) select the employees that will be entitled to participate, and (iii) establish the purchase prices of the preferred shares to be exercised under the plans.

In June 2008, a stock option plan was issued by the Company for granting 1,090,000 options. The assumptions used in estimating the fair value that will base the recognition of the stock option plan for 2008 were as follows: expected volatility at 81.5% per year, without dividends expected on the shares, and risk-free interest rate at 8.65%.
 
 
F-82

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)

 
15.
Equity--continued

 
15.3
Stock option plans—continued

 
(ii)
Tenda--continued

In April 2009, two stock option plans were issued by the Company for granting 3,500,000 options under plan 1, and 1,350,712 options under plan 2. The assumptions used in estimating the fair value that will base the recognition of stock option plan 1 for 2009 were as follows: expected volatility at 81.5% per year, without dividends expected on the shares, and risk-free interest rate at 8.82%. The assumptions used in estimating the fair value that will base the recognition of the stock option plan 2 for 2009 were as follows: expected volatility at 81.5% p.a., expected dividends on shares at 1.91%, and risk-free interest rate at 8.60%.

In the option granted in 2008, when exercising the option the base price will be adjusted according to the market value of shares, based on the average price in the 20 trading sessions prior to the commencement of each annual exercise period. The exercise price is adjusted according to a fixed table of values, according to the share value in the market, at the time of the two exercise periods for each annual lot. The stock option may be exercised by beneficiaries, who shall partially use their annual bonuses, as awarded, in up to 10 years subsequent to the initial date of the work period established in each of the plans. The shares are usually available to employees over a period of two to five years after their contribution.
 
 
F-83

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)
 
 
15.
Equity--continued

 
15.3
Stock option plans—continued

 
(ii)
Tenda--continued

In the year ended December 31, 2010, Tenda recorded stock option plan expenses amounting to R$ 3,820 (R$4,234 in 2009).

Due to the acquisition, by Gafisa, of the total shares outstanding issued by Tenda (Note 8), the stock option plans related to Tenda shares were transferred to the Company Gafisa, responsible for share issue. At December 31, 2010, the amount of R$11,989, related to the reserve for granting options of Tenda is recognized in current accounts related to real estate ventures and in the equity of Gafisa.

 
(iii)
AUSA

The subsidiary AUSA has three stock option plans, the first launched in 2007 which was approved on June 26, 2007 at the Annual Shareholders' Meeting and of the Board of Directors’ Meetings.

On June 1, 2010, two new stock option plans were issued by the Company for granting of a total of 738 options. The assumptions adopted in the recognition of the stock option plan for 2010 were the following: expected volatility at 40% and risk-free interest rate at 9.39%. The volatility was determined based on the regression analysis of the relation between the estimated volatility of Gafisa and that of Ibovespa.
 
 
F-84

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)

 
15.
Equity--continued

 
15.3
Stock option plans—continued

 
(iii)
AUSA--continued

The changes in the number of stock options and their corresponding weighted average exercise prices for the year are as follows:
 
   
2010
   
2009
 
   
Number of
options
   
Weighted average exercise price - Reais
   
Number of
options
   
Weighted average exercise price - Reais
 
Options outstanding at the beginning of the year
    1,557       6,469,28       2,138       6,843,52  
  Options granted
    738       10,477,60       -       -  
    Options exercised
    (46 )     7,612,44       (402 )     7,610,23  
    Options forfeited /sold
    (317 )     7,612,44       (179 )     8,376,94  
Options outstanding at the end of the year
    1,932       8,012,12       1,557       6,469,28  

The dilution percentage at December 31, 2010 stood at 0.0003%, corresponding to earnings per share after dilution of R$750.8956 (R$750.8978 before dilution).

The market value of each option granted was estimated at the grant date using the Binomial option pricing model.

AUSA recorded expenses for the stock option plan amounting to R$ 969 in the year ended December 31, 2010 (R$ 428 in 2009).
 
 
F-85

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)

 
16.
Income tax and social contribution

 
(i)  
Current income tax and social contribution

The reconciliation of the effective tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2010 and that of December 31, 2009 is as follows:
 
   
Consolidated
 
   
12/31/2010
   
12/31/2009
 
         
(restated)
 
Profit before income tax and social contribution, and statutory interests
    478,879       180,774  
Income tax calculated at the applicable rate – 34%
    (162,819 )     (61,463 )
Net effect of subsidiaries whose taxable profit is calculated as a percentage of gross sales
    73,638       48,703  
Tax losses carryforwards (utilized)
    1,344       183  
Stock option plan
    (4,394 )     (4,905 )
Other permanent differences
    (1,490 )     (20,330 )
Investors participation
    7,638       -  
Effective tax rate difference
    20,001       -  
Unrecorded tax assets
    27,183       -  
Total current and deferred tax expenses
    (38,899 )     (37,812 )
 

 
(ii)  
Deferred income tax and social contribution

Deferred income tax and social contribution are recorded to reflect the future tax effects attributable to temporary differences between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their respective carrying amounts.

The Company recognized tax assets on losses on income tax and social contribution carryforwards for prior years, which do not have maturity term, and which offset is limited to 30% of annual taxable profit, as it is probable that the taxable profit is available for offsetting temporary differences.

The carrying amount of a deferred tax asset is periodically reviewed, and the projections are annually reviewed, in case there are significant factors that may modify the projections, the latter having been reviewed during the year by the Company and approved by the Fiscal Council.
 
 
F-86

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)

 
16.
Deferred income tax and social contribution--continued

 
(ii)
Deferred income tax and social contribution--continued

Deferred income tax and social contribution are from the following sources:
 
   
Consolidated
 
   
2010
   
2009
   
01/01/2009
 
Assets
       
(restated)
   
(restated)
 
Provisions for contingencies and other temporary differences
    167,448       134,715       92,001  
Income tax and social contribution loss carryforwards
    125,443       -       76,640  
Tax credits from downstream acquisition
    7,472       -       21,611  
Temporary differences
    (20,104 )     (26,061 )        
Differences between income taxed on cash basis and recorded on an accrual basis
    (215,392 )     (8,046 )        
      64,867       100,068       190,252  
                         
Liabilities
                       
Negative goodwill
    95,125       90,929       75,860  
Temporary differences
    -       -       18,122  
Differences between income taxed on cash basis and recorded on an accrual basis
    7,563       159,281       202,743  
Provisions for contingencies and other temporary differences
    (803 )     (19,082 )        
Income tax and social contribution loss carryforwards
    (47,667 )     (113,847 )        
Tax credits from downstream acquisition
            (13,644 )        
      (54,218 )     (103,628 )     296,725  
 
At December 31, 2010, R$24,072 inherent in deferred income and social contribution taxes regarding the taxation of income between cash and accrual basis in the short term and R$73,182 in long term, calculated pursuant the presumed income-based taxation system, are classified in the heading Tax Obligations.
 
The Company calculates its taxes based on the recognition of results proportionally to the receipt of the contracted sales, in accordance with the tax rules determined by the Brazilian IRS (SRF) Revenue Procedure No. 84/79, which differs from the calculation of the accounting revenues based on the costs incurred versus total estimated cost. The tax basis will crystallize over an average period of four years as cash inflows arise and the conclusion of the corresponding projects.

Gafisa has not recorded a deferred income tax asset on the tax losses and social contribution tax loss carryforwards in the amount of R$9,804, which are under the taxable profit regime, and do not have a history of taxable profit over the last three years, except in the subsidiary Tenda.

Management considers that deferred tax assets arising from temporary differences will be realized as the contingencies and events are settled.
 
 
F-87

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)

 
16.
Deferred income tax and social contribution--continued

 
(ii)
Deferred income tax and social contribution--continued

Based on estimated future taxable profit of Gafisa, the expected recovery of the deferred income tax and social contribution loss carryforwards of the Company and it subsidiary, Tenda, is:

   
Consolidated
 
2011
    6,849  
2012
    7,888  
2013
    9,482  
2014
    16,046  
2015
    17,084  
Other
    115,761  
Total
    173,110  


17.
Financial instruments

The Company and its subsidiaries participate in operations involving financial instruments. These instruments are managed through operational strategies and internal controls aimed at liquidity, return and safety. The use of financial instruments with objective of hedge is made through a periodical analysis of exposure to the risk that the management intends to cover (exchange, interest rate, etc) which is approved by the Board of Directors for authorization and performance of the proposed strategy. The policy on control consists of permanently following up the contracted conditions in relation to the conditions prevailing in the market. The Company and its subsidiaries do not invest for speculation in derivatives or any other risky assets. The result from these operations is consistent with the policies and strategies devised by the Company’s management. The Company’s and its subsidiaries operations are subject to the risk factors described below:

 
(i)
Risk considerations

 
a)
Credit risk

The Company and its subsidiaries restrict their exposure to credit risks associated with cash and cash equivalents, investing in financial institutions considered highly rated and in short-term securities.
 
 
F-88

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)
 
 
17.
Financial instruments --Continued

 
(i)
Risk considerations--continued

 
a)
Credit risk--continued

With regards to accounts receivable, the Company restricts its exposure to credit risks through sales to a broad base of customers and ongoing credit analysis. Additionally, there is no history of losses due to the existence of liens for the recovery of its products in the cases of default during the construction period. As of December 31, 2010, there was no significant credit risk concentration associated with clients.

 
b)
Derivative financial instruments

The Company adopts the policy of participating in operations involving derivative financial instruments with the objective of mitigating or eliminating currency risks, as described below.

In 2009, the Company had derivative financial instruments, settled in that same year, with the objective of hedging against fluctuations in foreign exchange rates.

In the year ended December 31, 2009, the amount of R$ 1,234 related to the net positive result from the swap operations of currency and interest rates was recognized in financial income (expenses), matching the results of these operations with the fluctuation in foreign currencies in the Company's balance sheet. The swap transactions described below were settled in the year ended December 31, 2009:

   
Reais
 
Percentage
   
Rate swap contracts - (US Dollar and Yen for CDI)
 
Nominal Value
 
Original Index
 
Swap
Banco ABN Amro Real S.A.
 
100,000
 
Yen + 1.4
 
105 CDI
Banco Votorantim S.A.
 
100,000
 
Dollar + 7
 
104 CDI
   
200,000
       

The estimated fair value of derivative financial instruments contracted by the Company was determined based on information available in the market and specific evaluation methodologies. However, considerable judgment was necessary for interpreting market data to produce the estimated fair value of each transaction. Accordingly, the estimates above do not necessarily indicate the actual amounts to be realized upon the financial settlement of transactions in 2009.
 
 
F-89

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)
 
 
17.
Financial instruments--continued

 
(i)
Risk considerations--continued

 
c)
Interest rate risk

It arises from the possibility that the Company and its subsidiaries earn gains or incur losses because of fluctuations in the interest rates of its financial assets and liabilities. Aiming to mitigate this kind of risk, the Company and its subsidiaries seek to diversify funding in terms of fixed and floating rates. The interest rates on loans, financing and debentures are disclosed in Notes 10 and 11. The interest rates contracted on financial investments are disclosed in Note 4. Accounts receivable from real estate units delivered, as disclosed in Note 5, are subject to annual interest rate of 12%, appropriated on pro rata basis.

 
d)
Liquidity risk

The liquidity risk consists of the possibility that the Company and its subsidiaries do not have sufficient funds to meet their commitments in view of settlement terms of their rights and obligations.

To mitigate the liquidity risks, and the optimization of the weighted average cost of capital, the Company and its subsidiaries permanently monitor the indebtedness levels according to the market standards and the fulfillment of covenants provided for in loan, financing and debenture agreements, in order to guarantee that the operating-cash generation and the advance funding, when necessary, are sufficient to maintain the schedule of commitments, not posing liquidity risk to the Company or its subsidiaries.

The maturities of financial instruments, loans, financing, suppliers and debentures are as follows:

Year ended December 31, 2010
 
Less than
 1 year
   
1 to 3 years
   
3 to 5 years
   
More than
5 years
   
Total
 
Loans and financing
    797,903       365,078       247,197       -       1,410,178  
Debentures
    26,532       995,114       858,285       -       1,879,931  
Suppliers
    190,461       -       -       -       190,461  
      1,014,896       1,360,192       1,105,482               3,480,570  
 
 
F-90

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)

 
17.
Financial instruments - continued

 
(i)
Considerations on risks--continued

 
d)
Liquidity risk--continued

Fair value classification

The Company uses the following classification to determine and disclose the fair value of financial instruments by the valuation technique:

Level 1: quoted prices (without adjustments) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities;
Level 2: other techniques for which all data that may have a significant effect on the recognized fair value are observable, direct or indirectly.
Level 3: techniques that use data which has significant effect on the recognized fair value, not based on observable market data.

The classification level of fair value for financial instruments measured at fair value through profit or loss of the Company, presented in the financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2010, is as follows:

   
Consolidated
 
   
Fair value classification
 
   
Level 1
   
Level 2
   
Level 3
 
                   
Financial assets
                 
Cash equivalents
    -       84,046       -  
Securities
    -       944,766       -  

In the year ended December 31, 2010, there were not any transfers between the levels 1 and 2 fair value valuation, nor transfers between levels 3 and 2 fair value valuation. As permitted by IFRS1/CPC 37, the Company did not disclose any comparative information on fair value classification or liquidity disclosures.
 
 
F-91

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)

 
17.
Financial instruments - continued

 
(ii)
Fair value of financial instruments

 
a)
Fair value measurement

The following estimate fair values were determined using available market information and proper measurement methodologies. However, a considerable judgment is necessary to interpret market information and estimate fair value. Accordingly, the estimates presented in this document are not necessarily indicative of amounts that the Company could realize in the current market. The use of different market assumptions and/or estimates methodology may have a significant effect on estimated fair values.

The following methods and assumptions were used in order to estimate the fair value for each financial instrument type for which the estimate of values is practicable.

The amounts of cash and cash equivalents, marketable securities, accounts receivable and other receivables and suppliers, and other current liabilities approximate their fair values, recorded in the financial statements.

See below the carrying amounts and fair values of financial assets and liabilities at December 31, 2010.
 
   
Consolidated
       
2010
     
2009
     
01/01/2009
   
Carrying amount
 
Fair value
 
Carrying amount
 
Fair value
 
Carrying amount
 
Fair value
           
(restated)
     
(restated)
   
Financial assets
                       
Cash and cash equivalents
 
256,382
 
256,382
 
292,940
 
292,940
 
191,443
 
191,443
Marketable securities
 
944,766
 
944,766
 
1,131,113
 
1,131,113
 
414,059
 
414,059
Trade accounts teceivable, net
     current portion
 
3,159,459
 
3,159,459
 
2,008,464
 
2,008,464
 
1,254,594
 
1,254,594
Trade accounts receivable, net
     non-current portion
 
2,111,929
 
2,111,929
 
1,768,182
 
1,768,182
 
863,950
 
863,950
                         
Financial liabilities
                       
Loans and financing
 
1,410,178
 
1,412,053
 
1,203,755
 
1,204,157
 
1,048,176
 
1,048,176
Debentures
 
1,879,931
 
1,890,299
 
1,918,377
 
1,932,646
 
503,945
 
503,945
Materials and service suppliers
 
190,461
 
190,461
 
194,331
 
194,331
 
112,900
 
112,900
 
 
F-92

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)
 
 
17.
Financial instruments - continued

 
(iii) 
Capital stock management

The objective of the Company’s capital stock management is to guarantee that a strong credit rating is maintained in institutions and an optimum capital ratio, in order to support the Company’s businesses and maximize the value to shareholders.

The Company controls its capital structure making adjustments to the current economic conditions. In order to maintain its structure adjusted, the Company may pay dividends, return on capital of shareholders, raise new loans, issue debentures.

There were no changes in objectives, policies or procedures during the years ended December 31, 2010 and 2009.

The Company included in its net debt structure: loans and financing, debentures and obligations to venture partners less cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities (cash and cash equivalents, marketable securities and restricted cash in guarantee to loans):


   
Consolidated
 
   
2010
   
2009
   
01/01/2009
 
         
(restated)
   
(restated)
 
Loans and financing (Note 10)
    1,410,177       1,203,755       1,048,176  
Debentures (Note 11)
    1,879,931       1,918,377       503,945  
Payables to venture partners (Note 12)
    380,000       300,000       300,000  
(-) Cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities
    (1,201,148 )     (1,424,053 )     (605,502 )
Net debt
    2,468,960       1,998,079       1,246,619  
Equity
    3,783,669       2,384,181       2,195,621  
Equity and net debt
    6,252,629       4,382,260       3,442,240  


 
(iv) 
Sensitivity analysis

The chart below shows the sensitivity analysis of financial instruments describing the risks that may incur material losses to the Company, considering the most probable scenario (scenario I), according to the assessment made by the Company. In addition, two other scenarios are described as provided for by CVM, through Rule No. 475/08, in order to show a deterioration of 25% and 50% in the risk variable considered, respectively (scenarios II and III).
 
 
F-93

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)

 
17.
Financial instruments --continued

 
(iv)
Sensitivity analysis--continued

At December 31, 2010, the Company has the following financial instruments:

 
a)  
Financial investments, loans and financing, and debentures linked to the Interbank Deposit Certificate (CDI)
 
 
b)  
Loans and financing and debentures linked to the Referential Rate (TR)
 
 
c)  
Trade accounts receivable and properties for sale, linked to the National Civil Construction Index (INCC)
 
 
The scenarios considered were as follows:

Scenario I: Probable – management considered a 50% increase in the variables used for pricing
Scenario II: Possible – 25% increase/decrease in the risk variables used for pricing
Scenario III: Remote – 50% decrease in the risk variables used for pricing

The chart below shows the sensitivity analysis of financial instruments describing the risks that may incur material losses to the Company, considering the most probable scenario (scenario I), according to the assessment made by the Management. In addition, two other scenarios are described as provided for by CVM, through Rule No. 475/08, in order to show a deterioration of 25% and 50% in the risk variable considered, respectively (scenarios II and III).
 
 
F-94

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)

 
17.
Financial instruments--continued

 
(iv)
Sensitivity analysis--continued

As of December 31, 2010:

   
Scenario
   
I
 
II
 
III
Instrument
Risk
Expected
 
Drop
High
 
Drop
               
Financial investments
High/drop of CDI
41,219
 
(20,609)
20,609
 
(41,219)
Loans and financing
High/drop of CDI
(31,913)
 
15,956
(15,956)
 
31,913
Debentures
High/drop of CDI
(31,785)
 
15,892
(15,892)
 
31,785
               
Net effect of CDI variation
 
(22,479)
 
11,239
(11,239)
 
22,479
               
Loans and financing
High/drop of TR
(6,151)
 
3,076
(3,076)
 
6,151
Debentures
High/drop of TR
(10,177)
 
5,089
(5,089)
 
10,177
               
Net effect of TR variation
 
(16,328)
 
8,165
(8,165)
 
16,328
               
               
Loans and financing
High/drop of IPCA
(334)
 
167
(167)
 
334
Net effect of IPCA variation
 
(334)
 
167
(167)
 
334
               
Customers
High/drop of INCC
113,759
 
(56,880)
56,880
 
(113,759)
Inventory
High/drop of INCC
56,323
 
(28,161)
28,161
 
(56,323)
               
Net effect of INCC variation
 
170,082
 
(85,041)
85,041
 
(170,082)

As of December 31, 2009:

   
Scenario
   
I
 
II
 
III
Instrument
Risk
Expected
 
Drop
High
 
Drop
               
Financial investments
High/drop of CDI
46,885
 
(23,443)
23,443
 
(46,885)
Loans and financing
High/drop of CDI
(29,407)
 
14,703
(14,703)
 
29,407
Debentures
High/drop of CDI
(28,308)
 
14,154
(14,154)
 
28,308
               
Net effect of CDI variation
 
(10,830)
 
5,414
(5,414)
 
10,830
               
Loans and financing
High/drop of TR
(1,469)
 
734
(734)
 
1,469
Debentures
High/drop of TR
(3,871)
 
1,936
(1,936)
 
3,871
               
Net effect of TR variation
 
(5,340)
 
2,670
(2,670)
 
5,340
               
Customers
High/drop of INCC
31,516
 
(15,758)
15,758
 
(31,516)
Inventory
High/drop of INCC
20,907
 
(10,454)
10,454
 
(20,907)
               
Net effect of INCC variation
 
52,423
 
(26,212)
26,212
 
(52,423)
 
 
F-95

 
 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)

 
18.
Related parties

 
18.1
Balances with related parties

The balances between the parent and controlled companies are realized under conditions and prices established between the parties.

Current account
 
Consolidated
 
Condominium and Consortia
 
2010
   
2009
 
Alpha 4
    (2,306 )     (2,260 )
Consórcio Ezetec & Gafisa
    12,159       24,289  
Consórcio Ezetec Gafisa
    3,919       (8,217 )
Cond Constr Empr Pinheiros
    2,693       3,064  
Condomínio Parque da Tijuca
    (1,130 )     (347 )
Condomínio em Const. Barra Fir
    934       (46 )
Civilcorp
    (245 )     4,602  
Condomínio do Ed. Barra Premiu
    1,438       105  
Consórcio Gafisa Rizzo
    (2,407 )     (794 )
Evolucao  Chacara das Flores
    9       7  
Condomínio Passo da Patria II
    563       569  
Cond Constr Palazzo Farnese
    (17 )     (17 )
Alpha 3
    302       (2,611 )
Condomínio Iguatemi
    3       3  
Consórcio Quintas Nova Cidade
    36       36  
Consórcio Ponta Negra
    7,978       2,488  
 
 
 
F-96

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)

 
18.
Related parties--continued

 
18.2
Transactions with related parties

Current account
 
Consolidated
 
Condominium and Consortia
 
2010
   
2009
 
Consórcio SISPAR & Gafisa
    8,251       8,075  
Cd. Advanced Ofs Gafisa-Metro
    (1,903 )     (1,027 )
Condomínio ACQUA
    (2,180 )     (3,894 )
Cond.Constr.Living
    (1,889 )     (1,790 )
Consórcio Bem Viver
    2,648       (361 )
Cond. Urbaniz. Lot Quintas Rio
    (8,708 )     (4,836 )
Cond.Constr. Homem de Melo
    85       83  
Consórcio OAS Gafisa - Garden
    (4,188 )     (2,375 )
Cond. de const. La Traviata
    (1,395 )     (540 )
Cond. Em Constr LACEDEMONIA
    34       57  
Evolucao  New Place
    (436 )     (673 )
Consórcio Gafisa Algo
    678       722  
Columbia   Outeiro dos Nobres
    (103 )     (153 )
Evolucao - Reserva do Bosque
    14       12  
Evolucao  Reserva do Parque
    49       53  
Consórcio Gafisa&Bricks
    44       656  
Cond.Constr. Fernando Torres
    136       136  
Cond  de Const  Sunrise Reside
    252       354  
Evolucao Ventos do Leste
    146       117  
Consórcio Quatro Estações
    (279 )     (1,328 )
Cond  em Const  Sampaio Viana
    972       951  
Cond. Constr Monte Alegre
    1,430       1,456  
Cond. Constr.Afonso de Freitas
    1,654       1,675  
Consórcio New Point
    4,599       1,182  
Evolução - Campo Grande
    566       612  
Condomínio do Ed Oontal Beach
    (1,683 )     (817 )
Consórcio OAS Gafisa - Garden
    3,484       2,110  
Cond Constr  Infra  Panamby
    (1,429 )     (145 )
Condomínio Strelitzia
    (1,899 )     (1,035 )
Cond Constr Anthuriun
    1,433       2,194  
Condomínio Hibiscus
    629       2,675  
Cond em Constr Splendor
    (1,856 )     1,813  
Condomínio Palazzo
    (4,015 )     (1,504 )
Cond Constr Doble View
    (7,765 )     (3,937 )
Panamby - Torre K1
    (538 )     318  
Condomínio Cypris
    (3,122 )     (1,793 )
Cond em Constr  Doppio Spazio
    (4,447 )     (2,592 )
Consórcio  Res. Sta Cecília
    11,492       9,441  
Consórcio Planc e Gafisa
    -       798  
Consórcio Gafisa&Rizzo (susp)
    491       1,649  
Consórcio Gafisa OAS - Abaeté
    (14,318 )     34,121  
Cond do Clube Quintas do Rio
    1       1  
Cons OAS-Gafisa Horto Panamby
    (20,322 )     (14,864 )
Consórcio OAS e Gafisa – Horto Panamby
    25,610       5,845  
Consórcio Ponta Negra – Ed Marseille
    (11,007 )     (6,142 )
Consórcio Ponta Negra – Ed Nice
    (5,909 )     (3,505 )
Manhattan Square
    4,063       2,841  
Cons. Eztec Gafisa Pedro Luis
    10,055       (11,925 )
Consórcio Planc Boa Esperança
    (498 )     1,342  
Consórcio OAS e Gafisa – Tribeca
    (20,853 )     (15,042 )
 
 
 
F-97

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)
 
 
18.
Related parties--continued

 
18.2
Transactions with related parties--continued

   
Consolidated
 
   
2010
   
2009
 
             
Consórcio OAS e Gafisa – Soho
    25,803       16,701  
Consórcio Gafisa
    (77 )     (77 )
Consórcio Ventos do Leste
    -       (1 )
Allegro
    2,800       -  
Bairro Novo Cotia
    4,738       9,506  
Bairro Novo Camaçari
    1,500       1,259  
Total condominium and consortia (d)
    16,767       49,270  
                 
                 
Purchase/sale of interest
               
Gafisa SPE 10 S.A.
    (891 )     7,508  
Gafisa Vendas I.Imob Ltda.
    (427 )     2,384  
Cipesa (b)
    (25,000 )     (25,000 )
Other
    -       (351 )
      (26,318 )     (15,459 )
                 
Current account – SPEs
               
Alphaville Urbanismo S.A.
    8,111       -  
Construtora Tenda
    15,709       -  
Cipesa Empreendimentos Imobil.
    (384 )     (650 )
The House
    84       -  
Gafisa SPE 46 Empreend. Imob. Ltda.
    3,894       225  
Gafisa SPE 40 Empreend. Imob. Ltda.
    184       290  
Vistta Ibirapuera
    (165 )     -  
Blue II  Plan. Prom e Venda Lt
    -       (6,295 )
Saí Amarela S/A
    (267 )     199  
Gafisa SPE-49 Empreend. Imob. Ltda.
    -       (2,787 )
Gafisa SPE-35 Empreend. Imob. Ltda.
    -       (1,387 )
Gafisa SPE 38 Empreend. Imob. Ltda.
    109       -  
LT Incorporadora SPE Ltda.
    -       (513 )
Res. das Palmeiras Inc. SPE Ltda.
    (378 )     501  
Gafisa SPE 41 Empr.Imob. Ltda.
    226       -  
Dolce VitaBella Vita SPE S.A.
    67       (133 )
Saíra Verde Empreend. Imob. Ltda.
    743       577  
Gafisa SPE 22 Ltda.
    -       (272 )
Gafisa SPE 39 Empreend. Imob. Ltda.
    478       1,722  
CSF Santtorino
    149       -  
DV SPE S.A.
    (571 )     7  
Gafisa SPE 48 Empreend. Imob. Ltda.
    460       1,260  
Gafisa SPE-53 Empreend. Imob. Ltda.
    (440 )     35  
Jardim II Planej. Prom. Vda. Ltda.
    -       (9,152 )
Gafisa SPE 37 Empreend. Imob. Ltda.
    (48 )     (5,555 )
Gafisa SPE-51 Empreend. Imob. Ltda.
    154       829  
Gafisa SPE 36 Empreend. Imob. Ltda.
    -       -  
 
 
 
F-98

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)
 
 
18.
Related parties--continued

 
18.2
Transactions with related parties--continued

   
Consolidated
 
   
2010
   
2009
 
Gafisa SPE 47 Empreend. Imob. Ltda.
    79       (2 )
Sunplace SPE Ltda.
    -       606  
Sunshine SPE Ltda.
    (316 )     (562 )
Gafisa SPE 30 Empreend. Imob. Ltda.
    219       (5,721 )
Gafisa SPE-50 Empr. Imob. Ltda.
    (121 )     736  
Tiner Campo Belo Empreend. Imob. Ltda.
    315       (174 )
Gafisa SPE-33 Empreend. Imob. Ltda.
    -       (685 )
Jardim I Planej. Prom. Vda. Ltda.
    -       889  
Verdes Praças Inc.Imob. SPE Ltda.
    (49 )     -  
Gafisa SPE 42 Empreend. Imob. Ltda.
    (109 )     (168 )
Península I SPE SA
    (109 )     457  
Península 2 SPE SA
    809       (3,914 )
Blue I SPE Empreend. Imob. Ltda.
    86       (2,846 )
 Blue II Plan Prom e Venda Lt
    (6 )     -  
 Blue II Plan Prom e Venda Lt
    206       -  
Gafisa SPE-55 Empr. Imob. Ltda.
    473       (349 )
Gafisa SPE 32 Empreend. Imob. Ltda.
    5       (119 )
Unigafisa Part SCP
    9,573       490  
Villagio Panamby Trust SA
    37       205  
 Diodon Participações Ltda.
    112       -  
Gafisa SPE 44 Empreend. Imob. Ltda.
    453       50  
 Spazio Natura Emp. Imob. Ltd
    7       -  
 Dep Jose Lages Emp Imob S
    177       -  
Gafisa SPE 65 Empreend. Imob. Ltda.
    56       (74 )
Gafisa SPE-72 Empreend. Imob. Ltda.
    412       -  
 Gafisa SPE-52 E. Imob. Ltda.
    (19 )     (3 )
Grand Park Árvores - FASE 1
    (37 )     (7 )
Edif Nice
    (89 )     -  
Gafisa SPE-71 Empreend. Imob. Ltda.
    (359 )     (258 )
Clube Baiano de Tênis
    (351 )     -  
Gafisa SPE-73 Empreend. Imob. Ltda.
    (44 )     -  
Gafisa SPE 43 Empreend. Imob. Ltda.
    5       -  
Gafisa SPE-74 Empreend. Imob. Ltda.
    1,370       (2,277 )
Gafisa SPE 59 Empreend. Imob. Ltda.
    (12 )     (5 )
Gafisa SPE 68 Empreend. Imob. Ltda.
    1       (21 )
Gafisa SPE-76 Emp Imob Ltda.
    6       (33 )
Gafisa SPE-77 Emp Imob Ltda.
    -       (47 )
Gafisa SPE-78 Emp Imob Ltda.
    1       (144 )
 
 
 
F-99

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)
 
 
18.
Related parties--continued

 
18.2
Transactions with related parties--continued

   
Consolidated
 
   
2010
   
2009
 
Gafisa SPE-79 Emp Imob Ltda.
    1       (3 )
Gafisa SPE 70 Empreend. Imob. Ltda.
    54       (746 )
Gafisa SPE 61 Empreend. Imob. Ltda.
    (168 )     (18 )
Gafisa SPE-75 Emp Imob Ltda.
    -       (355 )
Gafisa SPE-80 Emp Imob Ltda.
    -       (2 )
Gafisa SPE-85 Emp Imob Ltda.
    128       (265 )
Gafisa SPE-86 Emp Imob Ltda.
    -       (14 )
Gafisa SPE-83 Emp Imob Ltda.
    -       (400 )
Gafisa SPE-87 Emp Imob Ltda.
    -       (52 )
Gafisa SPE-88 Emp Imob Ltda.
    (112 )     66  
Gafisa SPE-89 Emp Imob Ltda.
    (2 )     -  
Gafisa SPE-90 Emp Imob Ltda.
    (129 )     (280 )
Gafisa SPE-84 Emp Imob Ltda.
    318       -  
Gafisa SPE-91 Emp Imob Ltda.
    13,422       (188 )
Angelo Agostini
    181       1  
Gafisa SPE-92 Emp Imob Ltda.
    162       (109 )
Sítio Jatiúca SPE Empreend. Imob. Ltda.
    8,579       -  
Deput.  José Lajes Empreend. Imob. Ltda.
    37       -  
Alta Vistta Empreend. Imob. Ltda.
    1,636       -  
OAS City Park Brotas Empreend. Imob. Ltda.
    (319 )     -  
Reserva Spazio Natura
    3       (210 )
Gafisa SPE-109 Empr Imob Ltda.
    45       -  
Gafisa SPE-110 Empr Imob Ltda.
    1       -  
Gafisa SPE-112 Empr Imob Ltda.
    1       -  
Gafisa SPE-111 Empr Imob Ltda.
    166       -  
API SPE28 - Plan e Desenv.
    11       -  
Gafisa SPE-114 Empr Imob Ltda.
    1       -  
Gafisa SPE-115 Empr Imob Ltda.
    1       -  
Alphaville Barra da Tijuca
    1,209       (27 )
Cipesa Empreend. Imob. Ltda.
    -       (12 )
Total SPEs (e)
    66,122       (37,689 )
 
 
 
F-100

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)

 
18.
Related parties--continued

 
18.2
Transactions with related parties--continued

Third party’s works
           
Camargo Corrêa Des.Imob SA
    895       917  
Genesis Desenvol Imob S/A
    (264 )     (216 )
Empr. Icorp. Boulevard SPE LT
    46       56  
Cond. Const. Barra First Class
    -       31  
Klabin Segall S.A.
    582       532  
Edge Incorp.e Part.LTDA
    146       146  
Multiplan Plan. Particip. e Ad
    100       100  
Administ Shopping Nova America
    -       90  
Ypuã Empreendimentos Imob
    453       200  
Cond.Constr. Jd Des Tuiliere
    (82 )     (124 )
Rossi AEM Incorporação Ltda
    3       3  
Patrimônio Constr.e Empr.Ltda
    355       307  
Camargo Corrêa Des.Imob SA
    329       (46 )
Cond Park Village
    (107 )     (88 )
Boulevard0 Jardins Empr Incorp
    (6,397 )     (89 )
 Rezende Imóveis e Construções
    (54 )     809  
São José Constr e Com Ltda
    775       543  
Condomínio Civil Eldorado
    335       276  
Tati Construtora Incorp Ltda
    293       286  
Columbia Engenharia Ltda
    431       431  
Civilcorp Incorporações Ltda
    8       4  
Waldomiro Zarzur Eng. Const.Lt
    1,818       1,801  
Rossi Residencial S/A
    431       431  
RDV 11 SPE LTDA.
    (781 )     (749 )
Jorges Imóveis e Administrações
    (433 )     1  
Camargo Corrêa Des.Imob SA
    (261 )     (661 )
Camargo Corrêa Des.Imob SA
    (215 )     (323 )
Patrimônio Const Empreend Ltda.
    155       155  
Alta Vistta Maceio (Controle)
    1       1  
Forest Ville (OAS)
    753       814  
Garden Ville (OAS)
    244       278  
JTR - Jatiuca Trade Residence
    (1 )     4,796  
Acquarelle (Controle)
    637       81  
Riv Ponta Negra - Ed Nice
    2,253       1,834  
Palm Ville (OAS)
    1,751       343  
Art Ville (OAS)
    406       322  
Oscar Freire Open View
    (190 )     (464 )
Open View Galeno de Almeida
    (61 )     (207 )
Conj Comercial New Age
    8,713       4,646  
Carlyle RB2 AS
    (1,446 )     (4,041 )
Partifib P. I. Fiorata Lt
    29       (430 )
Spazio Vita
    6,692       -  
Other
    283       (1,196 )
Total third-party’s works (c)
    18,625       11,600  
Grand total (e)
    75,196       7,722  

(a)  
Refers to the transfer of units of interest from the subsidiary Cotia to Tenda (see Note 7).
(b)  
Refers to the purchase of 70% interest in the subsidiary Cipesa (see Note 8).
(c)  
Refers to operations in third-party’s works.
(d)  
Refers to transactions between the consortium leader and partners and condominiums.
 
(e)
The nature of the operations with related parties is described in Note 7.
 
 
 
F-101

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)
 

18.
Related parties--continued

 
18.2
Transactions with related parties--continued

The information regarding with management’s  transactions and compensation are described in Note 20.

 
18.3
Endorsements, guaranties and sureties

The financial transactions of the wholly-owned subsidiaries or special purpose entities of the Company have the endorsement or surety in proportion to the interest of the Company in the capital stock of such companies, except certain specific cases in which the Company provide guaranties for its partners in the amount of R$1,443,637 at December 31, 2010.


19.
Net operating revenue

   
Consolidated
 
   
2010
   
2009
 
         
(restated)
 
Gross operating revenue
           
Real estate development, sale and barter transactions
    4,005,545       3,096,881  
Construction services
    24,289       47,999  
Taxes on services and revenues
    (308,974 )     (122,534 )
Net operating revenue
    3,720,860       3,022,346  


20.
Financial income

   
Consolidated
 
   
2010
   
2009
 
         
(restated)
 
Income from financial investments
    107,225       64,322  
Financial income on loan
    3,074       1,144  
Other interest income
    7,009       2,688  
Other financial income
    10,777       16,411  
Derivative transactions
    -       45,001  
Financial income
    128,085       129,566  
                 
Interest on funding, net of capitalization
    (149,056 )     (153,352 )
Amortization of debenture cost
    (6,560 )     (1,144 )
Payables to venture partners
    (29,432 )     (30,178 )
Banking expenses
    (10,441 )     (5,407 )
Other financial expenses
    (14,714 )     (3,781 )
Derivative transactions
    -       (46,710 )
Financial expenses
    (210,203 )     (240,572 )
 
 
 
F-102

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)

 
21.
Transactions with the management and employees

 
(i)
Management’s compensation

 
 
In 2010, the amounts recorded in general and administrative expenses related to the compensation of the Company’s key management personnel are as follows:

   
Board of Directors
   
Fiscal Council
   
Statutory Board
   
Total
 
                         
Number of members
    6       3       5       14  
Annual fixed compensation (in R$)
    955       137       2,820       3,912  
Salary / Fees
    955       137       2,630       3,722  
Direct and indirect benefits
    -       -       190       190  
Other
    -       -       -       -  
Variable compensation (in R$)
    -       -       5,250       5,250  
Bonus
    -       -       5,250       5,250  
Profit sharing
    -       -       -       -  
Post-employment benefits
    -       -       -       -  
Share-based payment
    -       -       3,787       3,787  
Monthly compensation (in R$)
    80       11       988       1,079  
Total compensation
    955       137       11,857       12,949  

The annual aggregate amount to be distributed among the Company’s key management personnel for 2010 as fixed and variable compensation is R$ 9,782 according to the Annual Shareholders’ Meeting held on October 14, 2010.

 
(ii)
Sales

As of December 31, 2010 the total sales per unit sold to the management is R$9,589 (R$4,888 in 2009) and total receivables is R$9,842 (R$4,543 in 2009).

 
(iii)
Profit sharing

The Company has a profit sharing plan that entitles its employees and those of its subsidiaries to participate in the distribution of profits of the Company that is tied to a stock option plan, the payment of dividends to shareholders and the achievement of specific targets, established and agreed-upon at the beginning of each year. As of December 31, 2010, the Company recorded a provision for profit sharing amounting to R$ 15,234 in the Company balance (R$ 21,495 in 2009) and R$ 36,612 in consolidated balance (R$ 28,237 in 2009) under the heading general and administrative expenses.
 
 
 
F-103

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)

 
22.
Insurance

Gafisa S.A. and its subsidiaries maintain insurance policies against engineering risk, barter guarantee, guarantee for the completion of the work and civil liability related to unintentional personal damages caused to third parties and material damages to tangible assets, as well as against fire hazards, lightning strikes, electrical damages, natural disasters and gas explosion. The contracted coverage is considered sufficient by management to cover possible risks involving its assets and/or responsibilities. The risk assumptions made are not included in the scope of the review of quarterly information. Accordingly, they were not audited by our independent public accountants.

The chart below shows coverage by insurance policy and respective amounts at December 31, 2010:

Insurance type
 
Coverage in thousands of R$
 
Engineering risks and completion guarantee
    2,873,500  
Policy outstanding
    240,000  
Directors & Officers liability insurance
    115,000  
      3,228,500  


23.
Earnings per share

In accordance with CPC 41, the Company shall present basic and diluted earnings per share. The comparison data of basic and diluted earnings per share shall be based on the weighted average number of shares outstanding for the year, and all dilutive potential shares outstanding for each year presented, respectively.

As mentioned in Note 1, on February 22, 2010, the split of our common shares was approved at the ratio of one share to two new shares issued, increasing the number of shares  to 334,154,274 from 167,077,137. All information related to the number of shares was retrospectively adjusted in order to reflect the split of shares of February 22, 2010.

When the exercise price for the purchase of shares is higher than the market price of shares, the diluted earnings per share are not affected by the stock option. According to CPC 41, dilutive potential shares are not considered when there is a loss, because that would have antidilutive effect. For the year ended December 31, 2010, 0.77% of dilutive potential shares was not considered.
 
 
 
F-104

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)

 
23.
Earnings per share – continued

The following table shows the calculation of basic and diluted earnings per share.

   
2010
   
2009
 
             
Basic numerator
           
Proposed dividends
    98,812       50,716  
Undistributed earnings
    317,238       51,024  
Undistributed earnings, available for the holders of common shares
    416,050       101,740  
                 
Basic denominator (in thousands of shares)
               
Weighted average number of shares (i)
    412,434       267,174  
                 
Basic earnings per share – R$
    1.0088       0.3808  
                 
Diluted numerator
               
Proposed dividends
    98,812       50,716  
Undistributed earnings
    317,238       51,024  
                 
Undistributed earnings, available for the holders of common shares
 
    416,050       101,740  
                 
Diluted denominator (in thousands of shares)
               
Weighted average number of shares (i)
    412,434       267,174  
Stock options
    3,198       -  
                 
Weighted average number of shares (i)
    415,632       267,174  
                 
Diluted earnings per share – R$
    1.0010       0.3780  

 
(i)
All amounts were retrospectively adjusted to reflect the split of shares approved at the shareholders’ meeting of February 22, 2010.


24.
Segment information

Starting in 2007, following the respective acquisition, formation and merger of AUSA, FIT Residencial, Bairro Novo and Tenda, the Company's management assesses segment information on the basis of different business segments and economic data rather than based on the geographical regions of operations.

The Company operates in the following segments: Gafisa for ventures targeted at high and medium income; Alphaville for land subdivision; and Tenda for ventures targeted at low income.
 
 
 
F-105

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)
 
 
24.
Segment information --continued

The Company's chief executive officer, who is responsible for allocating resources to businesses and monitoring their progresses, uses economic present value data, which is derived from a combination of historical and forecasted operating results. The Company provides below a measure of historical profit or loss, segment assets and other related information for each reporting segment.

This information is gathered internally in the Company and used by management to develop economic present value estimates, provided to the chief executive officer for making operating decisions, including the allocation of resources to operating segments. The information is derived from the statutory accounting records which are maintained in accordance with the accounting practices adopted in Brazil. The reporting segments do not separate operating expenses, total assets and depreciation. No revenues from an individual client represented more than 10% of net sales and/or services.

   
Gafisa S.A. (i)
   
Tenda
   
AUSA
   
Total 2010
 
Net operating revenue
    1,988,236       1,287,219       445,405       3,720,860  
Operating costs
    (1,477,751 )     (905,629 )     (251,176 )     (2,634,556 )
                                 
Gross profit
    510,485       381,590       194,229       1,086,304  
                                 
Gross margin - %
    25.7       29.6       43.6       29.2  
                                 
Depreciation and amortization
    (19,224 )     (13,588 )     (1,004 )     (33,816 )
Financial expenses
    (146,540 )     (40,159 )     (23,504 )     (210,203 )
Financial income
    106,869       12,542       8,674       128,085  
Tax expenses
    (18,717 )     (5,156 )     (15,026 )     (38,899 )
                                 
Net income for the year
    227,030       123,774       65,246       416,050  
                                 
Customers (short and long term)
    2,876,926       2,030,618       363,844       5,271,388  
Inventories (short and long term)
    1,323,170       556,757       187,239       2,067,166  
Other assets
    1,412,824       681,335       116,841       2,211,000  
                                 
Total assets
    5,612,920       3,268,710       667,924       9,549,554  
 
 
F-106

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)

 
24.
Segment information—continued

   
Gafisa S.A. (i)
   
Tenda
   
AUSA
   
Total 2009
 
   
(restated)
   
(restated)
   
(restated)
   
(restated)
 
Net operating revenue
    1,757,195       988,444       276,707       3,022,346  
Operating cost
    (1,297,036 )     (671,629 )     (175,097 )     (2,143,762 )
                                 
Net operating profit
    460,159       316,815       101,610       878,584  
                                 
Gross margin - %
    26.2       32.1       36.7       29.1  
                                 
Depreciation and amortization
    (19,455 )     (13,874 )     (841 )     (34,170 )
Financial expenses
    (191,926 )     (35,679 )     (12,967 )     (240,572 )
Financial income
    92,946       32,042       4,578       129,566  
Tax expenses
    (7,915 )     (21,929 )     (7,968 )     (37,812 )
                                 
Net income for the year
    39,304       38,670       23,766       101,740  
                                 
Customers (short and long term)
    2,338,464       1,203,001       235,181       3,776,646  
Inventories (short and long term)
    1,114,339       478,520       155,598       1,748,457  
Other assets
    1,415,385       695,357       100,864       2,211,606  
                                 
Total assets
    4,868,188       2,376,878       491,643       7,736,709  
 
 
(i)
Includes all subsidiaries, except Tenda and Alphaville Urbanismo S.A.

25.
Subsequent events

On March 10, 2011, in the subsidiary Tenda, the capital contribution was approved by using credits of R$210,304, related to the Future Capital Contributions carried out by the Company until December 31, 2010. The issue of 74,260 new book-entry common shares, with no par value, was fully subscribed for by the Company.
 
 
 
F-107

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)
 

26.
Supplemental Information - Summary of Principal
Differences between Brazilian GAAP and US GAAP for the years ended December 31, 2010 and December 31, 2009

(a)
Description of the GAAP differences

The Company's accounting policies comply with, and its consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with Brazilian GAAP. At December 31, 2008, the Company has retroactively applied the changes in Brazilian GAAP introduced by the newly formed CPC and the provisions of Law 11638/2007 as from January 1, 2006 (Note 2(a)).

The financial information under US GAAP reflects the retrospective adoption of the standard regarding Noncontrolling Interests in Consolidated Financial Statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2008. This standard clarifies that a noncontrolling interest in a consolidated subsidiary is an ownership interest in the consolidated entity that should be reported within equity in the consolidated financial statements, as shown in the consolidated balance sheets and in the consolidated statements of shareholders’ equity. Net income and comprehensive income are reported in the consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income at the consolidated amounts, which include the amounts attributable to the Company’s shareholders and the noncontrolling interest.

A summary of the Company's principal accounting policies under Brazilian GAAP that differ significantly from US GAAP is set forth below.

On July 1, 2009, the United States Financial Accounting Standards Board (the “FASB”) issued the FASB Accounting Standards Codification (the “ASC” or “Codification”), which became the single source of authoritative non-SEC US GAAP for non governmental entities. The FASB no longer issues new standards in the form of Statements, FASB Staff Positions, or EITF Abstracts. New US GAAP standards are issued in the form of an Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”), which includes revisions to the Codification. ASU’s are not authoritative in their own right; only the content in the Codification itself, as revised by the FASB, is authoritative. United States Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) rules and interpretive releases are also authoritative for SEC registrants, including the Company.
 
 
F-108

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)

 
(i)
Principles of consolidation

Under Brazilian GAAP, the consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Gafisa S.A. and those of all its subsidiaries listed in Note 8. The proportional consolidation method is used for investments in jointly-controlled investees, which are all governed by shareholders' agreements; accordingly, the assets, liabilities, revenues and costs are consolidated based on the proportion of the equity interest held in the capital of the corresponding investee.

Under US GAAP, because such investments provide substantive participating rights granted to the noncontrolling shareholder, they preclude the Company from consolidating the entities. Accordingly, for purposes of US GAAP these investments are accounted for on the equity method of accounting.

Under US GAAP, proportional consolidation is permitted only in limited circumstances, including for the construction sector. Accordingly, for purposes of US GAAP the remaining investments are accounted for on the equity method of accounting. Although these differences in GAAP do not affect the Company's net income or shareholders' equity, the line items in the consolidated balance sheet and statement of income are affected.

(ii)
Revenue recognition

Under Brazilian GAAP, real estate development and retail land sales revenues, costs and related expenses are recognized using the percentage-of-completion method of accounting, by project measuring progress towards completion in terms of actual costs incurred versus total budgeted expenditures for each stage of a development. Land is treated as a portion of budgeted construction costs and is appropriated proportionally to development. Under the percentage-of-completion method of accounting, revenues for work completed are recognized prior to receipt of actual cash proceeds or vice-versa. Revenues starts to be recognized under the percentage-of-completion, when the Company is no longer able to cancel the launched project, after the sales period established by law.


Under US GAAP for sale of individual units in a building the Company follows the guidance of ASC 360-20-40-50 to recognize the sale by the percentage-of-completion method, only when the individual units in condominium projects are sold separately and all the following criteria are met:
 
 
 
F-109

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)

 
a. Construction is beyond a preliminary stage: Construction is not beyond a preliminary stage if engineering and design work, execution of construction contracts, site clearance and preparation, excavation, and completion of the building foundation are incomplete.
 
b. The buyer is committed to the extent of being unable to require a refund except for non delivery of the unit.
 
c. Sufficient units have already been sold to assure that the entire property will not revert to rental property.
 
d. Sales prices are collectible.
 
e. Aggregate sales proceeds and costs can be reasonably estimated.
 

Collectability of the sales price is demonstrated by the buyer’s commitment to pay for the property, and there is a reasonable likelihood that the Company will collect the receivable.  which in turn is supported by substantial initial and continuing investments. When determining if he buyer´s initial and continuing investments are adequate, the potentially refundable amount, through judicial or other means, is considered determined  based on contractual termination clauses, is excluded, pursuant to USGAAP ASC 360.20.40, This standard requires amounts potentially refundable to a customer to be excluded from the initial and continuing investment test required by ASC 306.20.20, applicable prospectively as from January 1, 2008.

Under US GAAP for retail land sales of lots that are subdivisions of large tracts of land the Company recognize the sale by the percentage-of-completion method following ASC 976 605-25-4 and 25-6 – Retail Land, which criteria are as follows:

 
a.  
The period of cancellation with refund has expired;
 
b.  
Cumulative payments equal or exceed 10 percent;
 
c.  
Receivables are collectible;
 
d.  
Receivables are not subject to subordination;
 
e.  
There has been progress on improvements. The project's improvements have progressed beyond preliminary stages, and there are indications that the work will be completed according to plan;
 
f.  
Development is practical. There is a reasonable expectation that the land can be developed for the purposes represented and the properties will be useful for those purposes at the end of the normal payment period.

 
F-110

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)

(iii)
Capitalized interest

Under Brazilian GAAP and US GAAP - ASC 835-20 – Capitalization Interest (formerly FAS 34) the Company capitalizes interest as a part of the historical cost of acquiring or construction of assets. If an asset requires a period of time in which to carry out the activities necessary to bring it to that condition and location, the interest cost incurred during that period as a result of expenditures for the asset is a part of the historical cost of acquiring or construction of the asset intended for sale that are constructed as separate and discrete projects. The Company capitalizes interest at the date of acquisition of the land, if there is any activity in progress.

Before 2006 the Company capitalized interest under BR GAAP only for the loans directly attributed to an ongoing project of construction of a real estate venture. From 2006 for USGAAP purposes, the capitalization of interest was recorded as a weighted-average of the total loans that the Company had for the years ended of the financial statements. Due to the fact above a difference of GAAP was created for the projects that exist in 2006. The GAAP difference is amortizing year to year based on the sales and conclusion of the projects for which the interests were capitalized. As of December 31, 2010 there is no GAAP difference between BR and US GAAP.

For the purposes of the US GAAP net income reconciliation, R$ (5,771) was adjusted for the year ended December 31, 2010.

(iv)
Stock option plan

Under Brazilian GAAP, the rights to acquire shares granted to employees and executive officers under the stock options plan were recorded as an expense as from January 1, 2006, the transition date for the adoption of Law 11638/2007. Previously, under Brazilian GAAP, the stock option plans did not result in any expense being recorded. The purchase of the stock by the employees is recorded as an increase in capital stock for the amount of the purchase price. Under Law 11638/2007 and the accounting guidance provided by CPC No. 10, the stock option plans are treated as equity awards and measured at fair value at the grant date, no further adjustments are made at the balance sheet dates to reflect changes in fair values.

Under US GAAP, beginning in 2006, the Company adopted the new US GAAP standard for Share-based Payment. As the awards are indexed to the IGP-M plus annual interest of 3%, the employee share options have been accounted for as liability awards under the terms of US GAAP. The liability-classified awards are remeasured at fair value through the statement of income at each reporting period until settlement. Remeasurement of liability awards can either result in the recognition of additional, or the reversal of compensation expense. The fair value of employee share options and similar instruments is estimated
 
 
F-111

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)
 
 
using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model for the years ended December 31, 2008 and 2007 (Note 25(c) (ii)), and thereafter using the Binomial and Monte Carlo models.

For purposes of the US GAAP net income (loss) and shareholders' equity reconciliations, stock option compensation income (expenses) of R$ 10,106 and R$ 7,194 for the years ended December 31, 2010 and 2009, comprised by (i) a reversal of stock option expenses recognized under Brazilian GAAP of R$12,924 and R$14,427 for the years ended December 31, 2010 and 2009, respectively; and (ii) a reversal (expense) of stock option compensation expense under US GAAP of R$ (2,818) and R$(7,233) for the years ended December 31, 2010 and 2009, respectively. A reduction of equity of R$ 12,272 and R$ 3,939 was recorded at December 31, 2010 and 2009.

(vi)
Earnings per share

Under Brazilian GAAP, net income per share is calculated based on the number of shares outstanding at the balance sheet date. Brazilian GAAP does not require a retroactive adjustment for stock split.

Under US GAAP,  the presentation of earnings per share is required for public companies, including earnings per share from continuing operations and net income per share on the face of the income statement, and the per share effect of changes in accounting principles, discontinued operations and extraordinary items either on the face of the income statement or in a note. A dual presentation is required: basic and diluted. Computations of basic and diluted earnings per share data should be based on the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the period and all dilutive potential shares outstanding during each period presented, respectively.
 
On February 22, 2010, a stock split of our common shares was approved, giving effect to the split of one existing share into two new issued shares, increasing the number of then outstanding shares from 167,077,137 to 334,154,274. As required by US GAAP, all information relating to the numbers of shares and ADSs have been adjusted retroactively to reflect the stock split on February 22, 2010.

The Company has issued employee stock options (Note 15.2), the dilutive effects of which are reflected in diluted earnings per share by application of the "treasury stock method". Under the treasury stock method, earnings per share are calculated as if options were exercised at the beginning of the period, or at time of issuance, if later, and as if the funds received were used to purchase the Company's own stock. When the stock options'
 
 
F-112

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)
  
 
exercise price was greater than the average market price of shares, diluted earnings per share are not affected by the stock options. Under US GAAP, potentially dilutive securities are not considered in periods where there is a loss as the impact would be anti dilutive. For the year ended December 31, 2010, 3,198,261 potentially dilutive stock options were not considered.

The table below presents the determination of net income available (loss allocated) to Common shareholders and weighted average Common shares outstanding used to calculate basic and diluted earnings (loss) per share.
 
   
2010
   
2009
 
             
Basic numerator
           
Dividends proposed
    98,812       50,716  
U.S. GAAP undistributed earnings (loss)
    (18,980 )     (16,678 )
                 
Allocated U.S. GAAP undistributed earnings (loss) available for Common shareholders
    79,832       (95,961 )
                 
Basic denominator (in thousands of shares)
               
Weighted-average number of shares (i)
    412,434       267,174  
                 
Basic earnings (loss) per share – U.S. GAAP - R$
    0.1936       (0.3592 )
                 
Diluted numerator
               
Dividends proposed
    98,812       50,716  
U.S. GAAP undistributed earnings (loss)
    (18,980 )     (146,678 )
                 
Allocated U.S. GAAP undistributed earnings (loss) available for Common shareholders
    79,832       (95,961 )
                 
Diluted denominator (in thousands of shares)
               
Weighted-average number of shares (i)
    412,434       267,174  
Stock options
    1,729       -  
                 
Diluted weighted-average number of shares
    414,163       267,174  
                 
Diluted earnings (loss) per share – U.S. GAAP - R$
    0.1928       (0.3592 )
 
 
(i)  
All share amounts have been adjusted retrospectively to reflect the 1:2 stock split approved by the shareholders’ meeting on February 22, 2010.
 
 
F-113

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)
 
 
(vii)
Business combinations

Under Brazilian GAAP, goodwill arises from the difference between the amount paid and the Brazilian GAAP book value (normally also the tax basis) of the net assets acquired. This goodwill is normally attributed to the difference between the book value and the market value of assets acquired or justified based on expectation of future profitability and is amortized over the remaining useful lives of the assets or up to ten years. As indicated in Note 3 (n), effective January 1, 2009, goodwill is no longer amortized under Brazilian GAAP. Negative goodwill arises under Brazilian GAAP when the book value of assets acquired exceeds the purchase consideration; negative goodwill is not generally amortized but is realized upon disposal of the investment, except when it is based on future results. For US GAAP purpose, when a business combination process generates negative goodwill, this amount is allocated first to non-current assets acquired and any remaining amount is recognized as an extraordinary gain. Additionally, investments in affiliates, including the corresponding goodwill on the acquisition of such affiliates are tested, at least, annually for impairment.

Under US GAAP, fair values are assigned to acquired assets and liabilities in business combinations, including identifiable assets. Any residual amount is allocated to goodwill. Goodwill is not amortized but, instead, is assigned to an entity's reporting unit and tested for impairment at least annually. The differences in relation to Brazilian GAAP arise principally from the measurement of the consideration paid under US GAAP using the fair value of shares and put options issued, and the effects of amortization which are not recorded for US GAAP purposes (goodwill amortization is also no longer recorded for Brazilian GAAP purposes effective January 1, 2009).

For Brazilian GAAP purposes, the net balance of goodwill at December 31, 2010 was R$ 193,542 (2009 – R$ 195,088), which was being amortized to income over a period of up to 10 years until December 31, 2008; negative goodwill at December 31, 2009 was R$ 9,408 which was classified as "Negative Goodwill on acquisition of subsidiaries".

For US GAAP purposes, the total net balance of goodwill at December 31, 2010 and 2009 was R$ 31,416.

(a)
Tenda transaction

Under Brazilian GAAP, the acquisition was consummated on October 21, 2008. As part of the acquisition of a controlling interest in Tenda, the Company contributed the net assets of FIT Residencial amounting to R$ 411,241, acquiring 60% of the shareholders' equity of
 
 
F-114

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)
 
 
Tenda (book value of the 60% interest representing an investment in net assets of R$ 621,643), which had a total shareholders' equity book value of R$ 1,036,072.

Under Brazilian GAAP, the sale of the 40% ownership interest in FIT Residencial to Tenda shareholders in exchange for the Tenda shares generated negative goodwill of R$ 210,402, reflecting the gain on the sale of the interest in FIT Residencial. From October 22 to December 31, 2008 under Brazilian GAAP, the Company amortized the total amount of R$ 210,402 of the negative goodwill, represented by the gain on the partial sale of Fit Residencial.
 
Under US GAAP, the Company recorded the transfer of Fit Residencial as a partial sale to the noncontrolling shareholders of Tenda and a gain of R$ 212,149 was recorded in the net income for the year ended December 31, 2008. The recognition of gain upon exchange of 40% ownership interest in FIT Residencial for 60% ownership interest in Tenda is presented as follows:
 
Tenda purchase consideration
    367,703  
FIT Residencial US GAAP book value (40%)
    155,554  
         
      212,149  

Under US GAAP, the total cost of the acquisition has been allocated to the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed based on their respective fair values. Acquired intangible assets include, R$ 73,038 assigned to existing development contracts, which are amortized over the estimated useful lives up to 5 years. For the years ended December 31, 2010 and 2009, the amount of R$ 11,851 were amortized per year. At December 31, 2010, accumulated amortization was R$ 26,039, and the remaining net book value of R$ 46,999 will be amortized ratably through October 2013. And R$ 54,741 was assigned to registered trademarks, which were determined to have indefinite useful lives, and are not amortized, but are tested for impairment at least annually.
 
 
 
F-115

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)
 
 
The fair value allocation on the assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the acquisition date are as follows:

   
Fair value - %
 
             
   
At 100
   
At 60
 
             
Current assets
    539,741       323,845  
Long-term receivables
    252,453       151,472  
Properties for sale - non current
    174,168       104,501  
Intangible assets
    42,449       25,469  
Other assets
    101,191       60,714  
                 
Total assets acquired
    1,110,002       666,001  
                 
Total liabilities assumed
    (497,164 )     (298,298 )
                 
Net assets acquired
    612,838       367,703  

As mentioned in Note 1, on December 31, 2009, the shareholders of Gafisa and Tenda approved the merger by Gafisa of total outstanding shares issued by Tenda. Because of the merger, Tenda became a wholly-owned subsidiary of Gafisa on this date.

(b)
Alphaville transaction

On October 2, 2006, the Company signed an agreement to acquire 100% of the capital of Alphaville, a company which develops and sells residential lots throughout Brazil. This transaction was consummated on January 8, 2007 and was approved by the Brazilian anti-trust authority (CADE) on June 18, 2007 without any restriction. The Company initially acquired 60% of Alphaville's shares for R$ 198,400, of which R$20,000 was paid in cash and the remaining R$ 178,400 in the Company's own shares. In connection with the acquisition, the Company issued 6,358,616 new Common shares with a book value of R$ 134,029 which were contributed in full settlement of the amount due in shares as part of the purchase consideration. For purpose of determining the purchase consideration, the fair value of these shares was based on the average BM&FBOVESPA quoted stock price over a thirty day period prior to the date the agreement was signed. The Company has a commitment to purchase the remaining 40% of Alphaville's capital, not yet measurable and consequently not recorded, that will be based on a fair value appraisal of Alphaville prepared at the future acquisition dates. The acquisition agreement provides that the Company has a commitment to purchase the remaining 40% of Alphaville (20% in 2010
 
 
F-116

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)
 
 
and the remaining 20% in 2012) in cash or shares, at the Company's sole discretion. On March 8, 2010, the Company announced the increase of its participation in Alphaville’s capital in 20%, as per the purchase agreement.  The acquisition of 20% of Alphaville’s capital corresponds to an amount of R$ 126,490 which will be paid based on issuance of 9,797,792 common shares (after the effect of the February 22, 2010 stock split) of Gafisa’s capital.
 

Under US GAAP, the total cost of the acquisition has been allocated to the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed based on their respective fair values. Goodwill, none of which is deductible for tax purposes, and other intangibles recorded in connection with the acquisition totaled R$ 4,052 and R$ 184,656, respectively.

Under US GAAP, acquired intangible assets include, R$ 168,072 assigned to existing development contracts, which is being amortized as developments are sold and R$ 16,583 assigned to registered trademarks, which were determined to have indefinite useful lives, and are not amortized, but are tested for impairment at least annually.

The fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the acquisition date are as follows:

   
Fair value - %
 
             
   
At 100
   
At 60
 
             
Current assets
    69,371       41,623  
Long-term receivables
    73,478       44,087  
Other assets
    17,379       10,427  
Intangible assets
    307,760       184,656  
                 
Total assets acquired
    467,988       280,793  
                 
Total liabilities assumed
    (144,064 )     (86,438 )
                 
Net assets acquired
    323,924       194,355  
 
For the year ended December 31, 2010, the Company amortized R$ 23,074 (2009 - R$ 16,786 and 2008 – R$ 19,185) of the fair value assigned in the purchase price allocation. At December 31, 2010, accumulated amortization was R$ 61,962 and the remaining net book value of R$ 74,326 is being amortized as incurred.
 
 
 
F-117

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)
 
 
(c)
Cipesa transaction

On October 26, 2007, the Company acquired 70% of Cipesa. The Company and Cipesa formed a new company, Cipesa Empreendimentos Imobiliários Ltda. ("Nova Cipesa"), in which Gafisa has 70% of the capital and Cipesa has 30%. Gafisa contributed to Nova Cipesa R$ 50,000 in cash and acquired shares of Cipesa in Nova Cipesa in the amount of R$ 15,000 payable over one year. Additionally, Cipesa is entitled to receive from the Company a variable portion of 2% of the Total Sales Value ("VGV") of the projects launched by Nova Cipesa through 2014, not to exceed R$ 25,000, totaling the acquisition amount of R$ 90,000.

Under US GAAP, the total cost of the acquisition has been allocated to the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed based on their respective fair values. Goodwill, none of which is deductible for tax purposes, and inventory recorded in connection with the acquisition totaled R$ 24,091 and R$ 51,597, respectively.

The fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the acquisition date are as follows:


   
Fair value - %
 
             
   
At 100
   
At 70
 
             
Current assets
    96,675       67,673  
Other assets
    8       5  
                 
Total assets acquired
    96,683       67,678  
                 
Total liabilities assumed
    (2,527 )     (1,769 )
                 
Net assets acquired
    94,156       65,909  

For the year ended December 31, 2009, the Company amortized R$ 9,119 of the fair value assigned in the purchase price allocation. At December 31, 2010, accumulated amortization was R$ 9,119 and the remaining net book value of R$ 66,569 is being amortized as incurred.

(d)
Redevco transaction

Through November 2007, the Company held interests in investees together with Redevco
 
 
F-118

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)
  
 
through special purpose entities, as follow: Blue I (66.67%), Blue II (50%), Jardim Lorean (50%) and Sunplace (50%). In November 2007, the Company acquired the remaining interests in each entity for R$ 40,000.

Under US GAAP, the total cost of the acquisition has been allocated to the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed based on their respective fair values. Negative goodwill for those entities totaled R$ 11,434, which was allocated as a pro rata reduction to the acquired assets. This negative goodwill results primarily from market and business conditions, in which the fair value assigned mainly to inventories and receivables exceeded the respective acquisition cost.

The combined fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the acquisition date are as follows:

   
Combined fair value at 100%
 
       
Current assets
    139,983  
Long-term receivables
    16,813  
Other assets
    170  
         
Total assets acquired
    156,966  
         
Total liabilities assumed
    (76,745 )
         
Net assets acquired
    80,221  

(viii)
Fair value option for financial liabilities

Under Brazilian GAAP, pursuant to CPC No. 14, the Company elected to apply the "fair value option" for certain working capital loans since 2007.

US GAAP permits companies to choose to measure many financial instruments and certain other items at fair value in order to mitigate volatility in reported earnings caused by measuring related assets and liabilities differently without having to apply complex hedge accounting provisions. The Company adopted the new USGAAP standard at January 1, 2008 and elected to adopt the fair value option for working capital loans denominated in foreign currency (Note 10). The difference in relation to Brazilian GAAP arises from the adoption date for the fair value measurement.
 
 
F-119

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)

 
(ix)
Classification of balance sheet line items

Under Brazilian GAAP, the classification of certain balance sheet items is presented differently from US GAAP. The Company has recast its consolidated balance sheet under Brazilian GAAP to present a condensed consolidated balance sheet in accordance with US GAAP (Note 26(d)(i)). The reclassifications are summarized as follows:

 
·  
Under US GAAP, the proportional consolidation of investees and subsidiaries is eliminated and in its place the associated companies are presented using the equity method of accounting and controlled subsidiaries are fully consolidated presenting their respective noncontrolling interests.

 
·  
Under Brazilian GAAP financial instruments with maturity dates of three months or greater are presented as cash equivalents.  For US GAAP purposes these financial instruments are presented in a separate caption as marketable securities.

 
·  
Under Brazilian GAAP, restricted cash is presented as cash equivalent in the balance sheet.  For US GAAP purposes, restricted cash is presented separately outside of cash equivalents.

 
·  
Under BR GAAP accounts receivable present value adjustment and monetary variation are recorded in the operating revenue. For US GAAP purpose the realization of accounts receivable present value adjustment and monetary variation are classified in the financial income/expense.

 
·  
For purposes of US GAAP, the sale of receivables is not considered a true sale, if the entities do not meet the pre-requisites of a qualifying special purpose entity, as defined by US GAAP. These receivables from clients continue to be reported as receivable balances. The cash proceeds received from the transfer of the receivables are presented as a liability. For purpose of the presentation of the balance sheet, R$11,410 and R$ 12,843 were adjusted for US GAAP as at December 31, 2009 and 2008, reflecting an increase in receivables from clients, which is offset by an increase of a liability.

 
·  
Under Brazilian GAAP, debt issuance costs are netted against the loan balance, whereas under US GAAP such costs are presented net of accumulated amortization, as deferred expenses in current and non-current assets.
 
 
F-120

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)
 
 
 
·  
Under Brazilian GAAP, deferred income taxes are not netted and assets are shown separately from liabilities. For US GAAP purposes, deferred tax assets and liabilities are netted and classified as current or non-current based on the classification of the underlying temporary difference.


(x)
Classification of statement of income line items

Under Brazilian GAAP, in addition to the issues noted above, the classification of certain income and expense items is presented differently from US GAAP. The Company has recast its statement of income prepared under the Brazilian GAAP to present a condensed consolidated statement of income (loss) in accordance with US GAAP (Note 26(d)(ii)). The reclassifications are summarized as follows:

 
· 
Brazilian listed companies are required to present the investment in jointly-controlled associated companies on the proportional consolidation method. For purposes of US GAAP, the Company has eliminated the effects of the proportional consolidation and reflected its interest in the results of investees on a single line item (Equity in results) in the recast consolidated statement of income (loss) under US GAAP.

 
·  
Interest income and interest expense, together with other financial charges, are displayed within operating income in the statement of income presented in accordance with Brazilian GAAP. Such amounts have been reclassified to non-operating income and expenses in the condensed consolidated statement of income (loss) in accordance with US GAAP.

 
·  
The net income differences between Brazilian GAAP and US GAAP (Note 26(b)(i)) were incorporated in the statement of income (loss) in accordance with US GAAP.
 
 
F-121

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)


(b)
Reconciliation of significant differences between
Brazilian GAAP and US GAAP

(i)  
Net income
 
 
Note
 
2010
 
2009
 
             
Net income under Brazilian GAAP
   
416,050
 
101,740
 
Revenue recognition - net operating revenue
26(a)(iii)
 
(914,090
)
(1,611,056
)
Revenue recognition - operating costs
26(a)(iii)
 
420,173
 
981,935
 
Amortization of capitalized interest
26(a)(iv)
 
(5,771
)
-
 
Stock compensation (expense) reversal
26(a)(v)
 
10,106
 
7,194
 
Reversal of negative goodwill amortization of Redevco and Tenda
26(a)(vii)
 
-
 
(9,114
)
Business Combination of Tenda, Redevco and Cipesa
26(a)(vii)
 
(10,113
)
(2,973
)
Business Combination of Alphaville
26(a)(vii)
 
(23,074
)
(16,786
)
Reversal of provision contracts terminated
   
44,697
 
13,826
 
Other, net
   
-
 
49
 
Reclassification of non controlling interest
       
30,178
 
Noncontrolling interests on adjustments above
   
45,241
 
36,188
 
Tenda’s share issuance cost
   
-
 
11,072
 
Deferred income tax on adjustments above
   
96,615
 
55,075
 
             
Net income (loss) under US GAAP
   
79,832
 
(402,673
)
             
Net income attributable to the noncontrolling interests under US GAAP
   
17,091
 
30,368
 
             
Net income (loss) attributable to Gafisa under US GAAP
   
62,741
 
(372,305)
 
 
 
 
F-122

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)
 
 
 
Note
 
2010
 
2009
 
             
Weighted-average number of shares outstanding in the year (in thousands) (i)
           
Common shares
   
412,434
 
267,174
 
Earnings (loss) per share
           
Common (i)
           
Basic
   
0.1936
 
(1.5072)
)
Diluted
   
0.1928
 
(1.5072)
)
Reconciliation from US GAAP net income (loss) attributable to Gafisa to US GAAP net income (loss) available to Common shareholders
           
US GAAP net income (loss)
   
72,839
 
(402,673
)
       
 
 
 
US GAAP net income (loss) available to Common shareholders (basic and diluted earnings)
   
72.839
 
(402,673
)
 
 
(i)
All share amounts have been adjusted retrospectively to reflect the 1 for 2 share split on February 22, 2010.

(ii)
Shareholders' equity
 
   
Note
 
2010
 
2009
 
               
Shareholders' equity under Brazilian GAAP
     
3,722,235
 
2,325,634
 
Revenue recognition - net operating revenue
 
26(a)(iii)
 
(3,299,267)
 
(2,647,360
)
Revenue recognition - operating costs
 
26(a)(iii)
 
2,005,139
 
1,651,904
 
Capitalized interest
 
26(a)(iv)
 
99,897
 
99,897
 
Amortization of capitalized interest
 
26(a)(iv)
 
(99,897
)
(94,126
)
Liability-classified stock options
 
26(a)(v)
 
(12,272
)
(3,939
)
Receivables from clients
 
26(a)(ix)
 
-
 
11,410
 
Liability assumed
 
26(a)(ix)
 
-
 
(11,410
)
Reversal of goodwill amortization of Alphaville
 
26(a)(vii)
 
18,234
 
18,234
 
Reversal of negative goodwill amortization
of Redevco and Tenda
 
26(a)(vii)
 
(232,327
)
(232,327
)
Gain on the transfer of FIT Residencial
 
26(a)(vii)
 
212,149
 
212,149
 
Business Combination – Tenda, Redevco and Cipesa
 
26(a)(vii)
 
69,611
 
78,744
 
Business Combination – Alphaville
 
26(a)(vii)
 
(66,094
)
(38,888
)
   Reclassification of non controlling interests
     
-
 
64,209
 
Other, net
     
-,
 
24,485
 
Noncontrolling interests on adjustments above
     
33,546
 
56,425
 
Deferred income tax on adjustments above
     
322,504
 
225,889
 
               
Gafisa shareholders' equity under US GAAP
     
2,773,455
 
1,740,874
 
               
Noncontrolling interests under US GAAP
     
33,179
 
16,087
 
               
Total shareholders’ equity under US GAAP
     
2,806,634
 
1,756,961
 
 
 
 
F-123

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)
 
 
Condensed changes in total shareholders'
equity under US GAAP
 
   
2010
   
2009
 
             
At beginning of the year
    1,756,961       2,096,134  
Capital increase, net of issuance expenses
    1,068,652       9,736  
Sale of treasury shares
    -       82,046  
Net income (loss) attributable to Gafisa
    62,741       (402,673 )
Tenda’s shares issuance cost
    -       (11,072 )
Minimum mandatory dividend
    (98,812 )     (50,716 )
Noncontrolling interests
    17,091       (17,210 )
                 
At end of the year
    2,806,633       1,756,961  
 
   
2010
 
             
   
Gafisa
   
Non controlling interests
 
             
At beginning of the year
    1,740,874       16,087  
Capital increase, net of issuance expenses
    1,068,652       -  
Net income (loss)
    62,741       17,091  
Minimum mandatory dividend
    (98,812 )     -  
                 
At end of the year
    2,773,455       31,178  
 
 
F-124

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)
 

Condensed shareholders' equity
under US GAAP
 
   
2010
   
2009
 
             
Shareholders' equity
           
Common shares, comprising 333,554,788 shares outstanding (2008 - 259,925,092; 2007 - 258,904,242)
    2,654,836       1,586,184  
Treasury shares
    (1,731 )     (1,731 )
Appropriated retained earnings
    120,350       156,421  
                 
Total Gafisa shareholders’ equity
    2,773,455       1,740,874  
                 
Noncontrolling interests
    33,179       16,087  
                 
Total shareholders’ equity
    2,806,633       1,756,961  
 
(c)
US GAAP supplemental information

(i)
Recent US GAAP accounting pronouncements

The Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) recently issued a number of Statements of Financial Accounting Standards and interpretations; the standards and interpretations described below have not had or are not expected to have a material impact on the financial position and results of operations of the Company, unless otherwise indicated.

(a)
Accounting pronouncements adopted

The FASB issued ASU 2009-01, “Amendments based on Statement of Financial Accounting Standards 168 – The FASB Accounting Standards Codification and the Hierarchy of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles”, in June 2009 to codify in ASC 105, “Generally Accepted Accounting Principles”, which was issued to establish the Codification as the sole source of authoritative US GAAP recognized by the FASB, excluding SEC guidance, to be applied by nongovernamental entities. The Company has adopted the provisions of ASU 2009-01 in these consolidated financial statements, and there was no impact.

The FASB issued ASU 2009-16, Transfers and Servicing (Topic 860): Accounting for
 
 
F-125

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)
 
 
Transfers of Financial Assets (FASB Statement No. 166, Accounting for Transfers of Financial Assets—an amendment of FASB Statement No. 140) in December 2009. ASU 2009-16 removes the concept of a qualifying special-purpose entity (“QSPE”) from ASC Topic 860, Transfers and Servicing, and the exception from applying ASC 810-10 to QSPEs, thereby requiring transferors of financial assets to evaluate whether to consolidate transferees that previously were considered QSPEs. Transferor-imposed constraints on transferees whose sole purpose is to engage in securitization or asset-backed financing activities are evaluated in the same manner under the provisions of the ASU as transferor-imposed constraints on QSPEs were evaluated under the provisions of Topic 860 prior to the effective date of the ASU when determining whether a transfer of financial assets qualifies for sale accounting. The ASU also clarifies the Topic 860 sale-accounting criteria pertaining to legal isolation and effective control and creates more stringent conditions for reporting a transfer of a portion of a financial asset as a sale. The Company adopted this statement effective January 1, 2010.

The FASB issued ASU 2009-17, Consolidations (Topic 810): Improvements to Financial Reporting by Enterprises Involved with Variable Interest Entities (FASB Statement No. 167, Amendments to FASB Interpretation No. 46(R)) in December 2009. ASU 2009-17, which amends the Variable Interest Entity ("VIE") Subsections of ASC Subtopic 810-10, Consolidation – Overall, revises the test for determining the primary beneficiary of a VIE from a primarily quantitative risks and rewards calculation based on the VIE’s expected losses and expected residual returns to a primarily qualitative analysis based on identifying the party or related-party group (if any) with (a) the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance and (b) the obligation to absorb losses of, or the right to receive benefits from, the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE. The ASU requires kick-out rights and participating rights to be ignored in evaluating whether a variable interest holder meets the power criterion unless those rights are unilaterally exercisable by a single party or related party group. The ASU also revises the criteria for determining whether fees paid by an entity to a decision maker or another service provider are a variable interest in the entity and revises the Topic 810 scope characteristic that identifies an entity as a VIE if the equity-at-risk investors as a group do not have the right to control the entity through their equity interests to address the impact of kick-out rights and participating rights on the analysis. Finally, the ASU adds a new requirement to reconsider whether an entity is a VIE if the holders of the equity investment at risk as a group lose the power, through the rights of those interests, to direct the activities that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance, and requires a company to reassess on an ongoing basis whether it is deemed to be the primary beneficiary of a VIE. The Company adopted this statement effective January 1, 2010

 
F-126

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)
 

(b)
Accounting pronouncements
not yet adopted


The FASB issued ASU 2010-25 Plan Accounting – Defined Contribution Pension Plan (Topic 962) which amends the requirement that participant loans be classified as notes receivable from participants, which are segregated from plan investments and measured at their unpaid principal balance plus any accrued but unpaid interest. The Company expects that the adoption of ASU 2010-25 will not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

The FASB issued ASU 2010-20 Receivables (Topic 310) which improves the disclosures that an entity provides about the credit quality of its financing receivables and the related allowance for credit losses. As a result of these amendments, an entity is required to disaggregate by portfolio segment or class certain existing disclosures and provide certain new disclosures about its financing receivables and related allowance for credit losses.

The FASB issued ASU 2010-18 Receivables (Topic 310) which clarifies that modifications of loans that are accounted for within a pool under Subtopic 310-30, which provides guidance on accounting for acquired loans that have evidence of credit deterioration upon acquisition, do not result in the removal of those loans from the pool even if the modification would otherwise be considered a troubled debt restructuring. An entity will continue to be required to consider whether the pool of assets in which the loan is included is impaired if expected cash flows for the pool change. The amendments do not affect the accounting for loans under the scope of Subtopic 310-30 that are not accounted for within pools. Loans accounted for individually under Subtopic 310-30 continue to be subject to the troubled debt restructuring accounting provisions within Subtopic 310-40. The Company expects that the adoption of ASU 2010-18 will not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

The FASB issued ASU 2010-11 Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815) which clarifies the type of embedded credit derivative that is exempt from embedded derivative bifurcation requirements. Only one form of embedded credit derivative qualifies for the exemption one that is related only to the subordination of one financial instrument to another. As a result, entities that have contracts containing an embedded credit derivative feature in a form
 
 
F-127

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)
 
 
other than such subordination may need to separately account for the embedded credit derivative feature. The Company expects that the adoption of ASU 2010-11 will not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.
 
The FASB issued ASU 2010-10 Consolidation (Topic 810) which defers the effective date of the amendments to the consolidation requirements made by FASB Statement 167 to a reporting entity’s interest in certain types of entities and clarifies other aspects of the Statement 167 amendments. As a result of the deferral, a reporting entity will not be required to apply the Statement 167 amendments to the Subtopic 810-10 consolidation requirements to its interest in an entity that meets the criteria to qualify for the deferral. This Update also clarifies how a related party’s interests in an entity should be considered when evaluating the criteria for determining whether a decision maker or service provider fee represents a variable interest. In addition, the Update also clarifies that a quantitative calculation should not be the sole basis for evaluating whether a decision maker’s or service provider’s fee is a variable interest. The Company expects that the adoption of ASU 2010-10 will not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

The FASB issued ASU 2010-09 Subsequent Events (Topic 855) which addresses both the interaction of the requirements of Topic 855, Subsequent Events, with the SEC’s reporting requirements and the intended breadth of the reissuance disclosures provision related to subsequent events (paragraph 855-10-50-4). The amendments in this Update have the potential to change reporting by both private and public entities, however, the nature of the change may vary depending on facts and circumstances. This Codification does not impact our financial position, results of operations or liquidity.

Accounting Standards Update (ASU) number 2010-06 Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures (Topic 820): Improving Disclosures about Fair Value Measurements. This update provides amendments to Subtopic 820-10 and are expected to provide more robust disclosures about (1) the different classes of assets and liabilities measured at fair value, (2) the valuation techniques and inputs used, (3) the activity in Level 3 fair value measurements, and (4) the transfers between Levels 1, 2, and 3. The Company expects that the adoption of ASU 2010-09 will not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

The FASB issued ASU 2010-28, Intangibles – Goodwill and Others (Topic 350): When to perform Step 2 of the Goodwill Impairment Test for Reporting Units with Zero or Negative Carrying Amounts in December 2010. This ASU specifies that an entity with reporting units
 
 
F-128

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)
 
that have carrying amounts that are zero or negative is required to assess whether is more likely than not that the reporting units’ goodwill is impaired. If the entity determines that it is more likely than not that the goodwill of one or more of its reporting units impaired, the entity should perform Step 2 of the goodwill impairment test for those reporting unit(s). Any resulting goodwill impairment should be recorded as a cumulative-effect adjustment to beginning retained earnings in the period of adoption. Any goodwill impairments occurring after the initial adoption of the revised guidance should be included in the earnings as required by Section 350-20-35. The revised guidance is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those years, beginning after December 15, 2010. Early adoption is not permitted. . The Company expects that the adoption of ASU 2010-28 will not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

The FASB issued ASU 2010-29, Business Combinations (Topic 805): Disclosure of Supplementary Pro Forma Information for Business Combinations. This ASU addresses that if a public entity presents comparative financial statements, the entity should disclose revenue and earnings of the combined entity as though the business combination(s) that occurred during the current year had occurred as of the beginning of the comparable prior annual reporting period only. The revised guidance also expands the supplemental pro forma disclosures to include a description of the nature and amount of material, nonrecurring pro forma adjustments directly attributable to the business combination included in the reported pro forma revenue and earnings. The revised guidance is effective prospectively for business combinations for which the acquisition date is on or after the beginning of the first annual reporting period beginning on or after December 15, 2010. The Company will apply the revised disclosure provisions in the notes to its consolidated financial statements prospectively, as applicable. The Company expects that the adoption of ASU 2009-29 will not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

(ii)
Additional information - stock option plan

The Company has adopted the modified prospective transition method and the liability-classified awards were measured at fair market value as of January 1, 2006. The assumptions were: weighted historical volatility of 29%; expected dividend yield of 0%; annual risk-free interest rate of 8%, and; expected average total lives of 1.6 years.

As of December 31, 2010, all the liability-classified awards were remeasured at their fair value and amounted to R$ 12,272 (2009 – R$ 3,939). The reversal of stock compensation expense (General and administrative expenses) related to the stock option plans totaled an expense of R$ 12,924 in the year ended December 31, 2010 (2009 – reversal of R$
 
 
F-129

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)
 
7,233). The assumptions were: weighted historical volatility of 64% (2009 – 69%); expected dividend yield of 1.9% (2009 – 1.1%); average annual risk-free interest rate of 11% (2009 – 9%), and; expected average total lives of 2.0 years in 2010 (2009 – 2.0 years). As of December 31, 2010, the compensation cost related to nonvested stock options to be recognized in future periods was R$ 14,676 (2009 – R$ 14,090) and its weighted average recognition period was approximately 2.0 years in 2010 (2010 – 2.0 years).

(iii)
Marketable securities

Marketable securities under US GAAP are comprised of the following at December 31:

   
2010
   
2009
 
             
Investment funds
    3,016       2,020  
Government securities
    117,001       146,646  
Bank deposit certificates
    163,876       124,474  
Investment restricted for debenture guarantee (a)
    453,060       732,742  
Other
    16,500       -  
                 
Total marketable securities
    753,453       1,005,882  

 
(a)  
Investment restricted for debenture guarantee represents shares owned in a Brazilian sponsored financial institution investment fund, whose underlying holdings are comprised of investments in federal government bonds; the pledge of this investment is a requirement of the debenture and the required pledged amount revolves with the level of receivables collateralizing the debenture.

(iv)
Fair value of financial instruments

(a)
US GAAP standard adopted in 2008

The Company adopted a new US GAAP standard, effective January 1, 2008, (Note 25 (a) (viii)), which, among other things, requires enhanced disclosures about assets and liabilities carried at fair value.

As defined in US GAAP, fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date (exit price). However, as permitted under US GAAP, the Company
 
 
F-130

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)
 
 
utilizes a mid-market pricing convention (the mid-point price between bid and ask prices) as a practical expedient for valuing the majority of its assets and liabilities measured and reported at fair value. The Company utilizes market data or assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability, including assumptions about risk and the risks inherent in the inputs to the valuation technique. These inputs can be readily observable, market corroborated, or generally unobservable. The Company primarily applies the market approach for recurring fair value measurements and endeavors to utilize the best available information. Accordingly, the Company utilizes valuation techniques that maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. The Company is able to classify fair value balances based on the observability of those inputs. US GAAP establishes a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs used to measure fair value. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1 measurement) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3 measurement). The three levels of the fair value hierarchy defined by US GAAP are as follows:

(i)
Level 1 - quoted prices are available in active markets for identical assets or liabilities as of the reporting date. Active markets are those in which transactions for the asset or liability occur in sufficient frequency and volume to provide pricing information on an ongoing basis. Level 1 primarily consists of financial instruments such as exchange-traded derivatives and listed equities.

(ii)
Level 2 - pricing inputs are other than quoted prices in active markets included in level 1, which are either directly or indirectly observable as of the reported date. Level 2 includes those financial instruments that are valued using models or other valuation methodologies. These models are primarily industry-standard models that consider various assumptions, including quoted forward prices for commodities, time value, volatility factors, and current market and contractual prices for the underlying instruments, as well as other relevant economic measures. Substantially all of these assumptions are observable in the marketplace throughout the full term of the instrument, can be derived from observable data or are supported by observable levels at which transactions are executed in the marketplace. Instruments in this category include non-exchange-traded derivatives such as over-the-counter forwards and options.

(iii)
Level 3 - pricing inputs include significant inputs that are generally less observable from objective sources. These inputs may be used with internally developed methodologies that result in management's best estimate of fair value. At each balance sheet date, the Company performs an analysis of all instruments subject to US GAAP and includes in
 
 
F-131

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)
 
 
Level 3 all of those whose fair value is based on significant unobservable inputs.
 
The following table sets forth by level within the fair value hierarchy the company's financial assets and liabilities that were accounted for at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2010. As required by US GAAP, financial assets and liabilities are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The company's assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement requires judgment and may affect the valuation of fair value assets and liabilities and their placement within the fair value hierarchy levels.

   
Fair value measurements at December 31, 2010
 
                   
   
Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets (Level 1
)
Significant other observable inputs (Level 2
)
Significant unobservable inputs (Level 3
)
Total
 
                   
Assets
                 
Financial investments
 
-
 
753,453
 
-
 
753,453
 
                   

   
Fair value measurements at December 31, 2009
 
                   
   
Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets (Level 1
)
Significant other observable inputs (Level 2
)
Significant unobservable inputs (Level 3
)
Total
 
                   
Assets
                 
Financial investments
 
-
 
1,005,882
 
-
 
1,005,882
 
                   


(b)
Fair value measurements

The following estimated fair value amounts have been determined using available market information and appropriate valuation methodologies. However, considerable judgment is required to interpret market data and to develop the estimates of fair value. Accordingly, the estimates presented herein are not necessarily indicative of the amounts the Company could realize in a current market exchange. The use of different market assumptions and/or estimation methodologies may have a material effect on the estimated fair values.

The following methods and assumptions were used to estimate the fair value of each class
 
 
F-132

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)
 
 
of financial instruments for which it is practicable to estimate that value. Potential income tax ramifications related to the realization of unrealized gains and losses that would be incurred in an actual sale or settlement have not been taken into consideration.

The carrying amounts for cash and cash equivalents, trading debt securities, accounts and notes receivable and current liabilities approximates their fair values. The fair value of long-term debt is based on the discounted value of contractual cash flows. The discount rate is estimated based on the market forecasted curves for the remaining cash flow of each obligation.

The estimated fair values of financial instruments not accounted for at fair value on a recurring basis are as follows:
 
         
2010
         
2009
(restated)
 
                         
   
Carrying amounts
   
Fair value
   
Carrying amounts
   
Fair value
 
                         
Financial assets
                       
Cash, cash equivalents
    213,467       213,467       292,940       292,940  
Marketable securities
    753,453       753,453       1,005,882       1,005,882  
Restricted cash
    171,627       171,627       96,846       96,846  
Receivables from clients, net - current portion
    608,710       608,710       335,680       335,680  
Receivables from clients, net - non current portion
    1,329,208       1,329,208       1,048,573       1,048,573  
                                 
Financial liabilities
                               
Loans and financing
    1,209,911       1,209,911       1,129,715       1,129,715  
Debentures
    1,890,465       1,900,833       1,928,077       1,942,346  
Trade accounts payable
    161,965       161,965       169,085       169,085  
 
 
(d)
US GAAP condensed consolidated
financial information

The financial information under US GAAP reflects the retrospective adoption of the new standard on accounting for non controlling interests as of and for the year ended December 31, 2008.
 
 
F-133

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)

 
Based on the reconciling items and discussion above, the Gafisa S.A. consolidated balance sheets, statements of income (loss), and statement of changes in shareholders' equity (see b(ii)) under US GAAP have been recast in condensed format as follows:
 
(i)
Condensed consolidated balance
sheets under US GAAP
 
   
2010
   
2009
 
             
Assets
           
Current assets
           
Cash and cash equivalents
    213,467       292,940  
Marketable securities
    753,453       1,005,882  
Restricted cash
    171,627       96,846  
Receivables from clients
    608,710       335,680  
Properties for sale
    3,588,060       2,929,335  
Other accounts receivable
    230,686       88,900  
Prepaid expenses
    21,031       14,122  
Deferred income tax
    -       8,950  
Investments
    177,598       154,522  
Property and equipment, net
    91,204       58,969  
Intangibles, net
    196,412       218,630  
Goodwill
    31,416       31,416  
Other assets
            -  
Receivables from clients
    1,329,208       1,048,573  
Properties for sale
    419,290       364,948  
Deferred income tax
    192,167       121,442  
Other
    302,619       159,759  
                 
Total assets
    8,326,947       6,911,637  
                 
Liabilities and shareholders' equity
               
Current liabilities
               
Short-term debt, including current portion of long-term debt
    656,895       653,070  
Debentures
    29,488       132,077  
Obligations for purchase of land
    244,118       241,396  
Materials and services suppliers
    161,965       169,085  
Taxes and labor contributions
    169,782       199,472  
Advances from clients - real estate and services
    720,885       586,883  
Credit assignments
    86,816       118,846  
Acquisition of investments
    21,090       21,090  
Dividends payable
    50,716       50,716  
Others
    323,866       81,863  
Long-term liabilities
               
Loans, net of current portion
    553,015       476,645  
Debentures, net of current portion
    1,860,977       1,796,000  
Obligations for purchase of land
    118,744       141,563  
Others
    493,964       485,907  
 
 
 
F-134

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)

 
   
2010
   
2009
 
             
Shareholders' equity
               
Total Gafisa shareholders’ equity
    2,773,455       1,740,604  
Noncontrolling interests
    33,179       16,087  
                 
Total shareholders’ equity
    2,806,634       1,756,691  
                 
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity
    8,326,947       6,911,304  
 
 
 
F-135

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)
 
(ii)
Condensed consolidated statements of
income under US GAAP
 
   
2010
   
2009
 
             
Gross operating revenue
           
Real estate development and sales
    2,644,714       1,242,202  
Construction and services rendered
    24,357       48,662  
Taxes on services and revenues
    (260,676 )     (81,867 )
                 
Net operating revenue
    2,408,395       1,208,997  
                 
Operating costs (sales and services)
    (1,831,396 )     (1,013,745 ) )
                 
Gross profit
    576,998       195,252  
                 
Operating expenses
               
Selling, general and administrative
    (448,161 )     (439,459 )
Other
    (98,631       (146,093 )
                 
Operating income
    30,207       (379,754 )
                 
Financial income
    121,625       125,913  
Financial expenses
    (187,719 )     (230,557 )
                 
Income before income tax, equity in results and noncontrolling interest
    (35,888 )     (484,398 )
                 
Taxes on income
               
Current
    (28,474 )     (16,398 )
Deferred
    112,069       46,360  
                 
Income tax expense
    83,595       29,962  
                 
Income (loss) before equity in results and noncontrolling interests
    47,707       (454,436 )
Equity in results
    15,034       82,132  
                 
Net income
    62,741       (372,304 )
Less: Net income attributable to the noncontrolling interests
    17,091       (30,368 )
                 
Net income (loss) attributable to Gafisa
    79,832       (402,672 )
                 
Reconciliation from US GAAP net income (loss) to US GAAP net income (loss) available to Common shareholders
               
US GAAP net income (loss)
    79.832       (402,672 )
                 
US GAAP net income (loss) available to Common shareholders (Basic earnings)
    79,832       (402,672 )
                 
Reconciliation from US GAAP net income to US GAAP net income available to Common shareholders
               
US GAAP net Income (loss)
    79,832       (402,672 )
                 
US GAAP net income (loss) available to Common shareholders (Diluted earnings)
    79,832       (402,672 )
 
 
 
F-136

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)

 
(iii)
Additional information – income taxes

Change in the valuation allowance for net operating losses was as follows:
 
   
2010
   
2009
 
             
At January 1
    (28,465 )     (19,325 )
Valuation allowance - relates to jointly-controlled Subsidiaries of Gafisa and AUSA subject to the taxable profit regime
    (4,743 )     (9,140 )
                 
At December 31
    (23,722 )     (28,465 )

The Company adopted the provisions of FASB Interpretation 48, "Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes" ("FIN 48"), on January 1, 2007 which requires it to record the financial statement effects of an income tax position when it is more likely than not, based on the technical merits, that it will be sustained upon examination. A tax position that meets the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold is measured and recorded as the largest amount of tax benefit that is greater than 50 percent likely of being realized upon ultimate settlement with a taxing authority.

The adoption of FIN 48 did not have any impact in the Company's statement of income and financial position and did not result in a cumulative adjustment to retained earnings at adoption. As of December 31, 2010, 2009, the Company has no amount recorded for any uncertainty in income taxes.

Gafisa S.A. and its subsidiaries file income tax returns in Brazil and other foreign federal
 
 
F-137

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)
 
 
and state jurisdictions. Brazilian income tax returns are normally open to audit for five years.

(iv)
Statement of comprehensive income

Under Brazilian GAAP, the concept of comprehensive income is not recognized.  US GAAP requires the disclosure of comprehensive income. Comprehensive income is comprised of net income and other comprehensive income that include charges or credits directly to equity which are not the result of transactions with owners. In the case of the Company, comprehensive income is the same as net income.

*          *          *
 
 
F-138

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Gafisa S.A.
Consolidated Financial Statements as of
December 31, 2008
and Report of Independent Registered
Public Accounting Firm

 
 
 
 
 
F-139

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)
Report of Independent Registered
Public Accounting Firm

 
To the Board of Directors and Shareholders
Gafisa S.A.




1
TO BE INCLUDED - PWC



/s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers
Auditores Independentes
 
 
F-140

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)
 

 
Assets
 
Note
   
2008
 
             
Current assets
           
Cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities
    4       605,502  
Receivables from clients
    5       1,254,594  
Properties for sale
    6       1,695,130  
Other accounts receivable
    7       182,775  
Deferred selling expenses
            13,304  
Prepaid expenses
            25,396  
                 
              3,776,701  
                 
Non-current assets
               
Receivables from clients
    5       863,950  
Properties for sale
    6       333,846  
Deferred taxes
    15       190,252  
Other
            110,606  
                 
              1,498,654  
                 
Investments
    8       -  
Goodwill, net
    8       195,088  
Property and equipment, net
            50,348  
Intangible assets
            18,067  
                 
              263,503  
                 
              1,762,157  
                 
Total assets
            5,538,858  
 
 
F-141

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)
 
 
Liabilities and shareholders' equity
 
Note
   
2008
 
             
Current liabilities
           
Loans and financing, net of swaps
    9       447,503  
Debentures
    10       61,945  
Obligations for purchase of land and advances from clients
    13       421,584  
Materials and service suppliers
            112,900  
Taxes and contributions
            113,167  
Salaries, payroll charges and profit sharing
            29,693  
Mandatory dividends
    14 (b)     26,104  
Provision for contingencies
    12       17,567  
Other accounts payable
    11       97,933  
                 
              1,328,396  
                 
Non-current liabilities
               
Loans and financing, net of swaps
    9       600,673  
Debentures
    10       442,000  
Obligations for purchase of land and advances from clients
    13       231,199  
Deferred taxes
    15       239,131  
Provision for contingencies
    12       35,963  
Deferred gain on sale of investment
    8       169,394  
Negative goodwill on acquisition of subsidiaries
    8       18,522  
Other accounts payable
    11       389,759  
                 
              2,126,641  
                 
Minority interest
            471,402  
                 
Shareholders' equity
    14          
Capital stock
            1,229,517  
Treasury shares
            (18,050 )
Stock options reserve
            47,829  
Capital reserves
            134,296  
Revenue reserves
            218,827  
                 
              1,612,419  
                 
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity
            5,538,858  
 
 
F-142

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)
 
 
   
Note
   
2008
 
             
Gross operating revenue
           
Real estate development and sales
    3(a)       1,768,200  
Construction services rendered, net of costs
    3(a)       37,268  
Taxes on services and revenues
            (65,064 )
                 
Net operating revenue
            1,740,404  
                 
Operating costs
               
Real estate development costs
            (1,214,401 )
                 
Gross profit
            526,003  
                 
Operating (expenses) income
               
Selling expenses
            (154,401 )
General and administrative expenses
            (180,839 )
Depreciation and amortization
            (52,635 )
Amortization of gain on partial sale of FIT Residential
            41,008  
Other, net
            (10,931 )
                 
Operating profit before financial income (expenses)
            168,205  
                 
Financial income (expenses)
               
Financial expenses
            (61,008 )
Financial income
            102,854  
                 
Income before taxes on income and minority interest
            210,051  
                 
Current income tax and social contribution expense
            (24,437 )
Deferred tax
            (18,960 )
                 
Total tax expenses
    15       (43,397 )
                 
Income before minority interest
            166,654  
                 
Minority interest
            (56,733 )
                 
Net income for the year
            109,921  
                 
Shares outstanding at the end of the year (in thousands)
    14(a)       129,963  
                 
Net income per thousand shares outstanding at the end of the year - R$
            0.8458  
 
 
F-143

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)
 
 
 
                           
Revenue reserves
             
                                           
   
Capital stock
   
Treasury shares
   
Stock options reserve
   
Capital reserves
   
Legal reserve
   
Statutory reserve
   
For investments
   
Retained earnings
   
Total
 
                                                       
At December 31, 2007
    1,221,846       (18,050 )     25,626       134,296       15,585       80,892       38,533       -       1,498,728  
Capital increase
                                                                       
Exercise of stock options
    7,671       -       -       -       -       -       -       -       7,671  
Stock option plan
    -       -       22,203       -       -       -       -       -       22,203  
Net income for the year
    -       -       -       -       -       -       -       109,921       109,921  
Appropriation of net income
                                                                       
Legal reserve
    -       -       -       -       5,496       -       -       (5,496 )     -  
Minimum mandatory dividends
    -       -       -       -       -       -       -       (26,104 )     (26,104 )
Statutory reserve
    -       -       -       -       -       78,321       -       (78,321 )     -  
                                                                         
At December 31, 2008
    1,229,517       (18,050 )     47,829       134,296       21,081       159,213       38,533       -       1,612,419  
 
 
 
F-144

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)
 
   
2008
 
       
Gross revenues
     
Real estate development sales and services
    1,814,109  
Allowance for doubtful accounts
    (8,641 )
         
      1,805,468  
         
Purchases from third parties
       
Real estate development
    (1,160,906 )
Materials, energy, service suppliers and other
    (233,147 )
         
      (1,394,053 )
         
Gross value added
    411,415  
         
Deductions
       
Depreciation and amortization
    (52,635 )
         
Net value added produced
    358,780  
         
Value added received through transfer
       
Financial income
    102,854  
Amortization of negative goodwill from gain on
partial sale of FIT Residencial
    41,008  
         
      143,862  
         
Total value added to be distributed
    502,642  
         
Value added distributed
       
Personnel and charges
    146,771  
Taxes and contributions
    131,448  
Interest and rents
    114,502  
Earnings reinvested
    83,817  
Dividends
    26,104  
         
      502,642  
 
 
F-145

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)
 
 
   
2008
 
       
Cash flows from operating activities
     
Net income
    109,921  
         
Expenses (income) not affecting cash and cash equivalents
       
Depreciation and amortization
    52,635  
Stock option expenses
    26,138  
Deferred gain on sale of investment
    (41,008 )
Unrealized interest and charges, net
    116,771  
Deferred tax
    18,960  
Minority interest
    56,733  
Decrease (increase) in assets
       
Receivables from clients
    (580,843 )
Properties for sale
    (703,069 )
Other accounts receivable
    (65,344 )
Deferred selling expenses
    (5,211 )
Prepaid expenses
    (19,172 )
Increase (decrease) in liabilities
       
Obligations for purchase of land
    217,453  
Taxes and contributions
    38,977  
Provision for contingencies
    13,933  
Materials and service suppliers
    (14,363 )
Advances from clients
    (28,160 )
Salaries, payroll charges and profit sharing
    (19,475 )
Other accounts payable
    12,612  
         
Cash used in operating activities
    (812,512 )
         
Cash flows from investing activities
       
Cash acquired at Tenda
    66,904  
Purchase of property and equipment
    (63,127 )
Restricted cash in guarantee to loans
    (67,077 )
Acquisition of investments
    (15,000 )
         
Cash used in investing activities
    (78,300 )
         
Cash flows from financing activities
       
Capital increase
    7,671  
Loans and financing obtained
    775,906  
Repayment of loans and financing
    (145,697 )
Contributions from venture partners
    300,000  
Assignment of credits receivable, net
    916  
Dividends paid
    (26,979 )
         
Cash provided by financing activities
    911,817  
         
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents
    21,005  
         
Cash and cash equivalents
       
At the beginning of the year
    507,569  
At the end of the year
    528,574  
         
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents
    21,005  
 
 
 
F-146

 
 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)
 
 
1
Operations

Gafisa S.A. and its subsidiaries (collectively, the "Company") started its operations in 1997 with the objectives of: (a) promoting and managing all forms of real estate ventures, on its own behalf or for third parties; (b) purchasing, selling and negotiating real estate properties in general, including provision of financing to real estate clients; (c) carrying out civil construction and civil engineering services; (d) developing and implementing marketing strategies related to its own or third party real estate ventures, and; (e) investing in other Brazilian or foreign companies which have similar objectives as the Company's.

The Company forms jointly-controlled ventures (Special Purpose Entities - SPEs) and participates in consortia and condominiums with third parties as a means of meeting its objectives. The controlled entities share the structure and corporate, managerial and operating costs with the Company.

In February 2006, the Company concluded its Brazilian initial public offering on the Novo Mercado of the Bolsa de Valores de São Paulo - BOVESPA, raising proceeds of R$ 494,393 through issuance of 26,724,000 Common shares.

In January 2007, the Company acquired 60% of the voting capital of Alphaville Urbanismo S.A. ("Alphaville"), a company which develops and sells residential condominiums throughout Brazil. The purchase commitment for the remaining 40% of Alphaville's voting capital will be determined by means of an economic and financial evaluation of Alphaville to be carried out, according to the agreement, by 2012 (Note 8).

In March 2007, the Company completed a public offering of stock on the New York Stock Exchange - NYSE, resulting in a capital increase of R$ 487,813 with the issue of 18,761,992 Common shares equivalent to 9,380,996 ADRs. The expenses related to this public offering of the Company's stock, net of respective tax effects, totaled R$ 19,915 and were charged to Capital reserve.

In October 2007, Gafisa completed the acquisition of 70% of the voting capital of Cipesa Engenharia S.A. ("Cipesa"), a real estate developer in the state of Alagoas (Note 8). In 2007, the Company launched its operations in the lower income real estate market through its subsidiary FIT Residencial Empreendimentos Imobiliários Ltda. ("FIT Residential"). On September 1, 2008, the Company and Construtora Tenda S.A. ("Tenda") consummated a merger of Tenda and FIT Residencial, by means of a Merger Protocol and Justification. On October 3, 2008, this Merger Protocol and Justification was approved by Gafisa's Board of Directors, as well as the first Amendment to the Protocol. Upon exchange of FIT Residential quotas for Tenda shares, the Company received 240,391,470 common shares, representing
 
 
 
F-147

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)
 
 
60% of total and voting capital of Tenda after the merger of FIT Residencial, in exchange for 76,757,357 quotas of FIT Residencial. The Tenda shares received by the Company in exchange for FIT Residencial quotas will have the same rights, attributed on the date of the merger of the shares held by the Company, and will receive all benefits, including dividends and distributions of capital that may be declared by Tenda as from the merger approval date. On October 21, 2008, the merger of FIT Residencial into Tenda was approved at an Extraordinary Shareholders' Meeting by the Company's shareholders (Note 8).

Bairro Novo Empreendimentos Imobiliários S.A. ("Bairro Novo") was incorporated in March 2007 by Gafisa S.A. and Odebrecht Empreendimentos Imobiliários Ltda. ("Odebrecht Empreendimentos"), with control shared by both companies through a joint venture. On February 27, 2009, the joint venture was dissolved (Note 20).


2
Presentation of Financial Statements

These financial statements were approved by the Board of Directors for issuance on March 9, 2009.

(a)
Basis of presentation

The financial statements were prepared in accordance with accounting practices adopted in Brazil as determined by the Brazilian Corporate law ("Corporate Law"), the Accounting Standards Committee ("CPC"), the Federal Accounting Council ("CFC"), the IBRACON - Institute of Independent Auditor of Brazil ("IBRACON") and additional regulations and resolutions of the Brazilian Securities Commission ("CVM") (collectively, "Brazilian GAAP").

The financial statements have been prepared in Brazilian reais and differ from the Corporate Law financial statements previously issued due to the number of periods presented. The financial statements prepared by the Company for statutory purposes, which include the consolidated financial statements and the stand alone financial statements of the parent company, Gafisa S.A., were filed with the CVM in March 2009. The financial statements presented herein do not include the parent company's stand alone financial statements and are not intended to be used for statutory purposes. The Summary of Principal Differences between Brazilian GAAP and US GAAP (Note 22) is not required by Corporate Law and is presented only for purposes of these financial statements.
 
 
F-148

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)

 
The statements of cash flows were reclassified from that originally presented as part of the consolidated financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2008.

Law No. 11.638/07 enacted on December 28, 2007 introduced changes to the Corporate Law to be applied as from financial statements presented for the year ended December 31, 2008. To assure consistency of presentation, the Company and its subsidiaries have retroactively applied changes to Brazilian GAAP introduced by the newly formed CPC and the provisions of Law No. 11.638/07 from January 1, 2006 and have elected for tax purposes to adopt Provisional Measure No. 449/08 ("MP No. 449/08"). By opting to apply the provisions of MP No. 449/08, the effects of the accounting changes to Brazilian GAAP introduced by Law No. 11.638/07 and the new CPC standards do not generate tax effects for two years.

These changes to Brazilian GAAP are summarized as follows:

(i)
Cash equivalents

The Company classifies highly-liquid short-term investments which are readily convertible into a known amount of cash and subject to an insignificant risk of change in value as Cash equivalents, pursuant to CPC No. 03, "Statement of Cash Flows".

(ii)
Minority interest and deferred taxes

The Company adjusted for minority interest in subsidiaries and recorded deferred taxes on the changes to Brazilian GAAP.

(iii)
Financial instruments and fair value

Pursuant to CPC No. 14, "Financial Instruments: Recognition, Measurement and Evidence", financial instruments are classified among four categories: (i) financial assets or liabilities measured at fair value through income, (ii) held to maturity, (iii) loans and receivables, and (iv) available for sale. The classification depends upon the purpose for which the financial assets and liabilities were acquired. Management classifies its financial assets and liabilities when initially recognized.

At December 31, 2008, the Company elected to apply the ‘fair value option' to certain financial assets (cross-currency interest rate swaps) and liabilities (foreign currency liabilities) recording these at fair value through income, thereby mitigating volatility from inconsistent measurement bases.
 
 
F-149

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)

 
For financial assets without an active market or market listing, the Company measures the fair value by applying valuation techniques. These techniques include the use of recent transactions with third parties benchmarking against other instruments that are substantially similar, analysis of discounted cash flows and option pricing models always maximizing sources of information provided by the market and minimizing management sourced data. The Company evaluates if there is objective evidence of asset impairment at the balance sheet date indicating that a financial asset or a group of financial assets is recorded at an amount which exceeds its recoverable amount.

(iv)
Debenture and share issuance expenses

As per CPC No. 08, "Transaction Costs and Premiums on Issuance of Securities", share issuance expenses are accounted for as a direct reduction of capital raised. Transaction costs and premiums on issuance of debt securities are amortized over the terms of the security and the balance is presented net of issuance expenses.

(v)
Stock options

As approved by its Board of Directors, the Company offers to its selected executives share-based compensation plans ("Stock Options").

CPC No. 10, "Share-based Compensation" requires that the options, calculated at the grant date, be recognized as an expense against shareholders' equity, over the period the services are rendered through the vesting date.

(vi)
Deferred charges

As required by CPC No. 13, "Initial Adoption of Law 11.638/07" and MP No. 449/08, deferred pre-operating expenses were written off to retained earnings at the transition date and amortization expenses were reversed.

(vii)
Adjustment to present value of assets and liabilities

In conformity with CPC No. 12, "Adjustment to Present Value", the assets and liabilities arising from long-term transactions were adjusted to present value.

As specified by CPC Interpretation ("CPC (O)") No. 01, "Real Estate Development Entities", for inflation-indexed receivables arising from installment sales of unfinished units, the receivables formed prior to delivery of the units which does not accrue interest, were discounted to present value. The present value adjustment is accreted to Net operating
 
 
F-150

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)
 
 
revenue as the Company finances its clients through delivery of the units. The present value adjustment accreted to Real estate development revenue for the years ended December 31, 2008 was income of R$ (3,147) and an expense of R$ 39,553 and R$ 15,689, respectively.

As interest from funds used to finance the acquisition of land for development and construction is capitalized, the accretion of the present value adjustment arising from the obligation is recorded in Real estate development operating costs or against inventories of Properties for sale, as the case may be, until the construction phase of the venture is completed. The present value adjustment accreted to Real estate development operating costs for the years ended December 31, 2008 resulted in income of R$ (1,838).

(viii)
Warranty provision

Consistent with CPC (O) No. 01, the Company records a provision for warranties, unless a third party provides warranties for the services rendered during construction. The warranty term is five years from the delivery of the unit.

(ix)
Barter transactions

As per CPC (O) No. 01, for barter transactions of land in exchange for units, the value of land acquired by the Company is calculated based on the fair value of real estate units to be delivered, and recorded in inventories of Properties for sale against liabilities for Advances from clients, at the time the barter agreement is signed. The percentage-of-completion criteria adopted for appropriation of income is also applied to these transactions.

(x)
Expenditures on sales stands, facilities,
model apartments and related furnishings

As per CPC (O) No. 01, expenditures incurred for the construction of sales stands, facilities, model apartments and related furnishings are capitalized as Property and equipment. Depreciation commences upon launch of the development and is recorded over the average term of one year and subject to periodical analysis of asset impairment.

(xi)
Share issuance expenses

As per CPC No. 08, the costs related to the share issuances, originally accounted for as expenses were reclassified, net of tax effects, to the Capital reserve.
 
 
F-151

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)

 
(xii)
Tax effects and the Transitory Tax Regime ("RTT")

The income tax and social contribution effects arising from the initial adoption of Law 11.638/07, upon election to adopt the provisions of MP No. 449/08, were recorded based on the pre-existing tax regulations. Gafisa S.A. and its subsidiaries' elections to follow the provisions of the RTT, as provided for by MP No. 449/08, will be declared in the corporate income tax returns (DIPJ) to be filed in 2009.

(xiii)
Retained earnings

At December 31 of each year, the remaining balance of retained earnings is appropriated to the applicable reserve accounts, according to the Company's Bylaws, in conformity with the Corporate Law and CVM Instructions.

(b)
Use of estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with Brazilian GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Estimates are used for, but not limited to, the selection of the useful lives of property and equipment, provisions necessary for contingent liabilities, fair values, revenue recognition, taxes, budgeted costs and other similar charges. Actual results may differ from the estimates.

(c)
Consolidation of financial statements

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Gafisa S.A. and those of all of its subsidiaries (Note 8), with separate disclosure of the participation of minority shareholders. The proportional consolidation method is used for investments in jointly-controlled investees, which are all governed by shareholder agreements; as a consequence, assets, liabilities, revenues and costs are consolidated based on the proportion of the equity interest the Company holds in the capital of the investee.

All significant intercompany accounts and transactions are eliminated upon consolidation, including investments, current accounts, dividends receivable, income and expenses and unrealized results among consolidated companies.

Transactions and balances with related parties, primarily shareholders and investees, are disclosed (Note 17).
 
 
F-152

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)

 
The statement of changes in shareholders' equity reflects the changes in Gafisa S.A.'s parent company's books


3
Significant Accounting Practices

The more significant accounting practices adopted in the preparation of the financial statements are as follows:

(a)
Recognition of results

(i)
Real estate development and sales

Revenues, as well as costs and expenses directly related to real estate development units sold, are recognized over the course of the construction period of the projects, based on a financial measure of completion, and not at the time of execution of the agreements for the sale of units or the receipt of the amounts corresponding to the sale of units.

For completed units, the revenue is recognized when the sale is made, regardless of the receipt of the contractual amount, provided that the following conditions are met: (a) the result is determinable, that is, the collectibility of the sale price is reasonably assured or the amount
 
 
F-153

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)
 
 
that will not be collected can be estimated, and (b) the earnings process is virtually complete, that is, the Company is not obliged to perform significant activities after the sale to earn the profit. The collectibility of the sales amount is evaluated based on the client's commitment to pay, which in turn is supported by initial and continuing investment.

In the sales of unfinished units, the following procedures and rules were observed:

 
.
The incurred cost (including the costs related to land) corresponding to the units sold is fully appropriated to the result.

 
.
The percentage of incurred cost (including costs related to land) is measured in relation to total estimated cost, and this percentage is applied on the revenues from units sold, determined in accordance with the terms established in the sales contracts, thus determining the amount of revenues and selling expenses to be recognized.

 
.
Any amount of revenues recognized that exceeds the amount received from clients is recorded as current or long-term assets. Any amount received in connection with the sale of units that exceeds the amount of revenues recognized is recorded as "Advances from clients".

 
.
Interest and inflation-indexation charges on accounts receivable as from the time the client takes possession of the property, as well as the adjustment to present value of accounts receivable, are appropriated to the result from the development and sale of real estate using the accrual basis of accounting.

 
.
the financial charges on accounts payable for the acquisition of land and real estate credit operations during the construction period are appropriated to the cost incurred, and recognized in results upon the sale of the units of the venture to which they are directly related.

Deferred taxes are booked on the difference between the revenues recorded from real estate development for accounting purposes and revenue recorded on a cash basis for tax purposes.

The other income and expenses, including advertising and publicity, are appropriated to the results as they are incurred using the accrual basis of accounting.

(ii)
Construction services

Revenues from real estate services consist primarily of amounts received in connection with construction management activities for third parties, technical management and management of real estate. The revenues are recognized as services are rendered, net of
 
 
F-154

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)
 
 
the corresponding costs incurred. Cost incurred totaled R$ 63,896 for the year ended December 31, 2008.

(b)
Cash and cash equivalents

Consist primarily of bank certificates of deposit and investment funds, denominated in reais, having a ready market and original maturity of 90 days or less or in regard to which there are no penalties or other restrictions for early redemption, recognized at market value.

At December 31, 2008, the amount related to investment funds is recorded at market value.

Investment funds in which the Company is the sole owners are fully consolidated.

(c)
Receivables from clients

These are stated at cost plus accrued interest and indexation adjustments. The allowance for doubtful accounts, when necessary, is provided in an amount considered sufficient by management to meet expected losses.

The installments due are indexed based on the National Civil Construction Index (INCC) during the construction phase, and based on the General Market Prices Index (IGP-M) after delivery of the units. The balance of the accounts receivable (after delivery) generally accrues annual interest of 12%. The financial revenues are recorded in results under "Real estate development" (December 31, 2008, R$ 45,722).

(d)
Certificates of real estate receivables (CRIs)

The Company assigns receivables for the securitization and issuance of mortgage-backed securities ("CRI"). When this assignment does not involve right of recourse, they are recorded as a reduction of accounts receivable. When the transaction involves recourse against the Company, the accounts receivable sold are maintained on the balance sheet. The financial guarantees, when a participation is acquired (subordinated CRI) and maintained to secure the receivables that were assigned, are recorded in the balance sheet in Long-term receivables at fair value.

(e)
Properties for sale

Land is stated at cost of acquisition. Land is recorded only after the deed of property is fully consummated. The Company also acquires land through barter transactions where, in
 
 
F-155

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)
 
 
exchange for the land acquired, it undertakes to deliver (a) real estate units under development or (b) part of the sales revenues originating from the sale of the real estate units. Land acquired through barter transaction is stated at fair value.

Properties are stated at construction cost, which does not exceed net realizable value. In the case of real estate developments in progress, the portion in inventories corresponds to the cost incurred for units that have not yet been sold. The cost comprises construction (materials, own or outsourced labor and other related items) and land, including financial charges appropriated to the development as incurred during the construction phase.

When the cost of construction of properties for sale exceeds the expected cash flow from sales, once completed or still under construction, an impairment charge is recognized in the period when the book value is considered no longer to be recoverable. This analysis is consistently applied to residential ventures targeted at the low, medium and high income markets, regardless of their geographic region or construction phase.

Properties for sale are reviewed to evaluate the recovery of the book value of each real estate development when events or changes in macroeconomic scenarios indicate that the book value may not be recoverable. If the book value of a real estate development is not recoverable, compared to its realizable value through expected cash flows, a provision is recorded.

In the year ended December 31, 2008, the Company cancelled certain real estate developments and reversed gross margin of R$ 15,700 of recorded gross profit.

The Company capitalizes interest on developments during the construction phase, arising from the National Housing System and other credit lines that are used for financing the construction of developments (limited to the corresponding financial expense amount). Interest capitalized in 2008 totaled R$ 33,669.

(f)
Deferred selling expenses

These include brokerage expenditures, recorded in results following the same percentage-of-completion criteria adopted for the recognition of revenues. The charges related to sales commission of the buyer are not recognized as revenue or expense of the Company.

(g)
Warranty provision

On December 31, 2008, the Company presented a provision to cover expenditures for repairing construction defects covered during the warranty period, amounting to
 
 
F-156

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)
 
 
R$ 11,900. The warranty period is five years from the delivery of the unit.

(h)
Prepaid expenses

These refer to sundry expenses which are taken to income in the period to which they relate.

(i)
Property and equipment

Property and equipment is stated at cost. Depreciation is calculated a straight-line based on the estimated useful life of the assets, as follows: (i) vehicles - 5 years; (ii) office equipment and other installations - 10 years; (iii) sales stands, facilities, model apartments and related furnishings - 1 year.

(j)
Intangible assets

Intangible assets relate to the acquisition and development of computer systems and software licenses, stated at acquisition cost, and are amortized over a period of up to five years.

(k)
Investments in subsidiaries and
jointly-controlled investees

(i)
Net equity value

If the Company holds more than half of the voting capital of another company, the latter is considered a subsidiary and is consolidated. In situations where shareholder agreements grant the other party veto rights affecting the Company's business decisions with regards to its subsidiary, such affiliates may be considered to be jointly-controlled companies and are recorded on the equity method.

Unrealized gains or transactions between Gafisa S.A. and its affiliates and subsidiary companies are eliminated in proportion to the Gafisa S.A.'s interest; unrealized losses are also eliminated, unless the transaction provides evidence of impairment of the asset transferred.

When the Company's interest in the losses of subsidiaries is higher than the amount invested, the Company recognizes the residual portion of the net capital deficiency since it assumes obligations to make payments on behalf of these companies or for advances for
 
 
F-157

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)
 
 
future capital increase.

The accounting practices of acquired subsidiaries are aligned with those of the Company.

(ii)
Goodwill and negative goodwill on
the acquisition of investments

Goodwill is determined at the acquisition date and represents the excess purchase price over the proportion of the underlying book value, based on the interest in the shareholders' equity acquired. Negative goodwill is also determined at the acquisition date and represents the excess of the book value of assets acquired over the purchase consideration.

Goodwill is amortized in accordance with the underlying economic basis which considers factors such as the land bank, the ability to generate results from developments launched and/or to be launched and other inherent factors. Goodwill that cannot be justified economically is immediately charged to results for the year. Negative goodwill that is not justified economically is recognized in the results only upon disposal of the investment. The Company evaluates whether there are any indications of permanent loss and records an impairment provision, if required, to adjust the carrying value of goodwill to recoverable amounts or to realizable values.

(l)
Obligations for purchase of land and
advances from clients

These are contractual obligations established for purchases of land in inventory (Property for sale) which are stated at amortized cost plus interest and charges, when applicable.

The obligations related to barter transactions of land in exchange for real estate units are stated at fair value, against Advances from clients (Note 13).

(m)
Selling expenses

Selling expenses include advertising, promotion, brokerage fees and similar expenses.

(n)
Taxes on income

Taxes on income in Brazil comprise Federal income tax (25%) and social contribution (9%), as recorded in the statutory accounting records, for entities on the ‘taxable profit regime', for which the composite statutory rate is 34%. Deferred taxes are provided on all
 
 
F-158

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)
 
 
temporary tax differences.

As permitted by tax legislation, certain subsidiaries and jointly-controlled companies, the annual billings of which were lower than a specified amount, opted for the ‘presumed profit regime'. For these companies, the income tax basis is calculated at the rate of 8% on gross

revenues plus financial income and for the social contribution basis at 12% on gross revenues plus financial income, upon which the income tax and social contribution rates, of 25% and 9%, respectively, are applied. All tax losses expected to be recovered through offset are recorded as deferred tax assets.

The deferred tax assets are recognized to the extent that future taxable income is expected to be available to be used to offset temporary differences based on the budgeted future results prepared based on internal assumptions. New circumstances and economic scenarios may, change the estimates.

Deferred tax assets arising from net operating losses have no expiration dates, though offset is restricted to 30% of annual taxable income. Taxable entities on the presumed profit regime cannot offset prior year losses against tax payable.

In the event realization of deferred tax assets is not considered to be probable, no amount is recorded (Note 15). Reclassifications from results to shareholders' equity, when applicable, are made net of taxes.

(o)
Other current and long-term liabilities

These liabilities are stated on the accrual basis at their known or estimated amounts, plus, when applicable, the corresponding indexation charges and foreign exchange gains and losses.

The liability for future compensation of employee vacations earned is fully accrued.

Gafisa S.A. and its subsidiaries do not offer private pension plans or retirement plan to employees.

(p)
Stock option plans

The fair value of services received from the plan participants, in exchange for options, is determined in relation to the fair value of shares, on the grant date of each plan and
 
 
F-159

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)
 
 
recognized as an expense through the vesting date.

(q)
Profit sharing program for
employees and officers

The Company provides for the distribution of profit sharing benefits and bonuses to employees (included in General and administrative expenses).

Additionally, the Company's bylaws provide for the distribution of profit sharing to executive officers (in an amount that does not exceed the lower of (i) their annual compensation or (ii) 10% of the Company's net income).

The bonus systems operate on a three-tier performance-based structure in which the corporate efficiency targets as approved by the Board of Directors must first be achieved, followed by targets for the business units and lastly individual performance targets. Amounts paid with respect to the program may differ from the liability accrued.

(r)
Present value adjustment

Certain asset and liability items were adjusted to present value based on discount rates that reflect management's best estimate of the value of money over time and the specific risks of the asset and the liability.

(s)
Cross-currency interest rate swap
and derivative transactions

The Company has derivative instruments for the purposes of mitigating the risk of its exposure to the volatility of currencies, indices and interest rates, recognized at fair value directly in income. In accordance with its treasury policies, the Company does not acquire or issue derivative financial instruments for speculative purposes.

(t)
Financial liabilities recorded at fair value

The Company recorded certain loans denominated in foreign currency as financial liabilities at fair value through income. These transactions are directly linked to the cross-currency interest rate swaps and are recognized at fair value. Changes in the fair value of financial liabilities are directly recognized in results.

(u)
Impairment of financial assets
 
 
F-160

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)

 
At each balance sheet date, or when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of an asset or group of assets may not be recoverable, the Company evaluates whether there are any indications of impairment of a financial asset or group of financial assets in relation to the market value, and its ability to generate positive cash flows to support its realization. A financial asset or group of financial assets is considered impaired when there is objective evidence of a decrease in recoverable value as a result of one or more events that occurred after the initial recognition of the asset, which impact estimated future cash flows.

(v)
Earnings per share

Earnings per share are calculated based on the number of shares outstanding at the end of each year, net of treasury shares.


4
Cash, Cash Equivalents and Financial Investments

   
2008
 
       
Cash and cash equivalents
     
Cash and banks
    73,538  
Cash equivalents
       
Bank Certificates of Deposits - CDBs
    185,334  
Investment funds
    149,772  
Securities purchased under agreement to resell
    114,286  
Other
    5,644  
         
Total cash and cash equivalents
    528,574  
         
Restricted cash in guarantee to loans (Note 9)
    76,928  
         
Total cash, cash equivalents and financial investments
    605,502  

Pursuant to CVM Instruction No. 408/04, investments funds in which the Company has an exclusive interest are consolidated.

Deposits pledged in guarantee to loans are remunerated based on the CDI rate.
 
 
F-161

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)


5
Receivables from Clients

   
2008
 
       
Current
    1,254,594  
Non-current
    863,950  
         
      2,118,544  

The balance of accounts receivable from the units sold and not yet delivered is limited to the portion of revenues accounted for net of the amounts already received. A portion of the full mortgage receivables are assigned in guarantee to loans (Note 9).

The balances of advances from clients (development and services), which exceed the revenues recorded in the period, amount to R$ 90,363 on December 31, 2008, and are classified in Obligations for purchase of land and advances from clients.

Other than for Tenda, an allowance for doubtful accounts is not considered necessary, since the accounts receivable history of losses is insignificant. The Company's evaluation of the risk of loss takes into account that these receivables refer mostly to developments under construction, for which the transfer of the property deed only takes place after the settlement and/or negotiation of the client receivables.

The allowance for doubtful accounts for Tenda, totaled R$ 18,815 on December 31, 2008, and is considered sufficient by the Company's management to cover future losses on the realization of accounts receivable of this subsidiary.

At December 31, 2008, the balance of accounts receivable was reduced by an adjustment to present value of R$ 62,266.

6
Properties for Sale

   
2008
 
       
Land
    750,555  
Property under construction
    1,181,930  
Completed units
    96,491  
         
      2,028,976  
         
Current portion
    1,695,130  
Non-current portion
    333,846  
 
 
F-162

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)

 
The Company has undertaken commitments to built units bartered for land, accounted for based on the fair value of the bartered units. At December 31, 2008, the balance of land acquired through barter transactions totaled R$ 169,658.

7
Other Accounts Receivable

   
2008
 
       
Current accounts related to real estate ventures (*)
    60,513  
Advances to suppliers
    53,084  
Recoverable taxes
    18,905  
Deferred PIS and COFINS
    10,187  
Credit assignment receivables
    7,990  
Client refinancing to be released
    4,392  
Advances for future capital increase
    1,645  
Other
    26,059  
         
      182,775  

 
(*)
The Company participates in the development of real estate ventures with other partners, directly or through related parties, through condominiums and/or consortia. The management structure of these enterprises and the cash management are centralized in the lead partner of the enterprise, which manages the construction schedule and budgets. Thus, the lead partner ensures that the investments of the necessary funds are made and allocated as planned. The sources and use of resources of the venture are reflected in these balances, observing the respective participation percentage, which are not subject to indexation or financial charges and do not have a predetermined maturity date. The average term for the development and completion of the projects in which the resources are invested is between 24 and 30 months. Other payables to partners of real estate ventures are presented separately.


8
Investments in Subsidiaries

In January 2007, upon the acquisition of 60% of Alphaville, arising from the merger of Catalufa Participações Ltda., a capital increase of R$ 134,029 was approved upon the issuance for public subscription of 6,358,116 common shares. This transaction generated goodwill of R$ 163,589 recorded based on expected future profitability, which is being amortized to match the estimated profit before taxes of Alphaville over a ten year period. During the year ended December 31, 2008, the Company amortized R$ 10,733 of goodwill
 
 
F-163

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)
 
 
arising from the acquisition of Alphaville. The Company has a commitment to purchase the remaining 40% of Alphaville's capital stock based on the fair value of Alphaville, evaluated at the future acquisition dates, the purchase consideration for which cannot yet be calculated and, consequently, is not recognized. The acquisition agreement provides that the Company undertakes to purchase the remaining 40% of Alphaville (20% in January 2010 and 20% in January 2012) for settlement in cash or shares, at the Company's sole discretion.

On October 26, 2007, the Company acquired 70% of Cipesa whereupon Gafisa S.A. and Cipesa incorporated a new company, Cipesa Empreendimentos Imobiliários Ltda. ("Nova Cipesa"), in which the Company holds a 70% interest and Cipesa has 30%. Gafisa S.A. made a contribution in Nova Cipesa of R$ 50,000 in cash and acquired the shares which Cipesa held in Nova Cipesa amounting for R$ 15,000, paid on October 26, 2008. Cipesa is entitled to receive from the Company a variable portion corresponding to 2% of the Total Sales Value (VGV), as defined, of the projects launched by Nova Cipesa through 2014, not to exceed R$ 25,000. Accordingly, the Company´s purchase consideration totaled R$ 90,000 and goodwill amounting to R$ 40,686 was recorded, based on expected future profitability, which will be amortized in variable installments to match the estimated pretax income of Nova Cipesa, calculated over a ten year period.

In November 2007, the Company acquired for R$ 40,000 the remaining interest in certain ventures with Redevco do Brasil Ltda. ("Redevco"). As a result of this transaction, the Company recognized negative goodwill of R$ 31,235, based on expected future results to match the estimated pretax income of these SPEs over a ten year period. In the year ended December 31, 2008, the Company amortized negative goodwill amounting to R$ 12,713 arising from the acquisition of the SPEs.

On October 21, 2008, as part of the acquisition of its interest in Tenda, the Company contributed the net assets of FIT Residencial amounting to R$ 411,241, acquiring 60% of the shareholders' equity of Tenda (book value of the 60% interest representing an investment in net assets of R$ 621,643), which at that date presented shareholders' equity book value of R$ 1,036,072 The sale of the 40% quotas of FIT Residencial to Tenda shareholders in exchange for the Tenda shares generated negative goodwill of R$ 210,402, which is based on expected future results, reflecting the gain on the sale of the interest in FIT Residencial (Gain on the exchange of shares). This negative goodwill is being amortized over the average construction period (through delivery of the units) of the real estate ventures of FIT Residencial at October 21, 2008. From October 22 to December 31, 2008, the Company amortized R$ 41,008 of the negative goodwill (Deferred gain on sale of investment).

(a) 
Ownership interests
 
 
F-164

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)

 
Information on investees

   
Interest - %
   
Shareholders' equity
   
Net income (loss)
 
Investees
 
2008
   
2008
   
2008
 
                   
Tenda
    60.00       1,062,213       26,142  
FIT Residencial
    60.00       -       (22,263 )
Bairro Novo
    50.00       8,164       (18,312 )
Alphaville
    60.00       69,211       35,135  
Cipesa Holding
    100.00       62,157       (6,349 )
Península SPE1 S.A.
    50.00       (1,139 )     205  
Península SPE2 S.A.
    50.00       98       1,026  
Res. das Palmeiras SPE Ltda.
    100.00       2,545       264  
Gafisa SPE 40 Ltda.
    50.00       5,841       1,269  
Gafisa SPE 42 Ltda.
    50.00       6,997       6,799  
Gafisa SPE 43 Ltda.
    99.80       -       -  
Gafisa SPE 44 Ltda.
    40.00       (377 )     (192 )
Gafisa SPE 45 Ltda.
    99.80       1,058       (8,904 )
Gafisa SPE 46 Ltda.
    60.00       5,498       3,384  
Gafisa SPE 47 Ltda.
    80.00       6,639       (159 )
Gafisa SPE 48 Ltda.
    99.80       21,656       818  
Gafisa SPE 49 Ltda.
    99.80       (58 )     (57 )
Gafisa SPE 53 Ltda.
    60.00       2,769       1,895  
Gafisa SPE 55 Ltda.
    99.80       20,540       (3,973 )
Gafisa SPE 64 Ltda.
    99.80               -  
Gafisa SPE 65 Ltda.
    70.00       (281 )     (732 )
Gafisa SPE 67 Ltda.
    99.80       1       -  
Gafisa SPE 68 Ltda.
    99.80       -       (1 )
Gafisa SPE 72 Ltda.
    60.00       (22 )     (22 )
Gafisa SPE 73 Ltda.
    70.00       (155 )     (155 )
Gafisa SPE 74 Ltda.
    99.80       (330 )     (331 )
Gafisa SPE 59 Ltda.
    99.80       (2 )     (1 )
Gafisa SPE 76 Ltda.
    99.80       -       (1 )
Gafisa SPE 78 Ltda.
    99.80       -       (1 )
Gafisa SPE 79 Ltda.
    99.80       (1 )     (2 )
Gafisa SPE 75 Ltda.
    99.80       (27 )     (28 )
Gafisa SPE 80 Ltda.
    99.80       -       (1 )
Gafisa SPE-85 Empr. Imob.
    60.00       (756 )     (1,200 )
Gafisa SPE-86 Ltda.
    99.80       (82 )     (83 )
Gafisa SPE-81 Ltda.
    99.80       1       -  
Gafisa SPE-82 Ltda.
    99.80       1       -  
Gafisa SPE-83 Ltda.
    99.80       1       -  
Gafisa SPE-87 Ltda.
    99.80       1       -  
Gafisa SPE-88 Ltda.
    99.80       1       -  
Gafisa SPE-89 Ltda.
    99.80       1       -  
Gafisa SPE-90 Ltda.
    99.80       1       -  
Gafisa SPE-84 Ltda.
    99.80       1       -  
Dv Bv SPE S.A.
    50.00       (439 )     126  
DV SPE S.A.
    50.00       932       (527 )
Gafisa SPE 22 Ltda.
    100.00       5,446       1,006  
Gafisa SPE 29 Ltda.
    70.00       257       271  
Gafisa SPE 32 Ltda.
    80.00       (760 )     (760 )
Gafisa SPE 69 Ltda.
    99.80       (401 )     (402 )
Gafisa SPE 70 Ltda.
    55.00       6,696       -  
Gafisa SPE 71 Ltda.
    70.00       (794 )     (795 )
Gafisa SPE 50 Ltda.
    80.00       7,240       1,532  
Gafisa SPE 51 Ltda.
    90.00       15,669       6,620  
Gafisa SPE 61 Ltda.
    99.80       (14 )     (14 )
Tiner Empr. e Part. Ltda.
    45.00       26,736       15,762  
O Bosque Empr. Imob. Ltda.
    30.00       15,854       (62 )
Alta Vistta - Alto da Barra de S. Miguel Emp. Imob Ltda.
    50.00       3,428       4,073  
Dep. José Lages Emp. Imob. Ltda.
    50.00       34       433  
Sitio Jatiuca Emp. Imob. SPE Ltda.
    50.00       1,259       4,088  
Spazio Natura Emp. Imob. Ltda
    50.00       1,400       (28 )
Grand Park - Parque Águas Emp. Imob. Ltda
    50.00       (1,661 )     (1,529 )
Grand Park - Parque Árvores Emp. Imob. Ltda.
    50.00       (1,906 )     (1,698 )
Dubai Residencial
    50.00       5,374       (627 )
Cara de Cão
    65.00       40,959       19,907  
Costa Maggiore
    50.00       3,892       4,290  
 
 
F-165

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)
 
 
(b)
Goodwill (negative goodwill) on acquisition of
subsidiaries and deferred gain on partial sale
of investments

               
2008
 
                   
         
Accumulated
       
   
Cost
   
amortization
   
Net
 
                   
Goodwill
                 
Alphaville
    163,589       (10,733 )     152,856  
Nova Cipesa
    40,686       -       40,686  
Other
    5,740       (4,194 )     1,546  
                         
      210,015       (14,927 )     195,088  
                         
Negative goodwill
                       
Redevco
    (31,235 )     12,713       (18,522 )
                         
Deferred gain on partial sale of FIT Residencial investment
                       
Tenda transaction
    (210,402 )     41,008       (169,394 )

 
Loans and Financing, net of
Cross-Currency Interest Rate Swaps

Type of operation
 
Annual interest rates
 
2008
   
             
Working capital
           
Denominated in Yen (i)
 
1.4%
 
166,818
   
Swaps - Yen/CDI (ii)
 
Yen + 1.4%/105% CDI
 
(53,790
)
 
Denominated in US$ (i)
 
7%
 
146,739
   
Swaps - US$/CDI (ii)
 
US$ + 7%/104%CDI
 
(32,962
)
 
Other
 
0.66% to 3.29% + CDI
 
435,730
   
       
662,535
   
National Housing System - SFH
 
TR + 6.2% to 11.4%
 
372,255
   
Downstream merger obligations
 
TR + 10% to 12.0%
 
8,810
   
Other
 
TR + 6.2%
 
4,576
   
             
       
1,048,176
   
             
Current portion
     
447,503
   
Non-current portion
     
600,673
   
 
 
F-166

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)
 
 
 
(i)
Loans and financing classified at fair value through income (Note 16(a)(ii)).
 
(ii)
Derivatives classified as financial assets at fair value through income (Note 16(a)(ii)).

 
Rates:
CDI - Interbank Certificate of Deposit, at December 31, 2008 was 12.2% p.a.. TR - Referential Rate, at December 31, 2008 was 1.62% p.a..

Funding for working capital and for developments correspond to credit lines from financial institutions. The Company has contracted cross-currency interest rate swaps to cover the full amount of the working capital loans (Note 16). At December 31, 2008, the Company elected to apply the fair value option and record both the loan and respective derivative instruments at fair value through income.

Downstream merger obligations correspond to debt assumed from former shareholders with maturities up to 2013.

The Company has financing agreements with the SFH, the resources from which are released to the Company as construction progresses.

Loans and financing are guaranteed by sureties of the investors, mortgage of the units, assignment of rights, receivables from clients and the proceeds from the sale of our properties. Mortgage receivables given in guarantee total R$ 2,484,149. The balance of deposits accounts pledged in guarantee totals R$ 76,928 on December 31, 2008 (Note 4).

Long-term installments as of December 31, 2008 mature as follows: R$ 345,021 in 2010, R$ 181,549 in 2011, R$ 40,548 in 2012 and R$ 33,555 in 2013.


10
Debentures

In September 2006, the Company issued its Second Debenture Placement Program, which allows it to place up to R$ 500,000 in non-convertible simple subordinated debentures secured by a general guarantee. In June 2008, the Company issued its Third Debenture Placement Program, which allows it to place R$ 1,000,000 in simple debentures with a general guarantee maturing in two years.
 
 
F-167

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)

 
Under the Second and Third Programs, the Company placed series of 24,000 and 25,000 series debentures, respectively, corresponding to R$ 240,000 and R$ 250,000, with the following features:

Program/issuances
 
Amount
 
Annual remuneration
 
Maturity
 
2008
   
                     
Second program/first issuance
 
240,000
 
CDI + 1.30%
 
September 2011
 
248,679
   
Third program/first issuance
 
250,000
 
107.20% CDI
 
June 2018
 
255,266
   
                     
               
503,945
   
                     
Current portion
             
61,945
   
Non-current portion
             
442,000
   

The Company has restrictive debenture covenants which limit its ability to perform certain actions, such as the issuance of debt, and that could require the early redemption or refinancing of loans if the Company were it to breach these covenants. The first issuance of the Second Program and the first issuance of the Third Program have cross-restrictive covenants in which an event of default or early maturity of any debt above R$ 5,000 and R$ 10,000, respectively, requires the Company to early amortize the first issuance of the Second Program. The actual ratios and minimum and maximum amounts stipulated by these restrictive covenants and measured under Brazilian GAAP at December 31, 2008 are as follows:

 

   
2008
 
       
Second program - first issuance
     
Total debt, less SFH debt, less cash, cash equivalents and financial investments cannot exceed 75% of shareholders' equity
  35 %
Total receivables from clients from development and services, plus inventory of finished units, required to be over 2.0 times total debt
 
3.3 times
 
       
Total debt, less cash, cash equivalents and financial investments, required to be under R$ 1,000,000
  R$ 946,600  
       
Third program - first issuance
     
Total debt, less SFH debt, less cash, cash equivalents and financial investments, cannot exceed 75% of shareholders' equity
  35 %
Total accounts receivable plus inventory of finished units required to be over 2.2 times total debt
 
5.5 times
 
 
 
F-168

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)
 
 
At December 31, 2008, the Company is in compliance with these restrictive covenants.

The long-term balance as of December 31, 2008 matures as follows: R$ 96,000 in 2010, R$ 96,000 in 2011, R$ 125,000 in 2012 and R$ 125,000 in 2013.
 
 
F-169

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)
 
 
11 
Other Accounts Payable

   
2008
 
       
Obligation to venture partners (i)
    300,000  
Credit assignments
    67,552  
Acquisition of investments
    30,875  
Other accounts payable
    89,265  
         
      487,692  
         
Current portion
    97,933  
Non-current portion
    389,759  

 
(i)  
In January 2008, the Company formed an unincorporated venture ("SCP"), the main objective of which is to hold interests in other real estate development companies. The SCP received contributions of R$ 304,040 through December 31, 2008 (represented by 13,084,000 Class A quotas fully paid-in by the Company and 300,000,000 Class B quotas from the other venture partner). The SCP has a defined term which ends on January 31, 2017 at which time the Company is required to redeem the venture partners' interest. The SCP will preferably use these funds to acquire equity investments and increase the capital of its investees. The redemption of Class B quotas of R$ 300,000 will start on January 31, 2012 and will be fully paid by January 31, 2014. The venture partner receives an annual dividend substantially equivalent to the variation in the Interbank Certificate of Deposit (CDI) rate. The SCP's charter provides for the compliance with certain covenants by the Company, in its capacity as lead partner, which include the maintenance of minimum indices of net debt and receivables. At December 31, 2008, the SCP and the Company were in compliance with these clauses.

 
(ii)  
Loans from real estate development partners related to amounts due under current account agreements, which accrued financial charges of IGP-M plus 12% p.a.


12
Commitments and Provision for
Contingencies

The Company is a party in lawsuits and administrative proceedings at several courts and government agencies that arise from the normal course of business, involving tax, labor, civil and other matters. Management, based on information provided by its legal counsel
 
 
F-170

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)
 
 
and analysis of the pending claims and, with respect to the labor claims, based on past experience regarding the amounts claimed, recognized a provision in an amount considered sufficient to cover the probable losses.

The changes in the provision for contingencies are summarized below:

   
2008
 
       
Balance at the beginning of the year
    21,262  
Additions
    11,440  
Additions - consolidation of Alphaville
    -  
Additions - consolidation of Tenda
    26,840  
Reversals and settlements
    (2,178 )
         
Court-mandated escrow deposits
    (3,834 )
         
Balance at the end of the year
    53,530  
         

(a)
Tax, labor and civil lawsuits

   
2008
 
       
Civil lawsuits
    27,779  
Tax lawsuits
    19,609  
Labor claims
    9,976  
Court-mandated escrow deposits
    (3,834 )
         
      53,530  
         
Current
    17,567  
Non-current
    35,963  

Alphaville is a party in judicial lawsuits and administrative proceedings related to Excise Tax (IPI) and Value-added Tax on Sales and Services (ICMS). The likelihood of loss in the ICMS case is estimated by legal counsel as (i) probable in regard to the principal and interest, and (ii) remote in regard to the fine for noncompliance with ancillary obligations. The amount of the contingency estimated by legal counsel as a probable loss amounts to R$ 16,705 and is recorded in the Provision for contingencies.
 
 
F-171

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)
 
 
At December 31, 2008, the Company is monitoring other lawsuits and risks, the likelihood of loss for which, based on the position of legal counsel, is possible but not probable, totaling R$ 67,736, and for which management believes a provision for loss is not necessary.

In September 2008, R$ 10,583 in the Gafisa S.A. bank accounts were deemed to be restricted as to withdrawal. This restriction arose from a foreclosure action in which it is alleged that Gafisa S.A. became the successor of Cimob Companhia Imobiliária S.A. ("Cimob") upon merger of Cimob, at which time Cimob assets were reduced. The Company is appealing against such decision on the grounds that the claim lacks merit, in order to release its funds and not be held liable for Cimob's debt. No provision was recognized in the financial statements as of December 31, 2008 based on the position of the Company's legal counsel.

An amount of R$ 27,979 of the proceeds of the Company's initial public offering was withheld in an escrow deposit attached by court order to guarantee a writ of execution. The Company is appealing the decision and considers that the claim has no merit. No provision has been recorded based on the position of the Company's legal counsel.

(b)
Commitment to complete developments

The Company is committed to deliver units to owners of land who exchange land for real estate units developed by the Company. The Company is also committed to complete units sold and to comply with the requirements of the building regulations and licenses approved by the proper authorities. At December 31, 2008, estimated costs to be incurred on developments under construction total approximately R$2,465,000.


13
Obligations for Purchase of Land and
Advances from Clients

   
2008
 
       
Obligations for purchase of land
    392,762  
Advances from clients
       
Barter transactions
    169,658  
Development and services
    90,363  
         
      652,783  
         
Current
    421,584  
Non-current
    231,199  
 
 
F-172

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)
 
 
14
Shareholders' Equity

(a) 
Capital

At December 31, 2008, the Company's capital totaled R$ 1,229,517, represented by 133,087,518 nominative Common shares without par value, 3,124,972 of which were held in treasury.

On April 4, 2008, the distribution of dividends for 2007 was approved in the total amount of R$ 26,981, paid to shareholders on April 29, 2008. In 2008, the capital increase of R$ 7,671, related to the stock option plan and the exercise of 510,425 Common shares, was approved.

In January 2007, upon the acquisition of 60% of Alphaville, arising from the merger of Catalufa, a capital increase of R$ 134,029 was approved through the issuance for public subscription of 6,358,116 Common shares. In January 2007, the cancellation of 5,016,674 Common shares which had been held in treasury, amounting to R$ 28,976, was approved. In March 2007, a capital increase of R$ 487,813 was approved through the issuance for public subscription, of 18,761,992 new Common shares, without par value, at the issue price of R$ 26.00 per share. In 2007, a capital increase of R$ 8,262, related to the stock option plan and the exercise of 961,563 Common shares, was approved. Under the Bylaws, amended on January 8, 2007, the Board of Directors may increase share capital up to the limit of the authorized capital of 200,000,000 Common shares.

On January 13, 2006, the Board of Directors approved the conversion of all 14,972,209 Class A Preferred shares and 1,250,000 Class F Preferred shares into 16,222,209 Common shares.

On January 17, 2006, Havertown subscribed and paid-in 411,348 Common shares totaling R$ 6,179 as approved by the Board of Directors on December 23, 2005.

On January 26, 2006, the shareholders approved the conversion of all Preferred shares into Common shares. On the same date, the Board of Directors approved the terms and conditions of the initial public offering and the new bylaws, adapted to the Novo Mercado of the Bolsa de Valores de São Paulo - BOVESPA rules.

On January 27, 2006, in a shareholders' general meeting, the shareholders approved a stock split of the Common shares, based on a ratio of one existing share for every three
 
 
F-173

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)
 
 
newly issued shares increasing the number of shares from 27,774,775 to 83,324,316 (of which 8,280,534 remained in treasury). Share data and earnings per share in the Brazilian GAAP financial statements have not been presented retrospectively to conform to the split.

On February 16, 2006 a capital increase of R$ 352,756 was approved upon issuance, for public subscription, on the Novo Mercado of 26,724,000 new Common shares, without par value, and simultaneously through an issuance of primary and secondary equity Global Depositary Receipts pursuant to Rule 144A and Regulation S of the US Securities Act of 1933. The public offering generated proceeds of R$ 494,393 of which R$ 141,637 was allocated to a share premium reserve (Capital reserve).

During 2006 the Board of Directors approved a capital increase of R$ 8,209 in connection with the stock option program and the exercise of 1,532,724 options.

The changes in the number of shares are as follows:
 
   
Thousands of shares
 
                   
         
Preferred shares
 
                   
   
Common shares
   
Class A
   
Class F
 
                   
December 31, 2007
    129,452       -       -  
                         
Exercise of stock options
    511                  
                         
December 31, 2008
    129,963       -       -  
 
 
F-174

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)
 
 
(b)
Appropriation of net income for the year

Pursuant to the Company's Bylaws, the net income for the year is distributed as follows: (i) 5% to the legal reserve, until such reserve represents 20% of paid-up capital, and (ii) 25% of the remaining balance for the payment of mandatory dividends to all shareholders.

Pursuant to Article 36 of the Company's Bylaws, amended on March 21, 2007, the recognition of a statutory investment reserve became mandatory, the amount of which may not exceed 71.25% of net income. The purpose of the reserve is to retain funds for financing for the expansion of the activities of the Company, including the subscription of capital increases or creation of new ventures, participation in consortia or other forms of association for the achievement of the Company's corporate objectives.

Management's proposal for distribution of net income for the years ended December 31 (subject to approval at the Annual Shareholders' Meeting) are as follows:

   
2008
 
       
Net income for the year, adjusted by Law No. 11.638/07
     
Effects of changes from Law No. 11.638/07
     
       
Net income for the year
    109,921  
Legal reserve
    (5,496 )
         
      104,425  
         
Minimum mandatory dividends - 25%
    (26,104 )

(c)
Stock option plans

(i) 
Gafisa

The Company provides six stock option plans. The first plan was launched in 2000 and is managed by a committee that periodically creates new stock option plans, determining their terms, which, among other things, (i) define the length of service that is required for employees to be eligible to the benefits of the plans, (ii) select the employees that will be entitled to participate, and (iii) establish the purchase prices of the preferred shares to be exercised under the plans.

To be eligible for the plans (plans from 2000 to 2002), participant employees are required to contribute 10% of the value of total benefited options on the date the option is granted and, additionally, for each of the following five years, 18% of the price of the grant per year. The exercise price of the grant is inflation adjusted (IGP-M index), plus annual interest from 3% to 6%. The stock option may be exercised in one to five years subsequent to the initial date of the work period established in each of the plans. The
 
 
F-175

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)
 
 
shares are usually available to employees over a period of ten years after their contribution.

The Company records the cash receipt against a liability account to the extent the employees make advances for the purchase of the shares during the vesting period. There were no advanced payments for the years ended December 31, 2008.

The Company and its subsidiaries may decide to issue new shares or transfer the treasury shares to the employees in accordance with the clauses established in the plans. The Company has the right of first refusal on shares issued under the plans in the event of dismissals and retirement. In such cases, the amounts advanced are returned to the employees, in certain circumstances, at amounts that correspond to the greater of the market value of the shares (as established in the rules of the plans) or the amount inflation-indexed (IGP-M) plus annual interest from 3% to 6%.

In 2008, the Company issued a new stock option plan. In order to become eligible for the grant, employees are required to contribute from 25% to 80% of their annual net bonus to exercise the options within 30 days from the program date.

The market value of each option granted is estimated at the grant date using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The assumptions used were as follows: expected volatility of 50% in 2008; expected dividend yield on shares of 0.63% in 2008; risk-free interest rate of 11.56% in 2008; and expected average option term of 2.6 years in 2008.

The changes in the number of stock options and corresponding weighted average exercise prices are as follows:

         
2008
 
             
   
Number of options
   
Weighted average exercise
price - R$
 
             
Options outstanding at the beginning of year
    5,174,341       22.93  
Options granted
    2,145,793       31.81  
Options exercised
    (441,123 )     16.72  
Options expired
    (3,675 )     20.55  
Options cancelled(i)
    (945,061 )     20.55  
                 
Options outstanding at the end of the year
    5,930,275       26.14  
                 
Options exercisable at the end of the year
    4,376,165       28.00  

 
(i)
In the year ended December 31, 2008, no option was cancelled due to the expiration of terms of stock option plans.
 
 
F-176

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)

 
   
Brazilian reais
 
   
2008
 
       
Exercise price per share at the end of the year
    7.86-39.95  
Weighted average of exercise price at the option grant date
    21.70  
Weighted average of market price per share at the grant date
    27.27  
Market price per share at the end of the year
    10.49  

The options granted will confer their holders the right to subscribe the Company's shares, after completing one to five years of employment with the Company, and will expire after ten years from the grant date.

The Company recognized stock option expenses of R$ 26,138 in 2008 of which R$22,203 were recorded by Gafisa S.A.

(ii)
Tenda

Tenda has a stock option plan, approved at the Extraordinary Shareholders' Meeting of June 3, 2008, and established at the Board of Directors' meeting on June 5, 2008, whereby the Board of Directors of Tenda can implement issuance programs of up to the maximum aggregate limit of 5% of total capital shares, including the dilution effect from the exercise of all granted options. The volume involved in the granting of stock options is limited to 3,000,000 shares. In 2008, 2,640,000 options were granted, and 570,000 were cancelled. Options outstanding at the end of the year totaled 2,570,000.

The stock option program provides that the options granted may be exercised in three annual lots, each lot being equivalent to 33.33% of total granted options, and the first exercise being in May 2009. Options may be exercised in two periods during each year, from the 1st to the 15th of May and November. The base exercise price of granted options was R$ 7.20 per share. When exercising the option in the three annual lots, the base price will be adjusted according to the market value of shares, based on the average price in trading sessions over the last 30 consecutive days before the commencement of each annual exercise period. The exercise price is adjusted according to a fixed table of values, based on the share value in the market, at the time of the two exercise periods for each annual lot.
 
 
F-177

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)
 
 
The market price of Tenda shares at the grant date was R$ 11.60 and on December 31, 2008 was R$ 1.16.

The market value of each option granted in 2008 was estimated at the grant date using the Black-Scholes option pricing model, taking into consideration the following assumptions: expected volatility of 58%, expected dividend yield on shares of 0%, risk-free interest rate of 14.3% and expected average option term of 1.7 year. In 2008, Tenda recorded stock option expenses of R$ 1,973 for the period from October 22, 2008 through December 31, 2008.

(iii)
Alphaville

Alphaville has three stock option plans, the first launched in 2007 which was approved at the June 26, 2007 Annual Shareholders' Meeting and of the Board of Directors.

The changes in the number of stock options and their corresponding weighted average exercise prices for the year are as follows:

         
2008
 
             
   
Number of options
   
Weighted average
 exercise price - Reais
 
             
Options outstanding at the beginning of the year
    1,474       6,522.92  
Options granted
    720       7,474.93  
Options cancelled
    (56 )     6,522.92  
                 
Options outstanding at the end of the year
    2,138       6,843.52  

On December 31, 2008, 284 options were exercisable. The exercise prices per option on December 31, 2008 were from R$ 8,238.27 to R$ 8,376.26.

The market value of each option granted in 2008 was estimated at the grant date using the Black-Scholes option pricing model, taking into consideration the following assumptions: expected volatility, calculated based on the historic volatility of companies in the sector, of 38% in 2008, expected dividend yield on shares of 0% in 2008, risk-free interest rate of 11.36% in 2008, and expected average option term of 2.3 years in 2008.

Alphaville recorded stock option plan expenses of R$ 1,962 in 2008.
 
 
F-178

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)
 
 
15
Deferred Taxes

   
2008
 
       
Assets
     
Net operating loss carryforwards
    76,640  
Temporary differences
       
Tax versus prior book basis
    52,321  
CPC accounting standards
    39,680  
Tax credits from downstream mergers
    21,611  
         
      190,252  
         
Liabilities
       
Differences between income taxed on cash and recorded on accrual basis
    202,743  
Negative goodwill
    18,266  
Temporary differences - CPC accounting standards
    18,122  
         
      239,131  

The Company calculates its taxes based on the recognition of results proportionally to the receipt of the contracted sales, in accordance with the tax rules determined by the Federal Revenue Service (SRF) Instruction 84/79, which differs from the calculation of the accounting revenues based on the costs incurred versus total estimated cost. The tax basis will crystallize over an average period of four years as cash inflows arise.

At December 31, 2008, the Company had tax losses, social contribution tax loss carryforwards and tax credits totaling R$ 161,291, with corresponding tax benefits of R$ 54,838.

Other than for Tenda, the Company has not recorded a deferred income tax asset on the tax losses and social contribution tax loss carryforwards of its subsidiaries which adopt the taxable income regime and do not have a history of taxable income for the past three years.

The projections of future taxable income consider estimates that are related, among other things, to the Company's performance and the behavior of the market in which it operates, as well as certain economic factors. Actual results could differ from these estimates.
 
 
F-179

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)
 
 
Based on estimated future taxable income, the expected recovery profile of the income tax and social contribution net operating loss carryforwards is as follows:

2009
    5,289  
2010
    33,192  
2011
    35,714  
2012
    2,129  
Other
    316  
         
Total
    76,640  

The reconciliation of the statutory to effective tax rate is as follows:

   
2008
 
       
Income before taxes on income and minority interest
    210,051  
Income tax calculated at the standard rate - 34%
    (71,417 )
Net effect of subsidiaries taxed on presumed profit regime
    22,122  
Pre acquisition deferred income tax asset
    12,419  
Prior period income tax and social contribution tax losses
    3,946  
Stock option plan
    (10,088 )
Other non-deductible items, net
    (379 )
         
Income tax and social contribution expense
    (43,397 )

16
Financial Instruments

The Company participates in operations involving financial instruments, all of which are recorded on the balance sheet, for the purposes of meeting its operating needs and reducing its exposure to credit, currency and interest rate risks. These risks are managed by control policies, specific strategies and determination of limits, as follows:
 
 
F-180

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)
 
 
(a)
Risk considerations

(i)
Credit risk

The Company and its subsidiaries restrict their exposure to credit risks associated with banks and cash and cash equivalents, investing in highly-rated financial institutions in short-term securities.

With regards to accounts receivable, the Company restricts its exposure to credit risks through sales to a broad base of clients and ongoing credit analysis. Additionally, there is no history of losses due to the existence of liens for the recovery of its products in the cases of default during the construction period.

Other than for Tenda, Company management did not deem necessary the recognition of a provision to cover losses for the recovery of receivables related to delivered real estate units. There was no significant concentration of credit risks related to clients for the periods presented.

(ii)
Currency risk

The Company participates in operations involving derivative financial instruments for the purposes of mitigating the effects of fluctuations in foreign exchange rates. In the years ended December 31, 2008, R$ 80,895, related to the net positive result from the swap operations of currency and interest rates was recognized in Financial income (expenses), matching the results of these operations with the fluctuation in foreign currencies in the Company's financial statements.

The nominal value of the swap contracts was R$ 200,000 on December 31, 2008. The unrealized gains (losses) of these operations at December 31, 2008 are as follows (Note 9):

   
Reais
 
Percentage
     
Net unrealized gains (losses) from derivative instruments
   
Rate swap contracts -
 
Nominal
 
Original
           
(US Dollar and Yen for CDI)
 
value
 
index
 
Swap
 
2008
   
                     
Banco ABN Amro Real S.A.
 
100,000
 
Yen + 1.4
 
105% of CDI
 
53,790
   
Banco Votorantim S.A.
 
100,000
 
US Dollar + 7
 
104% of CDI
 
32,962
   
                     
   
200,000
         
86,752
   
 
 
F-181

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)
 
 
The Company does not make sales denominated in foreign currency.

(iii)
Interest rate risk

The interest rates on loans and financing are disclosed in Note 9. The interest rates contracted on financial investments are disclosed in Note 4. Accounts receivable from real estate units delivered (Note 5) are subject to annual interest of 12%.

Additionally, as disclosed in Notes 7 and 11, a significant portion of the balances from related parties and with partners in the ventures are not subject to financial charges.

(b)
Valuation of financial instruments

The main financial instruments receivable and payable are described below, as well as the criteria for their valuation.

(i)
Cash and cash equivalents

The market value of these assets does not differ significantly from the amounts presented in the financial statements (Note 4). The contracted rates reflect usual market conditions.

(ii)
Loans and financing and debentures

Loans and financing are recorded based on the contractual interest rates of each operation, except for loans denominated in foreign currency, which are stated at fair value. Interest rate estimates for contracting operations with similar terms and amounts are used for the determination of market value. The terms and conditions of loans and financing and debentures obtained are presented in Notes 9 and 10. The fair value of the other loans and financing, recorded based on the contractual interest of each operation, does not significantly differ from the amounts presented in the financial statements.

(c)
Sensitivity analysis

A sensitivity analysis of the risks of material losses that could accrue from financial instrument transactions, based on management's best estimate of the most likely scenario (Scenario I), is presented below. Additionally, a further two scenarios are presented, as required by the CVM, pursuant to Instruction No. 475/08, by stressing the variables by 25% and 50%, respectively, (Scenarios II and III).
 
 
F-182

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)

 
Banco Votorantim S.A (counterparty) swap risk factors - increase of CDI (liability position) and devaluation/appreciation of the Real x US Dollar (asset position).

ABN Amro swap risk factor - increase of CDI (liability position) and devaluation/appreciation of the Real x Yen (asset position).

Projection - maturity on June 9, 2009
 
Exchange rate - R$/US$
   
CDI - %
 
             
Scenario I - Likely
    2.42       11.67  
Scenario II - Possible - Stress at 25%
    1.82       14.57  
Scenario III - Remote - Stress at 50%
    1.21       17.47  
                 
Projection - maturity on October 29, 2009
 
- R$/Yen
   
CDI - %
 
                 
Scenario I - Expected
    0.02767       12.30  
Scenario II - Possible - Stress at 25%
    0.02076       15.34  
Scenario III - Remote - Stress at 50%
    0.01384       18.39  

At December 31, 2008, the Company calculated the scenario estimates of the R$/US$ and R$/Yen exchange rates for the maturity dates of the swaps. The hypothetical appreciations of the Real against other currencies would produce the following impact:

Impact on exchange rate scenarios

                  Scenario (* )  
                     
Transaction
Risk
    I    
II
   
III
 
                       
Swap (asset position - US$)
Devaluation of US Dollar
    147,539       110,654       73,769  
Debt denominated in US$
Appreciation of US Dollar
    (146,739 )     (110,054 )     (73,370 )
                           
Net effect of US$ devaluation
      800       600       399  
                           
Swap (asset position - Yen)
Devaluation of Yen
    168,516       126,387       84,258  
Debt denominated in Yen
Appreciation of Yen
    (166,818 )     (125,113 )     (83,409 )
                           
Net effect of Yen devaluation
      1,698       1,274       849  

(*) Scenarios I, II and III - Likely, Possible and Remote, respectively.

 
F-183

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)


Impact on interest rate scenarios

                    Scenario (* )  
                       
Transaction
 
Risk
    I    
II
   
III
 
                         
Votorantim swap - liability position balance in CDI on maturity date (June 9, 2009)
 
Increase of CDI
    120,656       122,103       123,528  
ABN Amro Bank swap - liability position balance in CDI on maturity date (October 29, 2009)
 
Increase of CDI
    126,187       129,009       131,820  

 
(*)
Scenarios I, II and III - Likely, Possible and Remote, respectively.

The source of the data used to determine the exchange rate adopted in the base scenarios was the Brazilian Mercantile & Futures Exchange ("BMF"), as management believes that this is the most reliable and independent source, and which represents the market consensus on these quotations.

The US Dollar and Yen data were sourced from the BMF on December 31, 2008 for the maturity dates.

BMF data on December 31, 2008
 
Quotation - %
     
R$/U$$ for maturity in June 2009
 
11.67
R$/JPY for maturity in October 2009
 
12.30

For interest rate data, management adopted the Real rate through February 27, 2009 and used the BMF CDI projection; base date February 27, 2009 for the maturity dates.

BMF data on February 27, 2009
 
CDI - %
     
Maturity in June 2009
 
11.67
Maturity in October 2009
 
12.30

 
F-184

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)


17
Related Parties

(a)
Transactions with related parties

Current account
 
2008
 
       
Condominiums and consortia
     
Alpha 4
    (466 )
Consórcio Ezetec & Gafisa
    9,341  
Consórcio Eztec Gafisa
    (9,300 )
Cond. Constr. Empres. Pinheiros
    2,132  
Condomínio Parque da Tijuca
    235  
Condomínio em Const. Barra Fir
    (46 )
Civilcorp
    791  
Condomínio do Ed. Barra Premiu
    105  
Consórcio Gafisa Rizzo
    (273 )
Evolução Chácara das Flores
    7  
Condomínio Passo da Pátria II
    569  
Cond. Constr. Palazzo Farnese
    (17 )
Alpha 3
    (214 )
Condomínio Iguatemi
    3  
Consórcio Quintas Nova Cidade
    36  
Consórcio Ponta Negra
    3,838  
Consórcio Sispar & Gafisa
    1,995  
Cd. Advanced Ofs Gafisa-Metro
    (417 )
Condomínio Acqua
    (2,629 )
Cond. Constr. Living
    1,478  
Consórcio Bem Viver
    5  
Cond. Urbaniz. Lot. Quintas Rio
    (486 )
Cond. Constr. Homem de Melo
    83  
Consórcio OAS Gafisa - Garden
    (1,759 )
Cond. em Constr. Lacedemonia
    57  
Evolução New Place
    (665 )
Consórcio Gafisa Algo
    711  
Columbia Outeiro dos Nobres
    (153 )
Evolução - Reserva do Bosque
    5  
Evolução - Reserva do Parque
    122  
Consórcio Gafisa & Bricks
    (26 )
Cond. Constr. Fernando Torres
    135  
Cond. de Const. Sunrise Reside
    18  
Evolução Ventos do Leste
    159  
Consórcio Quatro Estações
    (1,340 )
Cond. em Const. Sampaio Viana
    951  
Cond. Constr. Monte Alegre
    1,456  
Cond. Constr. Afonso de Freitas
    1,674  
Consórcio New Point
    1,472  
Evolução - Campo Grande
    618  
Condomínio do Ed. Pontal Beach
    43  
Consórcio OAS Gafisa - Garden
    430  
Cond. Constr. Infra Panamby
    (483 )
Condomínio Strelitzia
    (851 )
Cond. Constr. Anthuriun
    4,319  
Condomínio Hibiscus
    2,715  
Cond. em Constr. Splendor
    (1,848 )
Condomínio Palazzo
    793  
Co         nd. Constr. Doble View
    (1,719 )
Panamby - Torre K1
    887  
Condomínio Cypris
    (1,436 )
Cond. em Constr. Doppio Spazio
    (2,407 )
Consórcio
    2,493  
Consórcio Planc e Gafisa
    270  
Consórcio Gafisa & Rizzo (SUSP)
    1,239  
Consórcio Gafisa OAS - Abaeté
    3,638  
Cond do Clube Quintas do Rio
    1  
Cons. Oas-Gafisa Horto Panamby
    9,349  
 
 
F-185

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)

 
Current account
 
2008
 
       
Consórcio OAS e Gafisa - Horto Panamby
    (27 )
Consórcio Ponta Negra - Ed Marseille
    (1,033 )
Consórcio Ponta Negra - Ed Nice
    (4,687 )
Manhattan Square
    600  
Cons. Eztec Gafisa Pedro Luis
    (3,589 )
Consórcio Planc Boa Esperança
    603  
Consórcio Gafisa OAS- Tribeca
    (144 )
Consórcio Gafisa OAS- Soho
    (167 )
Consórcio Gafisa & GM
    (40 )
Consórcio Ventos do Leste
    (1 )
Bairro Novo Cotia
    (6,137 )
Bairro Novo Camaçari
    (2,585 )
Bairro Novo Fortaleza
    2  
Bairro Novo Nova Iguaçu
    (330 )
Bairro Novo Cia. Aeroporto
    (55 )
Consórcio B. Novo Ap Goiania
    (210 )
Consórcio B. Novo Campinas
    (261 )
         
      9,577  
         
Other SPEs
       
Gafisa SPE 10 S.A.
    2,051  
Gafisa Vendas I. Imob. Ltda.
    2,384  
Projeto Alga
    (25,000 )
         
      (20,565 )
         
SPEs
       
FIT Resid. Empreend. Imob. Ltda.
    12,058  
Ville Du Soleil
    1,968  
Cipesa Empreendimentos Imob.
    (398 )
The House
    80  
Gafisa SPE 46 Empreend. Imob.
    8,172  
Gafisa SPE 40 Empr. Imob. Ltda.
    1,288  
Blue II Plan. Prom e Venda Lt.
    911  
Saí Amarela S.A.
    (1,138 )
Gafisa SPE-49 Empr. Imob. Ltda.
    (2 )
Gafisa SPE-35 Ltda.
    (129 )
Gafisa SPE 38 Empr. Imob. Ltda.
    109  
Lt Incorporadora SPE Ltda.
    (527 )
Res. das Palmeiras Inc. SPE Lt.
    1,246  
Gafisa SPE 41 Empr. Imob. Ltda.
    1,534  
Dolce Vitabella Vita SPE S.A.
    32  
Saira Verde Empreend. Imob. Lt.
    214  
Gafisa SPE 22 Ltda.
    630  
Gafisa SPE 39 Empr. Imob. Ltda.
    (304 )
DV SPE SA
    (571 )
Gafisa SPE 48 Empreend. Imob.
    159  
Gafisa SPE-53 Empr. Imob. Ltda.
    (94 )
Jardim II Planej. Prom. Vda. Ltda.
    (2,990 )
Gafisa SPE 37 Empreend. Imob.
    (398 )
Gafisa SPE-51 Empr. Imob. Ltda.
    810  
Gafisa SPE 36 Empr. Imob. Ltda.
    (1,205 )
Gafisa SPE 47 Empreend. Imob.
    146  
Sunplace SPE Ltda.
    415  
Sunshine SPE Ltda.
    1,135  
Gafisa SPE 30 Ltda.
    (1,217 )
Gafisa SPE-50 Empr. Imob. Ltda.
    (221 )
Tiner Campo Belo I Empr. Imob.
    6,971  
Gafisa SPE-33 Ltda.
    2,321  
Jardim I Planej. Prom. Vda. Ltda.
    6,662  
Verdes Praças Inc. Imob. Spe. Lt.
    (38 )
Gafisa SPE 42 Empr. Imob. Ltda.
    64  
Península I SPE SA
    (1,267 )
Península 2 SPE SA
    865  
Blue I SPE Ltda.
    74  
Gafisa SPE-55 Empr. Imob. Ltda.
    (2 )
 
 
 
F-186

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)
 
 
Current account
 
2008
 
       
Gafisa SPE 32
    (2,304 )
Cyrela Gafisa SPE Ltda.
    2,834  
Unigafisa Partipações SCP
    1,040  
Villagio Panamby Trust SA
    749  
Diodon Participações Ltda.
    13,669  
Gafisa SPE 44 Empreend. Imobili.
    175  
JTR Jatiuca Trade Residence
    1,218  
Gafisa SPE 65 Empreend. Imob. Ltd.
    321  
Gafisa SPE-72
    1  
Gafisa SPE 52 Empreend. Imob. Ltd.
    42  
Gafisa SPE-32 Ltda.
    2,220  
Terreno Ribeirão/Curupira 1
    1,360  
Consórcio Ponta Negra
    (95 )
Gafisa SPE-71
    124  
Gafisa SPE-73
    1  
Gafisa SPE 69 Empreendimentos
    (72 )
Gafisa SPE-74 Emp. Imob. Ltda.
    1  
Gafisa SPE 59 Empreend. Imob. Ltda.
    1  
Gafisa SPE-67 Emp. Ltda.
    1  
Gafisa SPE 68 Empreendimentos
    1  
Gafisa SPE-76 Emp. Imob. Ltda.
    24  
Gafisa SPE-77 Emp. Imob. Ltda.
    3,289  
Gafisa SPE-78 Emp. Imob. Ltda.
    1  
Gafisa SPE-79 Emp. Imob. Ltda.
    1  
Gafisa SPE 70 Empreendimentos
    (746 )
Gafisa SPE 61 Empreendimento I
    (12 )
SCP Gafisa
    (878 )
Gafisa SPE 85 Emp. Imob. Ltda.
    (96 )
Gafisa SPE 86
    1  
Gafisa SPE 84
    381  
Gafisa SPE-77 Empr. Ltda.
    1,463  
Mario Covas SPE Empreendimento
    (208 )
Imbui I SPE Empreendimento Imo.
    1  
Acedio SPE Empreend. Imob. Ltda.
    2  
Maria Inês SPE Empreend. Imob.
    (2 )
Gafisa SPE 64 Empreendimento I
    (50 )
         
      61,821  
         
Others
       
Camargo Corrêa Des. Imob. S.A.
    916  
Genesis Desenvol. Imob. S.A.
    (216 )
Empr. Incorp. Boulevard SPE Lt.
    56  
Cond. Const. Barra First Class
    31  
Klabin Segall S.A.
    532  
Edge Incorp. e Part. Ltda.
    146  
Multiplan Plan. Particip. e Ad.
    100  
Administ. Shopping Nova América
    90  
Ypuã Empreendimentos Imob.
    4  
Cond. Constr. Jd. Des. Tuiliere
    (124 )
Rossi AEM Incorporação Ltda.
    3  
Patrimônio Constr. e Empr. Ltda.
    307  
Camargo Corrêa Des. Imob. S.A.
    39  
Condomínio Park Village
    (107 )
Boulevard Jardins Empr. Incorp.
    (89 )
Rezende Imóveis e Construções
    809  
São José Constr. e Com. Ltda.
    543  
Condomínio Civil Eldorado
    276  
Tati Construtora Incorp. Ltda.
    286  
Columbia Engenharia Ltda.
    431  
Civilcorp Incorporações Ltda.
    4  
Waldomiro Zarzur Eng. Const. Lt.
    1,801  
Rossi Residencial S.A.
    431  
RDV 11 SPE Ltda.
    (781 )
Jorges Imóveis e Administrações
    1  
Camargo Corrêa Des. Imob. S.A.
    (673 )
Camargo Corrêa Des. Imob. S.A.
    (323 )
 
 
 
F-187

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)
 
 
Current account
 
2008
 
       
Patrimônio Const. Empreend. Ltda.
    155  
Alta Vistta Maceió (controle)
    2,318  
Forest Ville (OAS)
    807  
Garden Ville (OAS)
    276  
JTR - Jatiuca Trade Residence
    880  
Acquarelle (Controle)
    1  
RIV Pta Negra - Ed. Nice
    353  
Palm Ville (OAS)
    185  
Art. Ville (OAS)
    180  
Others
    32  
         
      9,680  
         
Total asset balance
    60,513  
 

(b)
Management compensation

Remuneration of the Company's management group is as follows:

   
2008
 
       
Board of Directors
    916  
Board of Executive Officers
    3,231  
         
      4,147  


18
Insurance

The Company has insurance policies against engineering risk, barter guarantee, guarantee for the completion of the work and civil liability related to unintentional personal damages caused to third parties and material damages to tangible assets, as well as against fire hazards, lightning strikes, electrical damages, natural disasters and gas explosion.

The contracted coverage is considered sufficient by management to cover possible risks involving its assets and/or responsibilities.

 
19
Segment Information

Beginning in 2007, following the acquisition, formation and merger of the entities Alphaville, FIT Residencial, Bairro Novo and Tenda, the Company's chief executive officer assesses segment information on the basis of different business corporate segments and
 
 
F-188

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)
 
 
economic data rather than geographic regions of its operations. Gafisa S.A. was the only segment in 2006.
 
The Company's chief executive officer, who is responsible for allocating resources among the businesses and monitoring their progress, uses economic present value data, which is derived from a combination of historical and forecasted operating results. The Company provides below a measure of historical profit or loss, selected segment assets and other related information for each reporting segment.

This information is gathered internally and used by management to develop economic present value estimates, provided to the chief executive officer for making operating decisions, including the allocation of resources among segments. The information is derived from the statutory accounting records which are maintained in accordance with the accounting practices adopted in Brazil. The reporting segments do not separate operating expenses, total assets and depreciation. No revenues from an individual client represented more than 10% of net sales and/or services.

                                 
2008
 
                                     
    Gafisa S.A. (i)     Tenda (ii)    
Alphaville
   
FIT
Residencial (iii)
   
Bairro
Novo
   
Total
 
                                     
Net operating revenue
    1,214,562       163,897       249,586       78,467       33,892       1,740,404  
Operating costs
    (847,617 )     (111,920 )     (167,043 )     (60,082 )     (27,739 )     (1,214,401 )
                                                 
Gross profit
    366,945       51,977       82,543       18,385       6,153       526,003  
                                                 
Gross margin - %
    30.2       31.7       33.1       23.4       18.2       30.2  
                                                 
Net income (loss) for the year
    103,650       15,685       21,081       (22,263 )     (8,232 )     109,921  
                                                 
Receivables from clients (current and long-term)
    1,377,689       565,576       174,096       -       1,183       2,118,544  
Properties for sale
    1,340,554       549,989       135,173       -       3,260       2,028,976  
Other assets
    915,648       428,465       39,585       -       7,640       1,391,338  
                                                 
Total assets
    3,633,891       1,544,030       348,854       -       12,083       5,538,858  

 
(i)
Includes all subsidiaries, except Tenda, Alphaville, FIT Residencial and Bairro Novo.
 
(ii)
Includes the result for the period of 10 months and 21 days of FIT Residencial.
 
(iii)
Includes the result for the period of 2 months and 10 days of Tenda. Thereafter FIT Residencial was merged into Tenda.
 
 
F-189

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)
 
 
20
Subsequent Events

(a)
Dissolution Joint Venture

On February 27, 2009, Gafisa S.A. and Odebrecht Empreendimentos announced an agreement for the dissolution of the partnership entered into with Odebrecht Empreendimentos in Bairro Novo, terminating the Shareholders' Agreement between the partners. Accordingly, Gafisa S.A. is no longer a partner in Bairro Novo. The real estate ventures that were being conducted together by the parties are henceforth to be carried out separately. Gafisa S.A. will develop the Bairro Novo Cotia real estate venture, whereas Odebrecht Empreendimentos develop the other ventures of the dissolved partnership, in addition to the operations of Bairro Novo.

(b)
Debentures debt covenants

At March 31, 2009, the Company's debt levels were in excess of those stipulated in the debentures debt covenants. The Company is not in technical breach of the covenants as these are only measured at June 30 and December 31 of each year. The Company is renegotiating the covenants of the debentures with the holders and the outcome will not affect the classification of the debt on the balance sheet at December 31, 2008. The renegotiation of an amendment to the restrictive debenture covenants with the debenture holders may result in a higher interest rate. However, the success on the renegotiation is subject to the agreement with the debentureholders to be reached. These debentures relate to the Second program-first issuance issued in 2006 (Note 10) which presented a balance of R$240,000 at December 31, 2008.

If at June 30, 2009 the net debt level remains in excess of that stipulated in the covenant and the Company is not able to amend the covenant or receive a waiver from debentureholders, the Second program-first issuance debentures could be accelerated and the full amount of R$240,000 would be due immediately.  If the Company fails to pay the 2006 debentures upon acceleration, other indebtedness in the amount of R$670,000 may be accelerated and due immediately, which may have a material adverse effect on our financial position and results of operations.

(c)
Receivables securitization fund ("FIDC")

On March 31, 2009, the Company carried out a securitization of receivables, which consists of an assignment of a portfolio of select residential and commercial real estate receivables. This portfolio was assigned and transferred to "Gafisa FIDC" which issued Senior an Subordinated quotas, Subordinated quotas were subscribed exclusively by Gafisa S.A. Gafisa FIDC acquired the portfolio of receivables at a discount rate equivalent
 
 
F-190

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)
 
 
to the interest rate of finance contracts. The Company assigned a receivables portfolio of R$ 119,622 to Gafisa FIDC in exchange for cash, which was equivalent, at the transfer date, discounted to present value, of R$ 88,664.

(d)
Debenture placement

In April 2009, Tenda's first debenture program was approved and issued in May 2009, under which the company received R$ 600,000 in non-convertible debentures. The debentures provide for payment of annual interest at a spread of 8% + TR, calculated from the subscription date, and mature in five years.


21
Supplemental Information - Pro Forma Consolidated Financial Information

Unaudited condensed pro forma consolidated selected financial information for 2008, which assume the acquisition of Tenda (Note 8) had occurred as of the beginning of each fiscal year is as follows:


   
2008
 
    (Unaudited )  
       
Net operating revenue
    2,061,384  
Net income
    45,570  
Shares outstanding at the end of the year (in thousands)
    129,963  
Earnings per thousand shares outstanding at the end of the year - R$
    0.35  

This pro forma statement has been prepared for comparative purposes only and is not intended to be indicative of what the Company's results would have been had the acquisition occurred at the beginning of the periods presented or the results which may occur in the future.
 
 
F-191

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)
 
 
22
Supplemental Information - Summary of Principal
Differences between Brazilian GAAP and US GAAP

(a) 
Description of the GAAP differences

The Company's accounting policies comply with, and its consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with Brazilian GAAP. At December 31, 2008, the Company has retroactively applied the changes in Brazilian GAAP introduced by the newly formed CPC and the provisions of Law 11638/2007 as from January 1, 2006 (Note 2(a)).

The financial information under US GAAP reflects the retrospective adoption of the standard regarding Noncontrolling Interests in Consolidated Financial Statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2008. This standard clarifies that a noncontrolling interest in a consolidated subsidiary is an ownership interest in the consolidated entity that should be reported within equity in the consolidated financial statements, as shown in the consolidated balance sheets and in the consolidated statements of shareholders’ equity. Net income and comprehensive income are reported in the consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income at the consolidated amounts, which include the amounts attributable to the Company’s shareholders and the noncontrolling interest.

A summary of the Company's principal accounting policies under Brazilian GAAP that differ significantly from US GAAP is set forth below.

On July 1, 2009, the United States Financial Accounting Standards Board (the “FASB”) issued the FASB Accounting Standards Codification (the “ASC” or “Codification”), which became the single source of authoritative non-SEC US GAAP for non governmental entities. The FASB no longer issues new standards in the form of Statements, FASB Staff Positions, or EITF Abstracts. New US GAAP standards are issued in the form of an Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”), which includes revisions to the Codification. ASU’s are not authoritative in their own right; only the content in the Codification itself, as revised by the FASB, is authoritative. United States Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) rules and interpretive releases are also authoritative for SEC registrants, including the Company.

(i)
Principles of consolidation

Under Brazilian GAAP, the consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Gafisa S.A. and those of all its subsidiaries listed in Note 8. The proportional consolidation method is used for investments in jointly-controlled investees, which are all governed by shareholders' agreements; accordingly, the assets, liabilities, revenues and costs are
 
 
F-192

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)
 
 
consolidated based on the proportion of the equity interest held in the capital of the corresponding investee.

Under US GAAP, because such investments provide substantive participating rights granted to the noncontrolling shareholder, they preclude the Company from consolidating the entities. Accordingly, for purposes of US GAAP these investments are accounted for on the equity method of accounting.

Under US GAAP, proportional consolidation is permitted only in limited circumstances, including for the construction sector. Accordingly, for purposes of US GAAP the remaining investments are accounted for on the equity method of accounting. Although these differences in GAAP do not affect the Company's net income or shareholders' equity, the line items in the consolidated balance sheet and statement of income are affected.

(ii)
Cash equivalents and marketable securities

Brazilian GAAP does not consider the maturity date to determine if a financial instrument should be classified as cash equivalent or a marketable security.  For US GAAP all highly liquid investments with a maturity of three months or less from the date of purchase are considered to be cash equivalent.

The Company has designated its marketable securities as trading for US GAAP purposes.  For Brazilian GAAP purposes such financial instruments are classified as cash equivalents.  For both BR and US GAAP, these changes in fair value are recorded through income.

(iii)
Revenue recognition

Under Brazilian GAAP, real estate development and retail land sales revenues, costs and related expenses are recognized using the percentage-of-completion method of accounting,  by project ,measuring progress towards completion in terms of actual costs incurred versus total budgeted expenditures for each stage of a development. Land is treated as a portion of budgeted construction costs and is appropriated proportionally to development. Under the percentage-of-completion method of accounting, revenues for work completed are recognized prior to receipt of actual cash proceeds or vice-versa. Revenues starts to be recognized under the percentage-of-completion, when the Company is no longer able to cancel the launched project, after the sales period established by law.
 
 
F-193

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)

 
Under US GAAP for sale of individual units in a building the Company follows the guidance of ASC 360-20-40-50 to recognize the sale by the percentage-of-completion method, only when the individual units in condominium projects are sold separately and all the following criteria are met:

a. Construction is beyond a preliminary stage: Construction is not beyond a preliminary stage if engineering and design work, execution of construction contracts, site clearance and preparation, excavation, and completion of the building foundation are incomplete.
 
b. The buyer is committed to the extent of being unable to require a refund except for non delivery of the unit.
 
c. Sufficient units have already been sold to assure that the entire property will not revert to rental property.
 
d. Sales prices are collectible.
 
e. Aggregate sales proceeds and costs can be reasonably estimated.

Collectability of the sales price is demonstrated by the buyer’s commitment to pay for the property, and there is a reasonable likelihood that the Company will collect the receivable.  which in turn is supported by substantial initial and continuing investments. When determining if he buyer´s initial and continuing investments are adequate, the potentially refundable amount, through judicial or other means, is considered determined  based on contractual termination clauses, is excluded, pursuant to USGAAP ASC 360.20.40, This standard requires amounts potentially refundable to a customer to be excluded from the initial and continuing investment test required by ASC 306.20.20, applicable prospectively as from January 1, 2008.

Under US GAAP for retail land sales of lots that are subdivisions of large tracts of land the Company recognize the sale by the percentage-of-completion method following ASC 976 605-25-4 and 25-6 – Retail Land, which criteria are as follows:

 
g.  
The period of cancellation with refund has expired;
 
h.  
Cumulative payments equal or exceed 10 percent;
 
i.  
Receivables are collectible;
 
j.  
Receivables are not subject to subordination;
 
k.  
There has been progress on improvements. The project's improvements have progressed beyond preliminary stages, and there are indications that the work will be completed according to plan;
 
l.  
Development is practical. There is a reasonable expectation that the land can be developed for the purposes represented and the properties will be useful for those purposes at the end of the normal payment period.

 
F-194

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)
 

(iv)
Capitalized interest

Under Brazilian GAAP and US GAAP - ASC 835-20 – Capitalization Interest (formerly FAS 34) the Company capitalizes interest as a part of the historical cost of acquiring or construction of assets. If an asset requires a period of time in which to carry out the activities necessary to bring it to that condition and location, the interest cost incurred during that period as a result of expenditures for the asset is a part of the historical cost of acquiring or construction of the asset intended for sale that are constructed as separate and discrete projects. The Company capitalizes interest at the date of acquisition of the land, if there is any activity in progress.

Before 2006 the Company capitalized interest under BR GAAP only for the loans directly attributed to an ongoing project of construction of a real estate venture. From 2006 for USGAAP purposes, the capitalization of interest was recorded as a weighted-average of the total loans that the Company had for the years ended of the financial statements. Due to the fact above a difference of GAAP was created for the projects that exist in 2006. The GAAP difference is amortizing year to year based on the sales and conclusion of the projects for which the interests were capitalized.

For purposes of the US GAAP shareholders' equity reconciliation, R$ 5,771 was adjusted as at December 31, 2008. For the purposes of the US GAAP net income reconciliation, R$ (9,357) was adjusted for the year ended December 31, 2008.

(v)
Stock option plan

Under Brazilian GAAP, the rights to acquire shares granted to employees and executive officers under the stock options plan were recorded as an expense as from January 1, 2006, the transition date for the adoption of Law 11638/2007. Previously, under Brazilian GAAP, the stock option plans did not result in any expense being recorded. The purchase of the stock by the employees is recorded as an increase in capital stock for the amount of the purchase price. Under Law 11638/2007 and the accounting guidance provided by CPC No. 10, the stock option plans are treated as equity awards and measured at fair value at the grant date, no further adjustments are made at the balance sheet dates to reflect changes in fair values.

Under US GAAP, beginning in 2006, the Company adopted the new US GAAP standard for Share-based Payment. As the awards are indexed to the IGP-M plus annual interest of 3%, the employee share options have been accounted for as liability awards under the terms of US GAAP. The liability-classified awards are remeasured at fair value through the statement of income at each reporting period until settlement. Remeasurement of liability
 
 
F-195

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)
 
 
awards can either result in the recognition of additional, or the reversal of compensation expense. The fair value of employee share options and similar instruments is estimated using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model for the years ended December 31, 2008 (Note 22(c) (ii)).

For purposes of the US GAAP net income (loss) and shareholders' equity reconciliations, stock option compensation income (expenses) of R$ 53,819 for the year ended December 31, 2008, comprised by (i) a reversal of stock option expenses recognized under Brazilian GAAP of R$26,138 for the year ended December 31, 2008, respectively; and (ii) a reversal (expense) of stock option compensation expense under US GAAP of R$27,681for the year ended December 31, 2008, respectively. A reduction of equity of R$ 2,221 was recorded at December 31, 2008.

(vi)
Earnings per share

Under Brazilian GAAP, net income per share is calculated based on the number of shares outstanding at the balance sheet date. Brazilian GAAP does not require a retroactive adjustment for stock split.

Under US GAAP,  the presentation of earnings per share is required for public companies, including earnings per share from continuing operations and net income per share on the face of the income statement, and the per share effect of changes in accounting principles, discontinued operations and extraordinary items either on the face of the income statement or in a note. A dual presentation is required: basic and diluted. Computations of basic and diluted earnings per share data should be based on the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the period and all dilutive potential shares outstanding during each period presented, respectively.
 
 
On February 22, 2010, a stock split of our common shares was approved, giving effect to the split of one existing share into two new issued shares, increasing the number of then outstanding shares from 167,077,137 to 334,154,274. As required by US GAAP, all information relating to the numbers of shares and ADSs have been adjusted retroactively to reflect the stock split on February 22, 2010.

The Company has issued employee stock options (Note 15.2), the dilutive effects of which are reflected in diluted earnings per share by application of the "treasury stock method". Under the treasury stock method, earnings per share are calculated as if options were exercised at the beginning of the period, or at time of issuance, if later, and as if the funds received were used to purchase the Company's own stock. When the stock options'
 
 
F-196

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)
 
 
exercise price was greater than the average market price of shares, diluted earnings per share are not affected by the stock options. Under US GAAP, potentially dilutive securities are not considered in periods where there is a loss as the impact would be anti dilutive.

The table below presents the determination of net income available (loss allocated) to Common shareholders and weighted average Common shares outstanding used to calculate basic and diluted earnings (loss) per share.


     
 
2008
 
 
         
Basic numerator
       
Dividends proposed
   
26,104
 
U.S. GAAP undistributed earnings (loss)
   
237,597
 
         
Allocated U.S. GAAP undistributed earnings (loss) available for Common shareholders
   
263,701
 
         
Basic denominator (in thousands of shares)
       
Weighted-average number of shares (i)
   
259,341
 
         
Basic earnings (loss) per share – U.S. GAAP - R$
   
1.0168
 
         
Diluted numerator
       
Dividends proposed
   
26,104
 
U.S. GAAP undistributed earnings (loss)
   
237,597
 
         
Allocated U.S. GAAP undistributed earnings (loss) available for Common shareholders
   
263,701
 
         
Diluted denominator (in thousands of shares)
       
Weighted-average number of shares (i)
   
259,341
 
Stock options
   
956
 
         
Diluted weighted-average number of shares
   
260,297
 
         
Diluted earnings (loss) per share – U.S. GAAP - R$
   
1.0135
 

 
(i)  
All share amounts have been adjusted retrospectively to reflect the 1:2 stock split approved by the shareholders’ meeting on February 22, 2010.


 (vii)
Business combinations

Under Brazilian GAAP, goodwill arises from the difference between the amount paid and the Brazilian GAAP book value (normally also the tax basis) of the net assets acquired. This goodwill is normally attributed to the difference between the book value and the market value of assets acquired or justified based on expectation of future profitability and
 
 
F-197

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)
 
 
is amortized over the remaining useful lives of the assets or up to ten years. As indicated in Note 3 (n), effective January 1, 2009, goodwill is no longer amortized under Brazilian GAAP. Negative goodwill arises under Brazilian GAAP when the book value of assets acquired exceeds the purchase consideration; negative goodwill is not generally amortized but is realized upon disposal of the investment, except when it is based on future results. For US GAAP purpose, when a business combination process generates negative goodwill, this amount is allocated first to non-current assets acquired and any remaining amount is recognized as an extraordinary gain. Additionally, investments in affiliates, including the corresponding goodwill on the acquisition of such affiliates are tested, at least, annually for impairment.

Under US GAAP, fair values are assigned to acquired assets and liabilities in business combinations, including identifiable assets. Any residual amount is allocated to goodwill. Goodwill is not amortized but, instead, is assigned to an entity's reporting unit and tested for impairment at least annually. The differences in relation to Brazilian GAAP arise principally from the measurement of the consideration paid under US GAAP using the fair value of shares and put options issued, and the effects of amortization which are not recorded for US GAAP purposes (goodwill amortization is also no longer recorded for Brazilian GAAP purposes effective January 1, 2009).

For Brazilian GAAP purposes, the net balance of goodwill at December 31, 2008 was R$ 195,296, which was being amortized to income over a period of up to 10 years until December 31, 2008; negative goodwill at December 31, 2008 was R$ 18,522 which was classified as "Negative Goodwill on acquisition of subsidiaries"; and the negative goodwill on the Tenda acquisition of R$ 169,394 was classified at "Deferred gain on sale of investment" at December 31, 2008.

For US GAAP purposes, the total net balance of goodwill at December 31, 2008 was R$ 31,416.

(a)
Tenda transaction

Under Brazilian GAAP, the acquisition was consummated on October 21, 2008. As part of the acquisition of a controlling interest in Tenda, the Company contributed the net assets of FIT Residencial amounting to R$ 411,241, acquiring 60% of the shareholders' equity of Tenda (book value of the 60% interest representing an investment in net assets of R$ 621,643), which had a total shareholders' equity book value of R$ 1,036,072.

Under Brazilian GAAP, the sale of the 40% ownership interest in FIT Residencial to Tenda shareholders in exchange for the Tenda shares generated negative goodwill of
 
 
F-198

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)
 
 
R$ 210,402, reflecting the gain on the sale of the interest in FIT Residencial. Through December 31, 2008, this negative goodwill was amortized over the average construction period (through delivery of the units) of the real estate ventures of FIT Residencial at October 21, 2008. From October 22 to December 31, 2008 under Brazilian GAAP, the Company amortized R$ 41,008 of the negative goodwill, represented by the gain on the partial sale of FIT Residencial.

Under US GAAP, the Company recorded the transfer of Fit Residencial as a partial sale to the noncontrolling shareholders of Tenda and a gain of R$ 205,527 was recorded in the net income for the year ended December 31, 2008. For purposes of the reconciliation of net income from Brazilian GAAP to US GAAP, the Company also reversed the amortization of the deferred gain under Brazilian GAAP of R$ R$41,008 for the period from October 22, 2008 through December 31, 2008. The recognition of gain upon exchange of 40% ownership interest in FIT Residencial for 60% ownership interest in Tenda is presented as follows:


Tenda purchase consideration
    367,703  
FIT Residencial US GAAP book value (40%)
    162,176  
         
      205,527  

Under US GAAP, the total cost of the acquisition has been allocated to the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed based on their respective fair values. Acquired intangible assets include, R$ 14,558 assigned to existing development contracts, which are amortized over the estimated useful lives up to 5 years. For the year ended December 31, 2008, the amount of R$ 468 was amortized. And R$ 10,911 was assigned to registered trademarks, which were determined to have indefinite useful lives, and are not amortized, but are tested for impairment at least annually.
 
 
F-199

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)

 
The fair value allocation on the assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the acquisition date are as follows:

   
Fair value - %
 
             
   
At 100
   
At 60
 
             
Current assets
    539,741       323,845  
Long-term receivables
    252,453       151,472  
Properties for sale - non current
    174,168       104,501  
Intangible assets
    42,449       25,469  
Other assets
    101,191       60,714  
                 
Total assets acquired
    1,110,002       666,001  
                 
Total liabilities assumed
    (497,164 )     (298,298 )
                 
Net assets acquired
    612,838       367,703  


(b)
Alphaville transaction

 
On October 2, 2006, the Company signed an agreement to acquire 100% of the capital of Alphaville, a company which develops and sells residential lots throughout Brazil. This transaction was consummated on January 8, 2007 and was approved by the Brazilian anti-trust authority (CADE) on June 18, 2007 without any restriction. The Company initially acquired 60% of Alphaville's shares for R$ 198,400, of which R$20,000 was paid in cash and the remaining R$ 178,400 in the Company's own shares. In connection with the acquisition, the Company issued 6,358,616 new Common shares with a book value of R$ 134,029 which were contributed in full settlement of the amount due in shares as part of the purchase consideration. For purpose of determining the purchase consideration, the fair value of these shares was based on the average BM&FBOVESPA quoted stock price over a thirty day period prior to the date the agreement was signed. The Company has a commitment to purchase the remaining 40% of Alphaville's capital, not yet measurable and consequently not recorded, that will be based on a fair value appraisal of Alphaville prepared at the future acquisition dates. The acquisition agreement provides that the Company has a commitment to purchase the remaining 40% of Alphaville (20% in 2010 and the remaining 20% in 2012) in cash or shares, at the Company's sole discretion. On March 8, 2010, the Company announced the increase of its participation in Alphaville’s capital in 20%, as per the purchase agreement.  The acquisition of 20% of Alphaville’s capital corresponds to an amount of R$ 126,490 which will be paid based on issuance of
 
 
F-200

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)
 
 
9,797,792 common shares (after the effect of the February 22, 2010 stock split) of Gafisa’s capital.
 

Under US GAAP, the total cost of the acquisition has been allocated to the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed based on their respective fair values. Goodwill, none of which is deductible for tax purposes, and other intangibles recorded in connection with the acquisition totaled R$ 4,052 and R$ 184,656, respectively.

Under US GAAP, acquired intangible assets include, R$ 168,072 assigned to existing development contracts, which is being amortized as developments are sold and R$ 16,583 assigned to registered trademarks, which were determined to have indefinite useful lives, and are not amortized, but are tested for impairment at least annually.

The fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the acquisition date are as follows:

   
Fair value - %
 
             
   
At 100
   
At 60
 
             
Current assets
    69,371       41,623  
Long-term receivables
    73,478       44,087  
Other assets
    17,379       10,427  
Intangible assets
    307,760       184,656  
                 
Total assets acquired
    467,988       280,793  
                 
Total liabilities assumed
    (144,064 )     (86,438 )
                 
Net assets acquired
    323,924       194,355  

For the year ended December 31, 2008, the Company amortized R$ 19,185 of the fair value assigned in the purchase price allocation.


 (c)
Cipesa transaction

On October 26, 2007, the Company acquired 70% of Cipesa. The Company and Cipesa formed a new company, Cipesa Empreendimentos Imobiliários Ltda. ("Nova Cipesa"), in which Gafisa has 70% of the capital and Cipesa has 30%. Gafisa contributed to Nova Cipesa R$ 50,000 in cash and acquired shares of Cipesa in Nova Cipesa in the amount of R$ 15,000 payable over one year. Additionally, Cipesa is entitled to receive from the
 
 
F-201

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)
 
 
Company a variable portion of 2% of the Total Sales Value ("VGV") of the projects launched by Nova Cipesa through 2014, not to exceed R$ 25,000, totaling the acquisition amount of R$ 90,000.

Under US GAAP, the total cost of the acquisition has been allocated to the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed based on their respective fair values. Goodwill, none of which is deductible for tax purposes, and inventory recorded in connection with the acquisition totaled R$ 24,091 and R$ 51,597, respectively.

The fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the acquisition date are as follows:


   
Fair value - %
 
             
   
At 100
   
At 70
 
             
Current assets
    96,675       67,673  
Other assets
    8       5  
                 
Total assets acquired
    96,683       67,678  
                 
Total liabilities assumed
    (2,527 )     (1,769 )
                 
Net assets acquired
    94,156       65,909  

(d)
Redevco transaction

Through November 2007, the Company held interests in investees together with Redevco through special purpose entities, as follow: Blue I (66.67%), Blue II (50%), Jardim Lorean (50%) and Sunplace (50%). In November 2007, the Company acquired the remaining interests in each entity for R$ 40,000.

Under US GAAP, the total cost of the acquisition has been allocated to the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed based on their respective fair values. Negative goodwill for those entities totaled R$ 11,434, which was allocated as a pro rata reduction to the acquired assets. This negative goodwill results primarily from market and business conditions, in which the fair value assigned mainly to inventories and receivables exceeded the respective acquisition cost.

The combined fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the acquisition date are as follows:
 
 
F-202

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)

 
   
Combined fair value at 100%
 
       
Current assets
    139,983  
Long-term receivables
    16,813  
Other assets
    170  
         
Total assets acquired
    156,966  
         
Total liabilities assumed
    (76,745 )
         
Net assets acquired
    80,221  

(viii)
Fair value option for financial liabilities

Under Brazilian GAAP, pursuant to CPC No. 14, the Company elected to apply the "fair value option" for certain working capital loans since 2007.

US GAAP permits companies to choose to measure many financial instruments and certain other items at fair value in order to mitigate volatility in reported earnings caused by measuring related assets and liabilities differently without having to apply complex hedge accounting provisions. The Company adopted the new USGAAP standard at January 1, 2008 and elected to adopt the fair value option for working capital loans denominated in foreign currency (Note 10). The difference in relation to Brazilian GAAP arises from the adoption date for the fair value measurement. For purposes of the US GAAP shareholders' equity and net income reconciliation, R$ 207 was adjusted as at and for the year ended December 31, 2007, and was reversed in the net income reconciliation for the year ended December 31, 2008

(ix)
Classification of balance sheet line items

Under Brazilian GAAP, the classification of certain balance sheet items is presented differently from US GAAP. The Company has recast its consolidated balance sheet under Brazilian GAAP to present a condensed consolidated balance sheet in accordance with US GAAP (Note 22(d)(i)). The reclassifications are summarized as follows:

 
·  
Under US GAAP, the proportional consolidation of investees and subsidiaries is eliminated and in its place the associated companies are presented using the equity method of accounting and controlled subsidiaries are fully consolidated
 
 
F-203

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)
 

presenting their respective noncontrolling interests.
 
 
·  
Under Brazilian GAAP financial instruments with maturity dates of three months or greater are presented as cash equivalents.  For US GAAP purposes these financial instruments are presented in a separate caption as marketable securities.

 
·  
Under Brazilian GAAP, restricted cash is presented as cash equivalent in the balance sheet.  For US GAAP purposes, restricted cash is presented separately outside of cash equivalents.

 
·  
Under BR GAAP accounts receivable present value adjustment and monetary variation are recorded in the operating revenue. For US GAAP purpose the realization of accounts receivable present value adjustment and monetary variation are classified in the financial income/expense.

 
·  
For purposes of US GAAP, the sale of receivables is not considered a true sale, if the entities do not meet the pre-requisites of a qualifying special purpose entity, as defined by US GAAP. These receivables from clients continue to be reported as receivable balances. The cash proceeds received from the transfer of the receivables are presented as a liability. For purpose of the presentation of the balance sheet, R$12,843 was adjusted for US GAAP as at December 31, 2008, reflecting an increase in receivables from clients, which is offset by an increase of a liability.

 
·  
Under Brazilian GAAP, the deferred gain recorded on the acquisition of the Diodon receivables portfolio is recorded on the balance sheet in Negative goodwill on acquisition of subsidiaries. Under US GAAP, the gain is treated as a component of the fair value of the assets acquired.

 
·  
Under Brazilian GAAP certain court-mandated escrow deposits made into escrow are netted against the corresponding contingency provisions. For purposes of US GAAP, as these do not meet the right of offset criteria, such deposits are presented as assets and not netted against liabilities.

 
·  
Under Brazilian GAAP, debt issuance costs are netted against the loan balance, whereas under US GAAP such costs are presented net of accumulated amortization, as deferred expenses in current and non-current assets.

 
·  
Under Brazilian GAAP, deferred income taxes are not netted and assets are shown
 
 
F-204

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)
 
 
separately from liabilities. For US GAAP purposes, deferred tax assets and liabilities are netted and classified as current or non-current based on the classification of the underlying temporary difference.
 
 
·  
Under Brazilian GAAP, noncontrolling interests are recorded as noncontrolling interests shown separately from equity. For US GAAP purposes, noncontrolling interests are reported within equity of noncontrolling interests in the consolidated financial statements.

(x)
Classification of statement of income line items

Under Brazilian GAAP, in addition to the issues noted above, the classification of certain income and expense items is presented differently from US GAAP. The Company has recast its statement of income prepared under the Brazilian GAAP to present a condensed consolidated statement of income (loss) in accordance with US GAAP (Note 22(d)(ii)). The reclassifications are summarized as follows:

 
·  
Brazilian listed companies are required to present the investment in jointly-controlled associated companies on the proportional consolidation method. For purposes of US GAAP, the Company has eliminated the effects of the proportional consolidation and reflected its interest in the results of investees on a single line item (Equity in results) in the recast consolidated statement of income (loss) under US GAAP.

 
 
·  
Interest income and interest expense, together with other financial charges, are displayed within operating income in the statement of income presented in accordance with Brazilian GAAP. Such amounts have been reclassified to non-operating income and expenses in the condensed consolidated statement of income (loss) in accordance with US GAAP.

 
·  
The net income differences between Brazilian GAAP and US GAAP (Note 22(b)(i)) were incorporated in the statement of income (loss) in accordance with US GAAP.

 
·  
Under Brazilian GAAP, noncontrolling interests are recorded and displayed as a reduction of income before noncontrolling interests in arriving at net income. For US GAAP purposes, noncontrolling interests are reported as a reduction of net income in arriving at net income attributable to Gafisa.
 
 
F-205

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)

 
(b)
Reconciliation of significant differences between
Brazilian GAAP and US GAAP

(i)  
Net income


   
Note
   
2008
 
             
Net income under Brazilian GAAP
          109,921  
Revenue recognition - net operating revenue
 
22(a)(iii)
      (232,186 )
Revenue recognition - operating costs
 
22(a)(iii)
      168,009  
Amortization of capitalized interest
 
22(a)(iv)
      (9,357 )
Stock compensation (expense) reversal
  22(a)(v)       53,819  
Reversal of goodwill amortization of Alphaville
 
22(a)(vii)
      10,734  
Reversal of negative goodwill amortization of Redevco and Tenda
 
22(a)(vii)
      (53,819 )
Gain on the transfer of FIT Residencial
 
22(a)(vii)
      205,527  
Business Combination of Tenda and Redevco
 
22(a)(vii)
      (3,248 )
Business Combination of Alphaville
 
22(a)(vii)
      (19,185 )
Fair value option of financial liabilities
 
22(a)(viii)
      (207 )
Reversal of provision contracts terminated
          11,197  
Other, net
          (5,200 )
Reclassification of non controlling interest
          34,031  
Noncontrolling interests on adjustments above
          6,839  
Tenda’s share issuance cost
             
Deferred income tax on adjustments above
          (13,174 )
               
Net income (loss) attributable to Gafisa under US GAAP
          263,701  
               
Net income attributable to the noncontrolling interests under US GAAP
          17,485  
               
Net income (loss) under US GAAP
          281,186  
 
 
F-206

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)
 
 
   
Note
   
2008
 
             
Weighted-average number of shares outstanding in the year (in thousands) (i) Common shares
          259,341  
Earnings (loss) per share
             
Common (i)
             
Basic
          1.0168  
Diluted
          1.0135  
Reconciliation from US GAAP net income (loss) attributable to Gafisa to
US GAAP net income (loss) available to Common shareholders
             
US GAAP net income (loss)
          263,701  
               
US GAAP net income (loss) available to Common shareholders (basic and diluted earnings)
          263,701  

 
 
(i)
All share amounts have been adjusted retrospectively to reflect the 1 for 2 share split on February 22, 2010.

(ii)
Shareholders' equity
 
   
Note
   
2008
(restated)
 
             
Shareholders' equity under Brazilian GAAP
          1,612,419  
Revenue recognition - net operating revenue
 
22(a)(iii)
      (1,036,304 )
Revenue recognition - operating costs
 
22(a)(iii)
      669,969  
Capitalized interest
 
22(a)(iv)
      99,897  
Amortization of capitalized interest
 
22(a)(iv)
      (94,126 )
Liability-classified stock options
  22(a)(v)       (2,221 )
Receivables from clients
 
22(a)(ix)
      12,843  
Liability assumed
 
22(a)(ix)
      (12,843 )
Financial liability
 
22(a)(viii)
      -  
Reversal of goodwill amortization of Alphaville
 
22(a)(vii)
      18,234  
Reversal of negative goodwill amortization of Redevco and Tenda
 
22(a)(vii)
      (53,819 )
Gain on the transfer of FIT Residencial
 
22(a)(vii)
      205,527  
Business Combination – Tenda and Redevco
 
22(a)(vii)
      13,624  
Business Combination – Alphaville
 
22(a)(vii)
      (22,102 )
   Reclassification of non controlling interests
          34,031  
Other, net
          11,407  
Noncontrolling interests on adjustments above
          20,237  
Deferred income tax on adjustments above
          113,220  
               
Gafisa shareholders' equity under US GAAP
          1,589,993  
               
Noncontrolling interests under US GAAP
          431,425  
               
Total shareholders’ equity under US GAAP
          2,021,418  
 
 
F-207

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)

 
Condensed changes in total shareholders'
equity under US GAAP

   
2008
 
       
At beginning of the year
    1,457,341  
Capital increase, net of issuance expenses
    7,671  
Capital increase – Alphaville
    -  
Sale of treasury shares
    -  
Net income (loss) attributable to Gafisa
    263,701  
Tenda’s shares issuance cost
       
Minimum mandatory dividend
    (26,104 )
Additional 2006 dividends
    -  
Noncontrolling interests
    317,538  
         
At end of the year
    2,021,418  

Condensed shareholders' equity
under US GAAP

   
2008
 
       
Shareholders' equity
     
Common shares, comprising 259,925,092 shares outstanding
    1,199,498  
Treasury shares
    (14,595 )
Appropriated retained earnings
    405,090  
Unappropriated retained earnings
    -  
         
Total Gafisa shareholders’ equity
    1,589,993  
         
Noncontrolling interests
    431,425  
         
Total shareholders’ equity
    2,021,418  

(c)
US GAAP supplemental information

(i)
Recent US GAAP accounting pronouncements

The Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) recently issued a number of Statements of Financial Accounting Standards and interpretations; the standards and interpretations described below have not had or are not expected to have a material impact on the financial position and results of operations of the Company, unless otherwise indicated.
 
 
F-208

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)

 
(a)
Accounting pronouncements adopted

 
In December 2007, the FASB issued a new standard on accounting for business combinations, which replaced a prior standard. This statement retains the fundamental requirements of the prior standard that the acquisition method of accounting (which was called the purchase method) be used for all business combinations and for an acquirer to be identified for each business combination. This statement defines the acquirer as the entity that obtains control of one or more businesses in the business combination and establishes the acquisition date as the date that the acquirer achieves control. The prior standard did not define the acquirer, although it included guidance on identifying the acquirer, as does this Statement. This statement’s scope is broader than that of the prior standard, which applied only to business combinations in which control was obtained by transferring consideration.
 

The result of applying this prior guidance on recognizing and measuring assets and liabilities in a step acquisition was to measure them at a blend of historical costs and fair values, a practice that provided less relevant, representationally faithful, and comparable information than will result from applying this new standard. In addition, this new statement’s requirement to measure the noncontrolling interest in the acquiree at fair value will result in recognizing the goodwill attributable to the noncontrolling interest in addition to that attributable to the acquirer, which improves the completeness of the resulting information and makes it more comparable across entities. By applying the same method of accounting, the acquisition method, to all transactions and other events in which one entity obtains control over one or more other businesses, this statement improves the comparability of the information about business combinations provided in financial reports. Further, this new standard requires that all other costs associated with the business combination be expensed as incurred. This statement applies prospectively to business combinations for which the acquisition date is on or after the beginning of the first annual reporting period beginning on or after December 15, 2008. The Company will apply this pronouncement on a prospective basis for each new business combination effective January 1, 2009 pursuant to the aforementioned application timetable, however, no business combinations have been completed since this date.

In December 2007, the FASB issued a new standard on accounting, which clarifies that a noncontrolling interest in a subsidiary is an ownership interest in the consolidated entity that should be reported as equity in the consolidated financial statements. Further, changes in a parent’s ownership in a consolidated subsidiary that do not result in a change in control are accounted for as equity transactions. As a result, no gain or loss should be recognized from a sale of shares of a consolidated subsidiary, and the purchase of additional shares of a subsidiary would not be accounted for using the acquisition method of accounting. Instead, the carrying amount of the non controlling interest is adjusted to reflect the change in ownership of the subsidiary, and any difference between the fair
 
 
F-209

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)
 
 
value of the consideration paid or received and the amount by which the non controlling interest is adjusted is recognized in equity attributable to the parent. This statement is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning on or after December 15, 2008 (that is, January 1, 2009, for entities with calendar year-ends). Earlier adoption is prohibited. The effective date of this Statement is the same as that of the related new standard on business combinations. The Company has applied this Statement prospectively as of January 1, 2009, except for the presentation and disclosure requirements. The presentation and disclosure requirements have been applied retrospectively for all periods presented. The provisions of this standard were applied to the acquisition of the remaining non controlling interest in Tenda in December 2009.

In March 2008, the FASB issued a new standard on disclosures about derivative instruments and hedging activities. The new standard is intended to improve financial reporting about derivative instruments and hedging activities by requiring enhanced disclosures to enable investors to better understand their effects on an entity’s financial position, financial performance, and cash flows. It is effective for financial statements issued for fiscal years and interim periods beginning after November 15, 2008, with early application encouraged. The Company adopted this statement effective January 1, 2009.

In May 2009, the FASB issued a new standard on subsequent events, which was amended in February 2010. The objective of this Statement is to establish principles and requirements for subsequent events.  In particular, this Statement sets forth: (i) the period after the balance sheet date during which management of a reporting entity shall evaluate events or transactions that may occur for potential recognition or disclosure in the financial statements (ii) the circumstances under which an entity shall recognize events or transactions occurring after the balance sheet date in its financial statements and (iii) the disclosures that an entity shall make about events or transactions that occurred after the balance sheet date. This statement is effective for interim or annual financial periods ending after June 15, 2009. The Company adopted this statement effective June 30, 2009.

(b)
Accounting pronouncements
not yet adopted

The FASB issued ASU 2009-01, “Amendments based on Statement of Financial Accounting Standards 168 – The FASB Accounting Standards Codification and the Hierarchy of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles”, in June 2009 to codify in ASC 105, “Generally Accepted Accounting Principles”, which was issued to establish the Codification as the sole source of authoritative US GAAP recognized by the FASB, excluding SEC guidance, to be applied by nongovernamental entities. The Company has adopted the provisions of ASU 2009-01 in these consolidated financial statements, and there was no impact.
 
 
F-210

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)

 
The FASB issued ASU 2009-16, Transfers and Servicing (Topic 860): Accounting for Transfers of Financial Assets (FASB Statement No. 166, Accounting for Transfers of Financial Assets—an amendment of FASB Statement No. 140) in December 2009. ASU 2009-16 removes the concept of a qualifying special-purpose entity (“QSPE”) from ASC Topic 860, Transfers and Servicing, and the exception from applying ASC 810-10 to QSPEs, thereby requiring transferors of financial assets to evaluate whether to consolidate transferees that previously were considered QSPEs. Transferor-imposed constraints on transferees whose sole purpose is to engage in securitization or asset-backed financing activities are evaluated in the same manner under the provisions of the ASU as transferor-imposed constraints on QSPEs were evaluated under the provisions of Topic 860 prior to the effective date of the ASU when determining whether a transfer of financial assets qualifies for sale accounting. The ASU also clarifies the Topic 860 sale-accounting criteria pertaining to legal isolation and effective control and creates more stringent conditions for reporting a transfer of a portion of a financial asset as a sale. The ASU is effective for periods beginning after December 15, 2009, and may not be early adopted. The Company expects that the adoption of ASU 2009-16 will not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

The FASB issued ASU 2009-17, Consolidations (Topic 810): Improvements to Financial Reporting by Enterprises Involved with Variable Interest Entities (FASB Statement No. 167, Amendments to FASB Interpretation No. 46(R)) in December 2009. ASU 2009-17, which amends the Variable Interest Entity ("VIE") Subsections of ASC Subtopic 810-10, Consolidation – Overall, revises the test for determining the primary beneficiary of a VIE from a primarily quantitative risks and rewards calculation based on the VIE’s expected losses and expected residual returns to a primarily qualitative analysis based on identifying the party or related-party group (if any) with (a) the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance and (b) the obligation to absorb losses of, or the right to receive benefits from, the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE. The ASU requires kick-out rights and participating rights to be ignored in evaluating whether a variable interest holder meets the power criterion unless those rights are unilaterally exercisable by a single party or related party group. The ASU also revises the criteria for determining whether fees paid by an entity to a decision maker or another service provider are a variable interest in the entity and revises the Topic 810 scope characteristic that identifies an entity as a VIE if the equity-at-risk investors as a group do not have the right to control the entity through their equity interests to address the impact of kick-out rights and participating rights on the analysis. Finally, the ASU adds a new requirement to reconsider whether an entity is a VIE if the holders of the equity investment at risk as a group lose the power, through the rights of those interests, to direct the activities that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance, and requires a company to reassess on an ongoing basis whether it is deemed to be the primary
 
 
F-211

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)
 
 
beneficiary of a VIE. ASU 2009-17 is effective for periods beginning after December 15, 2009 and may not be early adopted. The Company expects that the adoption of ASU 2009-17 will not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

The FASB issued ASU 2010-25 Plan Accounting – Defined Contribution Pension Plan (Topic 962) which amends the requirement that participant loans be classified as notes receivable from participants, which are segregated from plan investments and measured at their unpaid principal balance plus any accrued but unpaid interest. The Company expects that the adoption of ASU 2010-25 will not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

The FASB issued ASU 2010-20 Receivables (Topic 310) which improves the disclosures that an entity provides about the credit quality of its financing receivables and the related allowance for credit losses. As a result of these amendments, an entity is required to disaggregate by portfolio segment or class certain existing disclosures and provide certain new disclosures about its financing receivables and related allowance for credit losses.

The FASB issued ASU 2010-18 Receivables (Topic 310) which clarifies that modifications of loans that are accounted for within a pool under Subtopic 310-30, which provides guidance on accounting for acquired loans that have evidence of credit deterioration upon acquisition, do not result in the removal of those loans from the pool even if the modification would otherwise be considered a troubled debt restructuring. An entity will continue to be required to consider whether the pool of assets in which the loan is included is impaired if expected cash flows for the pool change. The amendments do not affect the accounting for loans under the scope of Subtopic 310-30 that are not accounted for within pools. Loans accounted for individually under Subtopic
310-30 continue to be subject to the troubled debt restructuring accounting provisions within Subtopic 310-40. The Company expects that the adoption of ASU 2010-18 will not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

The FASB issued ASU 2010-11 Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815) which clarifies the type of embedded credit derivative that is exempt from embedded derivative bifurcation requirements. Only one form of embedded credit derivative qualifies for the exemption one that is related only to the subordination of one financial instrument to another. As a result, entities that have contracts containing an embedded credit derivative feature in a form other than such subordination may need to separately account for the embedded credit derivative feature. The Company expects that the adoption of ASU 2010-11 will not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.
 
 
F-212

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)
 

The FASB issued ASU 2010-10 Consolidation (Topic 810) which defers the effective date of the amendments to the consolidation requirements made by FASB Statement 167 to a reporting entity’s interest in certain types of entities and clarifies other aspects of the Statement 167 amendments. As a result of the deferral, a reporting entity will not be required to apply the Statement 167 amendments to the Subtopic 810-10 consolidation requirements to its interest in an entity that meets the criteria to qualify for the deferral. This Update also clarifies how a related party’s interests in an entity should be considered when evaluating the criteria for determining whether a decision maker or service provider fee represents a variable interest. In addition, the Update also clarifies that a quantitative calculation should not be the sole basis for evaluating whether a decision maker’s or service provider’s fee is a variable interest. The Company expects that the adoption of ASU 2010-10 will not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

The FASB issued ASU 2010-09 Subsequent Events (Topic 855) which addresses both the interaction of the requirements of Topic 855, Subsequent Events, with the SEC’s reporting requirements and the intended breadth of the reissuance disclosures provision related to subsequent events (paragraph 855-10-50-4). The amendments in this Update have the potential to change reporting by both private and public entities, however, the nature of the change may vary depending on facts and circumstances. This Codification does not impact our financial position, results of operations or liquidity.

Accounting Standards Update (ASU) number 2010-06 Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures (Topic 820): Improving Disclosures about Fair Value Measurements. This update provides amendments to Subtopic 820-10 and are expected to provide more robust disclosures about (1) the different classes of assets and liabilities measured at fair value, (2) the valuation techniques and inputs used, (3) the activity in Level 3 fair value measurements, and (4) the transfers between Levels 1, 2, and 3. The Company expects that the adoption of ASU 2010-09 will not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

The FASB issued ASU 2010-28, Intangibles – Goodwill and Others (Topic 350): When to perform Step 2 of the Goodwill Impairment Test for Reporting Units with Zero or Negative Carrying Amounts in December 2010. This ASU specifies that an entity with reporting units that have carrying amounts that are zero or negative is required to assess whether is more likely than not that the reporting units’ goodwill is impaired. If the entity determines that it is more likely than not that the goodwill of one or more of its reporting units impaired, the entity should perform Step 2 of the goodwill impairment test for those reporting unit(s). Any resulting goodwill impairment should be recorded as a cumulative-effect adjustment to beginning retained earnings in the period of adoption. Any goodwill impairments occurring after the initial adoption of the revised guidance should be included in the earnings as
 
 
F-213

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to Unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)
  
 
required by Section 350-20-35. The revised guidance is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those years, beginning after December 15, 2010. Early adoption is not permitted. . The Company expects that the adoption of ASU 2010-28 will not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

The FASB issued ASU 2010-29, Business Combinations (Topic 805): Disclosure of Supplementary Pro Forma Information for Business Combinations. This ASU addresses that if a public entity presents comparative financial statements, the entity should disclose revenue and earnings of the combined entity as though the business combination(s) that occurred during the current year had occurred as of the beginning of the comparable prior annual reporting period only. The revised guidance also expands the supplemental pro forma disclosures to include a description of the nature and amount of material, nonrecurring pro forma adjustments directly attributable to the business combination included in the reported pro forma revenue and earnings. The revised guidance is effective prospectively for business combinations for which the acquisition date is on or after the beginning of the first annual reporting period beginning on or after December 15, 2010. The Company will apply the revised disclosure provisions in the notes to its consolidated financial statements prospectively, as applicable. The Company expects that the adoption of ASU 2009-29 will not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

 
(ii)
Additional information - stock option plan

The Company has adopted the modified prospective transition method and the liability-classified awards were measured at fair market value as of January 1, 2006. The assumptions were: weighted historical volatility of 29%; expected dividend yield of 0%; annual risk-free interest rate of 8%, and; expected average total lives of 1.6 years.

As of December 31, 2008, all the liability-classified awards were remeasured at their fair value and amounted to R$ 2,221. The reversal of stock compensation expense (General and administrative expenses) related to the stock option plans totaled an expense of R$ 27,681 in the year ended December 31, 2008. The assumptions were: weighted historical volatility of 50%; expected dividend yield of 0.3%; average annual risk-free interest rate of 12%, and; expected average total lives of 2.6 years in 2008. As of December 31, 2008, the compensation cost related to nonvested stock options to be recognized in future periods was R$ R$ 2,011 and its weighted average recognition period was approximately 2.8 years in 2008.

 
F-214

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)
 

(iii)
Marketable securities

Marketable securities under US GAAP are comprised of the following at December 31:

   
2008
 
       
Investment funds
    141,082  
Government securities
    -  
Bank deposit certificates
    185,898  
         
Total marketable securities
    326,980  


(iv)
Fair value of financial instruments

(a)
US GAAP standard adopted in 2008

The Company adopted a new US GAAP standard, effective January 1, 2008, (Note 22 (a) (viii)), which, among other things, requires enhanced disclosures about assets and liabilities carried at fair value.

As defined in US GAAP, fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date (exit price). However, as permitted under US GAAP, the Company utilizes a mid-market pricing convention (the mid-point price between bid and ask prices) as a practical expedient for valuing the majority of its assets and liabilities measured and reported at fair value. The Company utilizes market data or assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability, including assumptions about risk and the risks inherent in the inputs to the valuation technique. These inputs can be readily observable, market corroborated, or generally unobservable. The Company primarily applies the market approach for recurring fair value measurements and endeavors to utilize the best available information. Accordingly, the Company utilizes valuation techniques that maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. The Company is able to classify fair value balances based on the observability of those inputs. US GAAP establishes a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs used to measure fair value. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1 measurement) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3 measurement). The
 
 
F-215

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)
 
 
three levels of the fair value hierarchy defined by US GAAP are as follows:

(i)
Level 1 - quoted prices are available in active markets for identical assets or liabilities as of the reporting date. Active markets are those in which transactions for the asset or liability occur in sufficient frequency and volume to provide pricing information on an ongoing basis. Level 1 primarily consists of financial instruments such as exchange-traded derivatives and listed equities.

(ii)
Level 2 - pricing inputs are other than quoted prices in active markets included in level 1, which are either directly or indirectly observable as of the reported date. Level 2 includes those financial instruments that are valued using models or other valuation methodologies. These models are primarily industry-standard models that consider various assumptions, including quoted forward prices for commodities, time value, volatility factors, and current market and contractual prices for the underlying instruments, as well as other relevant economic measures. Substantially all of these assumptions are observable in the marketplace throughout the full term of the instrument, can be derived from observable data or are supported by observable levels at which transactions are executed in the marketplace. Instruments in this category include non-exchange-traded derivatives such as over-the-counter forwards and options.

(iii)
Level 3 - pricing inputs include significant inputs that are generally less observable from objective sources. These inputs may be used with internally developed methodologies that result in management's best estimate of fair value. At each balance sheet date, the Company performs an analysis of all instruments subject to US GAAP and includes in Level 3 all of those whose fair value is based on significant unobservable inputs.

The following table sets forth by level within the fair value hierarchy the company's financial assets and liabilities that were accounted for at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2008. As required by US GAAP, financial assets and liabilities are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The company's assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement requires judgment and may affect the valuation of fair value assets and liabilities and their placement within the fair value hierarchy levels.
 
 
F-216

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)
 

   
Fair value measurements at December 31, 2008
 
                         
    Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets (Level 1 )     Significant other observable inputs (Level 2 )     Significant unobservable inputs (Level 3 )    
Total
 
                         
Assets
                       
Financial investments
    -       455,036       -       455,036  
Derivatives
    -       86,752       -       86,752  
                                 
Liabilities
                               
Working capital loans
    -       313,557       -       313,557  

(b)
Fair value measurements

The following estimated fair value amounts have been determined using available market information and appropriate valuation methodologies. However, considerable judgment is required to interpret market data and to develop the estimates of fair value. Accordingly, the estimates presented herein are not necessarily indicative of the amounts the Company could realize in a current market exchange. The use of different market assumptions and/or estimation methodologies may have a material effect on the estimated fair values.

The following methods and assumptions were used to estimate the fair value of each class of financial instruments for which it is practicable to estimate that value. Potential income tax ramifications related to the realization of unrealized gains and losses that would be incurred in an actual sale or settlement have not been taken into consideration.

The carrying amounts for cash and cash equivalents, trading debt securities, accounts and notes receivable and current liabilities approximates their fair values. The fair value of long-term debt is based on the discounted value of contractual cash flows. The discount rate is estimated based on the market forecasted curves for the remaining cash flow of each obligation.

The estimated fair values of financial instruments not accounted for at fair value on a recurring basis are as follows:


         
2008
 
             
   
Carrying amounts
   
Fair value
 
             
Financial assets
           
Cash, cash equivalents
    183,524       183,524  
Marketable securities
    326,980       326,980  
Restricted cash
    76,928       76,928  
Receivables from clients, net - current portion
    922,071       922,071  
Receivables from clients, net - non current portion
    381,699       381,699  
                 
Financial liabilities
               
Loans and financing
    1,018,208       1,010,278  
Debentures
    506,930       506,930  
Trade accounts payable
    103,592       103,592  
Derivatives
    86,752       86,752  
 
 
F-217

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)

 
(d)
US GAAP condensed consolidated
financial information

The financial information under US GAAP reflects the retrospective adoption of the new standard on accounting for non controlling interests as of and for the years ended December 31, 2008.

Based on the reconciling items and discussion above, the Gafisa S.A. consolidated balance sheets, statements of income (loss), and statement of changes in shareholders' equity (see b(ii)) under US GAAP have been recast in condensed format as follows:
 
(i)
Condensed consolidated balance
sheets under US GAAP

   
2008
(restated)
 
   
Note 26
 
Assets
     
Current assets
     
Cash and cash equivalents
    183,524  
Marketable securities
    326,980  
Restricted cash
    76,928  
Receivables from clients
    922,071  
Properties for sale
    2,552,951  
Other accounts receivable
    128,548  
Prepaid expenses
    27,732  
Deferred income tax
    8,950  
Investments
    30,207  
Property and equipment, net
    50,852  
Intangibles, net
    185,419  
Goodwill
    31,416  
Other assets
       
Receivables from clients
    381,699  
Properties for sale
    98,268  
Deferred income tax
    91,757  
Other
    97,552  
         
Total assets
    5,194,854  
         
Liabilities and shareholders' equity
       
Current liabilities
       
Short-term debt, including current portion of long-term debt
    430,853  
Debentures
    64,930  
Obligations for purchase of land
    278,745  
Materials and services suppliers
    103,592  
Taxes and labor contributions
    115,101  
Advances from clients - real estate and services
    343,056  
Credit assignments
    46,844  
Acquisition of investments
    25,296  
Dividends payable
    26,106  
Others
    85,445  
Long-term liabilities
       
Loans, net of current portion
    587,355  
Debentures, net of current portion
    442,000  
Deferred income tax
    -  
Obligations for purchase of land
    225,639  
Others
    398,474  
         
Shareholders' equity
       
Total Gafisa shareholders’ equity
    1,589,993  
Noncontrolling interests
    431,425  
         
Total shareholders’ equity
    2,021,418  
         
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity
    5,194,854  
 
 
F-218

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)
 
 
(ii)
Condensed consolidated statements of
income under US GAAP

   
2008
 
       
Gross operating revenue
     
Real estate development and sales
    1,344,066  
Construction and services rendered
    37,369  
Taxes on services and revenues
    (55,994 )
         
Net operating revenue
    1,325,441  
         
Operating costs (sales and services)
    (992,122 )
         
Gross profit
    333,319  
         
Operating expenses
       
Selling, general and administrative
    (311,551 )
Other
    195,636  
         
Operating income
    (216,955 )
         
Financial income
    99,335  
Financial expenses
    (22,682 )
         
Income before income tax, equity in results and noncontrolling interest
    293,608  
         
Taxes on income
       
Current
    (21,575 )
Deferred
    (20,720 )
         
Income tax expense
    (42,295 )
         
Income  before equity in results and noncontrolling interests
    251,313  
Equity in results
    29,873  
         
Net income
    281,186  
Less: Net income attributable to the noncontrolling interests
    (17,485 )
         
Net income  attributable to Gafisa
    263,701  
         
Reconciliation from US GAAP net income to US GAAP net income (loss) available to Common shareholders US GAAP net income
    263,701  
         
US GAAP net income available to Common shareholders (Basic earnings)
    263,701  
         
Reconciliation from US GAAP net income to US GAAP net income available to Common shareholders
       
US GAAP net Income
    263,701  
         
US GAAP net income  available to Common shareholders (Diluted earnings)
    263,701  
 
 
F-219

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)
 

(i)  
Statement of Cash Flow under US GAAP

 
   
2008
 
       
Cash flows from operating activities
     
Net income  for the year
    304,609  
         
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash used in operating activities
       
Depreciation and amortization
    66,259  
Stock option expenses
    (31,515 )
Unrealized interest and charges, net
    203,523  
Net Unrealized gains from derivative instruments
    (86,752 )
Deferred taxes
    (38,842 )
Warranty provision
    3,230  
Provision for contingencies
    13,933  
Provision for profit sharing
    (3,509 )
Allowance (reversal) for doubtful accounts
    10,359  
Adjustments to present value
    (1,697 )
Noncontrolling interest
    381,351  
Equity in results
    (29,873 )
         
Changes in assets and liabilities
       
Receivables from clientes
    (858,599 )
Properties for sale
    (1,183,342 )
Other accounts receivable
    (71,259 )
Prepaid expenses
    17,271  
Obligations for purchase of land and advances from clients
    337,105  
Taxes and contributions
    51,733  
Materials and service suppliers
    21,258  
Contingencies
    18,335  
Other accounts payable
    297,272  
         
Cash used in operating activities
    (540,347 )
         
Cash flows from investing activities
       
Cash acquired at Tenda
       
Purchase of property and equipment
    (121,954 )
Restricted cash in guarantee to loans
    (67,077 )
Marketable securities, addiction
    (146,729 )
Marketable securities, reduction
    118,866  
Acquisition of investments in subsidiaries
    23,371  
         
Cash used in investing activities
    (193,523 )
         
Cash flows from financing activities
       
Capital increase
    7,671  
Loans and financing obtained
    775,906  
Repayment of loans and financing
    (54,063 )
Assignment of credits receivable, net
    916  
Dividends paid – shareholders’
    (26,104 )
         
Cash provided by financing activities
    704,326  
         
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents
    (29,545 )
         
Cash and cash equivalents
       
At the beginning of the year
    213,068  
At the end of the year
    183,524  

 
F-220

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Notes to unaudited consolidated financial statements -- continued
December 31, 2010
(Amounts in thousands of Brazilian Reais, except if stated otherwise)
 

(iii)
Additional information – income taxes

Change in the valuation allowance for net operating losses was as follows:


   
2008
 
       
At January 1
    (24,864 )
Valuation allowance - relates to jointly-controlled Subsidiaries of Gafisa and AUSA subject to the taxable profit regime
    5,539  
         
At December 31
    (19,325 )

The Company adopted the provisions of FASB Interpretation 48, "Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes" ("FIN 48"), on January 1, 2007 which requires it to record the financial statement effects of an income tax position when it is more likely than not, based on the technical merits, that it will be sustained upon examination. A tax position that meets the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold is measured and recorded as the largest amount of tax benefit that is greater than 50 percent likely of being realized upon ultimate settlement with a taxing authority.

The adoption of FIN 48 did not have any impact in the Company's statement of income and financial position and did not result in a cumulative adjustment to retained earnings at adoption. As of December 31, 2008, the Company has no amount recorded for any uncertainty in income taxes.

Gafisa S.A. and its subsidiaries file income tax returns in Brazil and other foreign federal and state jurisdictions. Brazilian income tax returns are normally open to audit for five years.

(iv)
Statement of comprehensive income

Under Brazilian GAAP, the concept of comprehensive income is not recognized.  US GAAP requires the disclosure of comprehensive income. Comprehensive income is comprised of net income and other comprehensive income that include charges or credits directly to equity which are not the result of transactions with owners. In the case of the Company, comprehensive income is the same as net income.

*          *          *
 

 
F-221
 
 
 

 
 
 
SIGNATURE

 
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
 
 
   
Gafisa S.A.
 
       
       
Date:
January 13, 2012
 
By:
/s/ Alceu Duílio Calciolari
 
       
Name:
Alceu Duílio Calciolari
 
       
Title:
Chief Executive Officer